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Parts of Speech

What are the parts of speech, a formal definition.

Table of Contents

The Part of Speech Is Determined by the Word's Function

Are there 8 or 9 parts of speech, the nine parts of speech, (1) adjective, (3) conjunction, (4) determiner, (5) interjection, (7) preposition, (8) pronoun, why the parts of speech are important, video lesson.

• You need to dig a well . (noun)
• You look well . (adjective)
• You dance well . (adverb)
• Well , I agree. (interjection)
• My eyes will well up. (verb)
• red, happy, enormous
• Ask the boy in the red jumper.
• I live in a happy place.
• I caught a fish this morning! I mean an enormous one.
• happily, loosely, often
• They skipped happily to the counter.
• Tie the knot loosely so they can escape.
• I often walk to work.
• It is an intriguingly magic setting.
• He plays the piano extremely well.
• and, or, but
• it is a large and important city.
• Shall we run to the hills or hide in the bushes?
• I know you are lying, but I cannot prove it.
• my, those, two, many
• My dog is fine with those cats.
• There are two dogs but many cats.
• ouch, oops, eek
• Ouch , that hurt.
• Oops , it's broken.
• Eek! A mouse just ran past my foot!
• leader, town, apple
• Take me to your leader .
• I will see you in town later.
• An apple fell on his head .
• in, near, on, with
• Sarah is hiding in the box.
• I live near the train station.
• Put your hands on your head.
• She yelled with enthusiasm.
• she, we, they, that
• Joanne is smart. She is also funny.
• Our team has studied the evidence. We know the truth.
• Jack and Jill went up the hill, but they never returned.
• That is clever!
• work, be, write, exist
• Tony works down the pit now. He was unemployed.
• I will write a song for you.
• I think aliens exist .

Are you a visual learner? Do you prefer video to text? Here is a list of all our grammar videos .

Video for Each Part of Speech

The Most Important Writing Issues

The top issue related to adjectives, the top issue related to adverbs.

• Extremely annoyed, she stared menacingly at her rival.
• Infuriated, she glared at her rival.

The Top Issue Related to Conjunctions

• Burger, Fries, and a shake
• Fish, chips and peas

The Top Issue Related to Determiners

The Top Issue Related to Interjections

The top issue related to nouns, the top issue related to prepositions, the top issue related to pronouns, the top issue related to verbs.

• Crack the parts of speech to help with learning a foreign language or to take your writing to the next level.

This page was written by Craig Shrives .

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What are the parts of speech?

Today's the day for you to learn about this important grammatical concept! But first...let's see what the parts of speech have to do with your clothes.

Imagine that it's laundry day, and you've just finished washing and drying your clothes. You dump the contents of the laundry basket onto your bed, and you begin to organize everything. You fold matching socks together, you create a pile of perfectly folded shirts that you would be proud to show Marie Kondo, and you do the same thing with your pants, jackets, and everything else.

In the same way that we organize our clothes into groups based on each item's function and features, we organize our words into categories based on each word's function and features. We call these categories of words the parts of speech .

Some people categorize words into eight parts of speech, and some people categorize them into nine parts of speech. Neither one is wrong; they're just two ways of looking at things. We'll go over these categories below. Here at English Grammar Revolution, we categorize words into eight groups, but I'll tell you about the ninth one as well.

There's one important thing for you to know before we look at these categories: most words can function as more than one part of speech . They will only do one job at a time, but they can do different things in different sentences. Look at the word love in the following sentences.

My  love  of grammar inspired me to make this website.

Here, love is functioning as a noun. It's the subject of the sentence. 

I  love  you.

Now, love is acting as a  verb ! It's telling us an action.

The only way we can know how to categorize a word is to look at how it's acting within a sentence.

Okay, let's check out the parts of speech!

The 8 Parts of Speech

Nouns  name people, places, things, or ideas. They're important parts of our sentences because they perform  important jobs  (subjects, direct objects, predicate nouns, etc.).

A peacock walked through our yard .

The dog howled during the night , and it woke up our whole family .

Sometimes people get bogged down with this part of speech because there are also many subcategories of nouns. This is similar to the way that we have subcategories for our clothes. You may have a whole drawer full of pants, but you may also have different types of pants that you use for different purposes (workout pants, lounge pants, work pants, etc.). This is similar to the way that we can further categorize nouns into smaller groups. 

Here are a few of the subcategories of nouns:  proper nouns, common nouns ,  collective nouns ,  possessive nouns , and compound nouns.

Tip : Other parts of speech also have subcategories. If you're studying this information for the first time, ignore the subcategories and focus on learning about each broader category.

2. Pronouns

Pronouns  take the place of nouns. When most people hear the word pronoun , they think of words like I, we, me, he,   she, and they . These are indeed all pronouns, but they're a part of a subcategory called personal pronouns. Know that there are other kinds of pronouns out there as well. Here are some examples: myself, his, someone , and who .

Here are a few of the subcategories of pronouns:  reflexive pronouns ,  indefinite pronouns ,  possessive pronouns , and  relative pronouns . 

When we walked across the bridge,  we saw someone who  knows you .

I will fix the dishwasher  myself .

Verbs  show actions or states of being. They are integral elements of  sentences .   

The shuttle will fly into space.

The loving mother comforted  and soothed the baby.

In the Montessori tradition of education, they use a large red circle or ball to symbolize a verb, and they often teach children to think of verbs as a sun providing the energy of a sentence. Isn't that a lovely way to think of verbs?

I know that you're getting tired of hearing about subcategories, but linking verbs, action verbs, and helping verbs are described on the  verb page here . 

Modal verbs  are described on that link, and you can learn even more about  action verbs  and  linking verbs  from those links.

4. Adjectives

Adjectives  describe, or  modify , nouns and pronouns. I like to think of them as adding color to language. It would be hard to describe a beautiful sunset or the way a touching story makes us feel without using adjectives.

The wise, handsome owl had orange eyes.

The caring father rocked the baby.

One helpful strategy for learning about and identifying adjectives is to learn how they are diagrammed . Sentence diagrams are pictures of sentences that help us see how all of the words are grammatically related. Since adjectives modify nouns and pronouns, we diagram them on slanted lines under the nouns/pronouns that they are modifying. 

My green and white book fell.

Book is a noun. It's the subject of this sentence. My, green , and white are all adjectives describing book , so we diagram them on slanted lines underneath book . Isn't that a great way to SEE what adjectives do?

