how to write a good hypothesis for an experiment

5 Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis: A Guide for Researchers

• by Brian Thomas
• October 10, 2023

Are you a curious soul, always seeking answers to the whys and hows of the world? As a researcher, formulating a hypothesis is a crucial first step towards unraveling the mysteries of your study. A well-crafted hypothesis not only guides your research but also lays the foundation for drawing valid conclusions. But what exactly makes a hypothesis a good one? In this blog post, we will explore the five key characteristics of a good hypothesis that every researcher should know.

Here, we will delve into the world of hypotheses, covering everything from their types in research to understanding if they can be proven true. Whether you’re a seasoned researcher or just starting out, this blog post will provide valuable insights on how to craft a sound hypothesis for your study. So let’s dive in and uncover the secrets to formulating a hypothesis that stands strong amidst the scientific rigor!

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5 Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

Clear and specific.

A good hypothesis is like a GPS that guides you to the right destination. It needs to be clear and specific so that you know exactly what you’re testing. Avoid vague statements or general ideas. Instead, focus on crafting a hypothesis that clearly states the relationship between variables and the expected outcome. Clarity is key, my friend!

Testable and Falsifiable

A hypothesis might sound great in theory, but if you can’t test it or prove it wrong, then it’s like chasing unicorns. A good hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable – meaning there should be a way to gather evidence to support or refute it. Don’t be afraid to challenge your hypothesis and put it to the test. Only when it can be proven false can it truly be considered a good hypothesis.

Based on Existing Knowledge

Imagine trying to build a Lego tower without any Lego bricks. That’s what it’s like to come up with a hypothesis that has no basis in existing knowledge. A good hypothesis is grounded in previous research, theories, or observations. It shows that you’ve done your homework and understand the current state of knowledge in your field. So, put on your research hat and gather those building blocks for a solid hypothesis!

Specific Predictions

No, we’re not talking about crystal ball predictions or psychic abilities here. A good hypothesis includes specific predictions about what you expect to happen. It’s like making an educated guess based on your understanding of the variables involved. These predictions help guide your research and give you something concrete to look for. So, put on those prediction goggles, my friend, and let’s get specific!

Relevant to the Research Question

A hypothesis is a road sign that points you in the right direction. But if it’s not relevant to your research question, then you might end up in a never-ending detour. A good hypothesis aligns with your research question and addresses the specific problem or phenomenon you’re investigating. Keep your focus on the main topic and avoid getting sidetracked by shiny distractions. Stay relevant, my friend, and you’ll find the answers you seek!

And there you have it: the five characteristics of a good hypothesis. Remember, a good hypothesis is clear, testable, based on existing knowledge, makes specific predictions, and is relevant to your research question. So go forth, my friend, and hypothesize your way to scientific discovery!

FAQs: Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

In the realm of scientific research, a hypothesis plays a crucial role in formulating and testing ideas. A good hypothesis serves as the foundation for an experiment or study, guiding the researcher towards meaningful results. In this FAQ-style subsection, we’ll explore the characteristics of a good hypothesis, their types, formulation, and more. So let’s dive in and unravel the mysteries of hypothesis-making!

What Are Two Important Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis possesses two important characteristics:

Testability : A hypothesis must be testable to determine its validity. It should be formulated in a way that allows researchers to design and conduct experiments or gather data for analysis. For example, if we hypothesize that “drinking herbal tea reduces stress,” we can easily test it by conducting a study with a control group and a group drinking herbal tea.

Falsifiability : Falsifiability refers to the potential for a hypothesis to be proven wrong. A good hypothesis should make specific predictions that can be refuted or supported by evidence. This characteristic ensures that hypotheses are based on empirical observations rather than personal opinions. For instance, the hypothesis “all swans are white” can be falsified by discovering a single black swan.

What Are the Types of Hypothesis in Research

In research, there are three main types of hypotheses:

Null Hypothesis (H0) : The null hypothesis is a statement of no effect or relationship. It assumes that there is no significant difference between variables or no effect of a treatment. Researchers aim to reject the null hypothesis in favor of an alternative hypothesis.

Alternative Hypothesis (HA or H1) : The alternative hypothesis is the opposite of the null hypothesis. It asserts that there is a significant difference between variables or an effect of a treatment. Researchers seek evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.

Directional Hypothesis : A directional hypothesis predicts the specific direction of the relationship or difference between variables. For example, “increasing exercise duration will lead to greater weight loss.”

Can a Hypothesis Be Proven True

In scientific research, hypotheses are not proven true; they are supported or rejected based on empirical evidence . Even if a hypothesis is supported by multiple studies, new evidence could arise that contradicts it. Scientific knowledge is always subject to revision and refinement. Therefore, the goal is to gather enough evidence to either support or reject a hypothesis, rather than proving it absolutely true.

What Are the Six Parts of a Hypothesis

A hypothesis typically consists of six essential parts:

Research Question : A clear and concise question that the hypothesis seeks to answer.

Variables : Identification of the independent (manipulated) and dependent (measured) variables involved in the hypothesis.

Population : The specific group or individuals the hypothesis is concerned with.

Relationship or Comparison : The expected relationship or difference between variables, often indicated by directional terms like “more,” “less,” “higher,” or “lower.”

Predictability : A statement of the predicted outcome or result based on the relationship between variables.

Testability : The ability to design an experiment or gather data to support or reject the hypothesis.

How Do You Start a Hypothesis Sentence

When starting a hypothesis sentence, it is essential to use clear and concise language to express your ideas. A common approach is to use the phrase “If…then…” to establish the conditional relationship between variables. For example:

• If [independent variable], then [dependent variable] because [explanation of expected relationship].

This structure allows for a straightforward and logical formulation of the hypothesis.

What Are Examples of Hypotheses

Here are a few examples of well-formulated hypotheses:

If exposure to sunlight increases, then plants will grow taller because sunlight is necessary for photosynthesis.

If students receive praise for good grades, then their motivation to excel will increase because they seek recognition and approval.

If the dose of a painkiller is increased, then the relief from pain will last longer because a higher dosage has a prolonged effect.

What Are the Five Key Elements to a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis should include the following five key elements:

Clarity : The hypothesis should be clear and specific, leaving no room for interpretation.

Testability : It should be possible to test the hypothesis through experimentation or data collection.

Relevance : The hypothesis should be directly tied to the research question or problem being investigated.

Specificity : It must clearly state the relationship or difference between variables being studied.

Falsifiability : The hypothesis should make predictions that can be refuted or supported by empirical evidence.

What Makes a Good Hypothesis in a Research Paper

In a research paper, a good hypothesis should have the following characteristics:

Relevance : It must directly relate to the research topic and address the objectives of the study.

Clarity : The hypothesis should be concise and precisely worded to avoid confusion.

Unambiguous : It must leave no room for multiple interpretations or ambiguity.

Logic : The hypothesis should be based on rational and logical reasoning, considering existing theories and observations.

Empirical Support : Ideally, the hypothesis should be supported by prior empirical evidence or strong theoretical justifications.

Is a Hypothesis Always a Question

No, a hypothesis is not always in the form of a question. While some hypotheses can take the form of a question, others may be statements asserting a relationship or difference between variables. The form of a hypothesis depends on the research question being addressed and the researcher’s preferred style of expression.

What Are the Three Things Needed for a Good Hypothesis

For a hypothesis to be considered good, it must fulfill the following three criteria:

Testability : The hypothesis should be formulated in a way that allows for empirical testing through experimentation or data collection.

Falsifiability : It must make specific predictions that can be potentially refuted or supported by evidence.

Relevance : The hypothesis should directly address the research question or problem being investigated.

What Are the Four Components to a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis typically consists of four components:

Independent Variable : The variable being manipulated or controlled by the researcher.

Dependent Variable : The variable being measured or observed to determine the effect of the independent variable.

Directionality : The predicted relationship or difference between the independent and dependent variables.

Population : The specific group or individuals to which the hypothesis applies.

How Do You Formulate a Hypothesis

To formulate a hypothesis, follow these steps:

Identify the Research Topic : Clearly define the area or phenomenon you want to study.

Conduct Background Research : Review existing literature and research to gain knowledge about the topic.

Formulate a Research Question : Ask a clear and focused question that you want to answer through your hypothesis.

State the Null and Alternative Hypotheses : Develop a null hypothesis to assume no effect or relationship, and an alternative hypothesis to propose a significant effect or relationship.

Decide on Variables and Relationships : Determine the independent and dependent variables and the predicted relationship between them.

Refine and Test : Refine your hypothesis, ensuring it is clear, testable, and falsifiable. Then, design experiments or gather data to support or reject it.

What Is a Characteristic of a Hypothesis MCQ

Multiple-choice questions (MCQ) regarding the characteristics of a hypothesis often assess knowledge on the testability and falsifiability of hypotheses. They may ask about the criteria that distinguish a good hypothesis from a poor one or the importance of making specific predictions. Remember to choose answers that emphasize the empirical and testable nature of hypotheses.

What Five Criteria Must Be Satisfied for a Hypothesis to Be Scientific

For a hypothesis to be considered scientific, it must satisfy the following five criteria:

Testability : The hypothesis must be formulated in a way that allows it to be tested through experimentation or data collection.

Falsifiability : It should make specific predictions that can be potentially refuted or supported by empirical evidence.

Empirical Basis : The hypothesis should be based on empirical observations or existing theories and knowledge.

Relevance : It must directly address the research question or problem being investigated.

Objective : A scientific hypothesis should be free from personal biases or subjective opinions, focusing on objective observations and analysis.

What Are the Steps of Theory Development in Scientific Methods

In scientific methods, theory development typically involves the following steps:

Observation : Identifying a phenomenon or pattern worthy of investigation through observation or empirical data.

Formulation of a Hypothesis : Constructing a hypothesis that explains the observed phenomena or predicts a relationship between variables.

Data Collection : Gathering relevant data through experiments, surveys, observations, or other research methods.

Analysis : Analyzing the collected data to evaluate the hypothesis’s predictions and determine their validity.

Revision and Refinement : Based on the analysis, refining the hypothesis, modifying the theory, or formulating new hypotheses for further investigation.

Which of the Following Makes a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis is characterized by:

Testability : The ability to form experiments or gather data to support or refute the hypothesis.

Falsifiability : The potential for the hypothesis’s predictions to be proven wrong based on empirical evidence.

Clarity : A clear and concise statement or question that leaves no room for ambiguity.

Relevancy : Directly addressing the research question or problem at hand.

Remember, it is important to select the option that encompasses all these characteristics.

What Are the Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis possesses several characteristics, such as:

Testability : It should allow for empirical testing through experiments or data collection.

Falsifiability : The hypothesis should make specific predictions that can be potentially refuted or supported by evidence.

Clarity : It must be clearly and precisely formulated, leaving no room for ambiguity or multiple interpretations.

Relevance : The hypothesis should directly relate to the research question or problem being investigated.

