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Banaue rice terraces

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• UNESCO World Heritage Convention - Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras
• Official Site of Banaue Rice Terraces

Banaue rice terraces , system of irrigated rice terraces in the mountains of north-central Luzon , Philippines , that were created more than 2,000 years ago by the Ifugao people. Although located in several villages, they are collectively known as the Banaue rice terraces. In 1995 various sections of the terraces were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site , described as “a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty.”

The rice terraces are situated in the Cordilleras of Luzon island. The remote area—some 220 miles (350 km) from Manila —has long been home to the Ifugao , wet-rice agriculturalists who began building the terraces about the 1st century ce . Despite possessing only basic tools, the Ifugao created an engineering marvel: a vast network of rice terraces sustained by an elaborate irrigation system. According to reports, the terraces—which resemble steps carved into the mountainside—cover some 4,000 square miles (10,360 square km), and their total length is estimated at approximately 12,500 miles (20,100 km), roughly half the Earth’s circumference. While the rice terraces were important to the Ifugao economy, they also served a cultural function, requiring intensive cooperation among the people.

By the early 21st century, however, the number of Ifugao in the area had greatly diminished as many migrated to more urban centres. As a result, a significant portion of the terraces began to deteriorate. Six years after sections were designated a World Heritage site in 1995, the terraces were added to UNESCO’s list of World Heritage in Danger. In addition to neglect, officials raised concerns about unregulated development in the area and the lack of strong management. Major restoration and conservation efforts were subsequently undertaken, and in 2012 the terraces were removed from the list. During this time officials also began promoting sustainable tourism , as the terraces became an increasingly popular attraction, especially those in the village of Batad.

• Banaue Rice Terraces - The Eighth Wonder of the World

5. Description

Banaue Rice Terraces are the world’s oldest rice terraces. The 2,000 years old terraces were carved by indigenous Filipino’s ancestors. The terraces are 1,500 meters above sea level and have an ancient but efficient irrigation system. The crops which are planted on the terraces include rice and vegetables. Most the rice grown on the Banaue rice terraces are exported. However, the yield has significantly reduced and as such the economic activity is shifting from rice exports to tourism.

4. Uniqueness

The Banaue rice terraces are hand-hewn and exhibit spectacular ancient engineering feats. They have been in existence for about 2,000 years without losing their importance to the Ifugao people and the Philippines as a nation. In fact, the holy days and festivals of the Ifugao people are planned around the cultivation and harvesting of the rice planted on the terraces. The terraces and the Ifugao people have a symbiotic relationship and one cannot do without the other.

The Banaue rice terraces are located on the mountains found in the province of Ifugao in the Philippines. They cover 10,360 square kilometers of the mountainous side of the region. There are also rainforests above the terraces which are the source of water used to set up the irrigation channels. Waters flowing through streams and springs are trapped and used for the irrigating the Banaue terraces. The Banaue area has a cool and wet climate.

The Banaue rice terraces are recognized as the “Eighth Wonder of the World.” It is said that if all the terraces were built end to end, they would be able to cover half of the world. The site receives both local and foreign tourists yearly. The terraces have hiking trails which guides use to take visitors around the terraces. Tourists engage in sight seeing activities including visits to the Tappiyah falls. They also enjoy swimming in a natural pool called Gihob. The best time to visit the Banaue terraces is during the planting season. It used to take visitors 10 hours to reach Banaue from Manila, which is the capital city of Philippines. However, from May, a flight to Clark International Airport was launched. Now it only takes one hour from the airport to the Banaue terraces.

The Banaue rice terraces were in the Danger List until 2012 when it was removed. This was because the terraces were greatly endangered at the time. However, in 2012 there was hope that the rice terraces were being revived. One of the major threats to the survival of the Banaue rice terraces is the negative effect of erosion on the terraces. The other threat is abandonment of the terraces by young locals in a quest to seek better opportunities in the urban areas. This rural-urban migration results to less people being available to tend to the terraces. A third threat is natural disasters such as the 1990 earthquake and ElNino. Due to these concerns, the locals no longer manage the terraces like they used to. Instead, the terraces are managed by the National Commission for Culture and the Arts, and the Provincial Government of Ifugao. The aim of the Philippine government is to conserve and protect the Banaue rice terraces.

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• Description

For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment.

Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

Rizières en terrasses des cordillères des Philippines

Depuis 2 000 ans, les rizières d'altitude des Ifugao épousent les courbes des montagnes. Fruit d'un savoir-faire transmis de génération en génération, des traditions sacrées et d'un équilibre social délicat, elles créent un paysage d'une grande beauté où se lit l'harmonie conquise et préservée entre l'homme et l'environnement.

حقول الأرزّ على شكل مصطبات في سلسلة جبال الفيليبين

منذ ألفَي عام وحقول الأرز في أعالي ايفوغاو تتماشى مع منحنيات الجبال. وهي ثمرة مهارة تناقلتها الأجيال، وتقاليد مقدّسة وتوازن اجتماعي دقيق، تشكّل منظراً طبيعيًا في غاية الجمال حيث يمكن للناظر رؤية ذلك التناغم الجذّاب والمُصان بين الانسان والطبيعة.

source: UNESCO/CPE Description is available under license CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0

菲律宾科迪勒拉山的水稻梯田

两千年以来，伊富高山上的稻田一直是依山坡地形种植的。种植知识代代相传，神圣的传统文化与社会使这里形成了一道美丽的风景，体现了人类与环境之间的征服和融合。

Arrozales en terrazas de las cordilleras de Filipinas

Desde hace 2000 años, el pueblo ifugao viene construyendo en las montañas terrazas perfectamente adaptadas a las curvas del relieve para cultivar el arroz. Fruto de técnicas y tradiciones sagradas transmitidas de generación en generación, así como de un equilibrio social delicado, estos arrozales forman un paisaje de gran belleza, que refleja la armonía lograda por el hombre con la naturaleza.

フィリピン・コルディリェーラの棚田群

source: NFUAJ

Rijstterrassen van de Filippijnse Cordilleras

De hoge rijstvelden van de Ifugao hebben 2.000 jaar lang de contouren van de bergen gevolgd. Ze vormen het resultaat van opgedane kennis die van generatie op generatie werd doorgegeven en zijn de expressie van heilige tradities en een delicate sociale balans. De rijstterrassen hebben op deze manier bijgedragen aan de vorming van een prachtig landschap dat de harmonie tussen de mensheid en het milieu tot uitdrukking brengt. Het gebied is slecht toegankelijk waardoor het de Cordillera stammen als een van de weinige Filippijnse volkeren lukte om vreemde troepen uit het gebied te weren. Hierdoor wisten ze hun authentieke stamcultuur te behouden.

Source: unesco.nl

Outstanding Universal Value

Brief synthesis

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras is an outstanding example of an evolved, living cultural landscape that can be traced as far back as two millennia ago in the pre-colonial Philippines. The terraces are located in the remote areas of the Philippine Cordillera mountain range on the northern island of Luzon, Philippine archipelago. While the historic terraces cover an extensive area, the inscribed property consists of five clusters of the most intact and impressive terraces, located in four municipalities.  They are all the product of the Ifugao ethnic group, a minority community that has occupied these mountains for thousands of years.

The five inscribed clusters are; (i) the Nagacadan terrace cluster in the municipality of Kiangan, a rice terrace cluster manifested in two distinct ascending rows of terraces bisected by a river; (ii) the Hungduan terrace cluster that uniquely emerges into a spider web; (iii) the central Mayoyao terrace cluster which is characterized by terraces interspersed with traditional farmers’ bale (houses) and alang (granaries); (iv) the Bangaan terrace cluster in the municipality of Banaue that backdrops a typical Ifugao traditional village; and (v) the Batad terrace cluster of the municipality of Banaue that is nestled in amphitheatre-like semi-circular terraces with a village at its base.

The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment.  Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty.

The Ifugao Rice Terraces are the priceless contribution of Philippine ancestors to humanity.  Built 2000 years ago and passed on from generation to generation, the Ifugao Rice Terraces represent an enduring illustration of an ancient civilization that surpassed various challenges and setbacks posed by modernization.

Reaching a higher altitude and being built on steeper slopes than many other terraces, the Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system, reflect a mastery of engineering that is appreciated to the present.

The terraces illustrate a persistence of cultural traditions and remarkable continuity and endurance, since archaeological evidence reveals that this technique has been in use in the region for 2000 years virtually unchanged. They offer many lessons for application in similar environments elsewhere.

The maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, mastery of a most complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals.

Criterion (iii): The rice terraces are a dramatic testimony to a community's sustainable and primarily communal  system of rice production, based on harvesting water from the forest clad mountain tops and creating stone terraces and ponds, a system that has survived for two millennia.

Criterion (iv): The rice terraces are a memorial to the history and labour of more than a thousand generations of small-scale farmers who, working together as a community, have created a landscape based on a delicate and sustainable use of natural resources.

Criterion (v): The rice terraces are an outstanding example of land-use that resulted from a harmonious interaction between people and its environment which has produced a steep terraced landscape of great aesthetic beauty, now vulnerable to social and economic changes.

While maps of the property are yet to be prepared and boundaries to be delineated, all important attributes of the rice terraces comprising the rice terrace paddies, the traditional villages and the forests that are its watershed are present in the five inscribed clusters. Although traditionally defined boundaries for the terraces with the buffer zone of private forests have provided some level of protection, the definition of precise limits of the protected areas and the preparation and implementation of Community-Based Land Use and Zoning Plans (CBLUZP) is critical to ensure that the conditions of integrity are maintained.

The inscribed terrace clusters continue to be worked and maintained in the traditional manner although other nearby terraces have been abandoned or have temporarily fallen out of use due to changes in climate and rainfall patterns in the terraces’ mountain watershed. In some villages, Christianization in the 1950s affected the performance of tribal practices and rituals that were essential in maintaining the human commitment that balances nature and man in the landscape; today, tribal practices coexist with Christianity. However, the terraced landscape is highly vulnerable because the social equilibrium that existed in the rice terraces for the past two millennia has become profoundly threatened by technological and evolutionary changes. Rural-to-urban migration processes limit the necessary agricultural workforce to maintain the extensive area of terraces and climate change has recently impinged on the property resulting in streams drying out, while massive earthquakes have altered locations of water sources and caused terrace dams to move and water distribution systems re-routed.

These factors pose significant challenges that could be addressed through the sustained implementation of conservation and management actions.

Authenticity 

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are authentic in form, character, and function as a direct result of the 2000 year-old and continuously maintained regime that balances climatic, geographical, ecological, agronomic, ethnographic, religious, social, economic, political and other factors.  Through ritual practices, chants and symbols which emphasize ecological balance, the Ifugao community has maintained the intactness of the terraces’ traditional management system over this long period of time, ensuring the authenticity of both the original landscape engineering and the traditional wet-rice agriculture. Once this balance is disturbed the whole system begins to collapse, but so long as they all operate together harmoniously, as they have over two millennia, the authenticity is total.

Being a living cultural landscape, evolutionary changes continuously fine-tune and adapt the cultural response of the terraces’ owners and inhabitants in response to changing climatic, social, political and economic conditions. However, the fact that the Ifugao community continues to occupy, use and maintain their ancestral lands in the age-old traditional manner ensures appreciation and awareness of the enduring value of these traditional practices which continue to sustain them.

Nevertheless the reduction in the workforce and other social and environmental factors, including changes in management of the watershed forests, makes this traditional system and thus the overall balance highly vulnerable and requires sustained management and conservation.

Protection and management requirements 

The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras were declared National Treasures in Presidential Decrees 260:1973 and 1505:1978. The terraces are likewise protected by the Republic Act No 10066:2010, providing for the protection and conservation of the National Cultural Heritage.

The terraces have long been protected and managed through traditional ancestral land use management traditions of the indigenous Ifugao community. Individual terraces are privately owned and protected through ancestral rights, tribal laws and traditional practices. The maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and the mastery of a most complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals.

The lfugao Terraces Commission, a Presidential Commission mandated to preserve the Rice Terraces, was set up in February 1994. At the time of inscription, a 6-year Master Plan was established, which was later expanded to cover a ten year period.  At present, the Rice Terraces is under the management of the Provincial Government of Ifugao and the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. A Rice Terraces Master Plan comprehensively covers management, conservation and socio-economic issues.

Past attempts to conserve the terrace economies have been made sporadically, focused on singular attempts which had very little positive impact. However, on-going government efforts aimed at improving the economic conditions of the people through its various socio-economic programs are hopeful and encouraging.

Threats and concerns identified when the property was put in the List of World Heritage in Danger in 2001 are now being conscientiously and systematically addressed through efforts extended by the Provincial Government and the concerned national agencies. This will ensure completion of the corrective measures that constitute removal of the property from the List of World Heritage in Danger. Programs have been established to ensure landscape restoration and conservation through the documentation and continuous physical rehabilitation of deteriorated areas, including the revival of traditional practices that addresses cultural degeneration.

As conservation and management challenges continue to persist in the rice terraces being a living cultural landscape, sustained efforts shall have to be carried out by the government and the concerned national agencies to ensure its long term sustainability and conservation. This will include the enactment of national government policies and laws for the preservation of natural resources, the adoption of guidelines for conservation and for procedures for Environmental Impact Assessments and infrastructure for the implementation of major projects. Management agencies at the provincial and municipal levels should be functional with adequate resources, and coordinate work with the rice terraces owners’ organizations.