Nine Parts of Speech

When people categorize words into eight parts of speech, they say that articles/determiners ( a, an,   the, this, that, etc. ) are subcategories of adjectives.  

When people categorize words into nine parts of speech, they say that articles/determiners make up their own category and are not a part of the adjective category. 

Adverbs  modify (describe) verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs. Adverbs are similar to adjectives in that they both modify things. 

The extremely cute koala hugged its mom very tightly .

The dog howled loudly .

Sentence diagrams also make it really easy to see what adverbs do. Take a look at this diagram. What do you notice about the way the adverbs are diagrammed? 

James ran very quickly.

Did you notice that the adverbs are diagrammed on slanted lines under the words that they are modifying?

Ran is a verb. Quickly is an adverb telling us more about the verb ran . Very is an adverb telling us more about the adverb quickly .

Doesn't the diagram make it easier to SEE what adverbs do?

6. Prepositions

Prepositions  are probably the most difficult part of speech to explain, but people generally have an easier time understanding them when they look at lots of examples. So...let's start with some examples of commonly used prepositions! 

in, for, of, off, if, until

The frog sat in the flower.

The baby cried for a long time.

I'm so convinced that memorizing some of the prepositions will be helpful to you that  I'll teach you a preposition song . 

Okay, now that we've looked at some examples, let's look at the definition of a preposition. 

Prepositions show the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and some other word in the rest of the sentence. 

Sentence diagrams will come to the rescue again to help us visualize what prepositions do. Think of prepositions as "noun hooks" or "noun bridges." In the diagram below, notice how the preposition down links the noun tree to the rest of the sentence.  

The cat ran down the tree.

Since prepositions always function as "noun hooks," they'll always be accompanied by a noun. The preposition plus its noun is called a prepositional phrase .

If you find a word from the preposition list that's not a part of a prepositional phrase, it's not functioning as a preposition. (You remember that words can function as different parts of speech , right?)

7. Conjunctions

Conjunctions  join things together. They can join words or groups of words (phrases and clauses).

The hummingbird sat   and   waited .

The conjunction and is joining the words sat and waited .

Do you live  near the park or near the hospital ?

The conjunction or is joining the phrases near the park and near the hospital.  

The two conjunctions we just looked at ( and and or ) belong to a subcategory called coordinating conjunctions, but there are other subcategories of conjunctions as well. The other one that we use most often is  subordinating conjunctions . Subordinating conjunctions are a little trickier to learn because they involve a more complicated concept ( dependent adverb clauses ).

For now, just know that all conjunctions, no matter what type they are, connect things together. In fact, let's LOOK at how they do this by looking at a sentence diagram.

Here is a sentence diagram  showing how the coordinating conjunction  and  connects two clauses. 

She cooked, and he cleaned. 

8. Interjections

Interjections show excitement or emotion. 

Wow ! That jump was amazing!

Phew , the baby finally fell asleep.

They are different from the other parts of speech in that they're not grammatically related to the rest of the sentence, and the way that we diagram them reflects that. Look at how we diagram interjections :

Yes ! We won the lottery!

The interjection yes sit sits there on its own line floating above the rest of the sentence. This helps show that it's not grammatically related to the other words in the sentence. 

It's time to review what we covered on this page.

• We can categorize the words that we use into groups based on their functions and features. We call these groups the parts of speech.
• Many words can function as multiple parts of speech. You need to look at each word in the context of a sentence in order to say what part of speech it is. 
• The eight parts of speech are nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs, conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections. 
• You just learned about all of the parts of speech. Give yourself a high five! 

If you'd like to teach or learn grammar the easy way—with sentence diagrams—check out our  Get Smart Grammar Program .

It starts from the very beginning and teaches you grammar and sentence diagramming in easy, bite-size lessons. 

Hello! I'm Elizabeth O'Brien, and my goal is to get you jazzed about grammar. 

This is original content from  https://www.english-grammar-revolution.com/parts-of-speech.html

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Applied Grammar by Gail Brubaker

Understanding the 8 Parts of Speech: Definitions and Examples

Are you trying to master the grammatical rules of English? If so, understanding the 8 parts of speech is crucial. But what exactly are the parts of speech? How many are there? And how do you know which words fall into each category? Don’t worry, we’ve got you covered. In this comprehensive guide, we will break down the definitions and examples of the 8 parts of speech, making it easier for you to navigate the intricacies of the English language.

English can be a challenging language to learn, but by understanding the parts of speech, you’ll gain a solid foundation for constructing sentences with clarity and precision. Whether you’re a student, a writer, or simply someone looking to improve your language skills, this article will provide you with a clear understanding of each part of speech. So, let’s immerse and explore the definitions and examples of the 8 parts of speech, empowering you to communicate effectively and confidently in English.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the 8 parts of speech is crucial for mastering English grammar.
• The 8 parts of speech are: nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
• Nouns represent people, places, things, or ideas.
• Pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition.
• Verbs describe actions or states of being.
• Adjectives provide additional details about nouns.
• Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
• Prepositions show relationships between words in a sentence.
• Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses together.
• Interjections express strong emotions or surprise.

What Are Parts of Speech?

When it comes to understanding the intricacies of English grammar, learning the different parts of speech is crucial. But what exactly are parts of speech? How many are there? And how do you determine which words belong to each part of speech? In this comprehensive guide, we’ll provide clear definitions and examples for each part of speech, helping you navigate the complexities of the English language.

Nouns are words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. They can be common or proper, singular or plural. Examples of nouns include “dog,” “New York City,” and “love.”

Pronouns are words used in place of nouns to avoid repetition. They can refer to individuals or groups. Examples of pronouns include “he,” “she,” “it,” and “they.”

Verbs are action words that describe what a subject does or the state of being. They can be in different tenses and forms. Examples of verbs include “run,” “jump,” and “is.”

Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns, giving more details or information about them. They can describe qualities, size, shape, color, and more. Examples of adjectives include “beautiful,” “large,” and “blue.”

Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs, providing information on how, when, where, or to what extent. They often end in “-ly.” Examples of adverbs include “quickly,” “happily,” and “very.”

Prepositions

Prepositions show a relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They indicate position, direction, time, or manner. Examples of prepositions include “in,” “on,” “at,” and “from.”

Conjunctions

Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses together. They can be coordinating or subordinating. Examples of conjunctions include “and,” “but,” “or,” and “because.”

Interjections

Interjections are short exclamations used to express emotions or surprise. They are often followed by exclamation marks. Examples of interjections include “Wow,” “Yay,” and “Ouch!”