What Is the Five-Step p-value Approach to Hypothesis Testing

The five-step p-value approach is a commonly used framework for hypothesis testing:

Step 1: Formulating the Hypotheses : The null hypothesis (H0) assumes no effect or relationship, while the alternative hypothesis (HA) proposes a significant effect or relationship.

Step 2: Setting the Significance Level : Decide on the level of significance (α), which represents the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true. The commonly used level is 0.05 (5%).

Step 3: Collecting Data and Performing the Test : Acquire and analyze the data, calculating the test statistic and the corresponding p-value.

Step 4: Comparing the p-value with the Significance Level : If the p-value is less than the significance level (α), reject the null hypothesis. Otherwise, fail to reject the null hypothesis.

Step 5: Drawing Conclusions : Based on the comparison in Step 4, interpret the results and draw conclusions about the hypothesis.

What Are the Stages of Hypothesis

The stages of hypothesis generally include:

Observation : Identifying a pattern, phenomenon, or research question that warrants investigation.

Formulation : Developing a hypothesis that explains or predicts the relationship or difference between variables.

Testing : Collecting data, designing experiments, or conducting studies to gather evidence supporting or refuting the hypothesis.

Analysis : Assessing the collected data to determine whether the results support or reject the hypothesis.

Conclusion : Drawing conclusions based on the analysis and making further iterations, refinements, or new hypotheses for future research.

What Is a Characteristic of a Good Hypothesis

A characteristic of a good hypothesis is its ability to make specific predictions about the relationship or difference between variables. Good hypotheses avoid vague statements and clearly articulate the expected outcomes. By doing so, researchers can design experiments or gather data that directly test the predictions, leading to meaningful results.

How Do You Write a Good Hypothesis Example

To write a good hypothesis example, follow these guidelines:

If possible, use the “If…then…” format to express a conditional relationship between variables.

Be clear and concise in stating the variables involved, the predicted relationship, and the expected outcome.

Ensure the hypothesis is testable, meaning it can be evaluated through experiments or data collection.

For instance, consider the following example:

If students study for longer periods of time, then their test scores will improve because increased study time allows for better retention of information and increased proficiency.

What Is the Difference Between Hypothesis and Hypotheses

The main difference between a hypothesis and hypotheses lies in their grammatical number. A hypothesis refers to a single statement or proposition that is formulated to explain or predict the relationship between variables. On the other hand, hypotheses is the plural form of the term hypothesis, commonly used when multiple statements or propositions are proposed and tested simultaneously.

What Is a Good Hypothesis Statement

A good hypothesis statement exhibits the following qualities:

Clarity : It is written in clear and concise language, leaving no room for confusion or ambiguity.

Testability : The hypothesis should be formulated in a way that enables testing through experiments or data collection.

Specificity : It must clearly state the predicted relationship or difference between variables.

By adhering to these criteria, a good hypothesis statement guides research efforts effectively.

What Is Not a Characteristic of a Good Hypothesis

A characteristic that does not align with a good hypothesis is subjectivity . A hypothesis should be objective, based on empirical observations or existing theories, and free from personal bias. While personal interpretations and opinions can inspire the formulation of a hypothesis, it must ultimately rely on objective observations and be open to empirical testing.

By now, you’ve gained insights into the characteristics of a good hypothesis, including testability, falsifiability, clarity,

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Brian Thomas

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How Do You Write a Hypothesis for a Research Paper?

Writing a hypothesis for a research paper can seem challenging, but it's a crucial step in the research process. A well-crafted hypothesis provides a clear direction for your study and helps you focus on what you aim to prove or disprove. This guide will walk you through the different types of hypotheses, how to formulate them, and the characteristics of a strong hypothesis.

Key Takeaways

• A hypothesis is a testable statement that predicts an outcome based on certain variables.
• There are different types of hypotheses, including null, alternative, directional, and non-directional.
• A good hypothesis should be clear, precise, and relevant to the research question.
• Common mistakes when writing a hypothesis include using vague language and making it too complex.
• Testing and refining your hypothesis is essential to ensure it aligns with your research findings.

Understanding the Role of a Hypothesis in Research

A hypothesis is a testable prediction about an outcome between two or more variables. It functions as a navigational tool in the research process, directing what you aim to predict and how.

Defining a Hypothesis

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables . It is sometimes called an "educated guess," but it should be based on previous observations, existing theories, scientific evidence, and logic. For example, "We tested the hypothesis that KLF2 knockout mice..."

Importance in the Research Process

In research, a hypothesis serves as the cornerstone for your empirical study. It not only lays out what you aim to investigate but also provides a structured approach for your data collection and analysis. A good research hypothesis is essential to developing scientific theories.

Common Misconceptions

One common misconception is that a hypothesis is just a random guess. In reality, it is a well-informed assumption that provides a context for data analysis and interpretation. Another misconception is that a hypothesis is the same as a prediction. While related, predictions are based on clearly formulated hypotheses.

Types of Hypotheses in Research Papers

Understanding the types of hypotheses can greatly enhance how you construct and work with hypotheses . While all hypotheses serve the essential function of guiding your study, there are varying purposes among the types of hypotheses. In addition, all hypotheses stand in contrast to the null hypothesis, or the assumption that there is no significant relationship between the variables.

Steps to Formulate a Strong Hypothesis

Formulating a strong hypothesis is a crucial step in the research process. It sets the foundation for your study and guides your data collection and analysis. Here are the steps to help you craft a robust hypothesis:

Identifying Research Variables

Start by identifying the key variables in your study. These are the elements that you will measure or manipulate. Clearly defining your variables helps in demystifying research and understanding the difference between a problem and a hypothesis.

Conducting Preliminary Research

Before you write your hypothesis, conduct preliminary research to understand the existing literature on your topic. This step ensures that your hypothesis is grounded in existing knowledge and helps you avoid common pitfalls. It also highlights the importance of distinguishing between a problem and a hypothesis in conducting effective research.

Crafting the Hypothesis Statement

Once you have identified your variables and conducted preliminary research, it's time to craft your hypothesis statement. Make sure it is clear, testable, and specific. A well-crafted hypothesis enhances the credibility and reliability of your research. Remember, a strong hypothesis is not just a guess; it is a statement that can be tested and potentially falsified.

By following these steps, you can formulate a hypothesis that provides clear objectives and steps in the research process, ultimately leading to more effective and reliable results.

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis is essential for any research paper. It sets the stage for your study and guides your investigation. Here are some key characteristics to consider:

Testability and Falsifiability

A hypothesis must be testable, meaning you can verify it through experiments or observations. It should also be falsifiable, allowing you to prove it wrong. This is crucial for demystifying the concept of a thesis statement .

Clarity and Precision

Your hypothesis should be clear and precise, leaving no room for ambiguity. This helps in understanding the expected relationship between variables. A well-defined hypothesis can clarify the type of property you are investigating, such as feelings, perceptions, or behaviors.

Relevance to Research Question

The hypothesis should be directly related to your research question. It should be grounded in existing research or theoretical frameworks, ensuring its relevance and applicability. This makes your hypothesis not just a guess but a well-informed statement based on preliminary research .

Common Pitfalls to Avoid When Writing a Hypothesis

When crafting a hypothesis for your research paper, it's crucial to steer clear of certain common pitfalls. These mistakes can undermine the clarity and effectiveness of your hypothesis, leading to confusion and unreliable results. Here are some key pitfalls to avoid:

Overly Complex Hypotheses

A hypothesis should be straightforward and easy to understand. Avoid making it too complicated, as this can lead to design flaws in your study. Keep it simple and focused on a single idea or relationship.

Vague Language

Using vague or ambiguous language can make your hypothesis difficult to test. Be specific about the variables and the expected relationship between them. This clarity will help in designing your experiments and analyzing the data.

Ignoring Existing Literature

Before formulating your hypothesis, it's essential to review existing research. Ignoring previous studies can result in a hypothesis that lacks credibility and relevance. Ground your hypothesis in established theories and findings to ensure it is well-supported.

By avoiding these common pitfalls, you can create a strong and effective hypothesis that will guide your research and contribute to the field. Remember, a well-crafted hypothesis is the foundation of a successful research paper.

Examples of Well-Written Hypotheses

Examples from various disciplines.

To understand how to write a strong hypothesis, let's look at some examples from different fields. For instance, in biology, a hypothesis might be: "If plants are given more sunlight, then they will grow taller." This is a clear and testable statement. In psychology, you might see: "If people get more sleep, then their memory will improve." These examples show how hypotheses are often written as if-then statements .

Analyzing the Strengths and Weaknesses

When evaluating hypotheses, it's important to consider their strengths and weaknesses. A good hypothesis should be specific and measurable. For example, "Daily exercise reduces stress levels" is a strong hypothesis because it is clear and can be tested. On the other hand, a vague hypothesis like "Exercise is good" lacks specificity and is hard to measure. A research hypothesis explains a phenomenon or the relationships between variables in the real world.

Practical Tips for Improvement

To improve your hypothesis-writing skills, follow these tips:

• Be specific: Clearly define the variables and the expected relationship between them.
• Make it testable: Ensure that your hypothesis can be supported or refuted through experimentation or observation.
• Keep it simple: Avoid overly complex hypotheses that are difficult to test.
• Review existing literature: This helps you avoid common pitfalls and build on previous research.

By following these guidelines, you can craft hypotheses that are both strong and effective for your research paper.

Testing and Refining Your Hypothesis

Designing experiments.

To test your hypothesis, you need to design an experiment that will provide clear and reliable results. Start by identifying your independent and dependent variables. Make sure your experiment is structured to control for other factors that might influence the outcome. A well-designed experiment is crucial for obtaining valid results.

Collecting and Analyzing Data

Once your experiment is set up, it's time to collect data. Be meticulous in recording your observations and measurements. After collecting the data, analyze it to see if it supports your hypothesis. Use statistical tools to interpret the results and determine the significance of your findings.

Revising the Hypothesis Based on Findings

After analyzing your data, you may find that your hypothesis needs to be revised. This is a normal part of the scientific process. If your data does not support your hypothesis, consider what changes could make it more accurate. Sometimes, this means going back to the drawing board and conducting more preliminary research. Remember, the goal is to create a strong A/B testing hypothesis that will increase your probability of achieving success through your test.

Testing and refining your hypothesis is a crucial step in your research journey. It's where you see if your ideas hold up under scrutiny. Don't worry if things don't go as planned; this is all part of the process. Want to learn more about how to perfect your thesis? Visit our website for detailed guides and resources that can help you every step of the way.

Crafting a hypothesis for a research paper is a fundamental step in the scientific method. It sets the stage for your study by providing a clear, testable statement that guides your research. By understanding the different types of hypotheses and following a structured approach, you can formulate a hypothesis that is both meaningful and manageable. Remember, a well-written hypothesis not only clarifies your research focus but also helps in organizing your study effectively. As you embark on your research journey, keep refining your hypothesis to ensure it aligns with your findings and contributes to the broader field of knowledge.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is a hypothesis in a research paper.

