thesis statement for anxiety

351 Anxiety Research Topics & Essay Titles (Argumentative, Informative, and More)

According to statistics, approximately 40 million people in the United States struggle with anxiety disorders, constituting 19.1% of the population. Generalized anxiety disorder is a condition that is characterized by an excessive and constant feeling of worry about everyday things. Open conversations about anxiety help reduce the stigma associated with mental health issues. Moreover, it is a good way to educate people about the condition, its causes, symptoms, impact, and available treatments.

In this article, we’ll introduce 351 anxiety topics you can use for your essay or research paper ! Keep reading to find out more.

• 🔝 Top 12 Anxiety Essay Topics

📝 Anxiety Essay Prompts

🔍 anxiety research topics, 🤓 anxiety essay titles.

• 📕 Essays on Anxiety: Guide

🔗 References

🔝 top 12 anxiety topics to write about.

• Types of anxiety disorders.
• Anxiety: Causes and treatment.
• How to deal with anxiety?
• Is there a connection between anxiety and depression?
• What are treatments for anxiety?
• Anxiety disorders in children.
• Physical symptoms of anxiety.
• Antidepressants as a way to overcome anxiety.
• Risk factors of anxiety.
• Symptoms of anxiety in teenagers.
• How do you prevent anxiety?
• Social anxiety disorder: My experience.

Have trouble writing a paper about anxiety disorder and related topics? Don’t worry—we’ve prepared some essay prompts to help you get an A for your writing assignment!

Social Anxiety Essay Prompt

Social anxiety disorder, formerly known as social phobia, is characterized by a persistent fear of being in unfamiliar social settings. It usually begins in youth and influences an individual’s adult life. In your essay on social anxiety, you may touch on the following aspects:

• Causes and risks of social anxiety.
• The main symptoms of social anxiety.
• Social anxiety in children and teenagers.
• Ways to prevent or overcome social anxiety.
• Available treatments for social anxiety.

Speech Anxiety Essay Prompt

Most people feel anxious when they have to present a speech in front of an audience. Even trained public speakers may experience anxiety before delivering a speech. People who look confident and relaxed while talking to an audience have mastered managing their feelings and using them to their advantage. While discussing speech anxiety, try finding answers to the following questions:

• What are the symptoms of speech anxiety?
• Why do people get nervous in front of an audience?
• What can help to overcome speech anxiety?
• Why does exercising help in reducing stress and anxiety?

Test Anxiety: Essay Prompt

It’s common for college students to feel anxious before exams. Yet, significant anxiety and stress before and during an important exam might have negative consequences. In your essay on test anxiety, you can provide detailed information on how to deal with it based on the tips listed below:

• Prepare for the test.
• Use study strategies to understand and remember your course material better.
• Take care of your physical health.
• Surround yourself with things that calm you.
• Talk with your teacher to know what to expect from the exam.

Overcoming Anxiety: Essay Prompt

Anxiety can stem from factors such as genetics, personality traits, and life experiences. Although psychotherapy and medication are often necessary for individuals with anxiety disorders to manage their emotional well-being, incorporating lifestyle adjustments and daily routines can also be beneficial. Consider centering your essay on practical daily actions that can help alleviate stress:

• Set goals to accomplish.
• Communicate with people.
• Stop smoking and reduce your consumption of caffeinated beverages.
• Solve any of your financial issues.
• Dedicate more time to your hobbies.
• Have some relaxation time .
• Identify and try to avoid your anxiety triggers.
• How is daily yoga effective for reducing anxiety?
• Does ethnicity and socioeconomic status have an effect on anxiety prevalence?
• Anxiety and acute pain related to the loss of vision .
• Divorce is the leading cause of children’s anxiety.
• The relation between the COVID-19 pandemic and increased anxiety rates.
• The impact of immigration on the growth of anxiety cases in society.
• The efficiency of open communication in overcoming anxious well-being.
• The efficacy of iron supplementation to reduce vulnerability to anxiety in women with heavy menses .
• Emotional issues anxiety causes and ways to cope with them.
• How does anxiety contribute to drug, alcohol, and nicotine consumption?
• The factors that provoke anxious states in college students.
• Generalized anxiety disorder in college students and potential treatment .
• Children and adolescents: age’s impact on increasing anxiety risks.
• The connection between anxiety disorder and fear.
• Stress at the workplace is a key provoker of anxiety in the 21st century.
• Frontline nurses’ burnout, anxiety, depression, and fear statuses .
• Triggers : the importance of finding causes of anxiety.
• The impact of anxiety on social relations with friends and relatives.
• The peculiarities of anxiety states in teenagers in high school.
• Anxiety as a result of perfectionism and fear of failure.
• Symptoms of anxiety, depression, and peritraumatic dissociation .
• The influence of anxiety on public speaking skills.
• Cultural differences in the expression and perception of anxiety.
• Psychological aspects of anxiety in situations of crisis.
• Digital detox is an effective method of anxiety reduction.
• The correlation between discrimination/prejudice and depression/anxiety .
• The relationship between social isolation and the development of anxiety disorders.
• Death anxiety: methods and strategies how to cope with the disorder.
• Quantitative properties of anxiety: magnitude and tone.
• The impact of economic instability on the level of anxiety in society.
• Evidence-based interventions for anxiety disorders.
• The types of anxiety disorder and their peculiarities.
• The key characteristics of anxiety disorder.
• The role of family relationships in the development of anxiety disorders.
• The symptoms of anxiety and ways to identify them at an early stage.
• Anxiety disorder treatment in an Afro-American boy .
• Psychological aspects of anxiety in adapting to a new culture or society.
• The relationship between the quality of sleep and the level of anxiety.
• Social media is a trigger of anxiety in the digital world.
• The role of gender stereotypes in the formation of anxiety in men and women.
• Depression and anxiety among college students .
• Anxiety is a result of the rapidly changing information society.
• The influence of literature on the perception of anxiety.
• Psychological fitness and its effectiveness in reducing anxiety.
• The use of therapy platforms in decreasing anxiety.
• Anxiety of musicians in music performance .
• Cyberbullying as a reason for emotional distress and anxiety.
• The role of childhood experiences in the development of anxiety later in life.
• Introversion and its contribution to a constant state of anxiety.
• The influence of religious and cult practices on reducing anxiety.
• Case studies of patients with anxiety and mood disturbances .
• The risk factors of anxiety in children with disabilities.
• Videogames are a key trigger of anxiety development.
• Mindful breathing strategy and its importance for reducing anxiety.
• The impact of psychological trauma on the development of chronic anxiety.
• Abnormal psychology: anxiety and depression case .
• Government support for mental health policy to reduce anxiety in the UK.
• The influence of ambition and high expectations on the level of anxiety.
• Managing anxiety in evidence-based practice .
• Political conflicts and their impact on the level of anxiety in society.
• The role of social support in managing and reducing anxiety.
• Anxiety and decision-making: literature review .
• Anxiety as a result of low self-esteem and problems with self-acceptance.
• The role of meditation and mental practices in anxiety management.

Social Anxiety Research Paper Topics

• Genetics is a leading cause of social phobia.
• The effects of social anxiety on professional and career development.
• Social anxiety disorder: diagnosis and treatment.
• Empathy and social anxiety: how understanding the feelings of others affects one’s own anxiety.
• The evidence-based pharmacotherapy of social anxiety disorder.
• The physical symptoms of social anxiety disorder.
• Prevalence rates of social anxiety disorder across different cultures.
• The impact of cultural factors on the development of social anxiety disorder.
• The public speaking anxiety analysis .
• Neural mechanisms that contribute to the resistance of social anxiety disorder.
• The potential of utilizing biomarkers to improve social anxiety treatments.
• The effective methods of anxiety disorder prevention.
• Cultural and social aspects of social anxiety: peculiarities and coping methods.
• The negative social experience is a trigger to social phobia.
• High anxieties: the social construction of anxiety disorders.
• Brain areas involved in the development of social anxiety.
• The peculiarities of treatment of social anxiety at an early age.
• Social anxiety at school or workplace: a way to overcome the phobia.
• Inclusive school environments as a way to support students with social anxiety.
• The role of self-esteem in the experience of social anxiety.
• School phobia: the anxiety disorder.
• The impact of social anxiety disorder on romantic relationships .
• The efficiency of technology-based interventions in the treatment of social anxiety.
• Social anxiety: Is there a way to overcome the fear of public speaking?
• The connection between social anxiety and fear of evaluation by others.
• Social anxiety and its consequences on cognitive processes .
• Social anxiety disorder and alcohol abuse in adolescents.
• The criteria for diagnosing social anxiety disorder.
• The role of parental expectations and pressure in the formation of social anxiety.
• Why do females more often experience social anxiety disorder than males?
• Social anxiety disorder is one of the most common anxiety disorders worldwide.
• Social aspects of depression and anxiety .
• Avoidance of social situations is a key symptom of social phobia.
• The influence of social anxiety on the expression of creativity and creative potential.
• Social anxiety and its consequences on the quality of life in adolescents.
• Metacognitive processes in the maintenance of chronic social anxiety.

Research Questions about Anxiety

• How does anxiety affect the body’s immune system ?
• What are the peculiarities of the treatment of anxiety at a young age?
• Is acceptance and commitment therapy effective in fighting anxiety ?
• How are inflammatory processes in the body related to anxiety disorders?
• What is the relationship between anxiety and gastrointestinal disorders?
• What effect does anxiety have on the cardiovascular system?
• What role do neurotransmitters like serotonin and GABA play in regulating anxiety?
• What are the stress and anxiety sources amongst students?
• How does genetics influence the likelihood of gaining medical anxiety disorders?
• What is the effectiveness of cannabis in treating anxiety disorders?
• How do gastrointestinal microbiota imbalances affect anxiety levels?
• How can specific allergies or sensitivities lead to increased anxiety?
• How does chronic anxiety disorder affect cortisol levels?
• How is emotion regulation therapy used for generalized anxiety disorder ?
• What role may neuroimaging play in understanding communicative anxiety disorders?
• How is anxiety diagnosed in people with disabilities?
• How does anxiety disorder depend on a person’s eating habits ?
• What are the effects of nootropics in treating anxiety disorders?
• What are the ways of managing general anxiety disorder in primary care?
• Why is family support an important part of the anxiety treatment?
• How do gender differences affect the manifestation of anxiety disorders?
• What are the effective methods of preventing anxiety disorder?
• How does post-traumatic stress disorder contribute to the development of anxiety?
• How do doctors differentiate anxiety symptoms from signs of other medical conditions?
• How does standardized testing affect an individual with test anxiety ?
• What is the impact of chronic illnesses on the development of anxiety?
• How does alcohol impact an increasing level of anxiety?
• What methods of diagnosing anxiety disorders exist in medicine?
• Why certain medical conditions can trigger symptoms of anxiety?
• What is the role of emotional intelligence in overcoming social anxiety?
• What is the relationship between child maltreatment and anxiety ?
• How did COVID-19 contribute to increased anxiety among people in the US?
• How effective is psychopharmacology in treating social anxiety?
• What are the most common physical symptoms of anxiety in children?
• How do sleep disorders provoke social anxiety?
• What are the long-term effects of chronic anxiety on human health?
• How can parents and teachers release anxiety in children ?
• How can medical surgery affect anxiety levels in patients?
• How do hormonal imbalances contribute to heightened anxiety?
• What is the best way of treating adults with anxiety?
• Why benzodiazepines and SSRIs are often used in anxiety treatment?
• What brain areas are involved in the development of anxiety disorder?
• What is the holistic approach to anxiety disorder ?
• How can virtual reality simulation treatment help with medical anxiety?
• Anxiety disorder and its risk factors.
• Why does physical exercise positively impact social anxiety treatment?
• What advice are most often given by psychologists for the prevention of anxiety?
• Is depression and anxiety run in the family ?
• How can targeted medication improve the effect of psychotherapy in anxiety disorders?