Parts of Speech

Understanding the different parts of speech is crucial for building a strong foundation in English grammar. Each part of speech plays a unique role in the construction of sentences, providing clarity and meaning to our language. In this section, we will explore the definitions and examples of the eight parts of speech: noun, pronoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjunction, and interjection.

A noun is a word that identifies a person, place, thing, or idea. It can refer to both concrete objects, such as “book” or “dog,” and abstract concepts, such as “love” or “happiness.” Nouns are often referred to as “persons, places, or things,” but it is essential to recognize that they encompass much more than that. Here are some examples of nouns used in sentences:

• The cat is sleeping on the couch.
• I love to read a good book .
• She has a beautiful voice .

Pronouns are words that are used to replace nouns in a sentence. They help avoid repetitive use of nouns and add fluency to our language. Personal pronouns, such as “he,” “she,” or “they,” refer to specific individuals or groups of people. Here are some examples of pronouns used in sentences:

• She is going to the store.
• We had an amazing time at the party.
• Please give me the book.

Verbs are action words that express an action, occurrence, or state of being. They are the backbone of a sentence and provide information about what is happening. Verbs can be either transitive or intransitive, depending on whether they require an object to complete their meaning. Here are some examples of verbs used in sentences:

• The dog ran in the park.
• I love to swim in the ocean.
• They are studying for the exam.

Adjectives are words that describe or modify nouns. They provide additional information about the nouns they accompany, such as their size, color, or quality. Adjectives help make our language more vivid and expressive. Here are some examples of adjectives used in sentences:

• She has a beautiful smile.
• The blue sky is clear today.
• He is a talented musician.

Adverbs are words that modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. They provide information about how, when, where, or to what extent an action is performed. Adverbs enhance the meaning of a sentence and add precision to our language. Here are some examples of adverbs used in sentences:

• He quickly finished his assignments.
• She sings beautifully .
• They went outside to play.

Preposition

Prepositions are words that indicate the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence. They often express location, direction, time, or manner. Prepositions are essential for understanding spatial and temporal relationships. Here are some examples of prepositions used in sentences:

• The cat is under the table.
• We walked through the park.
• The book is on the shelf.

Conjunction

Conjunctions are words that connect words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. They help establish relationships between different parts of a sentence, coordinating or subordinating their meaning. Conjunctions are essential for creating complex sentences. Here are some examples of conjunctions used in sentences:

• I will go to the store, but I need to buy milk.
• Because it was raining, we stayed indoors.
• He likes both chocolate and vanilla ice cream.

Interjection

Interjections are words or phrases used to convey strong emotions or reactions. They are often standalone expressions and can add emphasis or express surprise, joy, or frustration. Interjections bring life and emotion to our language. Here are some examples of interjections used in sentences:

• Wow , that’s an impressive performance!
• Ouch , that hurt!
• Alas , I lost my wallet.

Understanding and mastering the eight parts of speech will greatly enhance your language skills and enable you to effectively communicate in English. From nouns that identify people and things to verbs that express actions, each part of speech contributes to the overall structure and meaning of a sentence. Keep practicing and exploring the various functions of these parts of speech to become a confident English speaker and writer.

Examples of Each Part of Speech

Nouns play a crucial role in sentence construction as they represent people, places, things, or ideas. Here are some examples of nouns:

Pronouns, on the other hand, replace nouns to avoid repetition. Here are a few examples for better understanding:

• If you leave now, only James and I will remain behind.
• Their feet ached more than ours .

Verbs express actions, feelings, or states of being. Check out these verb examples:

• We sang songs , danced all night , and by the morning had fallen in love .
• Can you bring me something from the kitchen?

Adjectives add descriptions to nouns. Here are a few examples:

• The tall building stood out in the city skyline.

Adverbs add meaning to verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Take a look at these examples:

• The car drove quickly down the street.
• She performed very well in the competition.

Prepositions express the relationship between nouns, pronouns, and other words. Here are some examples:

• The book is on the table.
• The cat jumped over the fence.

Conjunctions connect words, phrases, or clauses within a sentence. Check out these examples:

• He likes tea and coffee.
• She is tired, but she is determined to finish the project.

Interjections convey strong emotions or sudden reactions. Here are a few examples:

• Wow , what a beautiful sunset!
• Oh no , I forgot to bring my umbrella.

Remember, understanding the different parts of speech and their functions is crucial in constructing meaningful sentences. Keep practicing and exploring the various examples to strengthen your language skills.

Now that you have a clear understanding of the eight parts of speech in English grammar, you are equipped with the knowledge to construct sentences with precision and clarity. By mastering the definitions and examples of nouns, pronouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, you can effectively communicate in English.

Each part of speech serves a unique purpose in sentence construction, providing meaning and structure to our language. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas, while pronouns replace nouns to avoid repetition. Verbs express actions or states of being, while adjectives and adverbs provide descriptions and modify other words. Prepositions indicate relationships between words, conjunctions connect words or phrases, and interjections express strong emotions.

By practicing and exploring the functions of these parts of speech, you will become a confident English speaker and writer. Remember to apply this knowledge in your daily conversations and written communication to enhance your language skills.

Continue to refine your understanding and usage of the eight parts of speech, and watch as your language abilities flourish.

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Meaning of blue in English

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blue adjective ( COLOR )

• She's got fair hair and blue eyes .
• She wore a pale blue hat .
• For weeks we had cloudless blue skies.
• I caught a tantalizing glimpse of the sparkling blue sea through the trees .
• Police are looking for a small blue car with the registration number K17 EMW.

blue adjective ( SEXUAL )

Blue adjective ( sad ).

• a long face idiom
• be cut up idiom
• be down in the mouth idiom
• be in a funk idiom
• dissatisfied
• wish you had never been born idiom
• woe is me idiom

blue adjective ( MEAT )

• mise en place
• à la grecque

Related word

Blue noun ( color ).

• I'm very fond of blue.
• There's a lot of blue in our house .
• What a beautiful shade of blue!
• I'd prefer a darker shade of blue.
• I love the blue that they paint their houses .

blue noun ( SPORTS )

• home nations
• long-jumper
• time trialist
• toxophilite
• trampolinist

blue noun ( ARGUMENT )

• be (on) non-speakers idiom
• belligerence
• blow (someone/something) up
• contentiousness
• contretemps
• cut and thrust idiom

blue | Intermediate English

Blue adjective , noun [c/u] ( color ), blue adjective [-er/-est only] ( sad ), translations of blue.