A hypothesis is a statement that predicts the outcome of your research. It proposes a relationship between two variables and can be tested through experiments or observations.

Why is a hypothesis important in research?

A hypothesis guides your research by providing a clear focus. It helps you determine what you are trying to prove or disprove, making your study more structured and directed.

What are the different types of hypotheses?

There are several types of hypotheses, including the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, and directional vs. non-directional hypotheses. Each serves a different purpose in research.

How do I write a good hypothesis?

To write a good hypothesis, make sure it is clear, testable, and relevant to your research question. It should also be specific and concise, providing a clear direction for your study.

What are common mistakes to avoid when writing a hypothesis?

Common mistakes include making the hypothesis too complex, using vague language, and ignoring existing literature. It's important to keep it simple, clear, and based on prior research.

Can a hypothesis be changed during the research?

Yes, a hypothesis can be revised based on new findings or insights gained during the research process. It's important to remain flexible and open to adjustments as needed.

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How to Write a Lab Report – with Example/Template

April 11, 2024

Perhaps you’re in the midst of your challenging AP chemistry class in high school, or perhaps college you’re enrolled in biology , chemistry , or physics at university. At some point, you will likely be asked to write a lab report. Sometimes, your teacher or professor will give you specific instructions for how to format and write your lab report, and if so, use that. In case you’re left to your own devices, here are some guidelines you might find useful. Continue reading for the main elements of a lab report, followed by a detailed description of the more writing-heavy parts (with a lab report example/lab report template). Lastly, we’ve included an outline that can help get you started.

What is a lab report?

A lab report is an overview of your experiment. Essentially, it explains what you did in the experiment and how it went. Most lab reports end up being 5-10 pages long (graphs or other images included), though the length depends on the experiment. Here are some brief explanations of the essential parts of a lab report:

Title : The title says, in the most straightforward way possible, what you did in the experiment. Often, the title looks something like, “Effects of ____ on _____.” Sometimes, a lab report also requires a title page, which includes your name (and the names of any lab partners), your instructor’s name, and the date of the experiment.

Abstract : This is a short description of key findings of the experiment so that a potential reader could get an idea of the experiment before even beginning.

Introduction : This is comprised of one or several paragraphs summarizing the purpose of the lab. The introduction usually includes the hypothesis, as well as some background information.

Lab Report Example (Continued)

Materials : Perhaps the simplest part of your lab report, this is where you list everything needed for the completion of your experiment.

Methods : This is where you describe your experimental procedure. The section provides necessary information for someone who would want to replicate your study. In paragraph form, write out your methods in chronological order, though avoid excessive detail.

Data : Here, you should document what happened in the experiment, step-by-step. This section often includes graphs and tables with data, as well as descriptions of patterns and trends. You do not need to interpret all of the data in this section, but you can describe trends or patterns, and state which findings are interesting and/or significant.

Discussion of results : This is the overview of your findings from the experiment, with an explanation of how they pertain to your hypothesis, as well as any anomalies or errors.

Conclusion : Your conclusion will sum up the results of your experiment, as well as their significance. Sometimes, conclusions also suggest future studies.

Sources : Often in APA style , you should list all texts that helped you with your experiment. Make sure to include course readings, outside sources, and other experiments that you may have used to design your own.

How to write the abstract

The abstract is the experiment stated “in a nutshell”: the procedure, results, and a few key words. The purpose of the academic abstract is to help a potential reader get an idea of the experiment so they can decide whether to read the full paper. So, make sure your abstract is as clear and direct as possible, and under 200 words (though word count varies).

When writing an abstract for a scientific lab report, we recommend covering the following points:

• Background : Why was this experiment conducted?
• Objectives : What problem is being addressed by this experiment?
• Methods : How was the study designed and conducted?
• Results : What results were found and what do they mean?
• Conclusion : Were the results expected? Is this problem better understood now than before? If so, how?

How to write the introduction

The introduction is another summary, of sorts, so it could be easy to confuse the introduction with the abstract. While the abstract tends to be around 200 words summarizing the entire study, the introduction can be longer if necessary, covering background information on the study, what you aim to accomplish, and your hypothesis. Unlike the abstract (or the conclusion), the introduction does not need to state the results of the experiment.

Here is a possible order with which you can organize your lab report introduction:

• Intro of the intro : Plainly state what your study is doing.
• Background : Provide a brief overview of the topic being studied. This could include key terms and definitions. This should not be an extensive literature review, but rather, a window into the most relevant topics a reader would need to understand in order to understand your research.
• Importance : Now, what are the gaps in existing research? Given the background you just provided, what questions do you still have that led you to conduct this experiment? Are you clarifying conflicting results? Are you undertaking a new area of research altogether?
• Prediction: The plants placed by the window will grow faster than plants placed in the dark corner.
• Hypothesis: Basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 2 hours per day grow at a higher rate than basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 30 minutes per day.
• How you test your hypothesis : This is an opportunity to briefly state how you go about your experiment, but this is not the time to get into specific details about your methods (save this for your results section). Keep this part down to one sentence, and voila! You have your introduction.

How to write a discussion section

Here, we’re skipping ahead to the next writing-heavy section, which will directly follow the numeric data of your experiment. The discussion includes any calculations and interpretations based on this data. In other words, it says, “Now that we have the data, why should we care?”  This section asks, how does this data sit in relation to the hypothesis? Does it prove your hypothesis or disprove it? The discussion is also a good place to mention any mistakes that were made during the experiment, and ways you would improve the experiment if you were to repeat it. Like the other written sections, it should be as concise as possible.

Here is a list of points to cover in your lab report discussion:

• Weaker statement: These findings prove that basil plants grow more quickly in the sunlight.
• Stronger statement: These findings support the hypothesis that basil plants placed in direct sunlight grow at a higher rate than basil plants given less direct sunlight.
• Factors influencing results : This is also an opportunity to mention any anomalies, errors, or inconsistencies in your data. Perhaps when you tested the first round of basil plants, the days were sunnier than the others. Perhaps one of the basil pots broke mid-experiment so it needed to be replanted, which affected your results. If you were to repeat the study, how would you change it so that the results were more consistent?
• Implications : How do your results contribute to existing research? Here, refer back to the gaps in research that you mentioned in your introduction. Do these results fill these gaps as you hoped?
• Questions for future research : Based on this, how might your results contribute to future research? What are the next steps, or the next experiments on this topic? Make sure this does not become too broad—keep it to the scope of this project.

How to write a lab report conclusion

This is your opportunity to briefly remind the reader of your findings and finish strong. Your conclusion should be especially concise (avoid going into detail on findings or introducing new information).

Here are elements to include as you write your conclusion, in about 1-2 sentences each:

• Restate your goals : What was the main question of your experiment? Refer back to your introduction—similar language is okay.
• Restate your methods : In a sentence or so, how did you go about your experiment?
• Key findings : Briefly summarize your main results, but avoid going into detail.
• Limitations : What about your experiment was less-than-ideal, and how could you improve upon the experiment in future studies?
• Significance and future research : Why is your research important? What are the logical next-steps for studying this topic?

Template for beginning your lab report

Here is a compiled outline from the bullet points in these sections above, with some examples based on the (overly-simplistic) basil growth experiment. Hopefully this will be useful as you begin your lab report.

1) Title (ex: Effects of Sunlight on Basil Plant Growth )

2) Abstract (approx. 200 words)

• Background ( This experiment looks at… )
• Objectives ( It aims to contribute to research on…)
• Methods ( It does so through a process of…. )
• Results (Findings supported the hypothesis that… )
• Conclusion (These results contribute to a wider understanding about…)

3) Introduction (approx. 1-2 paragraphs)

• Intro ( This experiment looks at… )
• Background ( Past studies on basil plant growth and sunlight have found…)
• Importance ( This experiment will contribute to these past studies by…)
• Hypothesis ( Basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 2 hours per day grow at a higher rate than basil plants placed in direct sunlight for 30 minutes per day.)
• How you will test your hypothesis ( This hypothesis will be tested by a process of…)

4) Materials (list form) (ex: pots, soil, seeds, tables/stands, water, light source )

5) Methods (approx. 1-2 paragraphs) (ex: 10 basil plants were measured throughout a span of…)

6) Data (brief description and figures) (ex: These charts demonstrate a pattern that the basil plants placed in direct sunlight…)

7) Discussion (approx. 2-3 paragraphs)

• Support or reject hypothesis ( These findings support the hypothesis that basil plants placed in direct sunlight grow at a higher rate than basil plants given less direct sunlight.)
• Factors that influenced your results ( Outside factors that could have altered the results include…)
• Implications ( These results contribute to current research on basil plant growth and sunlight because…)
• Questions for further research ( Next steps for this research could include…)
• Restate your goals ( In summary, the goal of this experiment was to measure…)
• Restate your methods ( This hypothesis was tested by…)
• Key findings ( The findings supported the hypothesis because…)
• Limitations ( Although, certain elements were overlooked, including…)
• Significance and future research ( This experiment presents possibilities of future research contributions, such as…)
• Sources (approx. 1 page, usually in APA style)

Final thoughts – Lab Report Example

Hopefully, these descriptions have helped as you write your next lab report. Remember that different instructors may have different preferences for structure and format, so make sure to double-check when you receive your assignment. All in all, make sure to keep your scientific lab report concise, focused, honest, and organized. Good luck!

For more reading on coursework success, check out the following articles:

• How to Write the AP Lang Argument Essay (With Example)
• How to Write the AP Lang Rhetorical Analysis Essay (With Example)
• 49 Most Interesting Biology Research Topics
• 50 Best Environmental Science Research Topics
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15 Hypothesis Examples

Chris Drew (PhD)

Dr. Chris Drew is the founder of the Helpful Professor. He holds a PhD in education and has published over 20 articles in scholarly journals. He is the former editor of the Journal of Learning Development in Higher Education. [Image Descriptor: Photo of Chris]

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A hypothesis is defined as a testable prediction , and is used primarily in scientific experiments as a potential or predicted outcome that scientists attempt to prove or disprove (Atkinson et al., 2021; Tan, 2022).

In my types of hypothesis article, I outlined 13 different hypotheses, including the directional hypothesis (which makes a prediction about an effect of a treatment will be positive or negative) and the associative hypothesis (which makes a prediction about the association between two variables).

This article will dive into some interesting examples of hypotheses and examine potential ways you might test each one.

Hypothesis Examples

1. “inadequate sleep decreases memory retention”.

Field: Psychology

Type: Causal Hypothesis A causal hypothesis explores the effect of one variable on another. This example posits that a lack of adequate sleep causes decreased memory retention. In other words, if you are not getting enough sleep, your ability to remember and recall information may suffer.

How to Test:

To test this hypothesis, you might devise an experiment whereby your participants are divided into two groups: one receives an average of 8 hours of sleep per night for a week, while the other gets less than the recommended sleep amount.

During this time, all participants would daily study and recall new, specific information. You’d then measure memory retention of this information for both groups using standard memory tests and compare the results.