Pride of place and culture, including the long term commitment of its indigenous Ifugao stakeholders shall ensure the sustainability and conservation of this living cultural landscape over time.

List of World Heritage in Danger

Inscription Year on the List of World Heritage in Danger

The Nomination files produced by the States Parties are published by the World Heritage Centre at its website and/or in working documents in order to ensure transparency, access to information and to facilitate the preparations of comparative analysis by other nominating States Parties.

The sole responsibility for the content of each Nomination file lies with the State Party concerned. The publication of the Nomination file, including the maps and names, does not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever of the World Heritage Committee or of the Secretariat of UNESCO concerning the history or legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its boundaries.

State of Conservation (SOC)

Protections by other conservation instruments.

1 protection / 1 element

• Hudhud chants of the Ifugao

Read more about synergies

• Southeast Asia
• Philippines - Places

RICE TERRACES OF BANAUE AND NORTHERN LUZON

Rice terraces of the philippine cordilleras.

The rice terraces of the Philippines Cordilleras were designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995. According to UNESCO: They “are living cultural landscapes devoted to the production of one of the world's most important staple crops, rice. They preserve traditional techniques and forms dating back many centuries, still viable today. At the same time they illustrate a remarkable degree of harmony between humankind and the natural environment of great aesthetic appeal, as well as demonstrating sustainable farming systems in mountainous terrain, based on a careful use of natural resources. [Source: UNESCO]

“They are the only monuments in the Philippines that show no evidence of having been influenced by colonial cultures. Owing to the difficult terrain, the Cordillera tribes are among the few peoples of the Philippines who have successfully resisted foreign domination and preserved their authentic tribal culture. The history of the terraces is intertwined with that of its people, their culture, and their traditional practices.”

The rice terraces of the Philippines Cordilleras: 1) “are a dramatic testimony to a community's sustainable and primarily communal system of rice production, based on harvesting water from the forest clad mountain tops and creating stone terraces and ponds, a system that has survived for two millennia. 2) The rice terraces are a memorial to the history and labour of more than a thousand generations of small-scale farmers who, working together as a community, have created a landscape based on a delicate and sustainable use of natural resources. 3) The rice terraces are an outstanding example of land-use that resulted from a harmonious interaction between people and its environment which has produced a steep terraced landscape of great aesthetic beauty, now vulnerable to social and economic changes.

History of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

According to UNESCO: “ he rice terraces of the Cordilleras are the only monuments in the Philippines that show no evidence of having been influenced by colonial cultures. Owing to the difficult terrain, the Cordillera tribes are among the few peoples of the Philippines who have successfully resisted any foreign domination and have preserved their authentic tribal culture. The history of the terraces is intertwined with that of its people, their culture, and their traditional practices.” [Source: UNESCO]

“The terraces, which spread over five present-day provinces, are the only form of stone construction from the pre-colonial period. The Philippines alone among south-east Asian cultures is a wholly wood-based one: unlike Cambodia, Indonesia, or Thailand, for example, in the Philippines both domestic buildings and ritual structures such as temples and shrines were all built in wood, a tradition that has survived in the terrace hamlets.

“It is believed that terracing began in the Cordilleras some two thousand years ago, though scholars are not in agreement about the original purpose for which it was employed. It is evidence of a high level of knowledge of structural and hydraulic engineering on the part of those who built the terraces. The knowledge and practices, supported by rituals, involved in maintaining the terraces are transferred orally from generation to generation, without written records. Taro was the first crop when they began to be used for agriculture, later to be replaced by rice, which is the predominant crop today.

Construction of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras

According to UNESCO: “The terraces are situated at altitudes between 700 m and 1,500 m above sea level. There are four clusters of the best preserved terraces in the region, with its basic elements of a buffer ring of private forests (muyong ), terraces, village and sacred grove. Terraced rice fields are not uncommon in Asia. To contain the water needed for rice cultivation within the paddies, even gently rolling terrain must be terraced with stone or mud walls. High-altitude paddies must be kept wet and have to rely upon a man-made water-collecting system. The principal differences between the Philippines terraces and those elsewhere are their higher altitude and the steeper slopes. The high-altitude cultivation is based on the use of a special strain of rice, which germinates under freezing conditions and grows chest-high, with non-shattering panicles, to facilitate harvesting on slopes that are too steep to permit the use of animals or machinery of any kind. [Source: UNESCO]

“Construction of the terraces is carried out with great care and precision. An underground conduit is placed within the fill for drainage purposes. The groups of terraces blanket the mountainsides, following their contours. Above them, rising to the mountain-tops, is the ring of private woods (muyong ), intensively managed in conformity with traditional practices, which recognize a total ecosystem which assures an adequate water supply to keep the terraces flooded. Water is equitably shared, and no single terrace obstructs the flow on its way down to the next terrace below. There is a complex system, of dams, sluices, channels and bamboo pipes, communally maintained, which drain into a stream at the bottom of the valley.

“The villages or hamlets are associated with groups of terraces, and consist of groups of single-family tribal dwellings which architecturally reproduce the people's spatial interpretation of their mountain environment. A steeply pitched thatched pyramidal roof covers a wooden one-room dwelling, raised above the ground on four posts and reached by a ladder which is pulled up at night. Clusters of dwellings form small hamlets of interrelated families, with a centrally located ritual rice-field as their focus. This is the first parcel to be planted or harvested; its owners makes all the agricultural decisions for the community, manages its primary ritual property, which includes a granary housing carved wooden gods, and the basket reliquary in which portions of consecrated sacrifices from all agricultural ceremonial rites are kept. A short distance from the cluster of dwellings is the ritual hill, usually marked by a grove of sacred betel trees round a hut or open shed where the holy men live and carry out traditional rites.”

Ifugao Rice Terraces

According to UNESCO: “For 2,000 years, the high rice fields of the Ifugao have followed the contours of the mountains. The fruit of knowledge handed down from one generation to the next, and the expression of sacred traditions and a delicate social balance, they have helped to create a landscape of great beauty that expresses the harmony between humankind and the environment....The terraces are located in the remote areas of the Philippine Cordillera mountain range on the northern island of Luzon. While the historic terraces cover an extensive area, the inscribed property consists of five clusters of the most intact and impressive terraces, located in four municipalities. They are all the product of the Ifugao ethnic group, a minority community that has occupied these mountains for thousands of years. [Source: UNESCO]

“The five inscribed clusters are: 1) the Nagacadan terrace cluster in the municipality of Kiangan, a rice terrace cluster manifested in two distinct ascending rows of terraces bisected by a river; 2) the Hungduan terrace cluster that uniquely emerges into a spider web; 3) the central Mayoyao terrace cluster which is characterized by terraces interspersed with traditional farmers’ bale (houses) and alang (granaries); 4) the Bangaan terrace cluster in the municipality of Banaue that backdrops a typical Ifugao traditional village; and 5) the Batad terrace cluster of the municipality of Banaue that is nestled in amphitheatre-like semi-circular terraces with a village at its base. ^^^

“The Ifugao Rice Terraces epitomize the absolute blending of the physical, socio-cultural, economic, religious, and political environment. Indeed, it is a living cultural landscape of unparalleled beauty. Reaching a higher altitude and being built on steeper slopes than many other terraces, the Ifugao complex of stone or mud walls and the careful carving of the natural contours of hills and mountains to make terraced pond fields, coupled with the development of intricate irrigation systems, harvesting water from the forests of the mountain tops, and an elaborate farming system, reflect a mastery of engineering that is appreciated to the present. ^^^

“The terraces illustrate a persistence of cultural traditions and remarkable continuity and endurance, since archaeological evidence reveals that this technique has been in use in the region for 2000 years virtually unchanged. They offer many lessons for application in similar environments elsewhere. The maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, mastery of a most complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals. ^^^

“The Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are authentic in form, character, and function as a direct result of the 2000 year-old and continuously maintained regime that balances climatic, geographical, ecological, agronomic, ethnographic, religious, social, economic, political and other factors. Through ritual practices, chants and symbols which emphasize ecological balance, the Ifugao community has maintained the intactness of the terraces’ traditional management system over this long period of time, ensuring the authenticity of both the original landscape engineering and the traditional wet-rice agriculture. Once this balance is disturbed the whole system begins to collapse, but so long as they all operate together harmoniously, as they have over two millennia, the authenticity is total.

“Being a living cultural landscape, evolutionary changes continuously fine-tune and adapt the cultural response of the terraces’ owners and inhabitants in response to changing climatic, social, political and economic conditions. However, the fact that the Ifugao community continues to occupy, use and maintain their ancestral lands in the age-old traditional manner ensures appreciation and awareness of the enduring value of these traditional practices which continue to sustain them.”

Ifugao Province

Ifugao Province (322 kilometers north of Manila) is where Banaue, Batad and many of the famous rice terraces are located. The province is a land-locked area located at the foot of the Cordillera Mountain Range, bounded on the west by the province of Benguet, Nueva Viscaya on the south, Isabela on the east, and on the north by Mountain Province.

Ifugao Province covers an area of 2,517.78 square kilometers and is home to only 200,000 people. It has a population density of 77 people per square kilometers, making it one of the most sparsely population areas of the Philippines. Politically, it is sub-divided into 11 municipalities and 178 barangays, with Lagawe serving as the provincial capital town.

The province has a a dry season from November to April and rainy season the rest of the year. The hottest months are March and April while the coolest months are November to February. English is widely spoken and understood among the populace. The local language is Ifugao. the Ilocano and Tagalog Farming, tourism, trading industry (gift, toys & house wares); services; manufacturing (garments & textiles); and food & beverages.

Banaue Rice Terraces

Banaue (10 hours from Manila by bus) contains magnificent rice terraces that have been described as the eighth wonder of the world. Originally constructed between 1000 and 2000 years ago by the Ifugao people, who still maintain them, the terraces rise from the steep river gorges and ascend—and sometimes engulf— the mountains like green amphitheaters. It is said that if the terraces were laid end to end they would circumnavigate the earth.

The rice terraces around Banaue were designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1995. They : somewhat similar to the rice terraces in Bali, except bigger and more all encompassing. In some cases they extend all from the top of the mountains down to the rivers and streams below. The view an entire chain of mountains terraced to their highest peaks for the cultivation of rice is truly an amazing site

Banaue Rice Terraces are part of the rice terraces of the Philippines Cordilleras that were named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995. There is some evidence that the first rice terraces may have been carved out of the mountains as early as 1000 B.C. Most were built in the last four centuries. By some estimated the rice terraces would extend for 11,400 miles if placed from end to end. Among the Ifugao, a man’s status is based on his rice fields. Ownership of the paddies and terraces, and the responsibility for taking care is passed down from one generation to the next. The system, allows the Ifugao to live in fairly dense concentrations in an otherwise inhospitable region.

Banaue Rice Terrace Irrigation and Maintenance

According to UNESCO: The terrace clusters “continue to be worked and maintained in the traditional manner although other nearby terraces have been abandoned or have temporarily fallen out of use due to changes in climate and rainfall patterns in the terraces’ mountain watershed. In some villages, Christianization in the 1950s affected the performance of tribal practices and rituals that were essential in maintaining the human commitment that balances nature and man in the landscape; today, tribal practices coexist with Christianity. However, the terraced landscape is highly vulnerable because the social equilibrium that existed in the rice terraces for the past two millennia has become profoundly threatened by technological and evolutionary changes. Rural-to-urban migration processes limit the necessary agricultural workforce to maintain the extensive area of terraces and climate change has recently impinged on the property resulting in streams drying out, while massive earthquakes have altered locations of water sources and caused terrace dams to move and water distribution systems re-routed. [Source: UNESCO]

“Irrigation is achieved through a network of dikes and sluices. The size of the fields range from a few square meters to more than one hectare, with the average size being 270 square meters. In rocky terrain the terraces are built from the top down, by first hollowing out the top of a mountain and surrounding the outside with narrow platforms. Stones that are removed from the fields are used to construct the terrace walls, whose cracks are filled with chalk-base plaster. The platforms are then filled with earth. In this fashion the terraces are built down the mountain until the reach the valley.

“If the soil is crumbly work begins at the bottom and moves upwards. Under these circumstances the terrace builders they try to dig out the earth to reach the rock which is used as a solid base and which, if necessary, can be supported with tree trunks. Unfortunately, the terraces are starting to erode and deteriorate somewhat because younger Ifugao are not taking care of them as their attention is distracted by other things like television, smart phones and making money.

“The terraces have long been protected and managed through traditional ancestral land use management traditions of the indigenous Ifugao community. Individual terraces are privately owned and protected through ancestral rights, tribal laws and traditional practices. The maintenance of the living rice terraces reflects a primarily cooperative approach of the whole community which is based on detailed knowledge of the rich diversity of biological resources existing in the Ifugao agro-ecosystem, a finely tuned annual system respecting lunar cycles, zoning and planning, extensive soil conservation, and the mastery of a most complex pest control regime based on the processing of a variety of herbs, accompanied by religious rituals.”

Banaue itself is a pretty big town in the region. It has a lively market and can be reached by paved roads. There are lots of backpackers, guest houses and cheap restaurants. It is located in valley an elevation of 1,200 meters (3,960 feet).