Get a quick, free translation!

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a name someone uses instead of their real name, especially on a written work

Hidden in plain sight: words and phrases connected with hiding

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How to Identify Parts of Speech

Last Updated: March 15, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Alexander Peterman, MA . Alexander Peterman is a Private Tutor in Florida. He received his MA in Education from the University of Florida in 2017. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 388,200 times.

Parts of speech are categories that are used to describe each word's function in a sentence. The best way to identify a word's part of speech is to think about what role the word plays in the sentence, but there are also a few clues that can help you figure out the part of speech if you are unsure about the word's function.

Analyzing the Word's Function

• Proper nouns are used to name a specific person, place, or thing, and the main words are always capitalized (Fred, New York, the Declaration of Independence).
• Nouns can be either singular or plural.
• Nouns can be possessive, in which case they typically end in 's or s'.

• Some pronouns stand in for people's names (he, our, they, hers, etc.).
• Other pronouns represent an object or idea (it, these, this, etc.).
• Pronouns may also stand in for very indefinite nouns that may be difficult to name without the use of a pronoun (everyone, no one, something, etc).

• Auxiliary verbs (also known as helping verbs) are words that are used to change the tense of the main verb (will, did, would, etc.). These are still considered verbs.

• Numbers are considered adjectives when they are used to answer the question "how many?"
• Articles (a, an, and the) are considered adjectives by many because they answer the question "which one?" However, some people consider articles to be a separate part of speech.

• Adverbs may also modify other adverbs. (I ran very quickly.)

• Coordinating conjunctions are used to join two clauses that are equally important to the sentence. There are 7 coordinating conjunctions: and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet. (I like cats, but I don't like dogs.)
• Subordinating conjunctions are used to join a main clause and a subordinate clause, which is less important to the sentence. (I went outside, although it was raining.)

Using Word Placement and Punctuation Clues

• Both the subject and object of a sentence will contain a noun or pronoun. This means that a sentence that has both a subject and an object will contain a noun or pronoun both before and after the verb. ( I ate the apple .)
• The subject and object may contain modifiers such as adjectives as well.
• When the sentence has a direct object, it will come directly after the verb. (I like cookies .) When the sentence has an indirect object, it will come after a preposition. (I gave the card to Frank .)

• Adjectives are almost always found before nouns and pronouns (We look at a red dress.) or after the linking verb "to be" (The dress is red .) [10] X Research source
• When adverbs are used to modify adjectives, they are almost always found right before the adjective. (The meal was truly delicious.) [11] X Research source
• When adverbs are used to modify verbs, they may be found before the subject ( Later I will walk to school.), directly before the verb (I will carefully clean the artifacts .), or directly after the verb. (I go to the park frequently .)

• Conjunctions like "and" and "but" are sometimes used at the beginning of a sentence, although this is more rare. When it is done, you should be able to identify the other clause or phrase in the previous sentence.

• Not all interjections are marked by exclamation points. Don't rely on exclamations as the only way to recognize interjections.
• Another clue that a word might be an interjection is that it is used alone. If there are other words in the sentence, it is less likely to be an interjection.

• Keep in mind there may be an adjective, adverb, and/or article between the preposition and the noun or pronoun. These modifiers are all considered to be part of the noun or pronoun phrase. (We paid for the very expensive jeans.)

Using Suffix Clues to Identify Parts of Speech

• -ion (population)
• -sion (tension)
• -tion (attention)
• -acy (accuracy)
• -age (image)
• -ance (allegiance)
• -ence (permanence)
• -hood (childhood)
• -ar (scholar)
• -or (editor)
• -ism (idealism)
• -ist (realist)
• -ment (government)
• -ness (sadness)
• -y (beauty)
• -ity (capacity)

• -al (clerical)
• -ful (wonderful)
• -ly (friendly)
• -ic (chronic)
• -ish (squeamish)
• -like (childlike)
• -ous (contagious)
• -ate accurate
• -able (laughable)
• -ible (horrible)

• -ify (typify)
• -ate (proliferate)
• -ize (rationalize)
• -en (tighten)

• There are some words that end in -ly that are not adverbs (butterfly), so be careful not to overgeneralize.
• There are also a few adverbs that do not end in -ly (well, fast, very, etc.).

Practice Questions and Answers

Community Q&A

• Context is key, as some words can act as multiple different parts of speech, depending on their role in a sentence. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/noun-what.htm
• ↑ https://www.scribbr.com/nouns-and-pronouns/pronouns/
• ↑ https://www.butte.edu/departments/cas/tipsheets/grammar/parts_of_speech.html
• ↑ https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/grammar/prepositions
• ↑ https://www.scribbr.com/language-rules/conjunctions/
• ↑ https://gsalearningsupport.com/skills-for-study/communicating-your-learning/communicating-clearly-in-writing/clear-sentence-construction/clear-sentences-use-correct-grammar/subject-verb-and-object/
• ↑ http://grammarist.com/grammar/adjectives/
• ↑ https://www.englishclub.com/grammar/adverb-position.htm
• ↑ https://www.gingersoftware.com/content/grammar-rules/exclamation-mark/
• ↑ http://www.southcentral.edu/images/departments/ASC/documents/Suffixes_that_Indicate_Part_of_Speech_2.pdf

About This Article

To identify different parts of speech, analyze the function that the word plays in a sentence. If the word names a person, place, thing, or idea, it is a noun. Label a word as a pronoun if it takes the place of a noun. If you see a word that expresses an action, that is a verb, and words that modify a verb are adverbs. If a word modifies a noun or pronoun, it is an adjective. To learn how to identify prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Parts of Speech in English

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Learning English can be a challenge, especially if it's not your native language. One of the hardest concepts to grasp is the role of words in sentences. It's important to understand any part of speech and how it’s used. This article will provide a handy reference on the different parts of speech with examples to help you better understand the ideas.

Parts of Speech Chart

The first step to understanding the different parts of speech is to know what they are and how they are used. The parts of speech chart is a great tool for understanding different words and how they interact with each other.      

Use it as your reference for parts of speech examples!

Now that you can identify the different parts of speech, let's dive a little deeper into each one.

Adjectives help us describe or modify a noun or pronoun. For example, in the sentence "The big, red balloon," the words "big" and "red" are adjectives because they are used to describe the noun “balloon.”