Argumentative Essay Topics about Anxiety

• Social anxiety disorder is highly comorbid with other psychiatric disorders.
• Is anger the side effect of anxiety?
• Social media: the rise of depression and anxiety .
• Women are twice as likely as men to develop anxiety disorder.
• Breathing into a brown paper bag decreases the level of anxiety.
• Educational institutions should support students with anxiety symptoms.
• Social networks contribute to the development of anxiety.
• Summarizing and evaluating the concept of anxiety .
• Is virtual reality exposure therapy effective in treating anxiety-related conditions?
• Dismissing someone’s anxiety exacerbates the problem.
• Negative thinking is a serious anxiety trigger.
• Do certain cultural customs impact how anxiety is expressed and handled?
• Social support plays a vital role in treating anxiety disorders.
• Overcoming separation anxiety in children .
• People with anxiety disorder should seek professional help.
• Employers should provide flexible work schedules for workers with anxiety disorders.
• Anxiety disorder increases the risk of health complications.
• Does anxiety create problems in relationships?
• Anxiety often causes or triggers depression .
• Adult depression and anxiety as a complex problem .
• Academic pressures can contribute to anxiety in young individuals.
• Parents should control the social media usage of their children to protect them from anxiety.
• Is social isolation a contributing factor to the development of anxiety in older adults?
• Perfectionism is a personality trait that often correlates with increased anxiety levels.
• Overcoming anxiety leads to personal growth and increased resilience.
• The anxiety related to the COVID-19 virus uncertainty: strategy.
• Anxiety hinders an individual’s ability to concentrate and make decisions.
• Are anxiety disorders the most common mental disorders in the modern world?
• The constant state of alertness in anxiety leads to mental exhaustion and burnout.
• Anxiety disorder is a leading cause of tension headaches.
• Political upheavals increase collective anxiety on a societal level.
• Cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and depression .
• A family history of mental health issues is a spread cause of anxiety.
• Do smartphone notifications contribute to technology-induced anxiety?
• Regular exercising helps decrease symptoms of anxiety.
• Workplace support is critical for persons dealing with anxiety at work.
• Excessive use of social media contributes to heightened anxiety levels.
• Effective art therapies to manage anxiety .
• Should workplaces implement mental health programs to reduce employee anxiety?
• People with anxiety disorder should do regular follow-up sessions to monitor their condition.
• Do financial concerns trigger the development of anxiety?
• Stigma prevents individuals with anxiety from seeking help.
• Is social anxiety more spread with a strong emphasis on individual achievements?
• General anxiety disorder treatment plan .
• Do genetic factors play a role in predisposing individuals to anxiety disorders?
• Love from friends and family is the best treatment for anxiety disorder.
• Telling other people about your anxiety is one of the most uncomfortable things.
• Caffeine use increases the severity of anxiety symptoms.

Anxiety Essay Topics for Informative Papers

• The major symptoms and signs of social anxiety disorder.
• What is generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)?
• Anxiety disorders, their definition, and treatment .
• The effective methods of coping with separation anxiety disorder.
• The important takeaways about pathological anxiety.
• Dos and don’ts for overcoming post-argument anxiety.
• Coping with anxiety in romantic relationships.
• Anxiety: advanced assessment of a patient .
• What are the peculiarities of social anxiety disorder?
• Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective in treating people who feel anxious.
• The strategies for alleviating anxiety in your pets.
• Seven things you can do to help your friend cope with anxiety.
• Anxiety disorders: diagnoses and treatment .
• What are the risk factors for anxiety in children and adults?
• The characteristics of high-functioning anxiety.
• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders: How it works.
• The main causes of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD).
• “Depression, Anxiety, and Stress in Diabetes” by Chlebowy .
• What are the methods of treating anxiety in old age?
• The importance of early intervention: how to prevent anxiety in children.
• What does anxiety disorder feel like?
• The value of stress management skills in preventing anxiety.
• Generalized anxiety disorder and its prevalence .
• The benefits anxiety disorder can bring.
• How can antidepressants aid in coping with anxiety disorder?
• Self-guidance: how to prevent an anxiety attack.
• The genetic and hereditary factors that contribute to anxiety disorders.
• Dual diagnosis: anxiety disorders & developmental disabilities.
• How small acts of kindness can help with anxiety?
• Psychological strategies to reduce general anxiety and stress.
• How do you understand that you need assistance in coping with anxiety?
• Foods that can help reduce anxiety.
• Anxiety disorders: cognitive behavioral therapy .
• The effective methods of coping with anxiety in learning a new language.
• Top 12 ways to reduce the risk of anxiety disorders.
• The power of yoga and meditation in managing anxiety.
• How friends and family can provide support to someone with anxiety?
• What is the anxiety?
• The troubling link between domestic violence and anxiety .
• Finding a good anxiety therapist: methods and strategies.
• How does anxiety affect teenagers in high school?
• The main types of anxiety and their peculiarities.
• Anxiety disorder and its characteristics .
• How do you prepare yourself to better handle anxiety-provoking situations?
• The power of positive thinking in overcoming anxiety.
• The effective ways of dealing with an anxious mindset at work.
• Coping with anxiety on your own: The possible consequences.
• Fight-or-flight response in anxiety disorders.
• Famous people with high-functioning anxiety.
• How can a regular sleep pattern protect you from anxiety development?

Anxiety Title Ideas for Cause-and-Effect Essays

• Muscle aches and breathing problems are the short-term effects of anxiety.
• Why does anxiety provoke memory issues?
• Effects of anxiety and ways to conquer it .
• Increased risk of developing migraines and headaches in people with anxiety.
• The role of chronic stress and traumatic events in the development of anxiety.
• Genetic links that increase a person’s risk of developing an anxiety disorder.
• What are psychosomatic manifestations of anxiety and their impact on the body?
• Substance abuse is a leading cause of anxiety.
• Generalized anxiety disorder’s impact on youth .
• The problems in interpersonal relationships are due to anxiety.
• Loss of a loved one and its impact on the development of anxiety.
• Are nail biting or skin picking the first signs of anxiety?
• Childhood experiences can cause the onset of anxiety disorders.
• What is the effect of anxiety on the nervous system and its functioning?
• DSM-5 anxiety disorders: causes and treatment .
• The key triggers of anxiety and their impact on a person’s overall well-being.
• The butterfly effect of anxiety: how small symptoms can become a disaster.
• Does a family history of anxiety disorder make you more prone to this disease?
• The physical consequences of anxiety: nausea, muscle tension, and fatigue.
• Reaction to stress: anxiety and yoga.
• How do the causes of anxiety change depending on the person’s age?
• Persistent and uncontrollable thoughts: how does anxiety impact people?
• The causes of anxiety among teachers giving face-to-face lessons.
• Chest and back pain are physical symptoms of anxiety.
• Relationship issues are the leading causes of anxiety disorder.
• The effects of marijuana on people with anxiety.
• Neurochemical imbalance and its connection with anxiety.
• What are the genetic causes of anxiety?
• The role of social media in triggering anxiety disorder.
• Migraines and headaches are concomitant manifestations of anxiety.
• How can daily tasks become the cause of anxiety?
• Anxiety disorders and their influence on daily life .
• Substance abuse and its impact on the development of anxious states.
• Decreased quality of life in people with anxiety disorders.
• The chain reaction of anxiety: From triggers to panic attacks.
• Hormonal changes in anxiety states and their impact.
• Trouble focusing on tasks due to racing thoughts in people with anxiety disorder.
• Causes and effects of anxiety in children .
• Procrastination and overthinking as behavioral effects of anxiety.
• Suicidal thoughts and their connection with high levels of anxiety.
• How does anxiety impact communication and collaboration at work?
• Social isolation as a result of anxiety disorders.
• Chronic stress is a factor contributing to anxiety disorder.
• Anxiety disorder: symptoms, causes, and treatment .
• Which social factors contribute to the appearance of anxiety?
• The fear of the unknown or unpredictable outcomes is a cause of anxiety.
• Why do people with anxiety disorder have problems with concentration and attention?
• Sociocultural factors that have an impact on the level of anxiety.

Titles for Anxiety Essays: Compare and Contrast

• How are anxiety disorders related to eating disorders like anorexia and bulimia?
• Psychotherapy or medication: what works better in treating anxiety?
• The behavioral, humanistic, and cognitive approaches to anxiety .
• The differences in how anxiety impacts children and adults.
• Stigma and shame of anxiety in different cultures.
• How do you differentiate anxiety from regular stress?
• What is the relationship between anxiety and anger?
• Panic attack vs. anxiety attack: key differences.
• George Kelly’s personal constructs: threat, fear, anxiety, and guilt .
• The peculiarities of anxiety disorder depend on the sexual orientation of the person.
• How is panic disorder related to anxiety?
• Meditation, prayer, traditional rituals: comparison of spiritual ways of anxiety treatment.
• How does the perception of anxiety differ in the US and Japan?
• Anxiety vs. post-traumatic stress disorder: main common features.
• The relationship between anxiety and sleep disorders .
• How does anxiety differ from stress in terms of physiological responses?
• The differences in anxiety symptoms in people of different ages.
• Developmental perceptions of death anxiety .
• How can gender-related cultural norms influence how anxiety is expressed?
• Aspects of anxiety: psychological and physiological sides.
• How does anxiety differ from schizophrenia ?
• The comparison of social and generalized anxiety.
• Historical views on anxiety: antique and modern times.
• The difference in how anxiety affects females and males.
• What do anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder have in common?
• Anxiety and depression during childhood and adolescence .
• Anxiety treatment: self-help resources or support groups.
• The comparison of biological mechanisms activated during fear and anxiety states.
• The cultural differences of anxiety perception: Nigeria vs. Sweden.
• Anxiety and bipolar disorder and their main differences.
• The effective methods of coping with anxiety: yoga or antidepressants.
• What are the cultural differences in anxiety expression?
• Anxiety in first-world countries or developing nations.
• The differences in help-seeking behavior in people of different religions.
• The peculiarities of treatment anxiety in Australia and the United Kingdom.
• How is anxiety connected to eating disorders?
• Anxiety in veterans vs. civilians: key differences.
• How does anxiety management differ from anxiety prevention?
• Physical and mental anxiety consequences and their comparison.
• How is anxiety described in different academic disciplines?
• The manifestation of anxiety in different mental health disorders.
• How does anxiety in parents are similar to the one that children have?
• Anxiety in urban and rural environments: Key triggers.
• The comparison of genetic and environmental factors of anxiety.

📕 How to Write Essays on Anxiety

Need to write an essay on anxiety but don’t know where to start? Let us help you! We’ve prepared detailed instructions that will help you structure your paper.

Anxiety Essay Introduction

An essay’s introduction aims to provide the reader with a clear idea of the essay’s topic, purpose, and structure. It serves as a roadmap for what the paper will cover. To write an introduction, follow these steps:

• Grab readers’ attention with a hook .
• Introduce the theme or issue you will be discussing.
• Provide some background information.
• Create a thesis statement.

Hook: According to the National Institute of Mental Health, public speaking anxiety, or glossophobia, affects approximately 40% of the population.

Background information: A fear of public speaking is classified as a social anxiety disorder characterized by shaking, sweating, dry mouth, rapid heartbeat, and squeaky voice.

Anxiety Essay Thesis

A thesis statement is often a sentence in the first paragraph of an essay that summarizes the paper’s main idea. Several tips can assist you in creating a strong thesis statement :

• Be specific.
• Build a strong argument.
• Make your thesis statement arguable.
• Provide evidence.
• Be clear and concise.

Thesis statement: Although fully overcoming speech anxiety may be impossible, employing various strategies can help manage and harness it for personal growth and success.

Essay about Anxiety: Body Paragraphs

Body paragraphs in an essay develop, support, and elaborate on the thesis statement or argument presented in the introduction, offering evidence, examples, and explanations. They provide the substance and structure that make the essay’s ideas clear and convincing to the reader.

