keith rn heart failure case study answers quizlet

Heart Failure

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Betty Pierce is a 78-year-old woman with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) four years ago and systolic heart failure secondary to ischemic cardiomyopathy with a current ejection fraction (EF) of 15%. She presents to the emergency department (ED) for shortness of breath (SOB) the past three days. Her shortness of breath has progressed from SOB with activity to becoming SOB at rest.

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Heart Failure Case Study (45 min)

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What initial nursing assessments need to be performed for Mr. Jones?

• Full set vital signs
• Heart sounds
• Lung Sounds

What diagnostic tests do you anticipate being ordered by the provider?

• Chest X-ray
• 12-lead EKG
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiac Enzymes

Upon further assessment, the patient has crackles bilaterally and tachycardia. A chest X-ray shows cardiomegaly and bilateral pulmonary edema. An ECG revealed atrial fibrillation. His vital signs were as follows:

BP 150/72 mmHg Urine Yellow and Cloudy

HR 102-123 bpm and irregular BUN 17 mg/dL

RR 24-32 bpm Cr 1.2 mg/dL

Temp 37.3°C H/H 11.8 g/dL / 36.2%

Ht 175 cm LDH 705 U/L

Wt 79 kg ** BNP 843 pg/mL

Mr. Jones was admitted to the cardiac telemetry unit.

Mr. Jones states that this weight is approximately 3 kg more than it was 3 days ago.

What is the significance of Mr. Jones' weight gain?

• 1 kg weight gain is equal to 1 liter of weight gain. This means Mr. Jones has gained 3 liters of fluid (as volume excess) in just 3 days.
• This likely means that there is a new onset or exacerbation of heart failure

What medications do you anticipate the provider ordering for Mr. Jones? Why?

• Diuretics – he is volume overloaded and it is affected his lungs. Diuretics can help relieve fluid retention by promoting excretion of water from the kidneys.
• Beta-Blockers – his blood pressure is high and his heart rate is fast. The beta-blocker can help slow this down and relieve some of the workload of his heart

About three hours after admission to the telemetry unit, Mr. Jones’s skin becomes cool and clammy. His respirations are labored and he is complaining of abdominal pain. Upon physical examination, Mr. Jones is diaphoretic and gasping for air, with jugular venous distension, bilateral crackles, and an expiratory wheeze.  His SpO 2 is 88% on room air and it was noted that his urine output had been approximately 20 mL/hr since admission. His BP is 190/100 mmHg, HR 130 bpm and irregular, RR 43 bpm.

What nursing interventions should you perform right away for Mr. Jones?

• Place into High Fowler’s position 
• Apply oxygen
• Administer any PRN medications available for blood pressure (like hydralazine or metoprolol) if criteria are met
• Notify the provider

Describe what is happening to Mr. Jones physiologically.

• Because his heart cannot pump blood efficiently to the body, the blood is backing up into the lungs. This causes pulmonary edema. His pulmonary edema is so severe that he is struggling to breathe and struggling to oxygenate appropriately.
• His heart is trying to work extra hard to compensate for the low cardiac output, that’s why his blood pressure and heart rate are so elevated. This is perpetuated by the RAAS.
• We also see that his kidneys are not being perfused as his urine output has decreased

What medications should be given to decrease Mr. Jones’s preload? Improve his contractility? Decrease his afterload?

• Preload – diuretics (furosemide, bumetanide, spironolactione), ACE inhibitors (captopril, enalapril), ARB’s (losartan, valsartan), ARNI’s (sacubitril/valsartan)
• Contractility – Inotropes (dobutamine), cardiac glycosides (digoxin)
• Afterload – Beta Blockers (metoprolol, carvedilol), vasodilators (hydralazine, nitrates)

What is the expected outcome of administration of Furosemide? Digoxin?

• Furosemide – should see increase in urine output and decrease in respiratory symptoms – may also see a decrease in any peripheral edema
• Digoxin – decrease heart rate and increase the force of contraction – should see evidence of improved peripheral perfusion.