Worth checking out in the town is the Museum of Cordilleran Sculpture, founded by George and Candida Ida Schenk in the 1980s. It grew out of a small antique store in Manilla and desire to preserve a dying craft. There are over 1,000 pieces in the museum’s collection, ranging from large carved wooden Bululs, masks to smaller scale figures, textiles, utilitarian objects, and composite objects

On the road to Bontoc, there is a lot of beautiful views of the rice terraces. Walking from Banaue up to the main view point takes one or two 2 hours, depending how often you stop to enjoy the superb view. Try to get as far away as possible from Banaue: the higher up you got the better the views. It is possible to walk through the rice terraces but is also easy to get lost, so best take a guide if that is what you want to do.

It is possible to take a bus directly from Manila to Banaue. Ohayami Trans (Lacson Ave cnr Fajardo St, Sampaloc, Manila, near University of Sto. Tomas or take the train from the Legarda Station & then a trickshaw to the terminal) and GV Florida Transport (Dangwa Transport Co., Lacson ave. cor. Earnshaw st. Sampaloc Manila, Sampaloc terminal) both operate daily buses from Manila that take 9-10 hours and cost about US$10. You can also reach Banaue from Baguio and Bontoc. Because of road conditions and the number of things to see, tourists often hire a car with a driver for the seven-to eight-hour trip, driving to Bontoc or Banaue but make several stops along the way.

Batad: in the Heart of the Banaue Area Rice Terraces

Batad (one hour jeepney ride and two hour walk from Banaue) is the home of some of the most spectacular rice terraces in the Banaue area. Here the mud and stone walled structures look like a tropical stairway to heaven that continue on and on, up one winding river gorge after another, and look the Bali rice terraces transplanted on the foothills of the Himalayas. They are especially beautiful in the morning sunlight when mist still clings to the mountains.

The terraces are laid like a an amphitheater. Each terrace is supported by stone walls that give the terraces a neat, organized look. The further away from the terraces you are the more their imperfection are hidden and the cleaner their lines look. When you look up the terraces they look like giant staircases. When you look down on them, when the paddies contain water, they resemble shimmering saucers of vegetation and liquid piled on one another.

Water is kept in the terraces year round.. If they dry out, the terrace walls crack, increasing the likelihood of a landslide in heavy rain. Irrigation water in the dry season comes from steams that tumble down out of the mountains. Some of the water is carried in bamboo pipes. Living in the paddies is a unique ecosystem that includes frogs, snakes, snails, fish and wading birds. In recent years some of the terraces have fallen into disrepair as an increasing number of Ifugao have abandoned traditional life and gone to the cities and plantations in search of work.

Batad lies at the center of center of a “living cultural landscape” designated by UNESCO. Numerous hiking trails wind along the edges of the terraces and the walls of the terraces themselves. Destinations include beautiful waterfalls, swimming holes, large mountain, villages, former guerilla camps and pine forests. Guides, often old Ifugao men, can be arranged in Batad, which is (or at least was) also a popular hangout with Israelis.

Mountain Province in Cordillera Administrative Region

Mountain Province is known for it weaving and is the home of the Bontoc rice terraces and the Sagada hanging coffins. There are a a number of weaving centers sporting different designs that bespeak of the province’s cultural heritage. The people in this province practiced a traditional form of democratic governance led by the respected elders in the communityknown as Dap-ay/Ato that predates the Spanish.

Mountain Province is bounded by Isabela on the east; the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, and Abra on the north; the provinces of Benguet and Ifugao on the south; and the province of Ilocos Sur on the west. It has an area of 2,292.31 square kilometers, with 83 percent mountains and 17 percent hills and flat land. There are rivers, waterfalls and caves. The province has two seasons: dry from November to April and wet the rest of the year.

Mountain Province is composed of ten municipalities: Bontoc, Barlig, Bauko, Besao, Natonin, Paracelis, Sabangan, Sadanga, Sagada, and Tadian, with Bontoc as the capital town. There are 144 barangays comprising the 10 municipalities. The province is only home to about 160,000 people and has 72 people per square kilometer, making it one least densely populated provinces in the Philippines. Kankanaey is the major language-dialect spoken. English, Ilocano and Tagalog are also widely spoken.

Most people are farmers and there has been some effort to generate some small scale industry. The furniture industry, made from raw local materials such as pinewood and bamboo,. is a growing venture in the province. Bamboo and rattan basketry is also practiced. Backstrap weaving, an age-old handicraft, expanded to the use of loom. Colorful clothes are now used to make product like bags, purses, tapestry, ethnic costumes, blankets, linen, and fashion accessories.

Bontoc and the Maligcong Rice Terraces

Bontoc (three hours from Banaue) is the home of the Igorot tribe. Like the Ifugao, they are terrace builders and former headhunters. Even if you have seen the Banaue and Bataad terraces it is worth taking a look at the ones in Bontoc. The terrace walls of some are constructed of stone and have a different look. Many people who have visited them say they are more impressive than the ones at Bataad. There are reportedly even more impressive-looking terraces deeper in the mountains.

Bontoc town is relatively small and is very easy just to walk around the main street and find everything you need. Tricycles here are cheap if you need to go anywhere. There are few guest houses but it isn’t nearly as developed as Banaue. Among the places worth checking out are Mainit Hot Springs and Pusong and Ganga Cave Trek. The Bontoc Museum has some interesting photographs and artifacts of the Igorot

Nearby Maligcong is known for its impressive rice terraces. To get the best view of these, one has to hike up Mt. Kopapey. It takes about 30 minutes of hike from the village to the mountain top. Many hikers try to climb early in the morning so they can get of the sea of clouds breaking up over the terraces. The view of the gently cascading hills engulfed by rice terraces is breathtaking. Mt. Kopapey feeds creeks and springs which supply water to Maligcong Rice Terraces. These creeks join together into a stream that flows the three-level Lipnok Falls.

The jeepneys to Maligcong leave from in front of Pines Kitchenette and Inn at 8:00am, 12:00noon 2:30pm, 4:30pm, 5:30pm to Maligcong and 6:30am, 8:00am, 9:00am, 2:00pm and 4:00pm to Bontoc, but may leave a little earlier if full. The price is low and it takes about half an hour to get there. There is a small entrance fee. The terraces start at the jeepney final stop. They are easier to explore than Batad and there are less steps to climb and there is a concrete path to the village. It takes a few hours to check them out. You can walk back to Bontoc in about 1½ hours.

Getting There From Manila:: Cabletours, departs 8:30 pm. The bus terminal is inside the Trinity University of Asia Campus at E. Rodriguez Ave. Cubao, Quezon City, 600 Pesos From Banaue: Jeepneys depart from the market, 1 hour 45 minutes. Scenic ride over the mountains with spectacular views. Site on the roof if you dare. From Baguio: GL Lizardo Trans departs 8:00am, 10:00am & 2:30pm from Governor pck Rd. Baguio City, 220 Pesos D'Rising Sun Buses departs 5:00am-1:00pm from Slaughter House Compound, Baguio City.

Sagada; Hanging Coffins and Caves

Sagada (13 hours from Manila) is a small town in Mountain Province in north-central Luzo. Its main draws are its relatively cool temperatures, interesting caves and hanging coffins set in an area of beautiful mountains. The town is fairly isolated. It has only has one ATM, which is not always working. Exchange rates are quite bad. Popular sights include: The Mission Compound, Kiltepan Rice Terraces, Echo Valley Cliffs, Sumaging (the Big Cave), Bokong and Bomod-ok Waterfalls, Burial Cave, Mount Ampakaw, Underground River and Lake Danum.

There are several places where you can find hanging coffins. The closest is downhill from the town, but they are not very impressive. The most impressive ones are in the north of the valley behind a Christian graveyard. To get there head north uphill from Sagada’s central main road. Turn right at the municipality hall, following main road, and after the basketball court, turn right again. Pass the church on your left and go up the stairs until you face a small gate. Turn left and on the Y-fork after 150 meters, turn right. Cross the graveyard straight ahead. Follow the small path for maybe 300 meters and still uphill, you should already see the coffins on the opposite side down in the little valley. Go downhill, keep right, and you run straight into the main coffin spot. Hidden around this area, you can find several other coffins decorated into some rocks. Best light for pictures is in the afternoon. No guide required.

A guide is not necessary but required because some tourists behave disrespectfully in the spiritual area and there is danger they may deface the coffin. The fee for the guide is not so high; often there is someone at the stairs to the collect the fee. You should have a guide with you when arrive. Ask for English speaking guide. Tourist Information can call for a guide (P200 for a guide) while you wait at the stairs.

Caving is popular (See Below). Other activities including hiking to Bumud-ok Falls (Big Falls)., where you can jump from the ledge. You can go rock climbing, near Echo Valley. White Water rafting is available on the Upper Chico River. The best time is from July to early January, but that conditions vary according to to amount of rainfall that fallen recently. The sections of the river being rafted are downstream from Bontoc. Most sections have numerous class 3 to 3+ rapids and several class 4 rapids. Equipment is international standard and guides are trained by US rafting professionals. Cost ranges from 2500 to 3500 pesos/person depending on group size and section being rafted. Inquire at Sagada Outdoors, in the white commercial building across from the jeepney stop. Sunrise at Kiltepan Peak is worth getting up early for.

Getting There: From Baguio: both Lizardo Trans and D'Rising Sun run several buses a day, starting at 06:00 and taking 5.5-6.5hrs depending on road conditions. Last bus is about 13:00. From Bontoc: local jeepneys ply this route throughout the day (first one 08.30 and last one 17.00). Tthe last return trip is at 1pm. From Manila: Coda Lines runs daily buses 21:00 for 730 pesos. Bring a jacket. The Bus terminal is located in Cubao near EDSA on Maryland street. From Vigan: Arrival at Sagada within a day is possible, but only if you leave at 6am. Take the Partas bus down towards La Union, stopping at Tagudin, then take a van to Cervantes. From Cervantes, take another van (last van departs 4pm) to Bauko. And finally, from Bauko, take a van towards Bontoc, dropping off at the Sagada junction. At this junction, just waive down any vehicle to get to Sagada Town. The entire journey will take approximately 7 hours.

Hanging Coffins of Sagada

On the “hanging coffins” in Sagada, Karl Grobl of CNN wrote: “Hanging coffins are an ancient funeral custom in northern Luzon. In several areas, coffins of various shapes can be seen hanging either on beams projecting outward from vertical faces of the mountain, in caves in the face of cliffs, or on natural rock projections. The coffins are quite small due to the fact that the deceased are placed in the fetal position, believing that people should leave the world in the same position as they entered it. The reason they do it is because they want the spirit to go up to Heaven, they believe that if they bury a person the spirit can't go up to Heaven.” [Source: Karl Grobl, CNN, May 5, 2012]

In her book 'Making An Exit', a book about how different cultures mourn, Sarah Murray describes taking part in a funeral in Sagada that combines the rites of Christianity with the pre-Christian practice of burying the dead, wrapped in ceremonial blankets and compressed into the fetal position, “in wooden sarcophagi that are left hanging on cliff faces or lodged in the fissures and caverns of Sagada’s jagged forests of stone.” For a moment,[Source: Rachel Newcomb, Washington Post]

Angel Bautista, an archeology student at the University of Santo Tomas Graduate School, wrote: For the Kankanaey, the ethnic group to which the people of Sagada belongs, “death is dreadful because it removes a family member physically in a permanent fashion; however, it is also mysterious because it makes possible for the spirit of the dead to continue social connections with the living. Possible reasons why the region practices such belief: one is because of filial piety, another is the belief that the ancestors have the powers which they share to each other and because of their polytheistic view in decomposition of the body and most likely the preservation may last longer than to bury the corpse on the ground. The sudden exposure of the body in the air as soon as it was opened, after years of being inside the coffin, also affects its decay along with the burial materials associated with the corpse. Picpican also noticed that human intervention also caused the body to rot easily. In line with the findings about factors affecting the easy decay of mummies, the best way to preserve these bodies and to keep these dead remain with their riches and prestige is to simply “leave them alone.” [Source: Angel Bautista, University of Santo Tomas Graduate School, March 16, 2013 /*/]

“Disturbing the natural environment and ecology of the burial sites where the mummies were kept and preserved for centuries would not, in any way, help in the preservation of the mummies but instead push them into oblivion (Picpican, 2004).” Destroying these mummies is like destroying the tradition of the people, thus, slowly commodifying their belief. For thehanging coffins of Sagada, the locals did not permit to open any coffins for the people to study one reason can be because of the later. Such reason can be considered as an answer to why they hang their dead. Isolating the coffins away from the community and hanging them on the cliffs will give the impression that People of Sagadas were trying to prevent people from disturbing these well respected corpses of their ancestors. /*/

“Another reason behind this practice is from the guides who explain to their tourist that these coffins were hanged because of the belief that “the higher the body is placed, the closer to heaven (Weird asianews).”This is also similar with the study conducted by Chinese experts with the Hanging Coffins of the Bo. The recent discovery of these coffins gave opportunity to further understand the mystery of the hanging coffins in Sagada. It was said that the earliest coffin in the area dates back 2,500 years ago, which is quite parallel to when Sagada started their burial customs. As they further study the Bo people using the hanging coffins, some conclusions rose to why they place their dead on the cliff ironically away from their family which far different from the Chinese belief. Professor Lin Xiang of the University of Sichuan, concludes that Bo people hang their coffin for either spiritual or practical reason. To be closer to heaven is what he considered as the spiritual reason, while to protect the coffins from animals and destruction was perceived to be the practical reason. Conversely, Guo Jing the director of Yunnan Provincial Museum theorized that for the Bo people, the mountains were considered to be the stairway to heaven while the coffins were the bridge towards heaven. Such theories agree with the belief of the Kankanaeys of Sagada. As to whether these two communities relate to each other is another theory that needs to be proven with facts, but it is probable that such occurrence happened one might have influenced the other. Locals will also tell you that the rich or the respected members of their society are the only ones to be buried on the cliffs. /*/

“The social hierarchy in Sagada among the rich, the middle-class, and the poor still exist and are properly observed — even for the dead. As the rich wants to preserve his wealth and status, burying him on the cliff will help in recognizing his status, which can be considered as the third reason to why People of Sagadas have such practice. Last reason that can be considered is that People of Sagadas are said to be from the lowland who were forced to go up into the mountains to avoid the Spanish rule. Adjusting from this environment will entail them to use alternatives in order to survive. In this manner, being in a mountainous area had given them limited land to cultivate. As to not waste the land area for their agriculture, they chose to bury their dead into the caves, even hanging them fromthe cliffs as to allot an area for their dead.