There are several components that each paragraph of the main body needs to include:

• Topic sentence.
• Supporting evidence.
• Detailed explanation of the main points.
• Transition to the next paragraph.

Topic sentence: Deep breathing techniques can effectively alleviate pre-performance anxiety, particularly before public speaking engagements.

Supporting evidence: Practicing slow, deep diaphragmatic breathing helps activate the relaxation response. Additionally, deep breathing increases oxygen supply to the cerebral cortex, responsible for cognitive functions and conscious thought processes.

Anxiety Essay Conclusion

The conclusion is an essential component of your essay. It allows you to encourage your readers to consider the implications and solutions to an issue. A strong essay conclusion should do the following:

• Restate the thesis.
• Summarize the main points.
• Provide a clear context for your argument.

Rephrased thesis: Though completely overcoming speech anxiety is challenging, using different strategies can help control it and benefit personal growth and success.

Summary : In conclusion, nobody is perfect, and even seasoned speakers make errors in public speaking. Instead of pressuring yourself to deliver a flawless speech, it’s essential to remember that minor mistakes won’t detract from your overall presentation.

We hope that you’ve found our article helpful! If so, feel free to share it with your friends and leave a comment below.

• Thesis Statements; The Writing Center • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
• How to Write a Five-Paragraph Essay, With Examples | Grammarly
• How To Write a Good Essay Introduction in 4 Simple Steps | Indeed.com
• Conclusions | Harvard College Writinf Center
• Paragraphs; Topic Sentences: Writing Guides: Writing Tutorial Services: Indiana University Bloomington
• Anxiety Disorders – National Institute of Mental Health

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10 New Thesis Statement about Depression & Anxiety | How to Write One?

Did you know according to the National Institute of Mental Health; it is estimated that approximately 8.4% of adults are patients of major depression in the US? Well, depression is a common illness globally that affects a lot of people. Yet, the reasons for this psychological sickness vary from person to person and numerous studies are being conducted to discover more about depression.

Therefore, college and university students are currently assigned to write research papers, dissertations, essays, and a thesis about depression. However, writing essays on such topics aims to increase the awareness of physical and mental well-being among youth and help them find solutions.

However, a lot of students find it pretty challenging to write a thesis statement about depression and seek someone to write my essay . No worries! In this article, you will learn about what is a good thesis statement about mental health and some effective methods and approaches to write a killer headline and compose an astonishing essay about depression.

5 Thesis Statement About Depression:

• “The complexity of depression, which includes biological, psychological, and environmental components, emphasizes the need for individualized treatment plans that consider each person’s particular requirements.”
• “Depression in the workplace not only affects an individual’s productivity but also carries economic implications, emphasizing the importance of fostering a mental health-friendly work environment.”
• “Alternative, holistic approaches to mental health care have the potential to be more successful as the link between creative expressions, such as art therapy, and depression management becomes more commonly recognized.”
• “It is critical to enhance geriatric mental health treatment and reduce the stigma associated with mental illness in older people since depression in senior populations is typically underdiagnosed and mistreated.”
• “The link between early childhood adversity and the risk of developing depression later in life accentuates the importance of early intervention and support systems for children exposed to adverse experiences.”

5 Thesis Statements about Anxiety & Depression :

• “Depression and anxiety Co-occurring disorders are a major concern in mental health, necessitating integrated treatment options that meet the unique challenges that co-occurring diseases provide.”
• “The utilization of technology-driven therapies, such as smartphone apps and telehealth services, is a realistic approach of addressing persons suffering from anxiety and depression, while also increasing access to mental health care.”
• “The examination of the gut-brain connection and its potential role in anxiety and depression showcases a burgeoning area of research that could lead to novel treatments emphasizing nutrition and gut health.”
• “Adolescents who experience both anxiety and depression face a serious issue that calls for comprehensive school-based mental health programs and preventative measures to promote young people’s mental health.”
• “Exploring the impact of sociocultural factors and the role of community support systems in the experience of anxiety and depression provides insights into the development of culturally sensitive mental health interventions.”

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Follow 7 Proven Methods to Compose Thesis Statement about Depression

A thesis is the overview of the concepts and ideas that you will write in your research paper or in the essay. Yet, a thesis statement about anxiety focuses more on the stress and depression topics for the paper you’re working on, which can be written by following the tips given below.

Nonetheless, you can compose an outline by covering the points mentioned below:

1. Pick a good study topic and perform a basic reading. Look for some intriguing statistics and try to come up with creative ways to approach your subject. Examine a few articles for deficiencies in understanding.

2. Make a list of your references and jot down when you come across a noteworthy quotation. You can cite them in your paper as references. Organize all of the information you’ve acquired in one location.

3. In one phrase, state the purpose of your essay. Consider what you want to happen when other people read your article.

4. Examine your notes and construct a list of all the key things you wish to emphasize. Make use of brainstorming strategies and jot down any ideas that come to mind.

5. Review and revise the arguments and write a thesis statement for a research paper or essay about depression.

6. Organize your essay by organizing the list of points. Arrange the points in a logical sequence. Analyze all elements to ensure that they are all relevant to your goal.

7. Reread all of your statements and arrange your outline in a standard manner, such as a bulleted list.

Final Words

So, what is an ideal way to write a thesis statement about depression for your research paper or essay? We hope you have a thorough idea of the essay you’re writing before picking a thesis statement about mental well-being. That will assist you in developing the greatest thesis for our essay.

But don’t get too worked up over your thesis statement for a research paper on mental disorders. Our professional subject experts have produced a list of thesis statements about mental health and depression themes for research paper writing, so you’ve got your job cut out for you. For your essay assignments or assignments, we will also offer appropriate thesis statements.

If you’re still confused about which statement to use, contact us right away. We have a staff of highly qualified and seasoned writers who can assist you with your essay or research work and guarantee that you receive the highest possible score.

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Mental health awareness is a crucial topic in contemporary society that seeks to educate individuals on mental health disorders, reduce stigma, and advocate for accessible treatment. When constructing a thesis on this topic, a decisive, clear, and specific thesis statement is imperative. This text will provide and analyze good and bad thesis statement examples on mental health awareness to guide students in developing robust research arguments.

Good Thesis Statement Examples

Specific and Clear: “The research quantitatively analyzes the impact of school-based mental health awareness programs on adolescents’ levels of depression and anxiety.” Bad: “School programs about mental health awareness are important.”

The good example is specific and clear, offering a quantitative approach, focus group (adolescents), and measurable outcomes (levels of depression and anxiety). Conversely, the bad example is vague, lacking clear metrics or specific focus areas.

Well-defined Scope: “This thesis explores the role of social media in propagating mental health stigma among adults in the United States.” Bad: “Social media plays a role in mental health.”

The good statement precisely defines the scope, focusing on stigma propagation, the adult demographic, and limiting the study to the United States. The bad example is too broad and lacks specificity on the aspect of mental health and target demographic.

Arguable and Debatable: “The availability of teletherapy services significantly improves access to mental health care for rural populations facing transportation barriers.” Bad: “Teletherapy services are beneficial.”

The good thesis is arguable and presents a specific claim about teletherapy’s impact on rural populations and access barriers, whereas the bad example is non-debatable and too general without a particular focus or claim.

Bad Thesis Statement Examples

Overly Broad: “Mental health is important for everyone.”

This statement, while true, is too broad and general. It doesn’t guide the reader towards a specific aspect of mental health, making it ineffective for a thesis.

Lack of Clear Argument: “Mental health issues affect people in different ways.”

While this statement is factual, it lacks a clear argument or focus, leaving the reader without direction or understanding of the paper’s purpose. Seeking paraphrasing help can enhance the clarity and focus of your statement, ensuring your paper effectively communicates its purpose.

Unmeasurable and Unresearchable: “Positive thinking can cure mental disorders.”

This statement is not only scientifically incorrect but also unmeasurable and unresearchable, making it inappropriate for scholarly research.

A strong thesis statement is pivotal for the success of a thesis on Mental Health Awareness. As illustrated, good thesis statements are clear, specific, and arguable with a well-defined scope, guiding the reader effortlessly through the research’s purpose and objectives. In contrast, bad thesis statements are often overly broad, lack clear arguments, and are not measurable or researchable, leading to confusion and a lack of direction. By carefully considering these examples, students can craft thesis statements that offer clarity, precision, and a roadmap for their research on the vital and complex issue of mental health awareness.

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Anxiety Essay: Simple Writing Guide for an A+ Result

Table of Contents

If you’re a Psychology department student, you’re sure to get an anxiety essay assignment one day. The reason for the popularity of this topic today is that people live in chronic stress conditions today, with numerous challenges and pressures surrounding them in daily routines.

In this article, we’ve tried to present a comprehensive guide on composing this type of assignment so that your work on it gets simpler and quicker.

Here you can find:

• Step-by-step instructions on writing essays about anxiety.
• The summary of challenges students face in the preparation of anxiety essay works and ways to deal with them.
• Types of assignments you may face on this topic.
• A list of bulletproof topics to pick when composing an anxiety essay.

How to Write a Thesis for an Essay on Anxiety

Composing a thesis statement is typically the most challenging task for students who are just starting. Your primary goal is to encapsulate your key message in that sentence and to clarify the major arguments you’ll use in the text.

So, here are some tips to make your thesis effective:

• Try to make it not too long and not too short. One-two sentences are enough to communicate the key idea of your paper.
• Focus on the arguments you’ve selected for the paper, and don’t go off-topic. Your readers will expect to read about what they learned from the thesis in the body of your assignment.
• Don’t sound opinionated, but make sure to voice your standpoint. The thesis is your guidance on the point you’ll argue; it’s also the readers’ roadmap through the website content.

With these tips, you’ll surely be much better positioned to complete an anxiety essay with ease. Still, there are some intricacies of the process to keep in mind. Here are our experts’ observations about the challenges you can come across in the process of its composition.

Essay on Anxiety Disorder: Key Difficulties & Differences

Anxiety disorder (AD) is a psychological condition that many people experience in different ways. It differs in manifestations, regularity of symptoms, and intensity. Living with AD is fine for some people as they constantly feel a bit overwhelmed with what’s around them. In contrast, others suffer a permanent disability because of intense worrying symptoms and the inability to concentrate on their work and social responsibilities.

Thus, when composing your anxiety essay, you should be delicate to this sensitive theme, knowing that AD causes real trouble to many people worldwide.

Second, you should be concrete about your selected population. Children, teens, and adults experience AD differently, so your analysis may be incorrect if you talk about children but select scholarly sources talking about adults.

Third, it’s vital to rely on viable clinical evidence when discussing AD. There are differing views on whether it is a severe clinical condition or not. Still, suppose you’re discussing people’s experiences with AD. In that case, it’s better to inform your argument, not by anecdotal evidence from blogs or social media, but to focus on the scholarly articles instead.

What Is a Panic Disorder Essay

A panic disorder essay is a piece of writing you dedicate to the analysis of this disorder. A panic disorder is a specific condition that manifests itself much more intensely than the typical worrying does. Overall, psychiatrists consider it a variety of AD, but this condition is characterized by sudden, intense attacks of panic or fear people experience because of specific triggers.

As a rule, you can diagnose a panic attack by the following symptoms:

• Hot flushes
• A feeling of choking
• Trembling extremities
• Sweating and nausea
• A sudden rise in the heartbeat rate
• Dryness in your mouth
• Ringing in your ears
• A sudden attack of fear of dying; a feeling that you are dying
• A feeling of psychological disconnection with your body (the body parts don’t obey you)

Panic attacks as such as not considered a severe clinical condition. Yet, if people experience them too often and are too concerned about repeated attacks, they should see a psychotherapist and get treatment. Treatment modalities typically include psychotherapy (e.g., talking therapies, CBT) or medications (e.g., antidepressants or SSRI).