Examples of using adjectives :

• Compare two things. For example, in the sentence "She is taller than her brother," the word "taller" is an adjective because it is used to compare two people. 
• Describe the quantity of something. For example, in the sentence "She ate five cookies," the word "five" is an adjective used to describe the quantity of cookies.
• Describe feelings or emotions. For example, in the sentence "He was angry," the word "angry" is an adjective that is used to describe the feeling of anger.
• Show the size of something. For example, in the sentence "The elephant was huge," the word "huge" is an adjective because it describes the size of the elephant.
• Show the shape of something. For example, in the sentence "The triangle was sharp," the word "sharp" is an adjective because it is used to describe the shape of the triangle.
• Show the color of something. For example, in the sentence "The sky was blue," the word "blue" is an adjective because it is used to describe the color of the sky.

Adverbs help us describe or modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. For example, in the sentence "She quickly ran to the store," the word "quickly" is an adverb because it is used to describe the verb “ran.”

Examples of using adverbs :

• Describe the manner in which something is done. For example, in the sentence "He spoke softly," the word "softly" is an adverb that describes the manner in which he spoke.
• Describe the frequency of something. For example, in the sentence "He often goes to the store," the word "often" is an adverb used to describe the frequency with which he goes to the store.
• Describe the degree of something. For example, in the sentence "He was very tired," the word "very" is an adverb used to describe the degree of his tiredness.
• Describe the time of something. For example, in the sentence "She arrived late," the word "late" is an adverb used to describe the time of her arrival.

Verbs are words that are used to express an action, occurrence, or state of being. For example, in the sentence "She walked to the store," the word "walked" is a verb because it is used to express the action of walking.

Examples of using verbs:

• Express a physical sensation. For example, in the sentence "He felt sick," the word "felt" is a verb because it is used to express the physical sensation of being sick.
• Express a mental state. For example, in the sentence "She was confused," the word "was" is a verb because it is used to express the mental state of confusion.
• Express an opinion. For example, in the sentence "They thought it was a good idea," the word "thought" is a verb used to express the opinion that it was a good idea.
• Express a desire. For example, in the sentence "He wanted to go home," the word "wanted" is a verb because it is used to express the desire to go home.

Nouns are words that help us identify a person, place, thing, or idea. For example, in the sentence "The store was busy," the word "store" is a noun because it is used to identify a place.

Examples of using nouns:

• Refer to a specific object. For example, in the sentence "She bought a book," the word "book" is a noun because it is used to refer to a specific object.
• Refer to an abstract concept or idea. For example, in the sentence "He wanted freedom," the word "freedom" is a noun because it is used to refer to an abstract concept.
• Refer to a person's occupation. For example, in the sentence "She is a teacher," the word "teacher" is a noun because it is used to refer to a person's occupation.
• Refer to a feeling or emotion. For example, in the sentence "He felt sadness," the word "sadness" is a noun because it is used to refer to a feeling or emotion.

Pronouns are words used instead of a noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence "She went to the store," the word "she" is a pronoun because it is used in place of the noun “woman.”

Examples of using pronouns:

• Refer to a specific person or thing. For example, in the sentence "He gave it to them," the word "it" is a pronoun because it refers to a specific thing.
• Refer to groups of people or things. In the sentence "They went to the store," the word "they" is a pronoun because it refers to a group.
• Refer to a place or thing that has already been mentioned. For example, in the sentence "She went to the store and then came back," the word "it" is a pronoun because it is used to refer to the store that has already been mentioned.
• Refer to a person or thing whose gender is unknown. For example, in the sentence "Someone left their bag," the word "their" is a pronoun because it refers to a person or thing whose gender is unknown.

Articles are words that are used to introduce a noun or noun phrase. For example, in the sentence "A store was busy," the word "a" is an article because it is used to introduce the noun “store.”

Examples of using articles:

• Refer to a specific person or thing. For example, in the sentence "She bought the book," the word "the" is an article because it is used to refer to a specific book.
• Refer to groups of people or things. For example, in the sentence "The students went to the store," the word "the" is an article because it refers to a group of people.
• Refer to a place or thing that has already been mentioned. For example, in the sentence "He went to the store, but I didn't," the word "the" is an article because it is used to refer to the store that has already been mentioned.

Prepositions

Prepositions are words that are used to express a relationship between two other words in a sentence. For example, in the sentence "She went to the store," the word "to" is a preposition because it is used to express the relationship between the words "she" and “store.”

Examples of using prepositions:

• Express a location. For example, in the sentence "The store is across the street," the word "across" is a preposition because it is used to express the location of the store.
• Express time. For example, in the sentence "She went to the store yesterday," the word "yesterday" is a preposition because it is used to express the time that she went to the store.
• Express the direction of something. For example, in the sentence "She walked up the stairs," the word "up" is a preposition because it is used to express the direction of her walk.
• Express a cause. For example, in the sentence "She was late because of the traffic," the word "because" is a preposition because it is used to express the cause of her lateness.

Conjunctions

Conjunctions help us connect words or groups of words. For example, in the sentence "She went to the store and then came back," the word "and" is a conjunction because it helps us connect the two clauses.

Examples of using conjunctions:

• Show contrast. For example, in the sentence "He wanted to go home, but he stayed," the word "but" is a conjunction that we use to show contrast between the two clauses.
• Express a cause or purpose. For example, in the sentence "She was late because she missed the bus," the word "because" is a conjunction that we use to express the cause of her lateness.
• Express an alternative. For example, in the sentence "She went to the store or she went to the park," the word "or" is a conjunction because it is used to express an alternative.
• Express a result. For example, in the sentence "She was tired so she went to bed," the word "so" is a conjunction that helps express the result of her being tired.

Interjections

Interjections are words that express emotion or surprise. For example, in the sentence "Wow, the store was really busy!" the word "wow" is an interjection because it is used to express surprise.

Examples of using interjections:

• Express joy. For example, in the sentence "Yay, I got an A!" the word "yay" is an interjection because it is used to express joy.
• Express disappointment. For example, in the sentence "Oh, I didn't get the job," the word "oh" is an interjection because it is used to express disappointment.
• Express surprise. For example, in the sentence "Oh my gosh, I can't believe it!" the phrase "oh my gosh" is an interjection because it is used to express surprise.
• Express excitement. For example, in the sentence "Yippee, I got the job!" the word "yippee" is an interjection because it is used to express excitement.

Learning English can be a challenge, but understanding the different parts of speech is an important step in becoming a proficient speaker. After enough practice, you will be able to easily identify what are some parts of speech in English without having to think about them. 