In the year 1950, Eduardo Masferre had said these words: “…rituals that Sagada has not lost despite modern times.” And after 63 years, Sagada still remains to be faithful to its traditionand has taken good care of it. This proves that the people in Sagada, regardless of the modern period present in the area, have never forgotten to respect their ancestors. Basically, this show that their tradition is not an act to attract people, rather it is something they live by. It is the authentic culture that in its literal meaning “–the way of life.”

For Malanes (2003), “Sagada folk, until now, still observe some of the burial customs and traditions of their ancestors.” The Echo Valley’s hanging coffins are the proof of it. Although there are some changes that happened over the years, yet the village and its people did not forget who they are and how to practice their tradition — particularly their death and burial customs. Regardless of the modern names given to them and other changes in the society, the Kankanaeys of Sagada still chooses to place their Kankanaey’s name on their coffin and be buried the way their ancestors did it.

Caving at Sagada

A two to three hour trip including a visit of the Sumaguing Cave, the burial cave, Lumiang Cave and the hanging coffins goes for about US$16 for first person, and US$8 for each additional person. The group goes in from Burial Cave and comes out from Sumaging cave. Book at the tourist information counter. Prepare to get wet and ziplock all the belongings. The "cave connection," is a rather extreme activity. Some of the crevices you have to squeeze through are very small. Much of the way you are hanging on the walls with steep drops beneath you. Most people just go down and up the Sumaguing cave; only a small number attempt the dangerous cave connection.

On his cave trip experience, Kim Ventura wrote: “Dark, cold, muddy, with thousands of bats...So down we went the slippery trail, carefully watching our step and holding on to rocks covered in bats’ droppings....I won’t lie to you. Caves aren't easy, and this one not the least. But your effort will be worth it once you get to the point the guide tells you to remove your footwear and go barefoot on the flow stone. The water cooled our feet and we started to relax. And from there, our guide pointed to interesting rock formations like “the elephant” and “the king’s curtain.” There were fossilized shells embedded on the rocks, too!

“The next part, with its tricky and tight crevices, called for some acrobatic skills! Good thing we had our very own “Alfred,” a guide from SAGGAS (Sagada Genuine Guides Association) who offered his knee so we could have a ladder for the hard-to-reach spots. The thrills got even better as we rappelled down into trenches. We found a deep pool of ice-cold water, and we chose to dive in. We were wet, anyway! But the best part was having to do everything all over again on our way out of the cave. We felt more confident with our footwork and the ascent back was easier. Once on dry land, we found ourselves wet, muddy, but definitely grinning from ear to ear. We did it! We survived Sumaging Cave!

Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves

Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves(320 kilometers north of Manila) feature Ibaloi mummies placed in caves in central Luzon between 10th and 18th centuries. Old or seriously ill Ibaloi who were believed to be on the verge of dying sometimes prepared their bodies for mummification by drinking a brine solution to cleanse their bodies. Thirty-two Ibaloi in four caves near Kabayan, are bring threatened by logging, vandalism and rodents. In 1998, the World Monuments Fund placed the Kabayan caves in their list of the World's 100 Most Endangered Sites. The caves are accessible from La Trinidad, a town with 130,000 people in an area of Benguet Province known as the “Strawberry Fields of the Philippines". Worried about preservation issues,

Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves were nominated to be a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2006. According to UNESCO: “Kabayan is one of the Municipality of Benguet Province in the Cordillera Mountain Ranges of northern Luzon. The municipality is recognized as a center of Ibaloi Culture. The Ibaloi, the dominant ethno-linguistic group, of Kabayan have a long traditional practice of mummifying their dead. Mummification began prior to the Spanish colonization. Individuals from the higher societal stratum of the Ibaloi of Kabayan used to be mummified through a long ritual process over a long period of time. The process of mummification using salt and herbs and set under fire may take up to two years. When the body is finally rid of body fluids, the mummy is placed inside a pinewood coffin and laid to rest in a man-made cave or in niche dug-out from solid rock. During the Spanish period, Christianity spread and took a foothold in the mountains of Benguet and the practice of mummification and cave burial was abandoned. The remains are then placed in wooden coffins and interred in man-made burial niches in rocks or rock shelters and/or natural caves. [Source: UNESCO]

“Strategically located in the mountain slopes of the municipality of Kabayan, more than 200 man-made burial caves have been identified and 15 of which contain preserved human mummies. Out of the several ethnolinguistic groups in the Philippines, only the Ibaloi practiced mummification in preserving their dead. There are also instances of mummification in the caves in Mountain Province which is inhabited by another ethno-linguistic group, the Bontoc. It is not certain however whether this is a practice by the Bontoc, or merely an extension from Kaayan, Benguet, to Alab, Mountain Province. There are also cases of mummies in the province of Ifugao, also in the Cordilleras, but this is probably due to population movements from the province of Benguet to the province of Ifugao. There are of course instances of mummification in Sulawesi among the Toraja and other parts of Southeast Asia. Well known are the sites in South America. Mummification in Southeast Asia, however, are from a different technology from that practiced in Egypt.”

Mt. Pulag is the second highest mountains in the Philippines at 2,922 meters high. Located in central Luzon, it is a natural habitat of endemic species of wild plants, such as dwarf bamboo and the benguet pine, and wild species of birds, long haired fruit bats, Philippine deer and giant bushy tailed cloud rats. Mt. Pulag was nominated to be a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2006. Mt. Pulag National Park lies on the north and south spine of the Grand Cordillera Central that stretches from Pasaleng, Ilocos Norte to the Cordillera Provinces. It falls within the administrative jurisdiction of two Regions — Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) and Cagayan Valley State — and is located in provinces of Benguet, Ifugao, and Nueva Vizcaya.

According to UNESCO: “The whole park is located within the Philippine Cordillera Mountain Range and is very rugged, characterized by steep to very steep slopes at the mountainsides and generally rolling areas at the mountain peak. Mt. Pulag National Park is the highest peak in Luzon and is the second highest mountain in the Philippines with an elevation of 2,922 m. above sea level. The summit of Mt. Pulag is covered with grass and dwarf bamboo plants. At lower elevations, the mountainside has a mossy forest veiled with fog, and full of ferns, lichens and moss. Below this is the pine forest growing on barren, rocky slopes. Falls, rivers and small lakes mark the area. [Source: UNESCO]

“The Park has a large diversity of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic to the mountain. Its wildlife includes threatened mammals such as the Philippine Brown Deer, Northern Luzon Giant Cloud Rat and the Luzon Pygmy Fruit Bat. One can also find several orchid species some of which are possibly endemic to Mt. Pulag, and other rare flora such as the pitcher plant.

“Mt. Pulag is an important watershed providing the water necessities of many stakeholders for domestic and industrial use, irrigation, hydroelectric power production and aquaculture. Mt. Pulag was proclaimed National Park by virtue of Pres. Proclamation No. 75 on February 20, 1987 covering an area of 11,550 hectares. It was established to protect and preserve the natural features of the area such as its outstanding vegetation and wildlife. It belongs to the Cordillera Biogeographic Zone located in Northern Luzon. Mt. Pulag is a National Integrated Protected Areas Programme (NIPAP) site”

On climbing Mt. Pulag, 59-year-old Boboy Yonzon wrote: “Mt. Pulag was truly challenging, especially on the last ascent to the peak, which began at 4 a.m., in time for sunrise. The freezing temperature and thin air almost made me black out, but I was a stubborn bull....After much huffing and puffing, I finally made it to the summit just as cries of triumph greeted the sun. Its rays broke through the thick clouds and blanketed the narrow mountaintop with golden yellow.”

Getting there: Several buses travel from Manila to Baguio. From Baguio, you can rent a jeep with a driver to take you to Babadak Ranger Station, the jump-off point to Mt. Pulag. There are four routes from Babadak to Mt. Pulag, and the easiest is the Ambangeg route. To schedule a trip, you must reserve a slot through Park Superintendent Emerita Albas at mobile no. (+63) 919 6315402. She’s in charge of assigning your guides and porters for the climb.

Image Sources: Wikimedia Commons

Text Sources: Philippines Tourism websites, Philippines government websites, UNESCO, Wikipedia, Lonely Planet guides, New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, National Geographic, The New Yorker, Bloomberg, Reuters, Associated Press, AFP, Japan News, Yomiuri Shimbun, Compton's Encyclopedia and various books and other publications.

Updated in August 2020

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The Majestic Rice Terraces of Banaue: A Cultural and Natural Wonder

• February 6, 2023
• Nature and Wildlife

The Majestic Rice Terraces of Banaue, a paradise located in the Philippines, have been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site for their stunning beauty and impressive cultural significance.

Highly cultivated by the Ifugaos people for over 2,000 years, these terraces are an example of excellent engineering methods and hard work. They are proof of a sophisticated farming technique and an extraordinary level of knowledge about the landscape used to create this landscape wonder.

Exploring these terraces is like walking into a beautiful postcard picture, filled with lush vegetation, winding passageways, and sparkling rivers. An appreciation of the traditional culture is essential to getting the most out of this extraordinary place; a celebration of life!

Historical and Cultural Significance of the Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces are a stunning example of human ingenuity and natural beauty. Located in the remote areas of the Philippine Cordillera, these terraces were carved into the mountains of Banaue, Ifugao by the ancestors of the Igorot people.

The terraces are nestled in amphitheater-like semi-circular terraces with a breathtaking view that stretches for miles.

The unique characteristics and natural beauty of these terraces make them a popular tourist destination in the Philippines. Visitors can explore this incredible landscape on foot or take a tour through some of its most picturesque spots.

They can also learn about its rich cultural heritage and experience traditional Ifugao hospitality while they’re there.

The Banaue Rice Terraces are an impressive testament to human resilience and determination as well as a beautiful reminder that nature still has much to offer us if we just take the time to appreciate it. It is truly an awe-inspiring sight that should not be missed!

Natural Beauty and Unique Characteristics of the Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines are renowned for their breathtaking natural beauty and unique characteristics. The terraces are sprawling, tiered structures carved into the sides of mountains, stretching for thousands of square kilometers.

The impressive feat of engineering, combined with the lush green rice paddies and towering mountain backdrops, create a breathtaking and serene landscape.

The terraces are considered unique for several reasons. Firstly, their age – it is estimated that they were constructed around 2,000 years ago using traditional tools and methods, making them some of the oldest man-made structures in the world.

Secondly, the terraces are considered a marvel of engineering as they were built without the use of modern equipment and without a blueprint, relying solely on the knowledge and skill of the indigenous people.

Moreover, the terraces are irrigated using an ancient system of channels and dams that are still in use today, making them a functional and sustainable agricultural system.

This traditional method of rice farming has a minimal impact on the environment and is in harmony with the natural surroundings, adding to the terraces’ unique beauty.

In conclusion, the Banaue Rice Terraces are a truly natural and cultural wonder, offering a glimpse into the rich history, culture, and traditions of the indigenous people, while also showcasing the beauty and majesty of the Philippine countryside.

The Traditional Rice-Farming Method and its Impact on the Environment

The traditional rice-farming method used in the Banaue Rice Terraces has been in use for thousands of years and has had a minimal impact on the environment. The method involves a complex system of irrigation, utilizing channels, dams, and reservoirs to redirect water from mountain streams to the terraces. This ancient system provides the rice paddies with the necessary water to grow, while also preserving the delicate ecosystem of the surrounding area.

In addition to the sustainable irrigation system, the traditional method of rice farming is also environmentally friendly. The terraces are farmed using natural fertilizers and pesticides, reducing the number of harmful chemicals in the environment. The method also promotes crop rotation and diversity, ensuring that the soil remains fertile and the crops are not over-farmed.

Furthermore, the traditional method of rice farming creates a landscape that is in harmony with the surrounding natural environment. The terraces blend seamlessly into the mountain landscape, creating a picturesque and peaceful environment that supports not only the local farmers but also a variety of wildlife and plant species.