Main Steps to Writing a Panic Disorder Essay

When you’re tasked with a panic disorder assignment, the main steps to take in its preparation are essentially similar to those you’ll take with any other anxiety essay:

• You formulate a debatable topic and a clear, informative thesis statement
• You find relevant evidence to support each of your arguments
• You organize your arguments and content into a coherent outline
• You draft the paper and edit it
• You compose a reference list to indicate all external sources and complete the final proofreading of the final draft.

What Is a Social Anxiety Disorder Essay

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is another form of worrying disorder that people are increasingly diagnosed with today. Clinicians have started taking this condition seriously only a couple of years ago after recognizing that much deeper psychological issues can stand behind what we are used to labeling as shyness. In its severe manifestations, SAD can take the form of a social phobia, which can significantly limit people’s functionality in society, causing problems with schooling, employment, and relationship building.

Still, after recognizing the real problem behind SAD, the psychological community has developed numerous therapeutic and pharmacological ways of dealing with it. So, at present, you can approach the SAD in your essay from numerous perspectives: analyze its symptomatology, the causes underlying SAD development, types of SAD experienced at different ages, and therapeutic approaches to its lifelong management.

Main Steps to Writing a Social Anxiety Disorder Essay

When approaching this type of academic task, you should answer a couple of crucial questions first. What do you know about this topic? Why is it significant? What needs to be clarified on this topic to help people suffering from this condition live better lives? Once you get clear on your writing goals on SAD, it will be much easier to formulate a workable, exciting thesis statement and elicit strong arguments.

Next, you need to research the subject. You’re sure to find much valuable information about SAD in academic sources. Sort the relevant sources out and categorize them by arguments to cite appropriate evidence in each paragraph.

Once you have all the needed sources collected and sorted by argument, you can proceed to the outline of your project. Set the general context in the introduction, define SAD, and clarify why researching this topic is significant. Next, shape all key arguments and develop topic sentences. After that, you can add the relevant evidence in the outline by indicating which source supports which argument.

The next step involves writing the paper’s draft. You should add “meat” to the “bones” of your outline by presenting the data coherently and systematically. Add transitions between paragraphs to enhance the overall flow of the content.

The final step is to edit and proofread the draft to make it look polished and fine-tuned.

20+ Anxiety Essay Topics for Engaging Writing

If you’re still unsure what to include in your essay and what subject to pick, here is a list of attention-grabbing, exciting anxiety essay topics for your use.

• Is anxiety a genetically inherited disorder?
• What environmental factors can cause the development of worries and panic?
• GAD symptoms you can detect in a child.
• What are the symptoms of excessive worrying that require medical assistance?
• Gender differences in the exposure to anxiety disorders.
• Types of clinically diagnosed anxiety disorders.
• Is excessive worrying a personality trait or a clinical condition?
• Are students more anxious and stressed than other population groups because of frequent testing?
• Diagnosis and treatment of AD.
• Does the manifestation of ADs different in children and adults?
• CBT therapy for overly anxious children.
• What is a social anxiety disorder, and how is it manifested in people’s behavior?
• Is feeling permanently anxious cause sleep disorders?
• Correlations between autism and social anxiety disorder.
• Is public speaking a good method to overcome anxiety?
• The therapeutic effects of positive self-talk.
• The social media body image and female teenager anxiety.
• How does low self-esteem reinforce the feeling of anxiety in teenagers?
• The phenomenon of language anxiety among immigrant students.
• The impact of child anxiety on academic attainment, dyslexia, and antisocial behavior.

We Are Here to Help You 24/7

Still, having problems with your essay on anxiety disorder? We have a solution that may interest you. Our experts have all the needed qualifications and experience in writing this type of academic paper, so they can quickly help you out with any topic and any task at hand.

Surprise your tutor with an ideally composed paper without investing a single extra minute into its writing! Contact our managers today to find out the terms, and you’ll soon receive an impeccably written document with credible sources and compelling arguments. Studying without hardships and challenges is a reality with our help.

Ideas on writing an excellent Baseball essay

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What Is a Good Essay on Stereotyping

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In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Anxiety Disorders

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Anxiety Disorders by Jeannette M. Reid , Dean McKay LAST REVIEWED: 22 April 2013 LAST MODIFIED: 22 April 2013 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0006

Recent epidemiological research has shown that anxiety disorders, collectively, are the most common set of psychiatric disorders. Lifetime prevalence estimates suggest that nearly 30 percent of the population will experience an anxiety disorder at some point in their life ( Kessler, et al. 2005 , cited under Phobias ). Bolstering the concern, anxiety disorders (as a group) tend to be associated with a host of cognitive impairments (e.g., perseveration, visual memory deficits), diminished quality of life (e.g., in areas of work and social functioning), and both psychiatric and medical comorbidities. Anxiety disorders may be roughly classed into two groups: (1) those characterized primarily by acute fear (e.g., phobias) and (2) those associated with lower level, but chronic, anxiety and apprehension (with the clearest example being generalized anxiety disorder). Cognitive and behavioral explanations of anxiety predominate, with related treatments showing most consistent research support among psychosocial interventions. (While standard pharmacological practices are mentioned wherever relevant, a more in-depth discussion of pharmacological interventions for anxiety disorders is outside the scope of this chapter.) In general, the etiology of anxiety disorders is likely best understood through the lens of the diathesis-stress model—such that individuals have a genetic predisposition/vulnerability and situational factors mediate symptomatology. (Certainly, a sudden expression of symptoms following brain damage would be an exception. However, as these presentations—albeit fascinating—are in the minority, a related discussion will be beyond the scope of this bibliography.) Within this article, the following anxiety disorders will be discussed in detail: phobias, panic with and without agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Factors of current interest in the field will be attended to specifically—for instance, comorbidity in obsessive-compulsive disorder and differential risk in posttraumatic stress disorder. Throughout the discussion, pertinent works will be delineated and summarized.

The following works have been selected for both their breadth and the authors’ prominence in the field. Barlow 2002 provides an in-depth review of classification, presentation, etiology, assessment, and treatment of all anxiety disorders that appear in the Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV-TR). Theories of fear acquisition (e.g., evolutionary) are assessed by Ollendick and King 1991 and by Ohman 2009 . Borkovec’s is the most frequently cited name in GAD (generalized anxiety disorder) for his research in developing a comprehensive model of the condition and the underlying primary mechanism: worry. This has led to considerable research on worry; accordingly, two of Borkovec’s most frequently cited works have been selected— Borkovec 1994 and Borkovec, et al. 1991 . Finally, we recommend the comprehensive work by Antony and Stein 2008 for information on biological bases of various anxiety disorders.

Antony, M. M., and M. B. Stein. 2008. Oxford handbook of anxiety disorders . New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

DOI: 10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195307030.001.0001

This book offers comprehensive coverage of the full range of anxiety disorders. Of note, the book includes a chapter on the underlying biological bases of specific anxiety disorders and includes a chapter on the neuroscience of anxiety (i.e., proposed fear circuitry).

Barlow, D. H. 2002. The nature of anxious apprehension. In Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic . 2d ed. Edited by D. H. Barlow, 64–104. New York: Guilford.

Barlow reviews his fundamental conceptualization of anxiety as a “sense of uncontrollability focused largely on possible future, threat, danger, or other potentially negative events” (p. 64)—a state that appears to require both cognitive and physical hypervigilance. This chapter, as well as the book as a whole, is one of the most frequently cited sources on anxiety disorders and covers the full range of theory and phenomenology of anxiety experiences.

Borkovec, T. D. 1994. The nature, functions, and origins of worry. In Worrying: Perspectives on theory, assessment, and treatment . Edited by G. Davey and F. Tallis, 5–33. New York: Wiley.

Borkovec reviews theoretical perspectives on worry’s origins as well as physiological correlates to the common experience of worry. Given the central role worry occupies in many anxiety disorders, this chapter is important in the foundations of understanding this specific cognitive feature.

Borkovec, T. D., R. Shadick, and M. Hopkins. 1991. The nature of normal and pathological worry. In Chronic anxiety: Generalized anxiety disorder, and mixed anxiety depression . Edited by R. M. Rapee and D. H. Barlow, 29–51. New York: Guilford.

Borkovec is the leading name in research on generalized anxiety disorder. In this chapter, he and colleagues offer distinctions between typical and pathological (i.e., functional and dysfunctional) worry. This chapter sets the stage for establishing the distinct nature of worry in psychopathology as compared to everyday worry. In light of the ubiquity of worry, setting out the boundaries for how to distinguish normal from abnormal worry is an important conceptualization.

Ohman, A. 2009. Of snakes and faces: An evolutionary perspective on the psychology of fear. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 50:543–552.

DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-9450.2009.00784.x

Ohman reviews an evolutionary perspective of fear via literature on differential fear conditioning, quicker nonconscious processing, and enhanced attention toward both snakes and threatening faces when compared to neutral stimuli. There has been considerable interest in the basic evolved nature of fear. Of particular interest has been the way in which this information is processed, and Ohman provides an extensive analysis of cognitive processing of fear.

Ollendick, T. H., and N. J. King. 1991. Origins of childhood fears: An evaluation of Rachman’s theory of fear acquisition. Behaviour Research and Therapy 29:117–123.

Ollendick and King examine the extent to which childhood fear onset can be attributed to indirect sources of learning (i.e., vicarious and instructional factors) versus direct conditioning. Childhood anxiety is of generalized importance since the developmental features of anxiety set the stage for treatment across all ages. The etiological theory of anxiety is described and evaluated in the context of Rachman’s theory, an important model of anxiety acquisition.

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Thesis Statements

What this handout is about.

This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.

Introduction

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement:

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
• is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
• directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
• makes a claim that others might dispute.
• is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the first paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)

How do I create a thesis?

A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. Both the argument and your thesis are likely to need adjustment along the way.

Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming .

How do I know if my thesis is strong?

If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following :

• Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. If the prompt isn’t phrased as a question, try to rephrase it. For example, “Discuss the effect of X on Y” can be rephrased as “What is the effect of X on Y?”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is likely to  be “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.
• Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.

Suppose you are taking a course on contemporary communication, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: “Discuss the impact of social media on public awareness.” Looking back at your notes, you might start with this working thesis:

Social media impacts public awareness in both positive and negative ways.

You can use the questions above to help you revise this general statement into a stronger thesis.

• Do I answer the question? You can analyze this if you rephrase “discuss the impact” as “what is the impact?” This way, you can see that you’ve answered the question only very generally with the vague “positive and negative ways.”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not likely. Only people who maintain that social media has a solely positive or solely negative impact could disagree.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? No. What are the positive effects? What are the negative effects?
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? No. Why are they positive? How are they positive? What are their causes? Why are they negative? How are they negative? What are their causes?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? No. Why should anyone care about the positive and/or negative impact of social media?

After thinking about your answers to these questions, you decide to focus on the one impact you feel strongly about and have strong evidence for:

Because not every voice on social media is reliable, people have become much more critical consumers of information, and thus, more informed voters.

This version is a much stronger thesis! It answers the question, takes a specific position that others can challenge, and it gives a sense of why it matters.

Let’s try another. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.

You begin to analyze your thesis:

• Do I answer the question? No. The prompt asks you to analyze some aspect of the novel. Your working thesis is a statement of general appreciation for the entire novel.

Think about aspects of the novel that are important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

• Do I answer the question? Yes!
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not really. This contrast is well-known and accepted.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? It’s getting there–you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation. However, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? Not yet. Compare scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions and anything else that seems interesting.
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify?”

After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write:

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. 2018. The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , 8th ed. New York: Pearson.

Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Home — Essay Samples — Nursing & Health — Psychiatry & Mental Health — Anxiety

Essays About Anxiety

Anxiety essay topic examples, argumentative essays.