Should the group with less sleep have statistically significant poorer memory scores, the hypothesis would be supported.

Ensuring the integrity of the experiment requires taking into account factors such as individual health differences, stress levels, and daily nutrition.

Relevant Study: Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance (Curcio, Ferrara & De Gennaro, 2006)

2. “Increase in Temperature Leads to Increase in Kinetic Energy”

Field: Physics

Type: Deductive Hypothesis The deductive hypothesis applies the logic of deductive reasoning – it moves from a general premise to a more specific conclusion. This specific hypothesis assumes that as temperature increases, the kinetic energy of particles also increases – that is, when you heat something up, its particles move around more rapidly.

This hypothesis could be examined by heating a gas in a controlled environment and capturing the movement of its particles as a function of temperature.

You’d gradually increase the temperature and measure the kinetic energy of the gas particles with each increment. If the kinetic energy consistently rises with the temperature, your hypothesis gets supporting evidence.

Variables such as pressure and volume of the gas would need to be held constant to ensure validity of results.

3. “Children Raised in Bilingual Homes Develop Better Cognitive Skills”

Field: Psychology/Linguistics

Type: Comparative Hypothesis The comparative hypothesis posits a difference between two or more groups based on certain variables. In this context, you might propose that children raised in bilingual homes have superior cognitive skills compared to those raised in monolingual homes.

Testing this hypothesis could involve identifying two groups of children: those raised in bilingual homes, and those raised in monolingual homes.

Cognitive skills in both groups would be evaluated using a standard cognitive ability test at different stages of development. The examination would be repeated over a significant time period for consistency.

If the group raised in bilingual homes persistently scores higher than the other, the hypothesis would thereby be supported.

The challenge for the researcher would be controlling for other variables that could impact cognitive development, such as socio-economic status, education level of parents, and parenting styles.

Relevant Study: The cognitive benefits of being bilingual (Marian & Shook, 2012)

4. “High-Fiber Diet Leads to Lower Incidences of Cardiovascular Diseases”

Field: Medicine/Nutrition

Type: Alternative Hypothesis The alternative hypothesis suggests an alternative to a null hypothesis. In this context, the implied null hypothesis could be that diet has no effect on cardiovascular health, which the alternative hypothesis contradicts by suggesting that a high-fiber diet leads to fewer instances of cardiovascular diseases.

To test this hypothesis, a longitudinal study could be conducted on two groups of participants; one adheres to a high-fiber diet, while the other follows a diet low in fiber.

After a fixed period, the cardiovascular health of participants in both groups could be analyzed and compared. If the group following a high-fiber diet has a lower number of recorded cases of cardiovascular diseases, it would provide evidence supporting the hypothesis.

Control measures should be implemented to exclude the influence of other lifestyle and genetic factors that contribute to cardiovascular health.

Relevant Study: Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease (King, 2005)

5. “Gravity Influences the Directional Growth of Plants”

Field: Agronomy / Botany

Type: Explanatory Hypothesis An explanatory hypothesis attempts to explain a phenomenon. In this case, the hypothesis proposes that gravity affects how plants direct their growth – both above-ground (toward sunlight) and below-ground (towards water and other resources).

The testing could be conducted by growing plants in a rotating cylinder to create artificial gravity.

Observations on the direction of growth, over a specified period, can provide insights into the influencing factors. If plants consistently direct their growth in a manner that indicates the influence of gravitational pull, the hypothesis is substantiated.

It is crucial to ensure that other growth-influencing factors, such as light and water, are uniformly distributed so that only gravity influences the directional growth.

6. “The Implementation of Gamified Learning Improves Students’ Motivation”

Field: Education

Type: Relational Hypothesis The relational hypothesis describes the relation between two variables. Here, the hypothesis is that the implementation of gamified learning has a positive effect on the motivation of students.

To validate this proposition, two sets of classes could be compared: one that implements a learning approach with game-based elements, and another that follows a traditional learning approach.

The students’ motivation levels could be gauged by monitoring their engagement, performance, and feedback over a considerable timeframe.

If the students engaged in the gamified learning context present higher levels of motivation and achievement, the hypothesis would be supported.

Control measures ought to be put into place to account for individual differences, including prior knowledge and attitudes towards learning.

Relevant Study: Does educational gamification improve students’ motivation? (Chapman & Rich, 2018)

7. “Mathematics Anxiety Negatively Affects Performance”

Field: Educational Psychology

Type: Research Hypothesis The research hypothesis involves making a prediction that will be tested. In this case, the hypothesis proposes that a student’s anxiety about math can negatively influence their performance in math-related tasks.

To assess this hypothesis, researchers must first measure the mathematics anxiety levels of a sample of students using a validated instrument, such as the Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale.

Then, the students’ performance in mathematics would be evaluated through standard testing. If there’s a negative correlation between the levels of math anxiety and math performance (meaning as anxiety increases, performance decreases), the hypothesis would be supported.

It would be crucial to control for relevant factors such as overall academic performance and previous mathematical achievement.

8. “Disruption of Natural Sleep Cycle Impairs Worker Productivity”

Field: Organizational Psychology

Type: Operational Hypothesis The operational hypothesis involves defining the variables in measurable terms. In this example, the hypothesis posits that disrupting the natural sleep cycle, for instance through shift work or irregular working hours, can lessen productivity among workers.

To test this hypothesis, you could collect data from workers who maintain regular working hours and those with irregular schedules.

Measuring productivity could involve examining the worker’s ability to complete tasks, the quality of their work, and their efficiency.

If workers with interrupted sleep cycles demonstrate lower productivity compared to those with regular sleep patterns, it would lend support to the hypothesis.

Consideration should be given to potential confounding variables such as job type, worker age, and overall health.

9. “Regular Physical Activity Reduces the Risk of Depression”

Field: Health Psychology

Type: Predictive Hypothesis A predictive hypothesis involves making a prediction about the outcome of a study based on the observed relationship between variables. In this case, it is hypothesized that individuals who engage in regular physical activity are less likely to suffer from depression.

Longitudinal studies would suit to test this hypothesis, tracking participants’ levels of physical activity and their mental health status over time.

The level of physical activity could be self-reported or monitored, while mental health status could be assessed using standard diagnostic tools or surveys.

If data analysis shows that participants maintaining regular physical activity have a lower incidence of depression, this would endorse the hypothesis.

However, care should be taken to control other lifestyle and behavioral factors that could intervene with the results.

Relevant Study: Regular physical exercise and its association with depression (Kim, 2022)

10. “Regular Meditation Enhances Emotional Stability”

Type: Empirical Hypothesis In the empirical hypothesis, predictions are based on amassed empirical evidence . This particular hypothesis theorizes that frequent meditation leads to improved emotional stability, resonating with numerous studies linking meditation to a variety of psychological benefits.

Earlier studies reported some correlations, but to test this hypothesis directly, you’d organize an experiment where one group meditates regularly over a set period while a control group doesn’t.

Both groups’ emotional stability levels would be measured at the start and end of the experiment using a validated emotional stability assessment.

If regular meditators display noticeable improvements in emotional stability compared to the control group, the hypothesis gains credit.

You’d have to ensure a similar emotional baseline for all participants at the start to avoid skewed results.

11. “Children Exposed to Reading at an Early Age Show Superior Academic Progress”

Type: Directional Hypothesis The directional hypothesis predicts the direction of an expected relationship between variables. Here, the hypothesis anticipates that early exposure to reading positively affects a child’s academic advancement.

A longitudinal study tracking children’s reading habits from an early age and their consequent academic performance could validate this hypothesis.

Parents could report their children’s exposure to reading at home, while standardized school exam results would provide a measure of academic achievement.

If the children exposed to early reading consistently perform better acadically, it gives weight to the hypothesis.

However, it would be important to control for variables that might impact academic performance, such as socioeconomic background, parental education level, and school quality.

12. “Adopting Energy-efficient Technologies Reduces Carbon Footprint of Industries”

Field: Environmental Science

Type: Descriptive Hypothesis A descriptive hypothesis predicts the existence of an association or pattern related to variables. In this scenario, the hypothesis suggests that industries adopting energy-efficient technologies will resultantly show a reduced carbon footprint.

Global industries making use of energy-efficient technologies could track their carbon emissions over time. At the same time, others not implementing such technologies continue their regular tracking.

After a defined time, the carbon emission data of both groups could be compared. If industries that adopted energy-efficient technologies demonstrate a notable reduction in their carbon footprints, the hypothesis would hold strong.

In the experiment, you would exclude variations brought by factors such as industry type, size, and location.

13. “Reduced Screen Time Improves Sleep Quality”

Type: Simple Hypothesis The simple hypothesis is a prediction about the relationship between two variables, excluding any other variables from consideration. This example posits that by reducing time spent on devices like smartphones and computers, an individual should experience improved sleep quality.

A sample group would need to reduce their daily screen time for a pre-determined period. Sleep quality before and after the reduction could be measured using self-report sleep diaries and objective measures like actigraphy, monitoring movement and wakefulness during sleep.

If the data shows that sleep quality improved post the screen time reduction, the hypothesis would be validated.

Other aspects affecting sleep quality, like caffeine intake, should be controlled during the experiment.

Relevant Study: Screen time use impacts low‐income preschool children’s sleep quality, tiredness, and ability to fall asleep (Waller et al., 2021)

14. Engaging in Brain-Training Games Improves Cognitive Functioning in Elderly

Field: Gerontology

Type: Inductive Hypothesis Inductive hypotheses are based on observations leading to broader generalizations and theories. In this context, the hypothesis deduces from observed instances that engaging in brain-training games can help improve cognitive functioning in the elderly.

A longitudinal study could be conducted where an experimental group of elderly people partakes in regular brain-training games.

Their cognitive functioning could be assessed at the start of the study and at regular intervals using standard neuropsychological tests.

If the group engaging in brain-training games shows better cognitive functioning scores over time compared to a control group not playing these games, the hypothesis would be supported.

15. Farming Practices Influence Soil Erosion Rates

Type: Null Hypothesis A null hypothesis is a negative statement assuming no relationship or difference between variables. The hypothesis in this context asserts there’s no effect of different farming practices on the rates of soil erosion.

Comparing soil erosion rates in areas with different farming practices over a considerable timeframe could help test this hypothesis.

If, statistically, the farming practices do not lead to differences in soil erosion rates, the null hypothesis is accepted.

However, if marked variation appears, the null hypothesis is rejected, meaning farming practices do influence soil erosion rates. It would be crucial to control for external factors like weather, soil type, and natural vegetation.

The variety of hypotheses mentioned above underscores the diversity of research constructs inherent in different fields, each with its unique purpose and way of testing.

While researchers may develop hypotheses primarily as tools to define and narrow the focus of the study, these hypotheses also serve as valuable guiding forces for the data collection and analysis procedures, making the research process more efficient and direction-focused.