Overall, the traditional rice-farming method used in the Banaue Rice Terraces is a prime example of sustainable agriculture and is a testament to the ingenuity and wisdom of the indigenous people. The method has been successfully in use for thousands of years and continues to preserve the delicate balance between human activities and the natural environment.

Tourist Attractions and Activities in the Banaue Area

The Banaue Rice Terraces are not the only attraction in this beautiful area of the Philippines. Visitors to the area can enjoy a range of activities such as hiking, mountaineering, bird watching, and camping. For those looking for more leisurely pursuits, there is an array of cultural activities that include visiting Ifugao villages and experiencing their traditional lifestyle.

1. Explore the Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces are a worthwhile experience for anyone looking to explore the natural beauty of this region. From viewing its incredible panoramic view on top of the mountain or trekking along the terraces at ground level, visitors will be treated to stunning views and memorable experiences.

2. Visit nearby towns and villages

Another great activity for visitors to the area is to explore the nearby towns and villages. These villages are incredibly diverse, holding a wealth of culture and tradition that will give you a unique insight into this region’s history and way of life.

3. Go hiking in the surrounding mountains

For those looking for more of an adventurous experience, hiking in the surrounding mountains is also a great way to explore the landscape and take in some stunning views. There are several trails that vary in difficulty and length, so you’re sure to find something suitable regardless of your skill level.

4. Trek to Mount Napulawan or Lake Nitolo

For those wanting to explore further, a trek to Mount Napulawan or Lake Nitolo is also a great option. In addition to offering spectacular views from the summit of Mount Napulawan, visitors can also experience the unique biodiversity that characterizes this area.

5. Enjoy an Ifugao cultural show

For a unique cultural experience, visitors to the Banaue area can also enjoy an Ifugao cultural show. This includes traditional dances, songs, and music that will give you a deeper understanding of the culture and history of this region.

6. Visit the Bangaan View Point for a beautiful view of the terraces below

Visitors can also enjoy an Ifugao cultural show and visit the Bangaan View Point to experience a beautiful view of the terraces below. This is a great opportunity to appreciate the grandeur of these majestic structures and take in their beauty from above.

Challenges Facing the Preservation of the Banaue Rice Terraces

An engineering feat that dates back centuries, it is one of the most popular tourist attractions in the country. The preservation of the terraces is a formidable task requiring serious effort from all those involved with it, including local authorities and international organizations.

Protecting what has been recognized as a global treasure requires facing several complex challenges that come with maintaining ancient structures that were built before industrial agriculture took over much of the Philippines’ agricultural production.

Climate Change

The Banaue Rice Terraces are situated in a high-altitude region, making them particularly vulnerable to changes in the local climate. Rising temperatures, irregular rainfall patterns, and increased erosion have had a negative impact on the health of the terraces, causing landslides and soil erosion.

Over-Tourism

The increasing number of tourists visiting the Banaue Rice Terraces has put a strain on the fragile structures. Foot traffic and the construction of tourist infrastructure have led to the degradation of the terraces, and there are concerns that further development could lead to their destruction.

Lack of Maintenance

The terraces require constant maintenance and repair to prevent soil erosion and landslides. However, many of the terraces are in disrepair, due to a lack of resources and funding. Additionally, many of the younger generations of farmers have abandoned the traditional methods of rice farming, and there is a risk that the knowledge and skills necessary for the preservation of the terraces will be lost.

Natural Disasters

The Banaue Rice Terraces are situated in an area prone to natural disasters, including typhoons and earthquakes. These events can cause significant damage to the terraces, and the lack of resources to repair and restore them has led to their further degradation.

To preserve the Banaue Rice Terraces for future generations, it is essential to address these challenges. This may involve implementing sustainable tourism practices, providing resources for maintenance and repair, and encouraging the younger generations to continue the traditional rice-farming methods.

Overall, the Banaue Rice Terraces are a unique and invaluable cultural and natural treasure, and it is important that efforts are made to ensure their preservation for future generations to enjoy and appreciate.

In conclusion

The Majestic Rice Terraces of Banaue is a stunning symbol of human ingenuity and natural beauty that has been paramount in the culture, heritage, and livelihoods of Northern Filipino people.

A visit to this wondrous locale is an opportunity to experience the incredible engineering feat of its creators and admire the uninterrupted stretches of terraces modified from the surface of the mountains.

The locals’ perseverance in preserving, developing, and maintaining these majestic rice terraces over 2000 years attests to the human capacity for long-term resilience and sustainable agriculture. Whether for hiking across its treeless terrain, exploring its cultural history, or basking in its incredible scenery, the Rice Terraces of Banaue is truly a treasure not to be missed.

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• Banaue Rice Terraces

Dubbed as the eighth wonder of the world, Banaue Rice Terraces continues to amaze people with its extraordinary artistry by the Ifugao tribe.

HAGDAN-HAGDANG PALAYAN. This chiseled natural attraction is a sight to see when going to the province of Ifugao. (Photo courtesy of Banaueterraces.com )

The Banaue Rice Terraces are mud-walled rice terraces that were carefully constructed from 2,000 years ago. Spread in the provinces of Kalinga, Benguet, Apayao, Ifugao, and Mountain Province, these terraces are believed that if put end to end, it can encircle half the globe.

Although known for its appealing beauty, the Banaue Rice Terraces were made to hold flood for rice cultivation. Locals still plant rice and vegetable on the terraces for farming, however, younger Ifugaos are leaning towards the tourism industry of their place.

A closer view of the rice terrace (Photo courtesy of Banaueterraces.com )

To go and see the breathtaking view of the Banaue Rice terraces, you can travel by bus with daily trips from Manila to Banaue. It usually takes a 9-hour trip to get there, but the long hours will be worth it. The best time to go there would be during February to March for the cleaning and planting time, and June to July for harvesting time. When it comes to accommodation, there are several lodgings and hotels around the area.

To get a better view, Sunrise Viewpoint is a well-known place for photographers as it is the best spot to look at the scenery and also, buy souvenirs such as wood carvings.

Dancing Bululs from the Museum of Cordillera Sculpture (Photo courtesy of Cordilleran Museum )

Activities such as hiking and trekking are also popular among tourists which take only 45 minutes up to two hours. Some trek may need the help of a guide, while others are easy trails you can go along. You can also go to the Museum of Cordillera Sculpture with an admission fee of P100 to see a collection of Ifugao woodcarvings.

If one of your goals this year is to see as many astounding places as you can, Banaue Rice Terraces should be your next stop and you’ll see why it’s more fun in the Philippines.

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Preserving the Banaue Rice Terraces: A Tribute to Its Cultural Heritage

For more than 2,000 years, the Banaue Rice Terraces have been a symbol of the rich cultural heritage of the Ifugao people in the Philippines. The terraces, built on the mountains of Ifugao, are irrigated by a complex system of aqueducts offering a beautiful and sustainable way of rice farming, ensuring food security for future generations.

As the world races towards modernization, there is a need to preserve this cultural wonder and show to the world the value of sustainable farming practices and the cultural heritage that lies behind it.

The Cultural Significance of the Banaue Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces are not only an engineering marvel but also a symbol of the Filipino people’s love for the land. The Ifugao people have long seen rice production as an extension of their spiritual connection with their ancestors. The terraces were also used for cultural, social, and religious events such as the “Imbayah,” a ritual performed to replenish the sacred elements of the rice terraces.

Sadly, over time, the upkeep of the rice terraces has declined, and its beauty and cultural significance are at risk of being lost forever.

The Importance of Preserving the Banaue Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces are an essential part of Philippine cultural heritage. It’s not just a tourist attraction but also a living testament to the history and traditions of the Ifugao people. Preserving the terraces is necessary not only to keep the traditions and culture of the Ifugao people alive but also to ensure food security in the region.

Furthermore, the terraces hold value beyond their cultural and agricultural significance; they also serve as a tourist attraction, generating revenue for the state. Tourism can be an important source of revenue for locals, businesses, and state revenue.

Challenges in Preserving the Banaue Rice Terraces

The main challenge for the preservation of the Banaue Rice Terraces is the slow erosion of the terraces and the degradation of its infrastructure. Additionally, there is a growing interest among the young generation to explore non-agricultural industries, which could affect the farming’s continuity in the region.

Another challenge is inadequate funding and lack of expertise in managing the terraces, which makes it difficult to maintain the structures and its cultural significance.

Solutions for Preservation

To ensure the preservation of the Banaue Rice Terraces, there needs to be a coordinated effort between the government, private sector, and local communities. The government must invest in the infrastructure to ensure that the structures are well-maintained. The private sector can invest in tourism while still preserving the terraced landscape’s natural beauty.

Additionally, educating younger generations about the importance of the terraces is crucial for continuity. It’s also necessary to invest in research to develop sustainable farming technologies to ensure that farming practices can continue in the region.

The Banaue Rice Terraces are an essential cultural and agricultural landmark that needs to be preserved for future generations. The terraces’ significance goes beyond the architectural wonder and agricultural ingenuity they represent; they embody Filipino culture, traditions, and the people who built them. Preserving the terraces will require a collective effort from the government, private sector, and local communities to ensure their cultural, economic, and environmental values are not lost.

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Banaue Rice Terraces: A Marvelous Showcase of History and Culture

The rice terraces were made by the ifugaos approximately 2,000 years ago, even earlier than the colosseum of rome and hadrian’s wall in the united kingdom. this amazing work can be found at the cordillera mountain range, located north of the philippines. long generations of the ifugaos hand-carved the mountains with the use of mere primitive tools and sheer human power. they traced the contours of the land and made the terraces look like large steps heavenward. because of this, the banaue rice terraces is also called “stairways to the sky,” a very fitting title for this work of wonder..

The rice terraces were made by the Ifugaos approximately 2,000 years ago, even earlier than the Colosseum of Rome and Hadrian’s Wall in the United Kingdom. This amazing work can be found at the Cordillera Mountain Range, located north of the Philippines. Long generations of Ifugaos hand-carved the mountains with the use of mere primitive tools and sheer human power. They traced the contours of the land and made the terraces look like large steps heavenward. Because of this, the Banaue Rice Terraces is also called “Stairways to the Sky,” a very fitting title for this work of wonder.

The Ifugao Rice Terraces is an epitome of harmony between humankind and nature. This shows that the environment is willing to be shaped and used as long as the people are taking good care of it. Even the mountains provide a fertile venue for farming and irrigation, thus allowing the villagers to stay in their sanctuary and make their livelihood there. Indeed, this ethnic group had been peacefully living in the Cordillera Mountains long before Ferdinand Magellan “discovered” the Philippines. Even during the colonization period, the Ifugaos successfully resisted influences from other countries.

The rice terraces are a spectacular testimony of nature’s sustainability and a community’s outstanding system of rice production and water irrigation – harvesting water from the mountaintops and harnessing them in carved terraces and ponds – a system which has survived for over two millennia. This intricate structure is a striking example of how an ancient civilization adapted to the hardships posed by their natural environment.

The Ifugaos are the best illustration of the persistence, continuity, and endurance of cultural traditions. They passed on their knowledge, culture, and arts from generation to generation up to the present time. They surpassed various challenges and steered clear of the changes offered by modernization. Many of us can learn valuable lessons from this tribe: not relying too much on modern technology, working together as a community, appreciating our heritage, and taking great measures to protect the environment.

The Banaue Rice Terraces is the best contribution of our Philippine ancestors to humanity.Most of our forefathers’ direct descendants are still living in the Cordillera Region and serving as the guardians of this truly fascinating heritage.

How to Get There

From Manila, there is a direct route going to Banaue, Ifugao, operated by Ohayami Trans. Travel time is 8-9 hours and the fare costs 450-500 pesos per person. You can also ride on Ohoyami Trans Bus going to Kiangan, passing through Lagawe. Ask the driver to drop you off at Lagawe, Ifugao. From there, you can ride a jeep going to Banaue.

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Essay on Banaue Rice Terraces

Students are often asked to write an essay on Banaue Rice Terraces in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Banaue Rice Terraces

The banaue rice terraces.

The Banaue Rice Terraces are in the Philippines. They are famous for their beauty and history. Built over 2000 years ago, they show the skill and hard work of the Ifugao people. They used only their hands and simple tools to build these terraces.

Structure and Purpose

Culture and heritage.

The terraces are a symbol of the Ifugao people’s culture. They show their knowledge of farming and nature. They also show their strong community spirit. Today, the terraces are a UNESCO World Heritage site. This means they are protected and valued by the world.

Threats and Conservation

Sadly, the terraces are at risk. Younger people are leaving for city jobs. This makes it hard to maintain the terraces. Also, climate change is causing more storms and landslides. But people are now working to save the terraces. They are repairing them and teaching others about their value.

250 Words Essay on Banaue Rice Terraces

The banaue rice terraces: a brief introduction, the making of the terraces.

The Ifugao people used simple tools and their bare hands to build the terraces. They moved soil and rocks to form walls. Then they filled in the steps with mud and water. This was a lot of hard work, but it allowed them to grow food on steep mountain slopes.

The Importance of the Banaue Rice Terraces

The terraces are not just beautiful, they are also very useful. They help control water flow and prevent soil erosion. This makes the land better for farming. The terraces also provide a home for many plants and animals.

Challenges and Conservation

Today, the Banaue Rice Terraces face some problems. Younger people are leaving for cities, and there are fewer farmers to take care of the terraces. Some walls are also damaged due to weather and time. But many people are working hard to fix these problems and protect the terraces for future generations.