Argumentative essays on anxiety require you to take a stance on a specific aspect of anxiety and provide evidence to support your viewpoint. Consider these topic examples:

• 1. Argue for the importance of mental health education in schools, emphasizing the role it plays in reducing anxiety among students.
• 2. Debate whether the increased use of technology and social media contributes to rising levels of anxiety among young adults, considering the pros and cons of digital connectivity.

Example Introduction Paragraph for an Argumentative Anxiety Essay: Anxiety is a prevalent mental health concern that affects individuals of all ages. In this argumentative essay, we will explore the significance of introducing comprehensive mental health education in schools and its potential to alleviate anxiety among students.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for an Argumentative Anxiety Essay: In conclusion, the argument for incorporating mental health education in schools underscores the need to address anxiety and related issues at an early stage. As we advocate for change, we are reminded of the positive impact such initiatives can have on the well-being of future generations.

Compare and Contrast Essays

Compare and contrast essays on anxiety involve analyzing the similarities and differences between various aspects of anxiety, treatment approaches, or the impact of anxiety on different demographic groups. Consider these topics:

• 1. Compare and contrast the experiences and coping mechanisms of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), highlighting their unique challenges and commonalities.
• 2. Analyze the differences and similarities in the prevalence and impact of anxiety among different age groups, such as adolescents and older adults, considering the contributing factors and treatment options.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Anxiety Essay: Anxiety manifests in various forms, affecting individuals differently. In this compare and contrast essay, we will examine the experiences and coping strategies of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social anxiety disorder (SAD), shedding light on the distinctions and shared aspects of their conditions.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Compare and Contrast Anxiety Essay: In conclusion, the comparison and contrast of GAD and SAD provide valuable insights into the diverse landscape of anxiety disorders. As we deepen our understanding, we can better tailor support and interventions for those grappling with these challenges.

Descriptive Essays

Descriptive essays on anxiety allow you to provide a detailed account of anxiety-related experiences, the impact of anxiety on daily life, or the portrayal of anxiety in literature and media. Here are some topic ideas:

• 1. Describe a personal experience of overcoming a major anxiety-related obstacle or fear, highlighting the emotions and strategies involved in the process.
• 2. Analyze the portrayal of anxiety and mental health in a specific novel, movie, or television series, discussing its accuracy and the messages it conveys to the audience.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Descriptive Anxiety Essay: Anxiety can be a formidable adversary, but it is also a source of resilience and personal growth. In this descriptive essay, I will recount a deeply personal journey of overcoming a significant anxiety-related challenge, shedding light on the emotions and strategies that guided me along the way.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Descriptive Anxiety Essay: In conclusion, my personal narrative of conquering anxiety illustrates the transformative power of resilience and determination. As we share our stories, we inspire others to confront their fears and embrace the path to recovery.

Persuasive Essays

Persuasive essays on anxiety involve advocating for specific actions, policies, or changes related to anxiety awareness, treatment accessibility, or destigmatization. Consider these persuasive topics:

• 1. Persuade your audience of the importance of increasing mental health resources on college campuses, emphasizing the positive impact on students' well-being and academic performance.
• 2. Advocate for the destigmatization of anxiety and other mental health conditions in society, highlighting the role of media, education, and public discourse in reducing stereotypes and discrimination.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Persuasive Anxiety Essay: Anxiety affects millions of individuals, yet stigma and limited resources often hinder access to necessary support. In this persuasive essay, I will make a compelling case for the expansion of mental health services on college campuses, emphasizing the benefits to students' overall well-being and academic success.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Persuasive Anxiety Essay: In conclusion, the persuasive argument for increased mental health resources on college campuses highlights the urgent need to prioritize students' mental well-being. As we advocate for these changes, we contribute to a more inclusive and supportive educational environment.

Narrative Essays

Narrative essays on anxiety allow you to share personal stories, experiences, or perspectives related to anxiety, your journey to understanding and managing it, or the impact of anxiety on your life. Explore these narrative essay topics:

• 1. Narrate a personal experience of a panic attack, describing the physical and emotional sensations, the circumstances, and the steps taken to cope and recover.
• 2. Share a story of your journey toward self-acceptance and resilience in the face of anxiety, emphasizing the strategies and support systems that have helped you navigate this mental health challenge.

Example Introduction Paragraph for a Narrative Anxiety Essay: Anxiety is a deeply personal experience that can profoundly impact one's life. In this narrative essay, I will take you through a vivid account of a panic attack I experienced, offering insights into the physical and emotional aspects of this anxiety-related event.

Example Conclusion Paragraph for a Narrative Anxiety Essay: In conclusion, the narrative of my panic attack experience underscores the importance of self-awareness and coping strategies in managing anxiety. As we share our stories, we foster understanding and support for those facing similar challenges.

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The Issue of Generalized Anxiety Disorder

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Anxiety is a psychological and physiological response characterized by feelings of apprehension, fear, and unease. It is a natural human reaction to perceived threats or stressors, triggering a heightened state of arousal and activating the body's fight-or-flight response.

Excessive worrying: Individuals with anxiety often experience persistent and intrusive thoughts, excessive worrying, and an inability to control their anxious thoughts. Physical symptoms: Anxiety can manifest physically, leading to symptoms such as increased heart rate, rapid breathing, sweating, trembling, muscle tension, headaches, and gastrointestinal disturbances. Restlessness and irritability: Anxiety can cause a sense of restlessness and irritability, making it difficult for individuals to relax or concentrate on tasks. Sleep disruptions: Anxiety has the potential to interfere with sleep patterns, resulting in challenges when trying to initiate sleep, maintain it, or achieve a restorative sleep. Consequently, this can exacerbate feelings of fatigue and weariness. Avoidance behaviors: People with anxiety may engage in avoidance behaviors, such as avoiding certain situations or places that trigger their anxiety. This can restrict their daily activities and limit their quality of life.

Genetic predisposition: Research suggests that individuals with a family history of anxiety disorders may have a higher likelihood of developing anxiety themselves. Certain genetic variations and inherited traits can increase susceptibility to anxiety. Brain chemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, dopamine, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), are thought to play a role in anxiety disorders. These chemical imbalances can affect the regulation of mood, emotions, and stress responses. Environmental factors: Traumatic life events, such as abuse, loss, or significant life changes, can trigger or exacerbate anxiety. Chronic stress, work pressure, and relationship difficulties can also contribute to the development of anxiety. Personality traits: Certain personality traits, such as being prone to perfectionism, having a negative outlook, or being highly self-critical, may increase the risk of developing anxiety disorders. Medical conditions: Certain medical conditions, such as thyroid disorders, cardiovascular issues, and respiratory problems, can be associated with anxiety symptoms.

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): GAD is marked by excessive and uncontrollable worry about various aspects of life, including work, health, and everyday situations. Individuals with GAD often experience physical symptoms like restlessness, fatigue, muscle tension, and difficulty concentrating. Panic Disorder: Panic disorder involves recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which are intense episodes of fear accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, chest pain, and dizziness. People with panic disorder often worry about future panic attacks and may develop agoraphobia, avoiding places or situations that they fear might trigger an attack. Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD): SAD is characterized by an intense fear of social situations and a persistent worry about being embarrassed, judged, or humiliated. People with SAD may experience extreme self-consciousness, avoidance of social interactions, and physical symptoms like blushing, trembling, or sweating. Specific Phobias: Common examples include phobias of heights, spiders, flying, or enclosed spaces. Exposure to the feared object or situation can trigger severe anxiety symptoms. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): OCD is characterized by intrusive and unwanted thoughts (obsessions) that lead to repetitive behaviors or mental acts (compulsions) aimed at reducing anxiety. Common obsessions include fears of contamination, doubts, and a need for symmetry, while common compulsions include excessive cleaning, checking, and arranging.

The treatment of anxiety typically involves a multi-faceted approach aimed at addressing the individual's specific needs. One common form of treatment is psychotherapy, which involves talking with a trained therapist to explore the underlying causes of anxiety and develop coping strategies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is often employed to challenge negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with anxiety. In some cases, anti-anxiety medications, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or benzodiazepines, may be prescribed by a healthcare professional. These medications work to alleviate the intensity of anxiety symptoms and promote a sense of calm. Additionally, lifestyle modifications can play a significant role in anxiety management. Regular exercise, stress-reduction techniques like meditation or yoga, and maintaining a balanced diet can contribute to overall well-being and help alleviate anxiety symptoms.

1. Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent mental health conditions that affect a substantial number of individuals worldwide, impacting approximately 284 million people globally. 2. Research indicates that women have a higher likelihood of being diagnosed with anxiety disorders compared to men. Studies reveal that women are twice as likely to experience anxiety, with this gender difference emerging during adolescence and persisting into adulthood. 3. Anxiety disorders often coexist with other mental health issues. Extensive research has demonstrated a strong correlation between anxiety disorders and comorbidities such as depression, substance abuse, and eating disorders. These co-occurring conditions can significantly impact an individual's well-being and require comprehensive and integrated approaches to treatment.

Anxiety is an important topic to explore in an essay due to its widespread impact on individuals and society as a whole. Understanding and addressing anxiety is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, anxiety disorders are highly prevalent, affecting a significant portion of the population globally. This prevalence highlights the need for increased awareness, accurate information, and effective strategies for prevention and treatment. Secondly, anxiety can have profound effects on individuals' mental, emotional, and physical well-being. It can impair daily functioning, hinder relationships, and limit personal growth. By delving into this topic, one can examine the various factors contributing to anxiety, its symptoms, and the potential consequences on individuals' lives. Additionally, exploring anxiety can shed light on the complex interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to its development and maintenance. This understanding can inform the development of targeted interventions and support systems for individuals experiencing anxiety.

1. Bandelow, B., & Michaelis, S. (2015). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders in the 21st century. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 17(3), 327-335. 2. Kessler, R. C., et al. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of anxiety disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593-602. 3. National Institute of Mental Health. (2018). Anxiety disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/anxiety-disorders/ 4. American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing. 5. Craske, M. G., et al. (2017). Anxiety disorders. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 3(1), 17024. 6. Hofmann, S. G., et al. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427-440. 7. Roy-Byrne, P. P., et al. (2010). Treating generalized anxiety disorder with second-generation antidepressants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 71(3), 306-317. 8. Etkin, A., et al. (2015). A cognitive-emotional biomarker for predicting remission with antidepressant medications: A report from the iSPOT-D trial. JAMA Psychiatry, 72(1), 14-22. 9. Heimberg, R. G., et al. (2014). Cognitive-behavioral therapy, imipramine, or their combination for panic disorder: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 293(23), 2884-2893. 10. Hofmann, S. G., et al. (2013). Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 43(05), 897-910.

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What Is a Good Thesis Statement About Depression?

Do you need to compose an informative or an argumentative essay on depression? One of the vital parts of your paper is a thesis statement on depression. Note there are various types of thesis statements, and what you use depends on the type of essay you are writing. A thesis summarizes the concept that you write on your research paper or the bottom line that you will write in your essay. It should elaborate more on the depression topics for the research paper you are working on. But at times, you might have a hard time writing your thesis statement.

Good Thesis Statement about Teenage Depression

Bipolar disorder thesis statements about depression, interesting thesis statements about depression, interesting thesis statement about diagnosis and treatment of depression, thesis statement about stress and depression, free thesis statements about depression and anxiety, get help with your depression research paper.

Here is a list of thesis statements to have an easier time writing your essay. They cover different topics, making it easy to select what excites you. Here we go!

Are you writing about teenagers and how they are always overthinking about their future, and they end up getting depressed? You need to write a good thesis statement for a depression research paper. That will help your depression argumentative essay stand out. Here are some thesis statement for depression to check out.

• There is a link between depression and alcohol among teenagers and the various ways to control it.
• Teenagers dealing with mood disorders eat and sleep more than usual, getting less interested in regular activities.
• Mediation is an effective way to reach out to adolescents that show heightened symptoms of depression.
• Self-blaming attributions are social cognitive mechanisms among adolescents.
• Peer victimization causes high-stress levels among adolescents and has negative psychological consequences.