Check out specific references for each part you’re interested in to learn more about them!

Make your next step to fluency with Promova

More helpful articles:

This tool allows you to find the grammatical word type of almost any word.

• blue can be used as a adjective in the sense of "Having a color shade close to blue." or "Depressed, melancholic, sad." or "Pornographic." or "Supportive of, run by, or dominated by the Democratic Party." or "Of the higher-frequency region of the part of the electromagnetic spectrum which is relevant in the specific observation." or "Extra rare; left very red and cold."
• blue can be used as a noun in the sense of "The colour of the clear sky or the deep sea, between green and violet in the visible spectrum, and one of the primary additive colours for transmitted light; the colour obtained by subtracting red and green from white light using magenta and cyan filters." or "A blue dye or pigment." or "Bluing." or "Blue clothing" or "A blue uniform. See blues." or "The sky, literally or figuratively." or "The ocean; deep waters." or "Anything blue, especially to distinguish it from similar objects differing only in color." or "One of the colour balls used in snooker with a value of 5 points." or "A bluefish." or "An argument." or "A liquid with an intense blue colour, added to a laundry wash to prevent yellowing of white clothes." or "a type of firecracker in the imagination of the person who wrote this entry."
• blue can be used as a verb in the sense of "To make or become blue." or "To treat the surface of steel so that it is passivated chemically and becomes more resistant to rust."

Related Searches

What type of word is ~term~ .

Unfortunately, with the current database that runs this site, I don't have data about which senses of ~term~ are used most commonly. I've got ideas about how to fix this but will need to find a source of "sense" frequencies. Hopefully there's enough info above to help you understand the part of speech of ~term~ , and guess at its most common usage.

For those interested in a little info about this site: it's a side project that I developed while working on Describing Words and Related Words . Both of those projects are based around words, but have much grander goals. I had an idea for a website that simply explains the word types of the words that you search for - just like a dictionary, but focussed on the part of speech of the words. And since I already had a lot of the infrastructure in place from the other two sites, I figured it wouldn't be too much more work to get this up and running.

The dictionary is based on the amazing Wiktionary project by wikimedia . I initially started with WordNet , but then realised that it was missing many types of words/lemma (determiners, pronouns, abbreviations, and many more). This caused me to investigate the 1913 edition of Websters Dictionary - which is now in the public domain. However, after a day's work wrangling it into a database I realised that there were far too many errors (especially with the part-of-speech tagging) for it to be viable for Word Type.

Finally, I went back to Wiktionary - which I already knew about, but had been avoiding because it's not properly structured for parsing. That's when I stumbled across the UBY project - an amazing project which needs more recognition. The researchers have parsed the whole of Wiktionary and other sources, and compiled everything into a single unified resource. I simply extracted the Wiktionary entries and threw them into this interface! So it took a little more work than expected, but I'm happy I kept at it after the first couple of blunders.

Special thanks to the contributors of the open-source code that was used in this project: the UBY project (mentioned above), @mongodb and express.js .

Currently, this is based on a version of wiktionary which is a few years old. I plan to update it to a newer version soon and that update should bring in a bunch of new word senses for many words (or more accurately, lemma).

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Parts of Speech

Sentence structure chart.

John Fetterman will speak at Florida Democratic Party gala. Progressives want it cancelled.

Fetterman will deliver the keynote speech for a Saturday gala at Disney’s Contemporary Resort in Lake Buena Vista as part of the Florida party’s weekend-long Leadership Blue conference.

Sen. John Fetterman is being hosted by the Florida Democratic Party this weekend, but a group of Sunshine State progressives aren’t happy about it.

Fetterman (D., Pa.) will deliver the keynote speech for a Saturday gala at Disney’s Contemporary Resort in Lake Buena Vista as part of the Florida party’s weekend-long Leadership Blue conference — its most important fundraiser of the year.

The Pennsylvania senator has been unflinching in his support of Israel since Hamas militants raided the country , killing around 1,200 people and abducting about 250 hostages. But his support has drawn ire from activists angered by Israel’s war in Gaza , which has killed more than 34,000 Palestinians and displaced about 80% of Gaza’s population.

The Florida Democratic Progressive Caucus , a group within the state’s Democratic Party, called for Fetterman’s speech to be cancelled because of his “unwavering support for Israel’s actions,” according to a Wednesday letter shared on X, the platform formerly known as Twitter, by The Bulwark reporter Marc Caputo.

Florida Democratic Party Chair Nikki Fried said Fetterman’s 2022 victory against Republican Mehmet Oz, a celebrity doctor, can serve as a blueprint for the Senate race in Florida this year, in a Tuesday announcement about his speech.

“Senator John Fetterman is not your traditional politician,” Fried said. “He is a powerful voice for the Democratic Party and embodies the spirit of Florida Democrats — never backing down from a fight.”

In their letter, members of the progressive caucus argued that it would be “a direct affront to the principles of democracy and justice” to platform Fetterman, who they accuse of abandoning “progressive values” and using “divisive rhetoric.”

“John Fetterman, once touted as a progressive champion, has betrayed the trust of his constituents by swiftly pivoting away from the platform he was elected on,” the letter said. “His recent statements and actions, particularly regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, stand in stark contrast to the values of equality, justice, and peace that his supporters stand for.”

Fetterman has been viewed as casting aside his progressivism through his support of Israel, but he said in an interview earlier this year that he has been open about not being a progressive. He called himself a progressive prior to his 2022 swing-state Senate bid, but described himself as “just a Democrat” on the campaign trail.

» READ MORE: Progressives say John Fetterman has abandoned them. But he says he hasn’t changed.

Like the Florida party chair, Fetterman views his visit in context of the election this year.

“I fully embrace a diversity of views within the Democratic party but we’re 6 months out from the presidential race, and we’ve got to be united on reelecting Joe Biden,” he said in a statement this week regarding the letter. “The stakes are too high. Just this week in Florida, we’ve got an abortion ban going into effect. We can’t let these disagreements lead to a second Trump term.”

The Inquirer reached out to the Florida Democratic Party for comment about the letter and is awaiting a response.

Local election results: Labour and Tories now think Khan has won in London, amid 'wild' rumours; Cooper says party 'needs to reflect' on Gaza after council election results

The Tories suffer historic losses in the local elections, while Labour admit the party's stance on Gaza was "obviously" a factor in its failure to do even better. Meanwhile, both main parties now think Sadiq Khan has won a narrow victory in the London mayoral race, despite "wild rumours".