In conclusion, the Banaue Rice Terraces are a symbol of human creativity and hard work. They show us how people can live in harmony with nature. Even though they face challenges, efforts are being made to keep them alive. The terraces remind us of the importance of preserving our cultural and natural heritage.

500 Words Essay on Banaue Rice Terraces

Introduction to banaue rice terraces.

The Banaue Rice Terraces are a beautiful and historic site in the Philippines. They are ancient, man-made steps carved into the mountains of Ifugao, a province in the country. These terraces are often called the “Eighth Wonder of the World” because of their size and the effort it took to build them.

History of Banaue Rice Terraces

Structure of banaue rice terraces.

The Banaue Rice Terraces are a marvel of engineering. They are built on the sides of steep mountains, reaching up to 5000 feet high. Each terrace is like a step, with a flat area for planting rice and a wall to hold the water and soil. The walls are made of mud and stones, and they have stood strong for thousands of years. The terraces are irrigated by a system of bamboo pipes and channels, which carry water from the rainforests above.

The Importance of Banaue Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces are not just beautiful to look at, they are also very important. They provide food for the local people and are a source of income through tourism. They are a living museum, showing us how people lived and worked in the past. They also teach us about sustainable farming, as the Ifugao people have been able to grow rice on the terraces without harming the environment.

Threats to Banaue Rice Terraces

Sadly, the Banaue Rice Terraces are under threat. Many young people are leaving the countryside to find work in the cities, and there are not enough people to maintain the terraces. The walls are starting to crumble, and some terraces are being abandoned. There are also problems with pests and diseases affecting the rice crops.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

Happy studying!

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Banaue Travel Guide: Home of Rice Terraces in the Philippines

Best Time to Go to Banaue

• How to Get to Banaue

By Bus From Manila

By bus from baguio, by bus from sagada, where to stay in banaue, what to see and do in banaue, see the banaue rice terraces.

• Immerse in the Ifugao culture at Tam-An Village

Hike to Tappiyah and Chappah Falls

Learn at the cordillera sculpture museum.

• Discover Batad’s Unique Charm

What to Eat in Banaue

• Practical Information and Tips

Sample Itinerary in Banaue

Day 0: travel from manila, day 1: arrival + falls excursion + souvenir shopping, day 2: trekking + heritage tour + departure.

See the majestic rice terraces of Banaue in the Philippines. What else is there to see and do in this rustic province in the Cordillera region? Learn everything there is to know in this guide. 

The mountainous Banaue in Ifugao province located in the northern part of Luzon has captured the interest of both local and international travelers because of its rich culture, cool weather, untouched mountain ranges and the warmth of the local Ifugao people.

Banaue is also home to the most picturesque and awe-inspiring rice terraces that stretch for miles into the horizon. Amongst the most popular are the Banaue Rice Terraces and Batad Rice Terraces, the latter being recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site .

See our popular Banaue Tours and Activities

Scenic 3-day sagada shared tour package from manila with side trip to banaue & baguio highlands, 2-week scenic adventure tour package to highlands of north luzon from manila, amazing 8-day nature & city adventure tour package to baguio, sagada & banaue from manila.

The rice terraces and its people coexist in a way that makes you appreciate the stunning view more and more as you take it all in.

Knowing that the wide expanse of lined rice terraces all the way to the sky is the fruit of labor of the generations of Ifugao people’s drive and workmanship makes it more iconic and remarkable.

There are no huge buildings or busy streets here, just vast lands of farms and humble huts or simple houses. Banaue also offers unique cultural experiences, outdoor activities, and culinary adventures for tourists.

Because of its proximity to other North Luzon destinations like Baguio City and Sagada , Banaue is usually a part of a longer itinerary covering those areas. But if you’re the type who wants to simply get away from the stresses of life, a longer stay in Banaue comes highly recommended.

Curious to learn more about this peaceful province in the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)? Read this ultimate guide to know everything about it and plan out your Banaue escape. 

The best months to visit Banaue are during the months of April to May and October to November since these are the times when the rice terraces are at their greenest and most scenic state.

Visiting during the rainy seasons of July and August is not recommended due to the possibility of landslides in some areas making it difficult for activities like hiking and trekking.

How to Get to Banaue

But as they say, the journey is indeed worth it once you see the postcard-perfect view of the Banaue Rice Terraces. There are a number of routes that you can take when going to Banaue:

It takes about 9 hours (depending on traffic) to get from Manila to Banaue and the only way to get there is via land transportation. There are no direct plane flights available to the province of Ifugao. Most people choose to travel by bus during nighttime so that you can arrive early in Banaue the next day and have more time to explore it.

The Ohayami Bus Transit which can be found in the corner of Fajardo Street and Lacson Avenue in Sampaloc Manilla operates from 9PM daily. If you want to reserve seats in advance, they accept booking online through their website.

Another option is Dangwa Transit which has their terminal in Cubao. Be sure to arrive at the station early if you plan to go by Dangwa bus since they operate only one trip daily and accommodates passengers on a first come, first serve basis. Their earliest schedule leaves at around 8PM.

The bus from Baguio to Banaue takes approximately 3 hours including transfers and departs at least three times a day. You can go by Ohayami Bus transit stationed along Otek Street near Burnham Park or KMS bus that offers two trips daily and can be found near Rizal Park.

See our popular Baguio Tours and Activities

2-day sagada adventure shared tour from manila with hotel & trip to banaue & baguio highlands, atok gardens day tour with transfers from baguio | northern blossom, sakura park, mt. olis & more, baguio city creative private day tour with snacks & transfers + optional lunch & upgrades.

If you’re coming from Sagada, it’s advisable to get to the terminal early. At the Sagada Municipal Hall, there are jeepneys going to Bontoc (the capital of Mountain Province). Travel time is around an hour and the trip starts as early as 6:30 a.m. There’s an available trip that leaves every half hour until 9:00 a.m to 1 p.m. 

From Bontoc, you can take the local bus to Banaue. The first trip leaves at 7:00 a.m and takes around 2 hours. Another option is to ride a van that leaves at 8:30 a.m., 10:00 a.m., and 1:00 p.m.

See our popular Sagada Tours and Activities

The top places to stay here are in the Banaue town proper or Batad. However, you must consider that Batad is less accessible since there is no road that directly leads to the village. It takes approximately 20 minutes to walk/hike in and out of this place.  Given that it is more secluded, there is no proper signal in Batad, therefore, be prepared to unplug and disconnect.

As they say, there’s no better way to spend your vacation than to be one with nature. Banaue will surely not disappoint.

Here are some of the most recommended places to stay in Banaue:

Batad Top View Homestay and Restaurant

Popular with backpackers and tourists alike, Batad Top View Homestay is at the end of a 100-yard side trail off the main Batad rice paddies. It’s like a hidden gem in the middle of nowhere. What visitors love most about this place is that it gives you a front-row seat to an unobstructed view of the Amphitheater Rice Terraces.

Uyami’s Greenview Lodge

A family-friendly basic hotel that’s conveniently located near the Banaue Rice Terraces. The hotel also has its own restaurant for guests who would rather stay, relax and enjoy the view within the area.

Bogah Homestay

Located 10 minutes away from the town center, Bogah Homestay offers a convenient location for guests coming from the city. It offers a relaxing ambiance as it provides a beautiful overlooking view of the rice terraces and the town’s river valley.

Ramon’s Home Stay in Batad

Experience the traditional Ifugao houses and wake up to the magnificent view of the Batad Rice Terraces. Their huts are simple, but the breathtaking views make up for it.

You’re also in for a treat as the owner Ramon goes the extra mile by organizing bonfires and storytelling sessions at night. Guests are encouraged to join and socialize as Ramon shares stories about Batad and the Ifugao culture. Truly a recommended place to stay if you want to immerse in the local’s way of living.

Banaue Homestay

The cozy Banaue Homestay is right in the center of town, which makes it the easiest choice for tourists. With its perfect location, it is close to everything and is literally just 10 minutes’ walk from Banaue town proper and the bus station. The homely and friendly atmosphere of this place is the top reason why it is listed as one of the best places to stay in Banaue.

On a good day, the view from their balcony makes you feel like you’re looking at a little piece of heaven with the clouds almost touching some of Banaue’s beautiful rice fields.

Native Village Inn

Upon entering the driveway to the Native Village Inn, you’ll be welcomed by a sign that reads: “Welcome to Paradise. We hope you have a pleasant stay.” Indeed, the place is a paradise in its own way.

Imagine looking at the green, luscious stretch of rice terraces while having your coffee in the morning or over a bottle of beer during dinner. Imagine listening to the sound of nothing but the flowing river or the cheerful tunes of the playful birds as the sunsets. Nature at its finest is what you will get from staying at the Native Village Inn. 

A part of its charm is also the fact that you can experience their traditional Ifugao tribal huts while savoring all that Banaue has to offer. The owners and staff show genuine friendliness that makes you feel a part of their community.

Video by the Philippine Department of Tourism

There’s more to Banaue than rice terraces. The place is full of spots to discover that you will surely not run out of things to do here. Just make sure to fuel up and energize since most of the activities almost always involve a bit of trekking and walking. Nothing that you can’t handle anyway!

It’s amazing to think that these rice terraces were created thousands 2000 years ago by the Ifugao people and still stands marvelously up to this as a symbol of the impressive skills and hard work of the Ifugao people who cultivate them through the years.

The rice terraces of the Philippines in the Cordillera region were built to address the problem of rice farming up the slopes of mountains.

Surrounded by rugged terrain, the Ifugao people had to find a way to grow rice despite the landslides and erosion around the area. You would be amazed to know that they are using the same ancient irrigation system up to this day.

Commonly referred to by the locals as the 8th Wonder of the World, Banaue Rice Terraces is more than just a sight to behold but a bewildering remnants of the years and years of the Ifugao’s inspiring way of preserving and cultivating their rice culture – a culture that have been intricately woven in their way of living.

For instance, their major traditions are closely tied to their planting and harvesting seasons. They perform thanksgiving celebrations during harvest season and strictly observe “tungo or tungul”, known to be their days of rest during the off season.

Immerse in the Ifugao culture at Tam-An Village

Aside from souvenirs, the village is also known for its native Ifugao houses referred to as the “no-nail houses”. These houses are built out of Amugawan trees, carefully and sturdily used as timbers to hold the houses together.

Upon entering, you can see authentic wooden carvings and designs that ultimately represent the owner’s cultural heritage. Visiting this side of town gives you a quick glimpse of the Ifugao’s way of living through the years.

The one-hour trek from Poblacion to Chappah Falls in Barangay Bocos is surely worth it with its cold and refreshing water. It also offers a panoramic view of the whole town, as well as a close perspective of the rice terraces.

The Tappiyah Falls in Barangay Batad is also popular among tourists.  You’re in for a treat with its enormous natural swimming pool. Don’t forget to bring your swimming gear and packed lunch as you enjoy the sight and sound of this magnificent waterfall.

See our popular Waterfalls Tours

Cebu oslob whale shark watching, sumilon sandbar, tumalog falls tour with lunch & transfers, cebu oslob whale shark watching & kawasan canyoneering tour with safety gear, lunch & transfers, cebu moalboal island hopping and badian kawasan falls canyoneering tour with lunch & transfers.

For those who would like to delve deeper into the Ifugao culture, this museum showcases some of the cultural treasures of the ancient Ifugao people.

The museum displays over a thousand pieces of indigenous artifacts. It is located 1.8 kilometers south of downtown Banaue and is accessible via a 10-minute tricycle ride from the town center.

Discover Batad’s Unique Charm

It’s admirable how the culture and heritage of Batad have remained untouched despite more and more people discovering its magnificence. The locals still speak their mother tongue, practice their ancient rituals and remained unmoved amidst the current flow of tourists visiting the place.

You are surrounded by nothing but nature’s beauty in Batad. Everything is a sight and memory to hold on to. Savor these moments and make them count more with other suggested activities in the list below:

Be one with nature as you walk along the rice fields

Trek to Mount Amuyao

Stay in a native Ifugao hut

Don’t miss out on the native Ifugao coffee

Hike to Awa View Deck to get the best views of the rice terraces

Join bonfires where the locals share their daily life stories

Try the native rice wine

Mingle and chat with the locals and be amazed with their stories of old folklores and myths

Try the local dish, pinikpikan and other traditional delicacies

Watch the locals create the handcrafted souvenirs and support the local community by buying some as souvenirs

Hike to Kinakin and Cambulo 

Watch the sunset at the Top View deck over a bottle of beer or two

• Read our article on the  Top Banuae Tourist Spots  to learn more

See our popular Hiking Tours

Scenic 2-day treasure mountain rizal camping package with daranak falls side trip & transfers, rizal treasure mountain day pass with breakfast, obstacle course, giant seesaw & bosay falls trek, breathtaking 2-day treasure mountain rizal camping package with breakfast.

Banaue has a number of rustic restaurants with scenic views that make every dining experience unlike any other. Most of the accommodations in Banaue also have their own restaurants that offer traditional Filipino food at an affordable rate which makes it convenient for most of the tourists. Here are some must-try restaurants when in Banaue:

7th Heaven’s Café

It offers a good selection of breakfast and other comfort food while your eyes feast on the amazing views of the rice terraces. Don’t miss out on their famous honey-cured liempo and tinocenturi, their own version of the popular Filipino dish tinola.