Melander, S. (2004). Case studies in critical care nursing: A guide for application and review, 3 rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier.

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Nursing Case Studies

This nursing case study course is designed to help nursing students build critical thinking.  Each case study was written by experienced nurses with first hand knowledge of the “real-world” disease process.  To help you increase your nursing clinical judgement (critical thinking), each unfolding nursing case study includes answers laid out by Blooms Taxonomy  to help you see that you are progressing to clinical analysis.We encourage you to read the case study and really through the “critical thinking checks” as this is where the real learning occurs.  If you get tripped up by a specific question, no worries, just dig into an associated lesson on the topic and reinforce your understanding.  In the end, that is what nursing case studies are all about – growing in your clinical judgement.

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Heart Failure Clinical Reasoning Case Study

Oct 05, 2014

480 likes | 1.01k Views

Heart Failure Clinical Reasoning Case Study. Keith Rischer, RN, MA, CEN, CCRN. Review of Terms…. Pre-load primarily venous blood return to RA Right and left side of heart filling pressure (atria>ventricles) Pressure/Stretch in ventricles end diastole Stroke volume

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Presentation Transcript

Heart Failure Clinical Reasoning Case Study Keith Rischer, RN, MA, CEN, CCRN

Review of Terms… • Pre-load • primarily venous blood return to RA • Right and left side of heart filling pressure (atria>ventricles) • Pressure/Stretch in ventricles end diastole • Stroke volume • Amount of blood ejected from the ventricle with each contraction • Systole • Contraction; myocardium are tightening and shortening

Review of Terms… • Contractility • Afterload • Force of resistance that the LV must generate to open aortic valve • Correlates w/SBP • Diastole • Muscle fibers lengthen, the heart dilates, and cavities fill with blood

HF Patho • Definition of HF • Etiology • HTN • MI • Ejection Fraction • 55-65% normal

Compensatory Mechanisms in CHF • Increased Sympathetic Nervous System Stimulation • Renin-angiotensin system activation • Natriuretic peptides • BNP • Ventricular hypertrophy

Types of HF • Systolic vs. Diastolic • Systolic • Diastolic • Left sided vs. Right sided • Lt sided • HTN & MI • Cardiomyopathy • Rt sided • COPD

B-NatriueticPeptide:BNP 95 % of BNP resides in ventricles As pressure incr. in ventricles in HF BNP is released Bodies own ACE/B-blocker Only lab test that quantitively measures HF Normal is less than 100 Elevated 100-500 + for CHF exacerbation >500 Uses: Dx Assess response to tx

Mr. Kelly …Chief Complaint • It has now been 3 years since Mr. Kelly has been discharged from the hospital for CAD & MI. • He is now 56 years old. He has not had any recurrent CP, but has had to sleep with 3 pillows to keep from becoming SOB at night the last 2 weeks. • He has had difficulty getting his shoes on the last month because of increased swelling around his ankles. He forgets to take his medications every day but does at least 4-5 times a week. • He weighs himself once a week and today his weight has increased from 255 lbs. to 264 lbs. the last 7 days. • He makes an appt. through his clinic when he becomes concerned that he is now becoming SOB at rest and is more fatigued. • The clinic physician recognizes that he will need acute inpatient care and coordinates a direct admission to the hospital by EMS.

Admission VS: T:98.4 P:126-regular R:28/labored BP:184/108 O2 sats:90% 2l per n/c Admission Nursing Assessment: CV: pale, cool to the touch. Pulses 2+ throughout. 2-3+ pitting edema lower extremities Resp: course crackles scattered throughout both lung fields. Labored resp. effort Neuro: anxious, a/o x4 GI/GU: WNL Mr. Kelly’s Current Status

Clinical Reasoning Begins… • Based on the data you have collected, what is your primary concern right now? • What is the underlying rationale/patho of this concern? • What medical or nursing interventions will you initiate based on this priority concern? • Is there any more nursing assessment data or information you need? • What nursing diagnostic statement(s) will guide your plan of care?...What will be your nursing interventions based on this concern? • What is the worst possible complication to anticipate? • What nursing assessment(s) will you need to initiate to identify and respond quickly if this complication develops?