Hypotheses serve as a compass for any form of academic research. The diverse examples provided, from Psychology to Educational Studies, Environmental Science to Gerontology, clearly demonstrate how certain hypotheses suit specific fields more aptly than others.

It is important to underline that although these varied hypotheses differ in their structure and methods of testing, each endorses the fundamental value of empiricism in research. Evidence-based decision making remains at the heart of scholarly inquiry, regardless of the research field, thus aligning all hypotheses to the core purpose of scientific investigation.

Testing hypotheses is an essential part of the scientific method . By doing so, researchers can either confirm their predictions, giving further validity to an existing theory, or they might uncover new insights that could potentially shift the field’s understanding of a particular phenomenon. In either case, hypotheses serve as the stepping stones for scientific exploration and discovery.

Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., Cernat, A., Sakshaug, J. W., & Williams, R. A. (2021).  SAGE research methods foundations . SAGE Publications Ltd.

Curcio, G., Ferrara, M., & De Gennaro, L. (2006). Sleep loss, learning capacity and academic performance.  Sleep medicine reviews ,  10 (5), 323-337.

Kim, J. H. (2022). Regular physical exercise and its association with depression: A population-based study short title: Exercise and depression.  Psychiatry Research ,  309 , 114406.

King, D. E. (2005). Dietary fiber, inflammation, and cardiovascular disease.  Molecular nutrition & food research ,  49 (6), 594-600.

Marian, V., & Shook, A. (2012, September). The cognitive benefits of being bilingual. In Cerebrum: the Dana forum on brain science (Vol. 2012). Dana Foundation.

Tan, W. C. K. (2022). Research Methods: A Practical Guide For Students And Researchers (Second Edition) . World Scientific Publishing Company.

Waller, N. A., Zhang, N., Cocci, A. H., D’Agostino, C., Wesolek‐Greenson, S., Wheelock, K., … & Resnicow, K. (2021). Screen time use impacts low‐income preschool children’s sleep quality, tiredness, and ability to fall asleep. Child: care, health and development, 47 (5), 618-626.

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#35 – A 2-Step Approach to Hypothesis Writing

How do you teach students to write a good scientific hypothesis? Many teachers use “If, then” statements to teach this important science skill. But, at the end of the day, do they really know how to write or identify a good scientific hypothesis? According to results from a recent REAL Science Challenge contest, many students don’t. Roughly x% of participants struggle to identify the hypothesis to an experiment. When put in context, it’s x students in a class of 30 who struggle with hypothesis writing. So, even after going over how to write a scientific hypothesis, students still struggle with identifying them. Is this because there is still confusion regarding what a hypothesis is? Or, is it because students don’t know how to apply their knowledge in a different context? In other words, what we need is for students to understand what a hypothesis is and to apply it to different contexts. But, how do we do this in a meaningful and simple way?

First, we need to look at the structure or a hypothesis and boil it down to its component parts, A scientific hypothesis simply consists of 2 parts. Therefore, if we use a 2-step template to help students write a scientific hypothesis, students may find this more helpful. We go through our 2-step hypothesis and applicable examples below. Handouts are available at the end of the post.

What is a scientific hypothesis?

Basically, a scientific hypothesis is a testable explanation for a scientific phenomena or question. Let’s break that down.

First, a scientific hypothesis is a scientific explanation. A statement that makes clear the causes or reasons for a scientific phenomena or question. For example, we could ask, “how do musicians sell more records?”  And, our hypothesis could be “Record sales depend on the amount of impressions or views the record receives online.” So, is this a good scientific hypothesis? It’s close, but it’s still incomplete.

Besides being an explanation, a scientific hypothesis must also be testable. In other words, scientists can observe or measure changes when they adjust or manipulate parts of the hypothesis in an experiment. The testable part of a scientific hypothesis typically comes in the form of an “if, then” statement. For example, to make the above hypothesis about musical record sales more complete, we can add the following: “If the number of Youtube views for a record increases, then the number of sales for the record will increase.”

The 2-step approach to hypothesis writing

Perhaps a straightforward way to teach hypothesis writing is to take a 2-step approach and to make a hypothesis at least 2 sentences long.

Note: there is no accepted length requirement to a hypothesis, although many students may get the wrong impression that a hypothesis is supposed to be 1 sentence in length.

Also note: before students begin to write a hypothesis, they must start with a question, which either they receive or come up with. If a phenomenon or experimental evidence is given instead, then this can be turned into a question by asking “why does that happen? Or “how does <the phenomenon> work?”. With question in hand, students can start the 2-step hypothesis writing process.

How to do a 2-step hypothesis

STEP 1: Come up with a specific reason or reasons that explain the phenomena or question. Consider using the following template to start your hypothesis:

The <phenomenon, topic> (is due to, is caused by, depends on) <specific reason>

Make sure students provide specific details. For example, saying “Record sales depend on an artist’s popularity” isn’t specific enough.

To make a stronger statement, define what type of popularity. For example, “Record sales depend on an artist’s popularity – specifically, the number of online followers the artist has before the release of the album” . This is a much stronger statement as it defines what type of popularity (ie. Online, social media) and when (ie. Before the release of an album).

STEP 2: Write a testable statement. In other words, provide a way in which the hypothesis can be tested.. Consider using an “If, then” statement and structure the statement like this:

“If <independent/manipulated> variable <increases/decreases>, then <dependent/respondent> variable <increases/decreases>”

Remember, a independent or manipulated variable is something a scientist or researcher has the power to directly change. The dependent or respondent variable is the something that responds to the changes of the independent variable. In the case for our hypothesis above, online followers is the independent variable and record sales is the dependent variable.

Therefore, we can write the testable statement “If the number of online followers an artist has increases, then the artist’s record sales increases.” This is a fairly straightforward statement that is easily testable. That is, track an artist’s online followers and see if it correlates with an increase in record sales.

Aside: There is no one “right” hypothesis

Lastly, there can be many hypotheses that explain the same phenomena. Students do not need to feel as though they need to get the “right one”. For example, for our question, “How do musicians sell more records?”, there can be multiple hypotheses – all of which can be credible:

“Record sales depend on the amount of radio play the record receives. If the radio play for a record increases, then the number of sales for that record increases.”

“Record sales depend an artist’s activity on social media platforms. If the number of Facebook Live, SnapChat, and Reddit AMA events hosted by the artist increases, then the artist’s record sales increase.”

“Record sales depend on early reviews by ‘influencers’. If number of early reviews by influencers increases, then the artist’s record sales increase.”

Part of teaching science is teaching scientific literacy. Experimental design, identifying variables, hypothesis writing – are all part of that scientific literacy. To help students grasp science literacy quicker, it’s important to provide templates and standard customs, both of which teachers may already know bit take for granted. Click the link below to download our handouts. Thanks for your interest! Also, if you find this resource helpful, please share this with your colleagues.

Until next time, keep it REAL!

Handout(s):  35 – 2 Step Hypothesis Writing

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REAL Science Challenge

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How to Write a Good Research Hypothesis

Monali Ghosh

Typeset Blog

If you do [something like this], it will result in [something like this]!

Everybody, including you, is pretty familiar with this phrase or statement, as it represents the beginning of a scientific paper or a project. However, this statement is nothing but a hypothesis. It resembles your thought of what will happen while or after performing the experiments. Moreover, this statement can be curated only based on knowledge, facts, and data you already possess.

A hypothesis is one of the essential elements of a scientific research paper. It is an assumption or idea built on your understanding of evidence and requires you to prove it via relevant facts and examples.

A hypothesis is an indication of the expected results of an experiment. In scientific methods, a hypothesis is used as a foundation for future research. Once you fully understand the concept behind the hypothesis and its appropriate structure, you will not find it harder to create. However, if it is the first time you are an early-stage researcher, then it might become an exhausting and frustrating task. In this article, you will learn everything from scratch, i.e., what a hypothesis is, its types, and practical tips to write one.

Hypothesis Definition

A hypothesis is an assumption or perhaps a tentative explanation for a specific process or phenomenon that has been observed during research. Very often, a hypothesis and a guess are treated the same. However, a hypothesis is a calculated and educated guess proven or disproven through research methods.

Based on the facts and evidence you gather during research, you can transform an initial research question into a logical & rational prediction i.e. the hypothesis. Every research is conducted to solve a specific problem. To fulfill that, one has to undertake the route of problem identification, conduct initial research and then, figure out the answer by performing various experiments and observing its outcome. However, before conducting the experiments or the surveys related to the research, you must understand and acknowledge what you expect from the results. At this point, you are supposed to make your educated and calculated hypothesis and translate it into a scientific statement that you will be either proving or refuting within the course of your study.

A hypothesis reflects your understanding of the problem statement and as a form of development of knowledge. Therefore, you need to articulate your hypothesis in a way that should appear as a justifiable assumption to study the properties and causes of the phenomenon in the research topic.

Characteristics and Sources of Hypotheses:

Now that you have gained pretty much an idea about a hypothesis, it’s time that you understand its characteristics.

• A research hypothesis has to be simple yet clear to look reliable and justifiable enough.
• It has to be precise about the results.
• A research hypothesis should be written in a self-explanatory manner with its significance staying intact.
• If you are developing a relational hypothesis, you need to include the variables and establish an appropriate relationship among them.
• A hypothesis must keep and reflect the scope for further investigations and experiments.

Similar to the characteristics of a research hypothesis, there exist many sources through which you can hypothesize your research problem. The primary sources that you can refer to while creating a hypothesis for your research are:

• Scientific paper and theories from the domain of your research topic.
• Observations from previous experiments and recent theories
• A general paradigm that runs through the research domain of a specific topic
• Resemblance and relativity among various research topics

While going through these sources, you must ensure all the sources are credible and scholarly .

Types of Hypotheses

To create a good hypothesis, you need to understand the concept of hypotheses completely. Therefore, before starting to write, it is important that you first understand the different types of hypotheses.

Majorly, there exist only two types, i.e., the Alternative hypothesis and Null Hypothesis.

1. Alternative Hypothesis

In the academic domain, it is very often denoted as H1. The significance of this kind is to identify the expected outcome of your research procedure. Additionally, it is further classified into two subcategories:

a. Directional : A statement that defines the ways through which the expected results will be gathered. It is generally used in the cases where you need to establish a relationship between various variables rather than making any comparison between multiple groups. For example, Attending physiotherapy sessions will improve the on-field performance of athletes.

b. No directional : As the name suggests, a non-directional alternative hypothesis doesn’t suggest any direction for the expected outcomes. For example, Attending physiotherapy sessions influence the on-field performance of athletes.

Now in the above two examples, carefully observe the two statements. The directional statement specifies that physiotherapy sessions will improve or boost performance. On the other hand, the non-directional statement helps establish a correlation between the two variables (physiotherapy sessions and performance). However, it does not emphasize whether the performance will be good or bad due to physiotherapy sessions.

2. Null Hypothesis

A null hypothesis is denoted as H0. A null hypothesis exists as opposed to an alternative hypothesis. It is a statement that defines the opposite of the expected results or outcomes throughout your research. In simpler terms, a null hypothesis is used to establish a claim that no relationship exists between the variables defined in the hypothesis.