Sanafe Lodge and Restaurant

A popular choice among tourists because of its lovely outdoor restaurant with a stunning view. Perched on the side of the hill, you can enjoy eating outside as you relax and breathe in the cool, fresh breeze.

Their best seller list includes their own take on homemade meals such as Chicken Curry, Beef Salpicao, and Sweet & Sour Pork.

Native Village Inn Restaurant

As you enter their lovely restaurant, you know you’re going to have a good time because of the unbelievably beautiful view of the Hapao Terraces right in front of you and the warm hospitality of the staff. The place is quiet and romantic. You can choose to eat in one of their huts outside as you enjoy both the food and the view.

Their restaurant’s menu offers a wide selection from western to traditional Filipino food but their Spicy Pork and Chicken Curry with Ifugao Rice is a must-try. Have a cheesecake for dessert too.

Las Vegas Lodge

You can never go wrong with a scenic view, live music, and great food. Good thing, Las Vegas Lodge offers all of them. Known for their variety of both local and international cuisine, this place is visited by travelers who are after affordability and tasty meals.

Home-cooked meal at a very affordable price makes you feel like you’ve never really left home. For about PHP100 (USD 2), you already have a complete set of meal consists of the main course dishes, rice and ripe mango for dessert. Not a bad deal! 

Practical Information and Tips

Activities and itineraries in Banaue require a great deal of walking, hiking and trekking so it’s better to be physically prepared.

You will get a weak mobile signal and sometimes even none in Batad so make sure you won’t be needing your phone for work or any urgent matters while you’re there. You’re on vacation anyway!

If it’s your first time, drop by the Tourism Office of Banaue so that they can orient you about available tours and transportation transfers.

Some tours don’t require you to get a guide but for someone not familiar with a place like Batad, it would be better to have one to walk you through and lead your path. You’d rather spend your precious time ticking off the itineraries on your list than being lost.

Be mindful of the schedule and availability of public transportation especially in Batad to avoid spending more. Public jeepneys leave Batad at 9AM and returns from Banaue at 3PM.

Bring clothes that are appropriate for trekking and the cold weather. Bear in mind that the temperature in the mountains can be unpredictable, so bring an extra jacket wouldn’t hurt.

Bring enough cash with you. There are no accessible ATMs, especially in Batad.

Everything is on cash basis. The homestays and restaurants don’t accept credit cards so having cash handy will save you from any inconvenience.

Appreciate the beauty around you but leave no trace of trash or rubbish.

Buy locally produced souvenirs as your way of support to the local community.

Respect the local culture. Be considerate of the Ifugao people. Bear in mind that this is their home. This is their way of living, their beliefs, and their ancestor’s heritage.

09:00 PM - Departure from Manila

06:00 AM - Arrival in Banaue/Breakfast

07:00 AM - Tricycle to Batad

08:00 AM - ETA Batad drop off point. Trek to Village and the chosen accommodation

09:00 AM - Hotel. Check-in. Rest

10:00 AM – 03:00 PM: Trek to Top View, Tappiyah Falls and if time permits, drop by the Awa View

04:00 PM - Head back to homestay. Freshen up and rest

05:00 PM - Walk around the village. Watch the locals create the handmade souvenirs. Souvenir shopping

06:00 PM - Dinner

07:00 PM - Socials and bonfire session

10:00 PM - Lights Out

06:00 AM - Wake Up. Freshen Up

07:00 AM - Breakfast

08:00 AM - Pack up. Trek back to the main road where the drop off point is

09:00 AM - ETD Banaue

10:00 AM - ETA Banaue. Check-in. Rest

11:00 AM - Banaue Rice Terraces Viewing Deck

12:00 NN - Lunch

01:00 PM – 05:00 PM - Try a Banaue Heritage tour and visit Ambuklo Dam, Banaue Museum, and more

06:00 PM - Early dinner. Proceed to bus terminal

08:00 PM - ETD Banaue to Manila

Escape to Rustic but Charming Banaue

Photo from the Philippine Department of Tourism

Truly, Banaue is a paradise in its own way, a place of exceptional happiness and delight. A place where you can be one with nature. A place that encourages you to be fully present.

A place that gives you a glimpse of a rich culture lived centuries ago and has been cultivated by its younger generations. There might have been a bit of a modern touch into it now but Banaue still has its inexplicable charm – one that makes you want to be in the moment.

As they say, it’s nice to be in places that make you realize how small you and your worries or concerns are. Banaue is one of them. It reminds you of how simple and humble life in the mountains is.

Despite the lack of modern facilities, the Ifugao people were able to survive and thrive for centuries. Moreover, it’s such a moving thought to ponder how these world-renowned rice terraces were built with almost nothing but their bare hands.

Imagine the sun as it slowly peaks in between the mountains. Imagine the morning light as it strikes the Banaue Rice Terraces that glimmers in the morning. Imagine the cool breeze as it softly touches your face while walking amidst the luscious rice fields in Batad. Imagine listening to the sound of the river as it flows down the valley.  

Imagine the sky as it changes its color from blue to a shade of sea green as you watch the sunset at the top of the mountain overlooking the magical rice terraces of Banaue.

The next time you find yourself dreaming of your next adventure, think no more. Banaue is the place to be. Go ahead and see it for yourself.

The stretch of green mountains that expands its way into the horizon, the warmth of the Ifugao people, the untouched forests, river valleys and waterfalls are more than enough reasons to tease and satisfy your wanderlust.

Start planning your trip to Banaue today. Explore the  Philippine tours and activities that you can add to your itinerary to this charming destination in North Luzon. 

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Philippines – The Charming Beauty of Banaue Rice Terraces

The second destination of my journey in the Philippines is Banaue, a small town located in the northern part of Luzon , the same island where the capital Manila is located. Starting from Manila with a night bus it took us about ten hours to reach what is considered the iconic destination of the Philippines’ rice area. The charm of this place it’s not only due to its indisputable beauty, but also to the centennial history hidden in these terraces. The very moment we faced such marvellous sight we couldn’t believe such a complex and efficient terracing system was built hundreds of years ago by the Ifugao tribe, and since then only few modifications have been made.

Several sources affirm that the first rice fields in Banaue date back to 2000 years ago, but the recent archeological studies tend to resize such esteem. Fact is that the Banaue rice terraces stand as an incredible example of environmental engineering. It exploits its staircase system to capture the water streaming from the mountain peaks. What catches the gaze of the visitors is a packed combination of basins limited by tall rocky walls.

The morning we arrived in Banaue there was a thin rain and a person from the guest house we booked from Italy was already waiting for us. The owner, Randy, was very kind and welcoming, although a bit bizarre. But his oddness was paired by a sincere smile and he was always ready to lend us some cover for the rain or an extra blanket for the night.

After a healthy breakfast we hit the road and marched towards the rice terraces. I couldn’t wait, it was the first time I ever saw anything like that and just knowing they were standing a few meters from me made me terribly eager. In the meantime, unfortunately, the thin rain became a mild storm and it kept going like that for the rest of the day.

While nearing a sight-seeing point we fought our way through the low clouds which more than once completely impeded us to see where we were going. Then they would leave some crack of light and hope, which just fed my eagerness for admiring the sight hidden ahead of us. Once we arrived at the viewpoint the clouds finally rewarded my obstinacy and moved away, revealing the landscape underneath in all its splendour.

Bewitched as I was by the stunning landscape, I didn’t notice at first those two eyes pointed at me. They were the eyes of Bulol, or at least of one of his many wooden representation. For the Ifuao people, Bulol symbolizes protection, and of course he protects the precious rice fields from bad weather and ravenous animals.

Before leaving the panoramic viewpoint I glimpsed at him for a short moment. Those clouds suddenly opening for us, I thought, might well be another one of its mysterious deeds.

I live in Turin, which I deeply love, but still I often feel the need to leave and explore new fantastic places. I believe travelling to be an art and the traveller with most curiosity and creativity will be able to find the most marvellous paths.

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Top 10 Interesting Facts about Banaue Rice Terraces

Photo Source: Wikimedia

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1. Banaue Rice Terraces were Made by Hands

photo by Agricmarketing from Wikimedia

2. Banaue Rice Terraces are National Cultural Treasure

3. banaue rice terraces is an ancient irrigation scheme.

photo by Deanmanila from Wikimedia

4. Banaue Rice Terraces are not Part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippines Cordilleras

5. banaue rice terraces is a tourist attraction site.

photo by William del Rosario from Wikimedia

6. Banaue Rice Terraces  are Recognised as the Eighth Wonder of the World

7. the banaue rice terraces were on the danger list until 2012.

photo by Germartin1 from Wikimedia

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Exploring the Ancient Agricultural Engineering of the Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines

The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines is one of the world’s most impressive engineering feats. This ancient agricultural marvel has been in use for over 2,000 years and is still producing rice today. In this article, we will explore the historical, cultural, and environmental significance of the Banaue Rice Terraces, as well as how they were built, how they are maintained, and the challenges they face in modern times.

The Historical Significance of the Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines

The Banaue Rice Terraces were built by the Ifugao people of the Philippines over 2,000 years ago. These people are known for their excellent engineering skills, which were put to use in the construction of the terraces. The terraces were built to enable rice farming in the mountains, where the rainfall is not sufficient to grow rice efficiently on flat land. The terraces allowed for the efficient use of water and soil, which is crucial for rice farming.

The Banaue Rice Terraces is a testament to the ancient ingenuity of the Ifugao people and is a significant cultural and historical heritage of the Philippines. The terraces were declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1995, further highlighting their importance.

Aside from their practical purpose, the Banaue Rice Terraces also hold spiritual significance for the Ifugao people. The terraces are believed to be a gift from their ancestors and are considered sacred. The Ifugao people perform rituals and ceremonies in the terraces to honor their ancestors and ask for a bountiful harvest.

Today, the Banaue Rice Terraces continue to be a source of pride for the Ifugao people and a popular tourist destination in the Philippines. Visitors can witness the beauty and complexity of the terraces up close and learn about the rich cultural heritage of the Ifugao people.

The Cultural Significance of Rice Farming in the Philippines

Rice farming has deep cultural roots in the Philippines, and the Banaue Rice Terraces plays a significant role in this. Rice is the staple food in the Philippines, and rice farming has been an essential part of the country’s culture and economy for many years. The terraces are also central to the Ifugao people’s cultural identity, and many ceremonies and practices are centered around the terraces.

Furthermore, rice farming has also influenced the arts and crafts of the Philippines. The intricate designs and patterns found in traditional textiles, such as the T’nalak of the T’boli people, are inspired by the rice paddies and terraces. The colors and shapes used in pottery and basket weaving also reflect the natural beauty of the rice fields. Rice farming has not only sustained the people of the Philippines but has also inspired their creativity and artistic expression.

The Environmental Sustainability of Rice Farming in the Banaue Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces is an excellent example of sustainable agriculture. The Ifugao people have been practicing sustainable agriculture for over 2,000 years, and the terraces have been maintained using traditional farming techniques, such as crop rotation and terrace maintenance, for generations. These techniques help to maintain soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, and maximize the use of water. The terraces are also home to a diverse range of flora and fauna, making them a critical biodiversity hotspot.

In addition to the environmental benefits of sustainable agriculture, the Banaue Rice Terraces also provide economic benefits to the local community. The terraces attract tourists from all over the world, who come to admire the stunning landscape and learn about the Ifugao culture. This tourism provides a source of income for the local community, which helps to support the continued maintenance and preservation of the terraces. Additionally, the rice produced in the terraces is sold locally and provides a source of food for the community.

How the Banaue Rice Terraces Were Built: A Step-by-Step Guide

The construction of the Banaue Rice Terraces was an impressive engineering feat. The terraces were built by hand, with Ifugao farmers using simple tools such as hoes, spades, and baskets. The process of building the terraces involved cutting into the hillsides and building the walls with stones, mud, and clay. The walls were then reinforced with tree trunks and bamboo. Irrigation channels were also built to allow water to flow to the terraces and ensure that the rice is adequately irrigated.

It is estimated that the construction of the Banaue Rice Terraces began over 2,000 years ago and was completed over several generations. The Ifugao people, who are known for their rice cultivation skills, built the terraces as a way to cultivate rice on the steep mountain slopes. The terraces were not only functional but also served as a symbol of the Ifugao’s cultural heritage and identity. Today, the Banaue Rice Terraces are recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and continue to be an important source of livelihood for the Ifugao people.

The Importance of Irrigation Systems in Maintaining the Banaue Rice Terraces

Irrigation is essential to maintaining the Banaue Rice Terraces. If the terraces do not receive enough water, the rice crops will die, leading to a loss of livelihood for the Ifugao people. The irrigation system used in the terraces is a complex network of channels and pools that ensures that the rice crops receive the right amount of water at the proper intervals.

Furthermore, the irrigation system also plays a crucial role in preserving the terraces themselves. The water flowing through the channels and pools helps to prevent erosion and maintain the structural integrity of the terraces. Without proper irrigation, the terraces would be at risk of collapsing, which would not only be a devastating loss for the Ifugao people but also a significant blow to the cultural heritage of the Philippines.