Optional QSEN/National Patient Safety Goals Questions: • What can you as the nurse do to demonstrate intentional caring and promote patient centered care with sensitivity and respect for your patient in the context of this clinical presentation?(QSEN-Patient Centered care) • How can you as the nurse ensure and assess the effectiveness of communication with the patient and family?(QSEN-Patient Centered care) • What simple steps must the nurse initiate to reduce the risk of any health care-associated infections while the patient is in the hospital?(2011 Hospital National Patient Safety Goals-#7)

Left: Acute Pulmonary Edema: • Elevated capillary pressure within the lungs • fluid pushed from circulating blood to interstitial tissues • then to the alveoli, bronchioles, and bronchi

Nursing Assessment:Left Failure • Dyspnea • Cough • Bilateral crackles • Orthopnea • PND • Pulmonary Edema • S3 (ken-tuck-ee) • confusion • fatigue and muscular weakness • nocturia • increase retention of sodium and water due to lowered glomerular filtration  edema

Nursing Assessment: Right Failure • Dependent edema – • early sign • symmetric pitting edema • Bedrest-sacral edema • anasarca- late sign of CHF • Ascites • Weight gain >2# daily

Name Mr. Kelly’s HF 10. What type of HF does Mr. Kelly likely have based on his previous documented history? 11. What clinical manifestations did Mr. Kelly present with that are consistent with biventricular HF? 12. What are other manifestations that also can be seen in HF?

Medical Management of HF • The cardiologist is on the floor and you update her with your history and current assessment findings. • She orders the following medications: • Furosemide (Lasix) 40 mg IV x1 • Nitrodur patch 0.4 mg topically • Digoxin 0.25mg po • Hydralazine 10-20 mg IV prn for SBP >150 • Lorazepam 1 mg po every 4 hours for anxiety

HF Medication Rationale 13. Describe the rationale for each of these interventions: • Furosemide • Nitrodur • Digoxin • Hydralazine • Lorazepam

HF Medication Management Furosemide • CATEGORY • ACTION • SE • NSG IMP • PT ED Nitrodur • CATEGORY • ACTION • SE • NSG IMP • PT ED

HF Medication Management Digoxin • CATEGORY • ACTION • SE • NSG IMP • PT ED Hydralazine • CATEGORY • ACTION • SE • NSG IMP • PT ED

HF Medication Management Lorazepam • CATEGORY • ACTION • SE • NSG IMP • PT ED

15. Dosage Calculation • Furosemide comes in a 20mg/2 mL vial. • What will be the volume you will administer? • over what timeframe? • how much volume every 15 seconds?

16. Nursing Process: Evaluation • You have been assessing Mr. Kelly every 15 minutes for any change in status. • After receiving all of these medications 1 hour later: • he is resting more comfortably • fine crackles are present in the bases • diuresed 700mL urine • VS: P-82 R-20 BP-136/88 sats 95% on 4l per n/c

Current VS: P:146-irreg R:28-labored BP:88/60 O2 sats: 93% 4l per n/c Current Assessment: CV: pale, cool with slight diaphoresis on forehead. Irreg/rapid HR w/S1S2 Resp: labored resp. effort with crackles persistent throughout Neuro: anxious a/o x4 GI/GU: WNL Change of Status…

Change of Status: Nursing Priorities… 17. What is your primary concern right now? 18. What is the underlying cause/patho of this concern? 19. Is there any more nursing assessment data or information you need? 20. What is a nursing diagnostic statement that correlates with this concern? 21. What will be your nursing interventions based on this concern? 22. Is atrial fibrillation an expected complication of HF?