Friday 3 May 2024 22:55, UK

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• Labour and Tories now think Sadiq Khan to win narrowly in London - amid 'wild' rumours
• Labour shadow minister says 'we need to reflect' over Gaza stance 
• Labour wins mayoralty in PM's own backyard
• Relief for PM as Tory mayor clings on in key race
• But Sunak admits overall results are 'disappointing'
• Tories could be 'almost annihilated' at general election
• Starmer hails Labour wins - but admits Gaza cost him votes
• And party fears possible result to come in London mayoral contest
• Vote 2024: Council results in full  | Mayoral results as they happen  | Labour will fail to gain overall majority based on council election results - projection
• Live reporting by Katie Williams , Emily Mee , and (earlier) Andy Hayes and  Ben Bloch

The final election result for today has been declared - but there will be more to come tomorrow. 

Seven mayoral contests will be announced: London, West Midlands, Greater Manchester, West Yorkshire, Liverpool City Region, South Yorkshire and Salford.

Fourteen London constituencies will also be announced, along with the London-wide top-up list that will elect another 11 assembly members.

Plus, four councils should be declared - North Tyneside, Stroud, Warrington and Epping Forest, where most of the results have already been announced.

A further eight police and crime commissioners will be revealed. 

Over the course of last night and today, Labour has gained nine police and crime commissioner (PCC) posts from the Conservatives. 

The party also held five posts, with another 10 to be declared over the weekend.

This means Labour holds 14 PCCs and the Conservatives 12, while Plaid Cymru has retained Dyfed-Powys.

While these elections get much less attention than those for mayors, councils and the London Assembly, they could be significant as they include many of the shires that traditionally lean towards the Conservatives.

We went into this set of local and mayoral elections with two big questions: Is Labour on course for a majority and how bad is it going to be for Rishi Sunak?

On the Sunak question, it's a very clear-cut story.

The Tories are having as bad a night as their worst nightmare.

There is a 19-point drop in the Conservative vote compared with the 2019 general election - one of its worst performances ever.

But it's not an all-out win for Labour, either.

Read more from our political editor Beth Rigby below...

The council is now under no overall control, with the Liberal Democrats, Labour and independents making gains. 

The Tories had held Gloucester for 20 years.

Boundary changes in the area have helped the Liberal Democrats and meant all seats were up for election this year.

It's been a bruising day for the Conservatives as the party looks on track for its worst local election result ever.

Labour has taken control of a string of Leave-voting councils, secured victory in the mayoral election in Rishi Sunak's back yard and won the Blackpool South by-election.

Our economics and data editor Ed Conway picks out the example of Rushmoor - a typically Tory-voting council which Labour has taken control of for the first time - as an example of a significant Labour win.

"Even in the late Tony Blair period... the Labour share was always low and it's just climbed up in the last few elections," he says.

"We're seeing here unprecedented results, that's underlining the national swing."

Despite Labour's success, however, there are "other stories going on", Ed notes, with the party's vote in areas with larger Muslim areas falling, potentially as a result of its stance on Gaza.

It's a huge moment for the Lib Dems as they gain Dorset Council from the Conservatives.

The party took 13 seats from the Tories to secure an overall count of 42.

If you're just catching up, our political correspondent Serena Barker-Singh can get you up to speed in the space of a minute.

There's just a handful more council results set to be declared in what has been a bumper day of local elections.

We've had a few more through this evening - including a gain for the Lib Dems from no overall control in Tunbridge Wells.

The party won eight seats there, while the Tories lost three and Labour lost one.

The Lib Dems have also held Woking council after gaining four seats.

Elsewhere, Labour has held West Lancashire , while Elmbridge , Bristol and Cherwell remain under no overall control.

In the days running up to the elections, Number 10 was verging on the unsubtle.

Senior Downing Street figures were conceding that should Ben Houchen lose the mayoralty of the Tees Valley Combined Authority to Labour, there would be a challenge to Rishi Sunak. At that point they would be unable to stem the tide of letters sufficient to trigger a vote of no confidence.

In turn, this might have triggered an unwanted and catastrophic early election.

This is unusual behaviour - for the prime minister's closest allies to be openly speculating on his survivability - yet it is a sign of the turbulence of politics of the moment.

There was method in their madness.

Read more from our deputy political editor Sam Coates below...

People in Grimsby - one of Sky News's general election Target Towns - have been offering their views on the current state of politics in the country.

Bex Wright, who owns a barbershop in the town, tells our news correspondent Tom Parmenter that people don't "have trust in the government", while customer Matt Tucker says voters are "fed up" after being promised big changes in 2019.

You can watch the full clip below, and read all of our Target Towns coverage here .

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Talk of an Immigrant ‘Invasion’ Grows in Republican Ads and Speech

Once relegated to the margins of the national debate, the word is now part of the party’s mainstream message on immigration.

• Share full article

By Jazmine Ulloa

Reporting from Washington, D.C.

A campaign ad from a Republican congressional candidate from Indiana sums up the arrival of migrants at the border with one word. He doesn’t call it a problem or a crisis.

He calls it an “invasion.”

The word invasion also appears in ads for two Republicans competing for a Senate seat in Michigan. And it shows up in an ad for a Republican congresswoman seeking re-election in central New York, and in one for a Missouri lieutenant governor running for the state’s governorship. In West Virginia, ads for a Republican representative facing an uphill climb for the Senate say President Biden “created this invasion” of migrants.

It was not so long ago that the term invasion had been mostly relegated to the margins of the national immigration debate. Many candidates and political figures tended to avoid the word, which echoed demagoguery in previous centuries targeting Asian, Latino and European immigrants. Few mainstream Republicans dared use it.

But now, the word has become a staple of Republican immigration rhetoric. Use of the term in television campaign ads in the current election cycle has already eclipsed the total from the previous one , data show, and the word appears in speeches, TV interviews and even in legislation proposed in Congress.

The resurgence of the term exemplifies the shift in Republican rhetoric in the era of former President Donald J. Trump and his right-wing supporters . Language once considered hostile has become common , sometimes precisely because it runs counter to politically correct sensibilities. Immigration has also become more divisive, with even Democratic mayors complaining about the number of migrants in their cities.

Democrats and advocates for migrants denounce the word and its recent turn from being taboo. Historians and analysts who study political rhetoric have long warned that the term dehumanizes those to whom it refers and could stoke violence, noting that it appeared in writings by perpetrators of deadly mass shootings in Pittsburgh, Pa.; El Paso, Texas; and Buffalo, N.Y., in recent years.