The Role of Traditional Farming Techniques in Preserving the Banaue Rice Terraces

The Ifugao people have been using traditional farming techniques to maintain the Banaue Rice Terraces for generations. These techniques are still in use today and have helped to preserve the terraces for over 2,000 years. These techniques include crop rotation, terrace maintenance, and the use of organic fertilizers. These techniques help to maintain soil fertility, prevent soil erosion, and maximize the use of water, ensuring that the terraces can continue to produce rice for generations to come.

In addition to these techniques, the Ifugao people also practice a form of agroforestry, where they plant trees and crops together. This helps to provide shade for the rice plants, which reduces water loss through evaporation and helps to maintain soil moisture. The trees also provide a habitat for birds and insects, which help to control pests and pollinate the crops.

Furthermore, the Ifugao people have a deep spiritual connection to the rice terraces and the land. They believe that the spirits of their ancestors reside in the terraces and that they must care for the land to maintain a harmonious relationship with the spirits. This belief system has helped to ensure that the traditional farming techniques are passed down from generation to generation and that the terraces are preserved for future generations.

Modern Innovations in Agriculture and Their Impact on the Banaue Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces face several challenges in modern times, such as climate change, tourism, and modern farming practices. However, modern innovations in agriculture, such as hydroponics and precision farming, have the potential to benefit the terraces. Hydroponics, for example, could allow rice to be grown in a controlled environment, reducing the impact of climate change and improving yields. Precision farming, on the other hand, could allow for more efficient use of water and fertilizers in the terraces.

In addition to hydroponics and precision farming, there are other modern innovations in agriculture that could benefit the Banaue Rice Terraces. One such innovation is vertical farming, which involves growing crops in vertically stacked layers, using artificial lighting and controlled environments. This method could be particularly useful in the terraces, where space is limited and the terrain is steep.

Another innovation that could benefit the terraces is the use of drones for crop monitoring and management. Drones equipped with cameras and sensors can provide farmers with real-time data on crop health, soil moisture, and other important factors. This information can help farmers make more informed decisions about when to water, fertilize, and harvest their crops, leading to higher yields and more efficient use of resources.

The Tourism Industry and Its Relationship with the Banaue Rice Terraces

The Banaue Rice Terraces is a significant tourist destination, attracting visitors from all over the world. Tourism, however, has both positive and negative impacts on the terraces. On the positive side, tourism generates revenue for the Ifugao people, which helps to preserve the terraces. On the negative side, tourism can lead to overcrowding, littering, and damage to the terraces. It is essential to strike a balance between tourism and environmental preservation to ensure that the Banaue Rice Terraces remain intact for future generations to enjoy.

Efforts have been made to mitigate the negative impacts of tourism on the Banaue Rice Terraces. The local government has implemented regulations to limit the number of visitors and to enforce responsible tourism practices. Tourists are encouraged to follow designated trails and to dispose of their waste properly. Additionally, community-based tourism initiatives have been established, which allow visitors to experience the terraces while supporting the local economy and culture. These efforts have been successful in preserving the terraces and promoting sustainable tourism.

Challenges Facing the Preservation of the Banaue Rice Terraces Today

The Banaue Rice Terraces face several challenges in modern times, such as climate change, tourism, and modern farming practices. Climate change is causing changes in weather patterns, which is affecting rice production. Tourism can also lead to overcrowding, littering, and damage to the terraces. Modern farming practices, such as the use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers, can also damage the soil and affect yields. It is essential to find sustainable solutions to these challenges to preserve the Banaue Rice Terraces for future generations.

One of the sustainable solutions to preserve the Banaue Rice Terraces is to promote traditional farming practices. Traditional farming practices, such as the use of organic fertilizers and natural pest control methods, can help maintain the soil’s health and improve yields. Additionally, promoting eco-tourism can help raise awareness about the importance of preserving the terraces and generate income for the local communities. By implementing these sustainable solutions, we can ensure that the Banaue Rice Terraces continue to thrive for generations to come.

The Banaue Rice Terraces is an ancient agricultural marvel that has produced rice for over 2,000 years. The terraces are not only significant from a historical and cultural perspective but also from an environmental and economic aspect. The Ifugao people have been practicing sustainable agriculture for generations, using traditional farming techniques to maintain the terraces. However, the terraces face several challenges in modern times, such as climate change, tourism, and modern farming practices. It is essential to find sustainable solutions to these challenges to preserve the Banaue Rice Terraces for future generations.

One of the sustainable solutions to preserve the Banaue Rice Terraces is to promote eco-tourism. Eco-tourism can provide economic benefits to the local community while also raising awareness about the importance of preserving the terraces. By promoting responsible tourism practices, such as limiting the number of visitors and educating tourists about the significance of the terraces, we can ensure that the terraces remain intact for future generations to enjoy. Additionally, implementing sustainable farming practices, such as using organic fertilizers and crop rotation, can help maintain the health of the soil and prevent erosion, which is a significant threat to the terraces.

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The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines

by George Davis

While many people are dreaming of the Philippines as a top-notch beach destination, the country has many other impressive things to offer. Indeed, Philippines offer a truly spectacular, heavenly-made beach setting with turquoise waters, sandy beaches and lots of palm trees that compose a unique tropical getaway from the honeymooners and for those who are in a constant search for summer vibes. However, the country is also capable of providing spectacular experiences when exploring the countryside. The infamous Banaue Rice Terraces are definitely an option for exploration due to their notable significance, history and tradition.

The Banaue Rice Terraces in the Philippines | Traveler by Unique

The rice terraces in the Philippines are mainly a system of parallel mountain ranges with intervening plateaux’s and they are perceived as an exceptional example of an advanced and living landscape with multiple cultural features. The development of this particular landscape traces its origins back in the pre-colonial era of the Philippines, almost two millennia ago. The broader region that hosts these impressive rice terraces is known as the Philippine Cordillera and can be found on a mountain on the island of Luzon.

The landscape covers an enormous area but, there are five of them which are characterized as the most important and the most impressive ones. These are the Batad rice terraces, the Bangaan terraces in Banaue, the Mayayao and Hungduan rice terraces, as well as the Negacadan rice terraces in Kiangan. All of the above mentioned can be found in the broader area of the Ifugao province and they are of great importance as they were carved by the Ifugao ethnic minority that used to be living on those mountains for over 2000 years. The most famous among the five are definitely the ones that can be found in Banaue. This is because this site is often perceived as the 8th wonder of the world.

Banaue’s sustainability and harmony

In 1995, the Cordilleras region was officially listed as one of the UNESCO’s sites of cultural heritage. The importance that Banaue Rice Terraces are expressing can be found on the fact that the area is an actual representation of a 2000 years old history. The rice terraces illustrate a unique and notable ancient lifestyle that was harmoniously paired with the preservation of the natural setting. The ethnic minority of Ifugaos achieved to promote sustainability at a great extend as they were cultivating rice without destroying the landscape. This exceptional agricultural method was then transferred from generation to generation enabling environmental preservation. Nowadays, the region attracts not only visitors who wish to admire the landscape but also nature lovers and professionals who wish to experience from first-hand how sustainable living is achieved.

Getting there

The infamous Banaue Rice Terraces can be found in the provincial area of Luzon which is approximately 370Km north from the capital city of Manilla. Travelers who are interested in visiting this majestic location from Manilla can travel there either by bus or by chartering a private transportation service for a more comfortable and pleasurable experience. In what regards buses, two main companies offer a frequent schedule with comfortable seating and buses with modern features.

Visit Batad

Those who wish to explore the broader area of Banaue shall include in their schedule a visit at the small and charming village of Badat. The village’s shape is amphitheatric allowing some of the most iconic and breath-taking views over Banaue’s rice terraces. The area has also multiple hiking trails leading to the beautiful Tappiyah Falls for those wishing to proceed with some extra activities in exploring the area. Due to the unspoiled character of the village and of the area in general, visitors often found themselves lost into a journey in time, where the everyday life of the people has no modern features. Visiting Batad and Banaue rice terraces will definitely be a once in a lifetime experience like no other.

Interesting facts about Banaue

Except for the area’s significant importance as an agricultural and historical site, Banaue has numerous interesting facts that visitors should be aware about. The Banaue rice terraces can be found at an altitude of 1500 meters above the sea level and cover a total area of 10360 square kilometers. In addition, the rice plantations that the terraces have, receive water from the rainforests just above them. The abovementioned statements often lead professionals and scientists to claim that the rice terraces of Banaue are among the most notable engineering accomplishments of the ancient world.

The rice terraces were constructed, as mentioned earlier, from the ethnic minority of Ifugao that used to live in the area. Nowadays, the people that belong in this minority are still living in the area and continue to cultivate the land and the rice terraces. However, a great percentage of them are not interested in agriculture anymore as they now focus on the tourists that visit their impressive terraces. As a result, as many of them are not interested anymore in continuing the traditional farming, scientists understood changes in the soil’s composition. More precisely, the soil started to erode and in order to preserve these historical terraces, some of them must be redone. The ethnic minority of Ifugao are characterized as welcoming and warm people. In fact, they like to have fun and they organize the festival of tunggul. This festival is a great opportunity for both, the members of the ethnic minority and the visitors to interact by drinking rice beers and eating rice cakes. Joining this festival would be a memorable experience as it forms the perfect chance to understand more about these people and their culture.

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DA to revive abandoned Cordillera rice terraces

HERITAGE SITE The Batad rice terraces in Banaue, Ifugao, shown in this April 2013 photo, are the most picturesque of the terraces that make up the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization’s World Heritage Site. But a number of terraced farms in Ifugao have been abandoned by their owners and the Department of Agriculture wants to rehabilitate them in the coming years to help improve the country’s rice production. —Ev Espiritu

BAGUIO CITY, Philippines — Abandoned or idle rice terraces in Ifugao province would be brought back to life under a new government strategy to sustain the granaries of the Cordillera, agriculture officials said.

Department of Agriculture (DA) Assistant Secretary for Logistics Daniel Atayde said here last week that the agency would include in future annual national budget allocations the repair of popular centuries-old terraced farms in the Ifugao towns of Banaue, Kiangan, Hungduan and Mayoyao, which have been named as a World Heritage Site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (Unesco).

Mountain Province also boasts rock-walled terraces that grow rice for its communities, including those in the town of Sagada. In other upland Cordillera towns, farmers carved out vegetable gardens by following the natural contour of the mountains.

READ: Save the rice terraces

The new DA allocations would rebuild broken terraces and finance the reactivation of idle terraced farms to improve productivity, added Jennilyn Dawayan, DA Cordillera director.

Dawayan and Atayde joined local chefs who cooked a giant paella, using the Cordillera’s heirloom rice called “tinawon,” at Burnham Park here on May 30 during the closing ceremony for this year’s Farmers and Fisherfolk Month celebrations.

“As policy, the government will make sure full rehabilitation of the terraces means making sure the revived paddies are productive,” Dawayan told the Inquirer.

READ: On the edge: Saving Ifugao rice terraces

The Cordillera terraces are unique for its indigenous water engineering system, which placed the mountain-carved terraces beneath “muyong” (community forest) to conserve rainwater, reduce soil erosion and regulate run-off water flowing down man-made or natural canals to layers of rice paddies (“payao”). The muyong forests also provided timber for woodcarvers.

Dawayan said DA would determine the number and condition of abandoned terraces to determine how much rehabilitation funding should be included in next year’s budget.

Outside the World Heritage Site, smaller rice terraces were converted into vegetable gardens to maintain the family businesses, Banaue Mayor Joel Bungallon had said in March.

Aging farmers

Radiocarbon dating of the terraces by the Ifugao Anthropology Project led by US-based archaeologist Stephen Acabado and uncovered relics placed these man-made wonders as 400 years old.

However, for over two decades, upland communities have struggled with abandoned family-owned terraces because young generations refused to farm or have moved to the cities to learn modern trade skills at the prodding of their own parents, according to archival reports and studies.

The high number of aging farmers and their workers was also among the observations listed by Unesco after it declared the Cordillera terraces a World Heritage Site in 1995. Recent demographic profiles put the average upland farmer in their mid-50s.

This phenomenon was also recorded when the Ifugao terraces were declared as a globally important agricultural heritage system in 2011.

Dawayan said DA researchers learned that many terraced farm owners are open to assistance, mainly from community members who would rebuild their payao and grow “tinawon” in exchange for a share of the harvest.

The government can pursue this strategy by tapping programs of other agencies, like the Department of Labor and Employment, that subsidize workers willing to farm idle terraces for a harvest share, said Dawayan.

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Ifugao has a similar community support system, the traditional “chawwa,” where neighbors take over untended payao for a share in production. In 2016, then Banaue mayor and now Ifugao Gov. Jerry Dalipog employed chawwa to revive 341.7 hectares of idle terraces to supply a popular restaurant. —Vincent Cabreza

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• Secondary School

Where Banaue Rice Terraces is located??​

The Banaue Rice Terraces are terraces that were carved into the mountains of Banaue, Ifugao, in the Philippines, by the ancestors of the indigenous people. The terraces are occasionally called the "Eighth Wonder of the World". It is commonly thought that the terraces were built with minimal equipment, largely by hand.

from the above question answer is Australia

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From Manila to Banaue to the Rice Terraces?

Has anyone done this route before and can advise on the best way to get to the rice terraces from Banaue? I am hoping I can use one day to travel and the other to hike and see the rice terraces.

Any advice would be much appreciated.