To give you an idea about how to write a null hypothesis, the last example can be stated as:

The physiotherapy sessions do not affect athletes’ on-field performance.

Both the null and alternative hypotheses are written to provide specific clarifications and examination of the research problem. So, to clarify confusion, the difference between a research problem statement and a hypothesis is that the former is just a question that can’t be validated or tested. In contrast, the latter can be tested, validated, or denied.

3. Simple Hypothesis

It is a statement that is made to reflect the relation between the dependent and independent variables. Follow through the example, and you will understand,

a. Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer

b. Intake of sugar-rich foods can lead to obesity

4. Complex Hypothesis

A complex hypothesis implies the relationship between multiple dependent or independent variables stated in the research problem. Follow through the below examples for better clarity on this:

a. Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.

b. Including short breaks during work hours can lead to higher concentration and boost productivity.

5. Empirical Hypothesis

It is also referred to as the “Working Hypothesis.” This type of claim is made when a theory is being validated through an experiment and observation. This way, the statement appears justifiable enough and different from a wild guess.

Here are a few examples through which you can learn to create an empirical hypothesis:

a. Women who take iron tablets face a lesser risk of anemia than those women who take vitamin B12.

b. Canines learn faster if they are provided with food immediately after they obey a command.

6. Statistical Hypothesis

A statement claiming an explanation after studying a sample of the population is called a statistical hypothesis. It is a type of logic-based analysis where you research a specific population and gather evidence through a particular sample size.

Below are some hypothetical statistical statements to understand how you can conduct your research leveraging statistical data :

a. 44% of the Indian population belong in the age group of 22–27

b. 47% of the rural population in India is involved in agro-based activities.

Difference between Hypothesis and Prediction

Hypothesis and prediction are very often used interchangeably, and that creates confusion. Although both the hypothesis and prediction can be treated as guesses, there lies much difference between the two terms. Since we are talking about research hypotheses and in the context of the academic domain, the words bear much relevance here. Therefore it is forbidden to use hypotheses for prediction or otherwise. So, the significant difference between a hypothesis and a prediction is that the first is predominantly used in the academic world related to research on various topics. In contrast, prediction can be used anywhere and need not be validated, defined, or tested.

In simpler terms, a hypothesis is a calculated, intelligent assumption tested and validated through research. It aims to analyze the gathered evidence and facts to define a relationship between variables and put forth a logical explanation behind the nature of events.

On the other hand, predictions are vague assumptions or claims made without backing data or evidence. You can test it and have to wait to check if the prediction will become true or not. Although a prediction can be even scientific majorly, it is seen that predictions are somewhat fictional, not based on data or facts. Predictions are more often observed as a foretelling of any future event that may or may not ever happen.

To emphasize in a better manner the difference between a hypothesis and a prediction, follow through the below-mentioned example:

Hypothesis: Having smaller and frequent meals can lead to a higher metabolism rate.

This is a pure scientific hypothesis based on previous knowledge and the trends that have been observed in many individuals. Additionally, it can be tested by putting some individuals under observation.

Prediction: There will be zero COVID-19 cases in the world by 2030.

Now, this is a prediction. Even though it is based on definite facts and the trends of past results, it can’t be tested with certainty for success or failure. So the only way this gets validated is to wait and watch if the covid cases end by 2030.

How to Write a Hypothesis?

Attentively follow through the below-mentioned steps that you can leverage to create a compelling hypothesis for your research.

1. Identify and Clearly Describe your Research Question

A hypothesis should be written in a way that should address the research question or the problem statement. You first need to understand the constraints of your undertaken research topic and then formulate a clear, simple, and topic-centered problem statement. Once you have the problem statement, you can ask the right question to test the validity of the problem statement or research question. For answering a research question, there should be a hypothetical statement that you should prove through your research.

For example: How does attending physiotherapy sessions can affect an athlete’s on-field performance?

2. Carry Out an Initial Preliminary Research

At this stage, you need to go through the previous theories, academic papers, and previous studies and experiments to start curating your research hypothesis. Next, you must gather evidence and prepare a research methodology to carry out your experiments. Here itself, try figuring out the answer to the research question.

You need to design a conceptual and rational framework to identify which variables.

(both dependent and independent) over which your hypothesis will focus. Additionally, you need to discover the relationship between various variables.

3. Make the First Draft of your Hypothesis

After undertaking and finalizing the initial research, you will get an idea about the expected outcomes and results. Leveraging this, you need to create a simple, concise, and first version of your hypothesis.

Depending upon the chosen research domain and its topic, you can rephrase the answer to the problem statement via a hypothesis in specific ways.

For example:

a. Non- directional: Attending physiotherapy sessions will influence the on-field performance of athletes.

b. Directional: Attending physiotherapy sessions will boost the on-field performance of athletes.

c. Null: Attending physiotherapy sessions will not affect the on-field performance of athletes.

4. Skim your Hypothesis

After preparing the first draft of your hypothesis, you need to check whether the hypothesis addresses the problem statement or not. You need to ensure that the hypothesis statement is straightforward-focused on the research topic and is testable. To further refine your first draft of the hypothesis, you must check the presence of some aspects in your hypothesis:

a. It has clear, relevant, and defined variables.

b. An appropriate relationship exists between the variables.

c. It is accurate and signifies its capacity to go under testing and validation.

d. It must showcase a specific result or outcome through certain experiments.

5. Create a 3-Dimensional Phrase of your Hypothesis Statement

To appropriately recognize the various variables to be used, you can write the hypothetical assumption in the “if..then” form. Here, you must ensure that the first part of the hypothesis should contain the independent variable and the second part should contain the dependent variable.

For example, if athletes start attending physiotherapy sessions, then their on-field performance will improve.

It’s common in the academic domain to present the hypothesis in terms of correlation and its effects. If you choose to use this form of phrase as a research hypothesis, make sure that you state the predefined relationship between the variables.

For example, Attending physiotherapy sessions lead to the better on-field performance of athletes.

In another way, you can choose to present your hypothesis as a comparison between two variables. Also, you must specify the difference that you expect to observe in the results.

For example, Athletes attending physiotherapy sessions will have better on-field performance than those who never attend any physiotherapy sessions.

6. Create a Null Hypothesis

If your research procedure involves some statistical hypothesis testing, you need to provide a null hypothesis statement. As previously discussed, a null hypothesis is used to represent or show no relation between different variables.

For example, attending physiotherapy sessions does not affect the on-field performance of athletes.

Quick Tips on How to Write a Hypothesis

Follow the below-mentioned points to find some pro tips that you must keep in mind for writing a good hypothesis.

• Always try to create a hypothesis that interestingly addresses the problem statement.
• Keep the hypothesis statement short yet entirely focused over the problem statement phrased in an utmost clear and concise manner.
• Make sure the initial research has been done thoroughly, and you have gone through all the relevant scholarly sources related to your chosen research topic.
• Accurately define the variables that you will be using in the hypothesis, and through the course of the research,
• Always keep your audience in your mind while creating any statements or paraphrasing any related theories. In academia, the audience being the researchers and scholars, bear the knowledge of the relationship that exists between various phenomena and experiments.

A hypothesis is just a statement representing your understanding of the answer to the problem statement of the research. It showcases how you will proceed with the experiments to test the hypothesis and interpret the expected outcome.

Edit1: You can find the original version of this blog post here — Typeset Resources for How to Write a Good Research Hypothesis

First-hand Author: Deeptanshu D

Written by Monali Ghosh

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How to Write a Scientific Report | Step-by-Step Guide

Got to document an experiment but don't know how? In this post, we'll guide you step-by-step through how to write a scientific report and provide you with an example.

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Is your teacher expecting you to write an experimental report for every class experiment? Are you still unsure about how to write a scientific report properly? Don’t fear! We will guide you through all the parts of a scientific report, step-by-step.

How to write a scientific report:

• What is a scientific report
• General rules to write Scientific reports
• Syllabus dot point 
• Introduction/Background information
• Risk assessment

What is a scientific report?

A scientific report documents all aspects of an experimental investigation. This includes:

• The aim of the experiment
• The hypothesis
• An introduction to the relevant background theory
• The methods used
• The results
• A discussion of the results
• The conclusion

Scientific reports allow their readers to understand the experiment without doing it themselves. In addition, scientific reports give others the opportunity to check the methodology of the experiment to ensure the validity of the results.

A scientific report is written in several stages. We write the introduction, aim, and hypothesis before performing the experiment, record the results during the experiment, and complete the discussion and conclusions after the experiment.

But, before we delve deeper into how to write a scientific report, we need to have a science experiment to write about! Read our 7 Simple Experiments You Can Do At Home article and see which one you want to do.

General rules about writing scientific reports

Learning how to write a scientific report is different from writing English essays or speeches!

You have to use:

• Passive voice (which you should avoid when writing for other subjects like English!)
• Past-tense language
• Headings and subheadings
• A pencil to draw scientific diagrams and graphs
• Simple and clear lines for scientific diagrams
• Tables and graphs where necessary

Structure of scientific reports:

Now that you know the general rules on how to write scientific reports, let’s look at the conventions for their structure!

The title should simply introduce what your experiment is about.

The Role of Light in Photosynthesis

2. Introduction/Background information

Write a paragraph that gives your readers background information to understand your experiment.

This includes explaining scientific theories, processes and other related knowledge.

Photosynthesis is a vital process for life. It occurs when plants intake carbon dioxide, water, and light, and results in the production of glucose and water. The light required for photosynthesis is absorbed by chlorophyll, the green pigment of plants, which is contained in the chloroplasts.

The glucose produced through photosynthesis is stored as starch, which is used as an energy source for the plant and its consumers.

The presence of starch in the leaves of a plant indicates that photosynthesis has occurred.

The aim identifies what is going to be tested in the experiment. This should be short, concise and clear.

The aim of the experiment is to test whether light is required for photosynthesis to occur.

4. Hypothesis

The hypothesis is a prediction of the outcome of the experiment. You have to use background information to make an educated prediction.

It is predicted that photosynthesis will occur only in leaves that are exposed to light and not in leaves that are not exposed to light. This will be indicated by the presence or absence of starch in the leaves.

5. Risk assessment

Identify the hazards associated with the experiment and provide a method to prevent or minimise the risks. A hazard is something that can cause harm, and the risk is the likelihood that harm will occur from the hazard.

A table is an excellent way to present your risk assessment.

Remember, you have to specify the  type of harm that can occur because of the hazard. It is not enough to simply identify the hazard.

• Do not write:  “Scissors are sharp”
• Instead, you have to write:  “Scissors are sharp and can cause injury”

The method has 3 parts:

• A list of every material used
• Steps of what you did in the experiment
• A scientific diagram of the experimental apparatus

Let’s break down what you need to do for each section.

6a. Materials

This must list every piece of equipment and material you used in the experiment.

Remember, you need to also specify the amount of each material you used.