Choosing a good depression thesis statement on bipolar disorder can be hectic. Research on bipolar will require a good thesis statement for mental health. Choose a thesis statement about mental health awareness here.

• People with Bipolar depression have more difficulties getting quality sleep.
• Bipolar disorder influences every aspect of a person’s life and changes their quality of life.
• Bipolar disorder causes depressive moods or lows of mental disorder.
• Bipolar is a severe mental issue that can negatively impact your moods, self-esteem, and behavior.
• Psychological evaluations play a significant role in diagnosing bipolar disorder.

When writing your essay, ensure that the thesis statement for mental health is fascinating. You will impress your professors if you get the right depression research paper outline as your thesis statement. Here is a depression thesis statement you can use.

• The effects of human psychology are viewed in the form of depression.
• Clinical psychology can help to bring outpatients who have depression.
• Treating long-term depression in bipolar patients is possible.
• Bipolar patients are drained to the roots of depression.
• Well-established rehabilitation centers can help bring drug addicts from depression.

Are you thinking of writing a thesis on depression and how to treat it? If so, you need to have an excellent thesis statement about mental health that will impress your professor. Read this list to find a thesis you need for your research paper.

• There are different ways to diagnose and treat depression from its early stage.
• People who show signs of depression from an early stage and seek treatment are likely to recover instead of those who do not show early signs.
• After you receive treatment for depression, putting the right measure in place is one of the best and effective ways to ensure that you do not get it again for the second time.
• Anxiety can interfere with daily living, and it can get anyone from children to adults.
• Besides medication, you need a lifestyle change and acceptance to treat depression.

Is your research about stress and how it can impact mental health? Getting a thesis statement for depression research paper that impresses your examiners can be challenging. Choose a thesis statement for your mental illness research paper below.

• Although it is normal for various situations to cause stress, having constant stress can have detrimental effects.
• To survive the modern industrial society, you need to have stress management strategies.
• The challenges of understanding and adapting to the changing environment can lead to stress.
• Lack of proper stress management will lead to inefficiency in everything people do.
• Stress does not come unless there are underlying stressors in your life.

Our team of writers is well-conversant about a free thesis statement about anxiety you can use. The best anxiety thesis statement will help you get the best grades. Here is a list of statements that stands out:

• Many factors can lead to early anxiety, but the leading cause of anxiety in adolescents is directly linked to families.
• Anxiety is a severe mental disorder that can occur without any apparent triggers.
• Long-term depression and anxiety can impact your mental health, but you can recover if you seek treatment.
• Depression and anxiety are not interlinked, and it is essential to learn how to differentiate them on practical grounds.
• Society has a role to play in helping people come out of depression and anxiety.

How do you write a research paper about depression and how it affects mental health? Before choosing a thesis statement on mental health, have a clear understanding of the essay that you are writing. That will help you get the best thesis to make our essay stand out.

But don’t keep stressing out about your thesis statement for mental illness research paper. We have your work cut out because our skilled writers have compiled a list of thesis statements about mental health and depression topics for research paper writing. We will also suggest correct thesis statements for your essay homework or assignment.

If you are still unsure of the statement to use, get in touch with us today. We have a team of skilled and experienced writers that can help you with your essay or research project and ensure that you get the best grades.

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Are Smartphones Really Driving the Rise in Teenage Depression?

Derek takes a closer critical look at the relationship between smartphones and mental health

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Today—a closer critical look at the relationship between smartphones and mental health. One of the themes we’ve touched on more than any other on this show is that American teenagers—especially girls—appear to be “engulfed” in historic rates of anxiety and sadness. The numbers are undeniable. The Youth Risk Behavior Survey, which is published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, showed that from 2011 to 2021, the share of teenage girls who say they experience “persistent feelings of sadness or hopelessness” increased by 50 percent.

But there is a fierce debate about why this is happening. The most popular explanation on offer today in the media says: It’s the smartphones, stupid. Teen anxiety increased during a period when smartphones and social media colonized the youth social experience. This is a story I’ve shared on this very show, including with Jonathan Haidt, the author of the new bestselling book The Anxious Generation .

But this interpretation is not dogma in scientific circles. In fact, it’s quite hotly debated. In 2019, an Oxford University study titled “The Association Between Adolescent Well-Being and Digital Technology Use” found that the effect size of screen time on reduced mental health was roughly the same as the association with “eating potatoes.”

Today, I want to give more space to the argument that it’s not just the phones. Our guest is David Wallace-Wells, bestselling science writer and a columnist for The New York Times . He says something more complicated is happening. In particular, the rise in teen distress seems concentrated in a handful of high-income and often English-speaking countries. So what is it about the interaction between smartphones, social media, and an emerging Anglophonic culture of mental health that seems to be driving this increase in teen distress?

If you have questions, observations, or ideas for future episodes, email us at [email protected] .

• My original essay on the teen anxiety phenomenon
• “Are Smartphones Driving Our Teens to Depression?” by David Wallace-Wells
• The Anxious Generation , by Jonathan Haidt
• Haidt responds to his critics
• Our original episode with Haidt

In the following excerpt, Derek talks to David Wallace-Wells about whether smartphones are really responsible for the mental health crisis among young adults.

Derek Thompson: I wanted to have you on the show because we’ve done a number of episodes about the youth anxiety crisis, and my belief is that phones are a major contributor to that anxiety crisis among teens and young people. This is the subject of a bestselling book, The Anxious Generation , by a friend of the show, Jonathan Haidt. I’ve had Haidt on the show to talk through the thesis that he expounds on in that bestselling book. I know his argument. I respect it. I believe it, I think. Your new column in The New York Times is critical of this Haidt argument that smartphones are a major driver of the teen anxiety crisis. You don’t entirely buy the case that smartphones and social media are behind this phenomenon. I want you to walk us through your argument and walk us through your critique. But first, I want to begin at the highest level. Do you think there is a teen anxiety crisis to begin with?

David Wallace-Wells: I think a lot hangs on what you mean by the word “crisis” there. In general, I think it’s fair to say most people interacting with teenagers, especially in the U.S., but indeed around the rich world, are seeing more and more of them experiencing and reporting mental distress. We’re seeing in most countries, though not all, increases in the rates of depression and anxiety among teens. The scale of those changes is different place to place, but the direction of change, I think, is pretty clear. But exactly how much of that is an increase in what experts call the underlying incidence, which is to say, how many people are really suffering more acutely than their counterparts did 10 or 20 or 30 years ago? And how much of it is changes in the way that we talk about, think about mental health, mental illness, the stigma around treatment and therapy, how open we are to treatment, how clinicians have been trained in different ways over the years, I think is very much an open question.

And over the last five years, we’ve seen a sort of conventional wisdom take hold among, really, people like us. That is to say, people in the pundit class, but also a lot of people with whom we share a lot of demographic characteristics, like relatively well-off, relatively well-educated people who are now in childbearing years. And I think it’s quite conventional wisdom now among that cohort that phones are really, really damaging to the mental health of teens. And the thing that’s been most striking to me in doing this work and this thinking about this and the research I’ve done, the people I’ve spoken to, is that that is not conventional wisdom among the academics and scientists who study this work.

Thompson: The first compelling objection to the smartphone thesis is that we are measuring mental health very differently than we used to. You brought to my attention for the first time a 2024 analysis from New Jersey which found that what appeared to be a sharp increase in suicidal behavior in children was mostly driven by changes in screening recommendations. This can get a little bit technical, but can you explain in simple terms what this paper looked at?

Wallace-Wells: The first is that as part of the rollout of the Affordable Care Act, it was recommended for the first time that primary care physicians screened teenage girls for depression annually. And that meant that you just immediately started seeing a significant rise in the number of people who were being identified as depressed, being referred to other doctors for treatment for depression, but also if they were to come into contact with the hospital system, they would be regarded as someone with a history of depression.

And that happened nationally. It wasn’t just in New Jersey. It also happened nationally that for the first time this was required to be covered by health insurers, which means, again, that you’re probably seeing some amount of change in the way that clinicians are interacting with patients, not just the manner but the scale of that interaction. And then there was another change, actually two adjacent changes, in which the U.S. adopted—it’s all technical and bureaucratic—but adopted a new way of coding hospital admissions such that they used to require you to put in a data point for what the injury was that brought the person to the hospital.

And then in a second column, in a second place, you could say whether this was an intentional injury or an accidental injury. And in a lot of cases, the admissions process meant that they just didn’t fill out that second form. And the WHO recommended this set of changes, actually a long time ago in the late ’90s, it swept across the world. Different countries adopted the policy change at different times. And in the U.S. at the national level, you can see when that happened actually overnight in almost doubling the reporting of self-harm admissions to hospitals across all age groups, not just among young women or young men. Then in New Jersey, there was a related second coding recommendation put out to clarify exactly how this should be done. And actually within New Jersey, that had the bigger impact on exactly how many people were reported as being hospitalized for attempted suicide.

And the authors of this paper show that if you factor in all these things, you actually see what looked like a quite alarming trend line from, say, 2010 to 2018 completely disappear, that there’s no trend line at all within New Jersey. Now, New Jersey is not necessarily a representative state; it’s wealthy. Basically, everybody already had health insurance before, may have been ahead of the curve nationally in terms of openness to therapy and that kind of thing. But nevertheless, in this setting, which is the only one that’s been studied extensively, we saw that what looked like these really alarming trend lines completely disappeared when we accounted for just a couple of these changes in the way that we think about and process mental illness at the individual level and at the sort of hospital-system level.

This excerpt was edited for clarity. Listen to the rest of the episode here and follow the Plain English feed on Spotify.

Host: Derek Thompson Guest: David Wallace-Wells Producer: Devon Baroldi

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Dean’s award 2024 – destiny nash uses education and research to overcome anxiety.

By Jennifer K. Morita

May 13, 2024

One touch was all it took for Destiny Nash to fall in love – with sharks.

“I was quite scared, but that was because I’d watched films and shows that portray sharks in very sensationalized ways,” said Nash, who first touched the apex predator on a childhood trip to San Francisco’s Aquarium of the Bay.

“But actually seeing and touching one, and learning more about them … they’re cute.”

Nash’s fondness for sharks helped her overcome significant anxiety and discover a passion for the environment.

“I’ve always greatly loved sharks. They’re misunderstood. They’re just so chill, and they have a lot of intrinsic value in terms of their importance in the water. As apex predators, they keep the ecosystems healthy." -- Destiny Nash

After earning a nearly perfect GPA, Nash is graduating summa cum laude with a bachelor’s degree in Environmental Studies and a minor in Art Studio. She is the 2023-24 Dean’s Award recipient for the College of Social Sciences and Interdisciplinary Studies.

Deans’ Awards are given at Commencement to the top graduating student from each of Sac State’s seven academic colleges.

“I was just happy to be nominated,” she said. “This is way more than freshman Destiny could even imagine.”

Nash was raised by her mom in Sacramento’s Freeport area, where her family has lived for several generations. She grew up volunteering at the community center that was named after her great-grandmother Evelyn Moore, a neighborhood activist.

“She was very involved with her community, education and making sure the neighborhood she was raising her children in had its needs met,” Nash said. “It’s kind of like a generational family thing. It’s just always been in the family.”

Although Nash grew up knowing the importance of serving her community, her anxiety made it difficult for her to talk to other people. Over time, however, she learned she could calm her fears by arming herself with knowledge.

“Education, learning, is a really good way for me to be less anxious,” she said. “Planning and prepping, especially when it comes to speeches, and having that research about a topic is always really helpful when I talk to others.

“I don’t think it ever goes away, but I just try my best to engage and be more kind to myself.”

For her Advanced Geographic Information Systems class final, she conducted a mapping analysis of Sacramento County library locations, looking at the number of branches, their accessibility to public transportation and their hours.

“I really enjoy books and reading, and I love libraries,” Nash said, “so I wanted to do something about the importance of libraries.”