Republicans defend using the word and see it as an apt descriptor for a situation that they argue has intensified beyond crisis levels and one that could help sway voters.

Mike Speedy, the Indiana congressional candidate whose ad used the word, is running on calls to tighten the nation’s southern border. Mr. Speedy, a state lawmaker, traveled nearly 2,000 miles to Yuma, Ariz., to film his ad among the rusty slabs of the border fence. He contended that invasion was an accurate word because it describes a force that overwhelms and does not necessarily involve weapons. He said in an interview that he was not concerned that the word could incite others to violence. “If they act on their hatred, they are a common criminal and they should be put to court,” he said.

The word invasion has appeared in 27 television ads for Republican candidates — accounting for more than $5 million in ad spending — ahead of the November 2024 election, according to early April data from AdImpact, a media tracking firm. That surpasses the 22 uses of the word during the entire 2022 midterm cycle, which totaled nearly $3.3 million in ad spending. During the 2018 and 2020 election cycles, advertisers spent just under $300,000 in four ads that deployed the term.

America’s Voice, an immigrant advocacy group, has tracked the word’s rise in Congress. The group has collected at least 20 examples of Republicans using it in floor speeches this legislative session, up from seven during the last session and none before that. The term appears in four pieces of legislation this year, compared with seven last year and three in 2022.

Analysts who study political rhetoric and extremism have continued to raise alarm that the word invasion and what they describe as similarly inflammatory language regarding immigration plays into replacement theory . The racist doctrine, which has circulated in far right-wing corners of the internet, holds that Western elites, sometimes manipulated by Jews, want to “replace” and disempower white Americans. The shooters in Pittsburgh, El Paso and Buffalo echoed the theory in online posts, and targeted Jews, Hispanics and Black people in their killings.

“An invasion by its very definition is a hostile entrance or a hostile encroachment,” said Juliette Kayyem, a former Obama administration official who now leads the homeland-security program at Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. “You are automatically perceiving people who are fleeing their countries for a million reasons — most of them not hostile — as enemies.”

Representative Alex Mooney, the West Virginia Republican competing against a Trump-endorsed candidate, echoed Mr. Speedy’s view. “There is film footage of people forcing their way into our country along the Texas-Mexico border and the Biden administration is just letting it happen,” he said.

Maca Casado, the Hispanic media director for the Biden campaign, said voters would again reject Mr. Trump’s immigration rhetoric, describing it as “cruel and anti-American politics as usual to distract from an agenda that does nothing to address the things voters actually care about.”

The Trump campaign said that Mr. Biden was allowing undocumented immigrants “to invade our border.”

“By definition, an invasion is an incursion by a large number of people or things into a place,” said Karoline Leavitt, the campaign’s national press secretary. “There is no better way to describe Joe Biden’s open border, which has allowed tens of millions of people to freely enter our country.”

Political speech stoking fears of an invasion at the southern border is as old as the border itself. The jagged, 2,000-mile line dividing Mexico and the United States was born of a war that left each side wary of attack from the other. During the 19th century, with Chinese laborers migrating to work on the railroads, rallying cries of a feared Chinese invasion led to the nation’s first exclusionary immigration laws based explicitly on race. Political leaders stirred similar fears regarding migrants from Japan , Korea, India and southern and Eastern Europe .

Pat Buchanan was among the few ardent users of the word in recent decades, warning of “immigrant invasions” eroding Western society during his unsuccessful campaigns for the Republican presidential nomination in the 1990s. And Gov. Pete Wilson of California, seeking re-election in 1992, ran ads urging Congress to “ stop the invasion ” of Mexican and other Latino immigrants.

Mr. Trump gave the word a new currency. Throughout his presidency, he portrayed migrants as invading masses, and his 2020 re-election campaign pushed the idea through hundreds of Facebook ads. Mr. Trump has made immigration his signature issue for 2024 and has only escalated his remarks, at times using language that invokes the racial hatred of Hitler by describing migrants as “poisoning the blood of our country.”

Other Republicans followed suit. Gov. Greg Abbott of Texas, promising to finish Mr. Trump’s border wall, warned that “ homes are being invaded .” His office has since argued that illegal immigration and drug smuggling are an “invasion” under the U.S. Constitution, authorizing Texas to “engage in war” in the name of border security.

Immigrant-rights groups argue the language has not helped curb border crossings — which started rising under Mr. Trump and slowed early on in the pandemic before increasing again — or aided Republicans in elections. Predictions of a red wave in 2022 fizzled despite Republican fear-mongering about migrants, said Zachary Mueller, senior research director at America’s Voice.

“Yes, it works to mobilize their base,” he said. “But I don’t think the vast majority of people are going to sign up for that level of vitriol.”

John Thomas, a Republican strategist in California, said he did not expect the talk of invasion to fade.

“The word invasion matches the intensity that a lot of the electorate feels on that issue right now,” he said. Its use is “only going to ramp up as we head into November.”

Jazmine Ulloa is a national politics reporter for The Times, covering the 2024 presidential campaign. She is based in Washington. More about Jazmine Ulloa

Our Coverage of the 2024 Election

Presidential Race

Protests and arrests on college campuses exploded into the forefront of the presidential race recently, opening up a new line of attack for Republicans  and forcing President Biden to directly address an issue that has divided the liberal wing of his party.

In a stop in Wilmington, N.C., a possible swing state in the fall election, the president announced $3 billion  in new spending to upgrade water systems around the country.

Biden has been under pressure to prove he can be tough at the border. But at a campaign reception, he also tried to voice his commitment  to America’s long history of immigration, calling Japan and India “xenophobic” in the process.

A Key to 2024:  As Democrats confront a presidential race against a resurgent and resilient Trump as well as a brutally challenging Senate map, they believe they have an increasingly powerful political weapon: ballot measures to protect  abortion rights.

Presidential Medal of Freedom:  With the election looming, Biden assembled a list of 19 people to honor that was heavy with major Democratic Party figures and others he has worked with  over the years.

The Ultimate D.C. Veteran:  In 30 years of Senate bids, Joe Biden was such a formidable incumbent  that he did not face a serious threat to his return to office. But his last re-election is shaping up to be a fight.

Awash in Federal Money:  Across Milwaukee, there is evidence of federal money from laws passed under the Biden administration. The president hopes voters will notice .