• 1 geranium plant
• Aluminium foil
• 2 test tubes
• 1 test tube rack
• 1 pair of scissors
• 1 250 mL beaker
• 1 pair of forceps
• 1 10 mL measuring cylinder
• Iodine solution (5 mL)
• Methylated spirit (50ml)
• Boiling water
• 2 Petri dishes

The rule of thumb is that you should write the method in a clear way so that readers are able to repeat the experiment and get similar results.

Using a numbered list for the steps of your experimental procedure is much clearer than writing a whole paragraph of text.  The steps should:

• Be written in a sequential order, based on when they were performed.
• Specify any equipment that was used.
• Specify the quantity of any materials that were used.

You also need to use past tense and passive voice when you are writing your method. Scientific reports are supposed to show the readers what you did in the experiment, not what you will do.

• Aluminium foil was used to fully cover a leaf of the geranium plant. The plant was left in the sun for three days.
• On the third day, the covered leaf and 1 non-covered leaf were collected from the plant. The foil was removed from the covered leaf, and a 1 cm square was cut from each leaf using a pair of scissors.
• 150 mL of water was boiled in a kettle and poured into a 250 mL beaker.
• Using forceps, the 1 cm square of covered leaf was placed into the beaker of boiling water for 2 minutes. It was then placed in a test tube labelled “dark”.
• The water in the beaker was discarded and replaced with 150 mL of freshly boiled water.
• Using forceps, the 1 cm square non-covered leaf was placed into the beaker of boiling water for 2 minutes. It was then placed in a test tube labelled “light”
• 5 mL of methylated spirit was measured with a measuring cylinder and poured into each test tube so that the leaves were fully covered.
• The water in the beaker was replaced with 150 mL of freshly boiled water and both the “light” and “dark” test tubes were immersed in the beaker of boiling water for 5 minutes.
• The leaves were collected from each test tube with forceps, rinsed under cold running water, and placed onto separate labelled Petri dishes.
• 3 drops of iodine solution were added to each leaf.
• Both Petri dishes were placed side by side and observations were recorded.
• The experiment was repeated 5 times, and results were compared between different groups.

6c. Diagram

After you finish your steps, it is time to draw your scientific diagrams! Here are some rules for drawing scientific diagrams:

• Always use a pencil to draw your scientific diagrams.
• Use simple, sharp, 2D lines and shapes to draw your diagram. Don’t draw 3D shapes or use shading.
• Label everything in your diagram.
• Use thin, straight lines to label your diagram. Do not use arrows.
• Ensure that the label lines touch the outline of the equipment you are labelling and not cross over it or stop short of it
• The label lines should never cross over each other.
• Use a ruler for any straight lines in your diagram.
• Draw a sufficiently large diagram so all components can be seen clearly.

This is where you document the results of your experiment. The data that you record for your experiment will generally be qualitative and/or quantitative.

Qualitative data is data that relates to qualities and is based on observations (qualitative – quality). This type of data is descriptive and is recorded in words. For example, the colour changed from green to orange, or the liquid became hot.

Quantitative data refers to numerical data (quantitative – quantity). This type of data is recorded using numbers and is either measured or counted. For example, the plant grew 5.2 cm, or there were 5 frogs.

You also need to record your results in an appropriate way. Most of the time, a table is the best way to do this.

Here are some rules to using tables

• Use a pencil and a ruler to draw your table
• Draw neat and straight lines
• Ensure that the table is closed (connect all your lines)
• Don’t cross your lines (erase any lines that stick out of the table)
• Use appropriate columns and rows
• Properly name each column and row (including the units of measurement in brackets)
• Do not write your units in the body of your table (units belong in the header)
• Always include a title

Note : If your results require calculations, clearly write each step.

Observations of the effects of light on the amount of starch in plant leaves.

If quantitative data was recorded, the data is often also plotted on a graph.

8. Discussion

The discussion is where you analyse and interpret your results, and identify any experimental errors or possible areas of improvements.

You should divide your discussion as follows.

1. Trend in the results

Describe the ‘trend’ in your results. That is, the relationship you observed between your independent and dependent variables.

The independent variable is the variable that you are changing in the experiment. In this experiment, it is the amount of light that the leaves are exposed to.

The dependent variable is the variable that you are measuring in the experiment, In this experiment, it is the presence of starch in the leaves.

Explain how a particular result is achieved by referring to scientific knowledge, theories and any other scientific resources you find. 2. Scientific explanation: 

The presence of starch is indicated when the addition of iodine causes the leaf to turn dark purple. The results show that starch was present in the leaves that were exposed to light, while the leaves that were not exposed to light did not contain starch.

2. Scientific explanation:

Provide an explanation of the results using scientific knowledge, theories and any other scientific resources you find.

As starch is produced during photosynthesis, these results show that light plays a key role in photosynthesis.

3. Validity 

Validity refers to whether or not your results are valid. This can be done by examining your variables.

VA lidity =  VA riables

Identify the independent, dependent, controlled variables and the control experiment (if you have one).

The controlled variables are the variables that you keep the same across all tests e.g. the size of the leaf sample.

The control experiment is where you don’t apply an independent variable. It is untouched for the whole experiment.

Ensure that you never change more than one variable at a time!

The independent variable of the experiment was amount of light that the leaves were exposed to (the covered and uncovered geranium leaf), while the dependent variable was the presence of starch. The controlled variables were the size of the leaf sample, the duration of the experiment, the amount of time the solutions were heated, and the amount of iodine solution used.

4. Reliability 

Identify how you ensured the reliability of the results.

RE liability = RE petition

Show that you repeated your experiments, cross-checked your results with other groups or collated your results with the class.

The reliability of the results was ensured by repeating the experiment 5 times and comparing results with other groups. Since other groups obtained comparable results, the results are reliable.

5. Accuracy

Accuracy should be discussed if your results are in the form of quantitative data, and there is an accepted value for the result.

Accuracy would not be discussed for our example photosynthesis experiment as qualitative data was collected, however it would if we were measuring gravity using a pendulum:

The measured value of gravity was 9.8 m/s 2 , which is in agreement with the accepted value of 9.8 m/s 2 .

6. Possible improvements 

Identify any errors or risks found in the experiment and provide a method to improve it.

If there are none, then suggest new ways to improve the experimental design, and/or minimise error and risks.

Possible improvements could be made by including control experiments. For example, testing whether the iodine solution turns dark purple when added to water or methylated spirits. This would help to ensure that the purple colour observed in the experiments is due to the presence of starch in the leaves rather than impurities.

9. Conclusion

State whether the aim was achieved, and if your hypothesis was supported.

The aim of the investigation was achieved, and it was found that light is required for photosynthesis to occur. This was evidenced by the presence of starch in leaves that had been exposed to light, and the absence of starch in leaves that had been unexposed. These results support the proposed hypothesis.

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15 Examples of Hypothesis to Inform Your Research Project

by  Antony W

August 5, 2024

What first comes to your mind when someone mentions the word hypothesis? For many students, terms such as prediction, dependent variables, and independent variables come to mind.

Primarily, a hypothesis is a statement derived from a research question, subject to debate, and can be proven or disapproved based on scientific research methods such as objective   observations, lab experiments, and statistical analysis.

A hypothesis predicts an outcome based on evidence, knowledge, or theories and it forms the initial point of an investigation.

You already know how to write a hypothesis .

You also know about hypothesis vs research question .

If you haven’t looked at the two in detail, we suggest that you look at the two posts for more insights.

In this lesson, we’ll look at some examples of hypothesis to help you understand how you can formulate your own.

Let’s get started.

Can You Prove a Hypothesis?

Credit: CrazyEgg

Since a hypothesis is an assumption of an expected result from a scientific experiment, you can’t prove it to be correct.

You can only reject or support it depending on the results that you get from the experiment.

It’s important to avoid references that try to prove a theory with 100% certainty when formulating a hypothesis because there may exist solid evidence that refutes the theory.

What’s the Purpose of a Hypothesis?

Credit: PublicHealthNotes

A hypothesis describes a research study in correct terms and provides a basis that you can use to evaluate and prove the validity or invalidity of a specific research.

Because hypothesis helps to analyze the scientific validity of research methodologies, researchers can assume an almost accurate probability of the progress of failure of a research.

Moreover, it’s only by formulating a hypothesis that a researcher can easily establish a relationship between a theory and a research question.

Example of Hypothesis

Credit: Study.com

To make things easier for you, we’ll give you examples for each type of hypothesis. So whether you’re struggling to formulate a concrete hypothesis or you need some ideas to add to your checklist, this guide is for you.

1. Simple Hypothesis

The hypothesis predicts the outcome between an independent (cause) and a dependent variable (effect).

• Getting 6 to 8 hours of sleep can improve a student’s alertness in class
• Excessive consumption of alcohol can cause liver disease
• Smoking cigarette can cause lung cancer
• Drinking a lot of sugary beverages can cause obesity

2. Complex Hypothesis

A complex hypothesis gives a relationship between two or more independent and dependent variables.

• Obese persons who continue to eat oily foods are likely to accumulate high cholesterol and develop heart complications
• Individuals who live in cities and smoke have a higher chance of developing respiratory disease and suffer from cancer
• Overweight adults who want to live long are more likely to lose weight

3. Directional Hypothesis

This kind of a hypothesis gives a researcher or student the direction he or she should follow to determine the relationship between a dependent and an independent variable.

• Boys perform better than girls in school
• The prediction that health decreases as stress decreases

4. Non-directional Hypothesis

It’s the opposite of a directional hypothesis, which means it doesn’t show the nature of the relationship between dependent and independent variables.

• The likelihood that there will be a difference between the performance of boys and girls

5. Associative and Causal Hypothesis

An associative and causal hypothesis uses statistical information to analyze a sample population from a specific area.

• 13% of the US population are poor
• The current rate of divorce in the US stands at the rate of 80% because of irreconcilable differences
• Nearly 40% of the Savannah population lives past the age of 60

6. Null Hypothesis

A null hypothesis exists where there’s no relationship between two variable. A researcher can also formulate a null hypothesis if they don’t have the information to state a scientific hypothesis.

• There is no significant change in an individual’s work habit if they get more than 6 hours of sleep
• There’s no significant change in health status if you drink root beer
• Age doesn’t have an effect on someone’s ability to write Math assignments

7. Alternative Hypothesis

Researchers use an alternative hypothesis (H1) to try to disprove the null hypothesis (H0). In other words, they try to come up with a reasonable alternative that they can use in the place of th null hypothesis.

• Your health can increase if you drink green tea instead of root beer
• Your work habits can improve if you get six hours of sleep instead of nine
• You can improve the growth of plant if you use water rich in vitamins instead of distilled water

Null Hypothesis vs Alternative Hypothesis

The table below shows the difference between a null hypothesis and an alternate hypothesis.

8.  Logical Hypothesis

A logical hypothesis is a proposed assumption or explanation with limited evidence.