She and other students presented the research to former Sacramento Mayor Kevin Johnson, arguing against defunding libraries.

“Libraries don’t just offer books, they also offer ancestry research, access to online courses, computers and free printers,” Nash said. “It's so important to have libraries in as many communities as possible.”

Nash, who has volunteered for the community nonprofit Freeport Renovation on the Move since 2012, also served on Associated Students Inc. as a Green Team committee member.

She wrote her senior thesis on environmental psychology and media representation of sharks, which was also the subject of one of her final ceramic projects.

“I’ve always greatly loved sharks. They’re misunderstood,” Nash said. “They’re just so chill, and they have a lot of intrinsic value in terms of their importance in the water. As apex predators, they keep the ecosystems healthy.

“They’re pretty cool.”

Nash, who hopes to become a sustainability analyst, examined how sharks are portrayed in the media, films and TV, even looking at the language used to report shark interactions and cultural beliefs.

“Having that research and data to back up what you’re saying and to create policy is very important,” Nash said. “I want to work in sustainability to find potential solutions and enact more sustainable policies through research and data.”

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About Jennifer K. Morita

Jennifer K. Morita joined Sacramento State in 2022. A former newspaper reporter for the Sacramento Bee, she spent several years juggling freelance writing with being a mom. When she isn’t chauffeuring her two daughters, she enjoys reading mysteries, experimenting with recipes, and Zumba.

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BU Softball Claims Patriot League Title, Begins NCAA Tournament Play Friday

Depiesse’s double, shutout pitching key to 1-0 victory over lehigh, earn terriers fifth title in six seasons.

2024 Patriot League Player of the Year Lauren Keleher (Sargent’24) hoists the Patriot League Softball championship trophy after the team beat Lehigh 1-0 Saturday. Photo by Jim Pierce, BU Athletics

Deppiesse’s double, shutout pitching key to 1-0 victory over Lehigh, earning Terriers fifth title in six seasons

Charles moore (com’24).

After seven innings of scoreless softball sent the game to extra innings Saturday, Boston University scored the title game’s only run to claim the Terriers’ fifth Patriot League title in six seasons. 

Undefeated in conference play and 52-4-1 overall, the No. 21/22 Terriers defeated Lehigh (32-20) 1-0 at the BU Softball Field on May 11. 

In a matchup of the Patriot League’s two highest-scoring offenses, defense and pitching would define this year’s title match. Second baseman Brooke Deppiesse (CAS’26, Questrom’26) broke through in the eighth, stroking the game’s only extra-base hit, a double, and later scoring on a fielding error. Allison Boaz (ENG’23, GRS’24) pitched 6.1 shutout innings before PL Pitcher of the Year Kasey Ricard (Sargent’26) would strike out the side to secure Patriot League gold. 

“If you told me one run was going to be enough, I wouldn’t have agreed with that,” Terriers head coach (and now five-time PL Coach of the Year) Ashley Waters (Wheelock’22) said postgame. “But that’s how the game panned out. I am impressed all around with the different contributions up and down the lineup.”

The Terriers entered Saturday’s championship match after beating Army West-Point 2-0 in Thursday’s opening round and Bucknell 5-2 in the semifinal on Friday. Given the double-elimination tournament format, the undefeated Terriers needed to win just once to claim another conference title, and therefore played Saturday’s game as the visiting team—batting first—despite hosting the game as the tournament’s top seed. 

BU’s lineup boasts three Patriot League Players of the Year—in order, Lauren Keleher (Sargent’24) (2024), Kayla Roncin (Sargent’24) (2022, 2023), and Caitlin Coker (CAS’24, GRS’24) (2021), yet the Terriers’ top offensive contributors went a combined 0-12 Saturday. Instead, cleanup hitter Deppiesse and first baseman Lauren Nett (CAS’24) (batting sixth) played heroes in Saturday’s victory. 

Nett went 2-4 with two singles. She hit the game-winning RBI in the eighth—a line drive to second base that snuck past Lehigh second baseman Julia Mrochko into the outfield—a fielding error that plated the game’s only run after the Deppiesse double. 

“I wanted to show up for my team, and that’s what motivates me,” Nett said postgame. “Going in, I wanted to have this moment with my team before I graduate and move on. It was just them—I wanted to do it for them.”

BU’s Boaz and Lehigh’s Katelyn Young dueled shutout frames, limiting opposing lineups to six hits and one walk for the Mountain Hawks, and five hits and four walks for the Terriers. Although Young picked up the loss, she pitched eight innings, surrendering the unearned run in the eighth. 

Boaz, a two-time Patriot League Pitcher of the Year (2022, 2023), handed the ball off to Ricard, this year’s top pitcher, in the bottom of the seventh. After BU gained the lead in the top of the eighth, Ricard punched three strikeouts to earn the title and secure the 2024 Patriot League Tournament MVP. 

“Obviously, Boaz held them and kept it close for us the whole game,” Nett said. “Kasey—words aren’t enough to describe her play, how she pitches, and her energy overall. She’s just amazing.” 

Nett, who earned PL All-Tournament Team honors alongside Ricard, Deppiesse, and catcher Audrey Sellers (Sargent’23, Questrom’24), is one of nine seniors or graduate students on BU’s roster.

Waters said Saturday’s close matchup had more than a Patriot League title riding on the result.

“My anxiety has been so high this entire year because of how special the senior and fifth-year classes are,” Waters said. “For me, anything that would have fallen short would have been a disappointment. I’m so incredibly proud of what they’ve been able to accomplish. It is a bittersweet feeling to know that we just won a championship, but these kids are gonna walk out the door.” 

The Boston University softball team has clinched an automatic bid to the 2024 NCAA Tournament, facing Oregon, No. 2–ranked Oklahoma, and Cleveland State in the Norman Regional, beginning May 17 at Love’s Field in Norman, Okla. The 2024 Women’s College World Series hosts the nation’s top eight and begins on May 30 in Oklahoma City. 

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Charles Moore (COM’24) is pursuing a degree in journalism with a minor in history. He works in the Worcester Red Sox front office and is the Head Delegate for BU's competitive Model United Nations Team. Charles is from Wayland, MA., and has seen a home game of all 30 Major League Baseball teams. He can be reached at [email protected]. Profile

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To please Putin, universities purge liberals and embrace patriots

Russian university leaders are imbuing the country’s education system with patriotism to favor Putin, quashing Western influences and dissent.

Two weeks before the start of his 25th year as Russia’s supreme political leader, Vladimir Putin made a sweeping proclamation: “Wars are won by teachers.”

The remark, which Putin repeated twice during his year-end news conference in December, shed light on a campaign he is waging that has received little attention outside wartime Russia: to imbue the country’s education system with patriotism, purge universities of Western influences, and quash any dissent among professors and students on campuses that are often hotbeds of political activism.

At St. Petersburg State University, this meant dismantling a prestigious humanities program called the Faculty of Liberal Arts and Sciences. For more than a decade, until May 2022, the faculty — or college — was led by Alexei Kudrin, a liberal economist and former finance minister who had been a close associate of Putin’s since the early 1990s, when they were deputy mayors together in St. Petersburg.

“We had many classes on U.S. history, American political life, democracy and political thought, as well as courses on Russian history and political science, history of U.S.-Russian relations, and even a course titled ‘The ABCs of War: Causes, Effects, Consequences,’” said a student at the faculty, also known as Smolny College. “They are all gone now,” the student said, speaking on the condition of anonymity for fear of retribution.

About this series

In a radical reshaping of Russia’s education system, curriculums are being redrawn to stress patriotism and textbooks rewritten to belittle Ukraine, glorify Russia and whitewash the totalitarian Soviet past. These changes — the most sweeping to schooling in Russia since the 1930s — are a core part of Putin’s effort to harness the war in Ukraine to remaster his country as a regressive, militarized state.

Since the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine, leaders of Russian universities, which are overwhelmingly funded by the state, have zealously adopted the Kremlin’s intolerance of any dissent or self-organization, according to an extensive examination by The Washington Post of events on campuses across Russia, including interviews with students and professors both still in the country and in exile.

Professors who spoke out against the war, or allowed safe spaces for students to question it, have been fired. Students who picketed or posted on social media for peace were expelled.

Meanwhile, those who volunteer to fight in Ukraine have been celebrated in line with Putin’s promises that war heroes and their descendants will become the new Russian elite, with enhanced social benefits, including special preference for children seeking to enter top academic programs. Normally, such programs require near-perfect grades and high scores on competitive exams — uniform standards that applicants from all societal backgrounds have relied on for decades.

And the most fundamental precept of academic life — the freedom to think independently, to challenge conventional assumptions and pursue new, bold ideas — has been eroded by edicts that classrooms become echo chambers of the authoritarian nativism and historical distortions that Putin uses to justify his war and his will.

As a result, a system of higher learning that once was a beacon for students across the developing world is now shutting itself off from peer academies in the West, severing one of the few ties that had survived years of political turbulence. Freedom of thought is being trampled, if not eradicated. Eminent scholars have fled for positions abroad, while others said in interviews that they are planning to do so.

At the Russian State University for the Humanities in Moscow, officials last July created the Ivan Ilyin Higher Political School, which is now being led by Alexander Dugin, a fervent pro-Putin and Orthodox Christian ideologue who was tasked with “revising domestic scientific and educational paradigms and bringing them into line with our traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.”

“There has been a catastrophic degradation in Western humanitarian history,” Dugin said at a January seminar on transforming Russian humanities education. “This is evidenced by gender problems, postmodernism and ultraliberalism. We can study the West, but not as the ultimate universal truth. We need to focus on our own Russian development model.”

How we reported ‘Russia, Remastered’

Last month, students pushed an online petition to protest the naming of the school after Ilyin, a philosopher who defended Hitler and Mussolini in World War II and advocated for the return of czarist autocracy in Russia. In a statement to Tass, the state-controlled news service, the university denounced the petition as “part of the information war of the West and its supporters against Russia” and asserted, without providing evidence, that the group behind it had no connection to students at the school.

Programs specializing in the liberal arts and sciences are primary targets because they are viewed as breeding grounds for dissent. Major universities have cut the hours spent studying Western governments, human rights and international law, and even the English language.

“We were destroyed,” said Denis Skopin, a philosophy professor at Smolny College who was fired for criticizing the war. “Because the last thing people who run universities need are unreliable actors who do the ‘wrong’ thing, think in a different way, and teach their students to do the same.”

The demise of

Smolny College

The demise of Smolny College

St. Petersburg State University, commonly known as SPbU, has long been one of Russia’s premier academies of higher learning. It is the alma mater of both Putin, who graduated with a degree in law in 1975, and former president Dmitry Medvedev, who received his law degree 12 years later and now routinely threatens nuclear strikes on the West as deputy chairman of Russia’s national security council.

In many ways, the university has become the leader in reprisals against students and staff not loyal to the Kremlin, with one newspaper dubbing it the “repressions champion” of Russian education. Its halls have become a microcosm of modern Russia in which conservatives in power are pushing out the few remaining Western-oriented liberals.

Like other aspects of Putin’s remastering of Russia — such as patriotic mandates in the arts and the redrawing of the role of women to focus on childbearing — the shift in education started well before the invasion of Ukraine. In 2021, Russia ended a more than 20-year-old exchange program between Smolny College and Bard College in New York state by designating the private American liberal arts school an “undesirable” organization.

Jonathan Becker, Bard’s vice president for academic affairs and a professor of political studies, said the demise of Smolny was emblematic of a wider shift in Russia as well as a new intolerance of the West.

“A huge number of faculty have been let go, several departments closed, core liberal arts programs which focus on critical thinking have been eliminated,” Becker said. “All of that has happened, and it’s not just happened at Smolny — it has happened elsewhere. But we were doubly problematic because we both represent critical thinking and partnership with the West. And neither of those are acceptable in present-day Russia.”