Patho: Atrial Fibrillation

23. Diltiazem (Cardizem) • CATEGORY • ACTION • SE • NSG IMP

Dosage Calculation 24. This medication comes in a vial of 25mg/5mL. • What will be the dose in mL you will administer? • How quickly can you administer this IV push? • How much volume every 15 seconds?

Status Update • After 30 minutes you note the rate has slowed to 76 and is regular. • A 12 lead confirms he is back in sinus rhythm. • The cardiologist adds Cardizem CD 240 mg po daily to be given now. • He diureses another 700 mL overnight and remains clinically stable. • Before the end of your shift you receive the results of the labs that were ordered:

Chemistry: Sodium: 144 Potassium: 3.2 Glucose: 189 Calcium 8.8 Magnesium: 1.2 BUN: 35 Creatinine 2.28 Lipids: ALT-144 AST-225 Cardiac: Troponin T: 0.03 CK: 44 CK-MB: 0 BNP-1254 CBC: WBC: 9.5 Hgb: 15.2 Plt.: 259 Interpretation of Lab Results

26. Clinically Significant Labs • Creatinine 2.28 • BNP-1254 • Potassium: 3.2 • Magnesium: 1.2 • Glucose: 189 • Triglycerides: 384 • ALT-144 • AST-225 • Echo-25% EF

Interpretation Radiology Results • CXR • Severely enlarged heart • Diffuse fluffy infiltrates consistent with pulmonary edema present bilat throughout • Echo • mild anterior hypokinesis with diffuse LV dysfunction • EF 25%.

Preparing for Discharge • It is now the next day and Mr. Kelly is stabilized with VS WNL. • Breath sounds are clear bilat, and his edema has decreased to 1+ in ankles after diuresing 1800 mL the last 24 hours. • Adm. Weight was 118.8 kg-weight this am was 116.8 kg. • After supplementation his morning K+ is 4.0, Mg+ 2.1

Discharge Priorities 29. He is planned to be discharged to home tomorrow. What are your nursing diagnostic priorities today? 30. What will you emphasize with dietary restrictions and fluid restriction with HF management. 31. What will be the most important education priorities you will reinforce with his new diagnosis of worsening HF?

32. Current Meds • Simvastatin 20 mg po daily • Glyburide 10 mg po daily • HCTZ 50 mg po daily • Lisinopril 40 mg po daily • ASA 81 mg po daily • Fish oil 1000 mg po 2 tabs daily • New meds: • Furosemide 40 mg po daily • Diltiazem CD 240 mg po daily

Simvastatin 20 mg po daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE MECH OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS: NSG IMP: Glyburide 10 mg po daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE MECH OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS: NSG IMP: Medication Regimen

HCTZ 50 mg po daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE MECH OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS: NSG IMP: Lisinopril 40 mg daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE MECH OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS: NSG IMP: Medication Regimen

ASA 81 mg po daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE MECH OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS: NSG IMP: Fish oil 1000 mg po 2 tabs daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE MECH OF ACTION: SIDE EFFECTS: NSG IMP: Medication Regimen

35. SBAR: End of Shift Report S: B: A: R:

Education Priorities/DC Planning Your patient’s status has stabilized and now must prepare for discharge and disposition to home in the next 1-2 days. • 1. What will be the most important education priorities you will reinforce with this current medical condition?

Furosemide 40 mg po daily RATIONALE- SAFE DOSE-RANGE?: ACTION- SE- NSG IMP- Cardizem CD 240 mg po daily RATIONALE: SAFE DOSE-RANGE?: ACTION SE- NSG IMP- 2. New Discharge Medications

Finally, Before DC… • 4. Why should a complete and reconciled list of the patient’s medications be provided to the patient/and or family at time of discharge? (2011 Hospital National Patient Safety Goals-#8) • 5. What modifications will you need to make related to your teaching methods based on the patient’s developmental stage, age, culture, preferences, and level of health literacy? • 6. How will you assess the effectiveness of your teaching with this patient?

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