In October 2022, in a scene captured on video and posted on social media, dozens of students gathered in a courtyard to bid a tearful goodbye to Skopin, Smolny’s cherished philosophy professor who was fired for an “immoral act” — protesting Putin’s announcement of a partial military mobilization to replenish his depleted forces in Ukraine.

The month before, according to court records and interviews, Skopin was arrested at an antiwar rally. He ended up sharing a jail cell with another professor, Artem Kalmykov, a young mathematician who had recently finished his PhD at the University of Zurich.

That fall, the university launched an overhaul that all but shut Smolny College and replaced the curriculum with a thoroughly revamped arts and humanities program.

The dismantling of Smolny marked the resolution of a years-long feud between Kudrin, the liberal-economist dean, and Nikolai Kropachev, the university rector, whom tutors and students described as a volatile character with a passion for building ties in the highest echelons of the government.

It’s hard to describe the insane level of anxiety the students felt at the start of the invasion, and I’d say 99 percent of them were against it.”

Denis Skopin

Former philosophy professor at Smolny College

It’s hard to describe the insane level of anxiety the students felt at the start of the invasion, and I’d say

99 percent of them were against it.”

It’s hard to describe the insane level

of anxiety the students felt at the start

of the invasion, and I’d say 99 percent

of them were against it.”

It’s hard to describe the insane level of anxiety

the students felt at the start of the invasion,

and I’d say 99 percent of them were against it.”

In February, Sergei Naryshkin, the head of Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, sent a heartfelt birthday message to Kropachev, thanking him for his “civic and political activity” and for “comprehensive assistance in replenishing personnel.”

One student described how Kropachev once interrupted a meeting with students and hinted that he needed to take a call from Putin, in what the student viewed as a boast of his direct access to the Russian leader. Both St. Petersburg State University and Moscow State University were assigned a special status in 2009, under which their rectors are appointed personally by the president.

Skopin, who earned his PhD in France, and his cellmate, Kalmykov, were perfect examples of the type of academic that Russia aspired to attract from the early 2000s to the mid-2010s — enticed after studying abroad to bring knowledge home amid booming investment in higher education. But by 2022, the system seemed to have no need for them.

Video of the gathering in the courtyard shows students erupting in sustained applause, and one student coming forward to hug Skopin.

“It’s hard to describe the insane level of anxiety the students felt at the start of the invasion, and I’d say 99 percent of them were against it,” Skopin said.

After his dismissal, some students tried to fight the administration’s plan to dismantle the Smolny program.

“At one point we found ourselves in a situation where out of 30 original faculty staff, we had just three tutors left,” said Polina Ulanovskaya, a sociology student and activist who led the student union. “And the quality of education definitely suffered, especially all of the politics-related classes.”

Ulanovskaya said that on the political science track, only two professors have stayed, and many classes were eliminated, including a human rights course. There are now just two courses offered in English, down from 21.

With every new professor, Ulanovskaya said, she felt a need to test the waters. Would the word “gender” trigger them? Could she say something opposition-leaning? What would be a red flag?

Ulanovskaya opted out of writing a thesis on her main research topic — Russian social movements, politicization of workers and historic-preservation activists — out of fear that it would be blacklisted. Instead, she wrote about Uruguay.

“The main problem at the faculty now is that there is no freedom and especially no sense of security,” she said. “I guess there is no such thing anywhere in Russia now ... you can’t trust anyone in any university.”

A few weeks after The Post interviewed Ulanovskaya last fall, she was expelled, formally for failing an exam, but she and Skopin said they believe it was retaliation for her activism.

Another student, Yelizaveta Antonova, was supposed to get her bachelor’s degree in journalism just days after legendary Novaya Gazeta newspaper reporter Yelena Milashina was brutally beaten in Chechnya, the small Muslim-majority republic in southern Russia under the dictatorial rule of Ramzan Kadyrov.

Antonova, who interned at Novaya Gazeta and looked up to Milashina, felt she could not accept her diploma without showing support for her colleague. She and a roommate printed a photo of Milashina, depicting the reporter’s shaved head and bandaged hands, to stage a demonstration at their graduation ceremony — much to the dismay of other classmates, who sought to block the protest.

“They essentially prevented us from going on stage,” Antonova said. “So we did it outside of the law school, and we felt it was extra symbolic because Putin and Medvedev studied in these halls.”

They held up the poster for about half an hour, until another student threatened them by saying riot police were on the way to arrest them. Antonova believes the protest cost her a spot in graduate school, where she hoped to continue her research comparing Russia’s media landscape before and after the invasion.

Eight months after the graduation ceremony, authorities launched a case against Antonova and her roommate for staging an unauthorized demonstration — an administrative offense that is punishable by a fine and puts people on law enforcement’s radar. Antonova left the country to continue her studies abroad.

Ideological divides

The history college at St. Petersburg State has long been a battleground for various ideologies, with cliques ranging from conservatives and Kremlin loyalists to unyielding opposition-minded liberals, according to interviews with students and professors.

The February 2022 invasion of Ukraine caused a deeper split. Some students and professors openly praised Putin’s “special military operation,” as the Kremlin called the war, while others joined rallies against it.

“The war gave them carte blanche,” said Michael Martin, 22, a former star at the college — to which he was automatically admitted after winning two nationwide academic competitions and where he earned straight A’s.

Martin was a leader of the student council, which on the day of the invasion issued an antiwar manifesto quickly drafted in a cafe.

Another history student, Fedor Solomonov, took the opposite view and praised the special military operation on social media. When Solomonov was called up as part of the mobilization, he declined to take a student deferral and went to fight. He died on the front on April 1, 2023.

Soon after Solomonov’s death, screenshots from internal chats where students often debated history and politics were leaked and went viral on pro-war Telegram channels. In some, Martin and other classmates expressed antiwar sentiments, while another showed a message — allegedly written by an assistant professor, Mikhail Belousov — vaguely describing events in Ukraine as “Rashism,” a wordplay combining “Russia” and “fascism.”

In an aggressive online campaign, pro-war activists demanded that Belousov, who denied writing the message, be fired and that the antiwar students, whom they labeled “a pro-Ukrainian organized crime group,” be expelled.

“A cell of anti-Russian students led by a Russophobe associate professor is operating at the history faculty,” read posts on Readovka, a radical outlet with 2.5 million followers. “They are rabid liberals who hate their country.” Belousov was dismissed and seven students, including Martin, were accused of desecrating Solomonov’s memory and expelled.

Belousov has gone underground and could not be reached for comment.

“They essentially tried to make me do the Sieg Heil,” Martin said, recalling the expulsion hearing, where he said the committee repeatedly asked leading questions trying to get him to say the war was justified. The committee also asked him repeatedly about Solomonov.

“I said he was for the war and I was against it — we could argue about that,” Martin said. “I didn’t find anything funny or interesting in this — I’m truly sorry for what happened to him, but at the same time, I don’t think that he did something good or great by going to war.”

Martin said that as the war raged on, the university began “glorifying death” and praising alumni who had joined the military.

This narrative also warped the curriculum.

A few weeks into the invasion, the school introduced a class on modern Ukrainian history, with a course description asserting that Ukrainian statehood is based “on a certain mythology.”

They essentially tried to make me do the Sieg Heil.”

Michael Martin

Former student at St. Petersburg State University

Belousov, the former assistant professor, criticized a course titled “The Great Patriotic War: No Statute of Limitations,” taught by an instructor with a degree in library science. The key message of the course is that the Soviet Union had no role in the start of World War II — a denial of Russia’s joint invasion of Poland with Nazi Germany in 1939.

According to a government document reviewed by The Post, Russia’s Higher Education Ministry plans to introduce this course at other universities to ensure the “civic-patriotic and spiritual-moral education of youth,” specifically future lawyers, teachers and historians, and to “correct false ideas.”

“These are obviously propaganda courses that are aimed at turning historians into court apologists,” Martin said.

Martin was expelled days before he was supposed to defend his thesis. He quickly left the country after warnings that he and his classmates could be charged with discrediting the army, a crime punishable by up to 15 years in prison. A criminal case was initiated against Belousov on charges of rehabilitating Nazism.

“This is all very reminiscent of the Stalinist 1930s purges,” Martin said. “The limit of tolerated protest now is to sit silently and say nothing. There is despair at the faculty and a feeling that they have crushed everything.”

New Russian elite

To lure more Russian men to fight in Ukraine, the government has promised their families various sweeteners, including cheap mortgages, large life insurance payments and education benefits for their children.

In 2022, Putin approved changes to education laws to grant children of soldiers who fought in Ukraine admissions preferences at Russia’s best universities — schools that normally accept only students with near-perfect exam scores and impressive high school records.

Now, at least 10 percent of all fully funded university spots must be allocated to students eligible for the military preference. Those whose fathers were killed or wounded do not need to pass entry exams.

The new law solidified a previous Putin decree that gave special preferences to soldiers and their children. In the 2023-24 academic year, about 8,500 students were enrolled based on these preferences, government officials said. According to an investigation by the Russian-language outlet Important Stories, nearly 900 students were admitted to 13 top universities through war quotas, with most failing to meet the normal exam score threshold.

In areas of Ukraine captured by Russian forces since February 2022, a different takeover of the education system is underway, with Moscow imposing its curriculum and standards just as it did after invading and illegally annexing Crimea in 2014.

For the 2023-24 academic year, according to the Russian prime minister’s office, more than 5 percent of fully state-financed tuition stipends — roughly 37,000 out of 626,000 — were allocated for students at universities in Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson or Zaporizhzhia, the four occupied or partly occupied areas of Ukraine that Putin has claimed to be annexed.

The relatively large allocation of tuition aid in occupied areas shows how financial assistance and education are central to Putin’s effort to seize lands in southeast Ukraine and absorb its population into Russia in violation of international law.

Deans of several leading Russian universities have made highly publicized trips to occupied Ukraine to urge students there to enroll into Russian schools, part of a multipronged effort to bring residents into Moscow’s orbit.

The Moscow-based Higher School of Economics, once considered Russia’s most liberal university, recently established patronage over universities in Luhansk, with Rector Nikita Anisimov often traveling there.

An inward turn

A few weeks after the invasion started, Moscow abandoned the Bologna Process , a pan-European effort to align higher education standards, as Russia’s deans and rectors strove to show they weren’t susceptible to foreign influence.

Higher Education Minister Valery Falkov said Russian universities would undergo significant changes in the next half-decade, overseen by the national program “Priority 2030,” which envisions curriculums that ensure “formation of a patriotic worldview in young people.”

Soon after Russia quit the Bologna Process, Smolny College was targeted for overhaul.

“The decision was an expected but distinct shift from the more liberal model of Russian higher education policy that emerged after the collapse of the Soviet Union,” said Victoria Pardini, a program associate at the Kennan Institute, a Washington think tank focused on Russia.

Another prestigious school, the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, canceled its liberal arts program in 2022 after authorities accused it of “destroying national values.”

In mid-October 2023, the Higher Education Ministry ordered universities to avoid open discussion of “negative political, economic and social trends,” according to a publicly disclosed report by British intelligence. “In the longer term, this will likely further the trend of Russian policymaking taking place in an echo-chamber,” the report concluded.

Russia’s position among

countries by number of

scholarly papers published

Source: Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics

of Knowledge

Russia’s position among countries by

number of scholarly papers published

Source: Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge

Russia’s position among countries by number of

Many international exchange programs have been canceled — some because Russian students now have difficulty obtaining visas. Still, a heavy brain drain is underway. “All those who could — they left the country,” Skopin said of his students. “Those who can’t are thrashing around as if they are in a cage.”

Martin is among those who got out — he was recently accepted into a prestigious master’s program abroad and plans to continue his research into 19th-century Australian federalism.

Skopin now teaches in Berlin and is a member of Smolny Beyond Borders, an education program that seeks funding to cover the tuition of students who leave Russia because of their political views. As of late 2023, an estimated 700 students were enrolled.