• Creatures that live in the bottom of an ocean use aerobic respiration instead of anaerobic respiration
• Cactus experience successful growth rates than tulips on planet Mars

9. Empirical Hypothesis

By putting a theory to the test, and changing around independent variable, and using observations and experiments, a researcher comes up with an empirical hypothesis also known as a working hypothesis. An empirical hypothesis ceases to be just an idea, assumption or notion.

• A woman to takes vitamin E grows her hair faster than a woman who takes vitamin K

Note that until you’re able to test a theory for an extended period, the evidence for any claim can only remain logical.

About the author 

Antony W is a professional writer and coach at Help for Assessment. He spends countless hours every day researching and writing great content filled with expert advice on how to write engaging essays, research papers, and assignments.

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How To Write A Hypothesis For A Science Experiment

How to Write a Hypothesis: The Ultimate Guide with Examples . Learn how to write a hypothesis in college writing: essays, research, studies, reports, and other paper types. Examples included.

• Simple hypothesis
• What is a hypothesis in an essay?
• How long is a hypothesis?
• How to write a hypothesis statement?
• How to write a null hypothesis?
• How to write an alternative hypothesis?
• How to write a simple hypothesis?
• How to write a statistical hypothesis?
• How to write a hypothesis for a lab report?
• How to write a hypothesis for a research paper?

A hypothesis is a research statement based on predictions you can test to support or refuse through scientific methods like experiments, statistical data analysis, observations, etc. Hypotheses aren’t about science, experiments, and creating new theories only. While students in science classes formulate a hypothesis every second day, others from non-science fields may find it challenging to write it for an essay or a research paper. This article is here to reveal the nature of hypothesis writing and help you learn how to write a hypothesis for essays, reports, studies, and any paper type you may need to compose. We’ve researched all the guides, invited our top writers to answer all the FAQs students have on hypothesis writing, gathered hypothesis examples, and put first things first. So, are you ready to make it loud and clear with us? What is a hypothesis? Hypothesis vs. predictionTheory vs. hypothesisHypothesis characteristicsThesis statement vs. hypothesis in an essayMain hypothesis sources7 types of hypotheses you may need to writeHow to write a hypothesis: 5 stepsAsk a questionConduct researchWrite a null hypothesisDefine variablesState it using an if-then formatWhat is a hypothesis in a research paper?

Video advice: Breakthrough “Writing a Hypothesis for a Scientific Experiment”

First video for Breakthrough, teaching three \”students\” how to write a hypothesis about plants! Simple enough for young students first learning how to write a hypothesis based on a research question and topic.

Video advice: How to Write a Hypothesis

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Video advice: Science Project – 3. Research & Form a hypothesis

The 3rd step for a science fair project is to research and form a hypothesis.

What is an example of a hypothesis for an experiment?

Here are some examples of hypothesis statements: If garlic repels fleas, then a dog that is given garlic every day will not get fleas. If sugar causes cavities, then people who eat a lot of candy may be more prone to cavities. If ultraviolet light can damage the eyes, then maybe this light can cause blindness.

How do you write a hypothesis example?

The basic format might be: "If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}." A few examples: " Students who eat breakfast will perform better on a math exam than students who do not eat breakfast ."

How is a hypothesis written?

A good hypothesis will be written as a statement or question that specifies : The dependent variable(s): who or what you expect to be affected. The independent variable(s): who or what you predict will affect the dependent variable. What you predict the effect will be.

What is a good sentence for hypothesis?

Hypothesis sentence example. At any rate this hypothesis suggests an explanation of many hitherto inexplicable facts. His silent votes were all given on that hypothesis . A detective's work consists largely in forming and testing hypothesis .

How do you write a good hypothesis using if then?

0:333:03How to write an If...Then...Because hypothesis statement - YouTubeYouTube.

Related Articles:

• How To Write A Hypothesis For Science
• How To Write Results Of A Science Experiment
• How To Write A Question For A Science Experiment
• How To Write A Title For A Science Experiment
• How To Write A Biology Hypothesis
• What Hypothesis Mean In Science

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• 7. Hypothesis

How to write a hypothesis

Once you have created your three topic sentences , you are ready to create your hypothesis.

What is a 'hypothesis'?

A hypothesis is a single sentence answer to the Key Inquiry Question  that clearly states what your entire essay is going to argue.

It contains both the argument and the main reasons in support of your argument. Each hypothesis should clearly state the ‘answer’ to the question, followed by a ‘why’.

For Example:  

The Indigenous people of Australia were treated as second-class citizens until the 1960’s (answer) by the denial of basic political rights by State and Federal governments (why) .

How do you create a hypothesis?

Back in Step 3 of the research process, you split your Key Inquiry Question into three sub-questions .

Then at Step 6 you used the quotes from your Source Research to create answers to each of the sub-questions. These answers became your three Topic Sentences .

To create your hypothesis, you need to combine the three Topic Sentences into a single sentence answer.

By combining your three answers to the sub-questions , you are ultimately providing a complete answer to the original Key Inquiry Question .

For example:

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How to Write an Effective Conclusion for a Science Lab Report

Last Updated: August 9, 2024 Fact Checked

• Discussing the Experiment
• Writing What You Learned
• Ending Your Conclusion

Finalizing Your Lab Report

This article was co-authored by Bess Ruff, MA . Bess Ruff is a Geography PhD student at Florida State University. She received her MA in Environmental Science and Management from the University of California, Santa Barbara in 2016. She has conducted survey work for marine spatial planning projects in the Caribbean and provided research support as a graduate fellow for the Sustainable Fisheries Group. There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 1,772,153 times.

A lab report describes an entire experiment from start to finish, outlining the procedures, reporting results, and analyzing data. The report is used to demonstrate what has been learned, and it will provide a way for other people to see your process for the experiment and understand how you arrived at your conclusions. The conclusion is an integral part of the report; this is the section that reiterates the experiment’s main findings and gives the reader an overview of the lab trial. Writing a solid conclusion to your lab report will demonstrate that you’ve effectively learned the objectives of your assignment.

How to Write a Lab Report Conclusion

• Restate the purpose of the experiment and your procedures.
• Describe the results or findings and if they support your hypothesis.
• Mention what you've learned from the experiment.
• Note any errors or uncertainties that could affect the results.
• Propose experiments for the future to gain more findings.

Outlining Your Conclusion

• Restate : Restate the lab experiment by describing the assignment.
• Explain : Explain the purpose of the lab experiment. What were you trying to figure out or discover? Talk briefly about the procedure you followed to complete the lab.
• Results : Explain your results. Confirm whether or not your hypothesis was supported by the results.
• Uncertainties : Account for uncertainties and errors. Explain, for example, if there were other circumstances beyond your control that might have impacted the experiment’s results.
• New : Discuss new questions or discoveries that emerged from the experiment.

• Your assignment may also have specific questions that need to be answered. Make sure you answer these fully and coherently in your conclusion.

Discussing the Experiment and Hypothesis

• If you tried the experiment more than once, describe the reasons for doing so. Discuss changes that you made in your procedures.
• Brainstorm ways to explain your results in more depth. Go back through your lab notes, paying particular attention to the results you observed. [3] X Trustworthy Source University of North Carolina Writing Center UNC's on-campus and online instructional service that provides assistance to students, faculty, and others during the writing process Go to source

• Start this section with wording such as, “The results showed that…”
• You don’t need to give the raw data here. Just summarize the main points, calculate averages, or give a range of data to give an overall picture to the reader.
• Make sure to explain whether or not any statistical analyses were significant, and to what degree, such as 1%, 5%, or 10%.

• Use simple language such as, “The results supported the hypothesis,” or “The results did not support the hypothesis.”

Demonstrating What You Have Learned

• If it’s not clear in your conclusion what you learned from the lab, start off by writing, “In this lab, I learned…” This will give the reader a heads up that you will be describing exactly what you learned.
• Add details about what you learned and how you learned it. Adding dimension to your learning outcomes will convince your reader that you did, in fact, learn from the lab. Give specifics about how you learned that molecules will act in a particular environment, for example.
• Describe how what you learned in the lab could be applied to a future experiment.

• On a new line, write the question in italics. On the next line, write the answer to the question in regular text.

• If your experiment did not achieve the objectives, explain or speculate why not.

Wrapping Up Your Conclusion

• If your experiment raised questions that your collected data can’t answer, discuss this here.

• Describe what is new or innovative about your research.
• This can often set you apart from your classmates, many of whom will just write up the barest of discussion and conclusion.

Community Q&A

• Ensure the language used is straightforward with specific details. Try not to drift off topic. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• Once again, avoid using personal pronouns (I, myself, we, our group) in a lab report. The first-person point-of-view is often seen as subjective, whereas science is based on objectivity. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
• If you include figures or tables in your conclusion, be sure to include a brief caption or label so that the reader knows what the figures refer to. Also, discuss the figures briefly in the text of your report. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0

• Take care with writing your lab report when working in a team setting. While the lab experiment may be a collaborative effort, your lab report is your own work. If you copy sections from someone else’s report, this will be considered plagiarism. Thanks Helpful 4 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://phoenixcollege.libguides.com/LabReportWriting/introduction
• ↑ https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/puttingittogether.aspx
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/brainstorming/
• ↑ https://advice.writing.utoronto.ca/types-of-writing/lab-report/
• ↑ http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/hypothes.php
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/conclusion
• ↑ https://libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/introduction/researchproblem
• ↑ http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/scientific-reports/
• ↑ https://phoenixcollege.libguides.com/LabReportWriting/labreportstyle
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/

About This Article

To write a good lab conclusion in science, start with restating the lab experiment by describing the assignment. Next, explain what you were trying to discover or figure out by doing the experiment. Then, list your results and explain how they confirmed or did not confirm your hypothesis. Additionally, include any uncertainties, such as circumstances beyond your control that may have impacted the results. Finally, discuss any new questions or discoveries that emerged from the experiment. For more advice, including how to wrap up your lab report with a final statement, keep reading. Did this summary help you? Yes No

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How To Write A Hypothesis Guide And Detailed Instructions

Whether you’re studying for a college degree, MBA, or Ph.D., developing a hypothesis for your research is mandatory. You must know how to write a good hypothesis to impress your professors. Now, how should a hypothesis be written?

This is where some students get confused and exhausted. You already know that you’re to formulate a hypothesis around something testable. But you don’t know how to create hypotheses based on previous observations that you would later explain in your paper or journal.

In this article, you’ll learn what a hypothesis is, how to make a hypothesis, examples of how to write hypothesis statement, and how to go about yours.

What Is A Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a statement that is not proven, and it’s an assumption that you’ll base your research on. They must be testable: they must have answers that can be checked with experiments and evidence.

The theory around your hypothesis becomes valid when it’s proven to be true through experiments. Scientists have rules for writing that make their chemistry, physics, and biology research reproducible.

An essential part is that they must understand the experiments of others so that they can build on them and improve them. These rules define how scientists write about science. This rule applies to hypotheses, too.

Why Do You Need A Hypothesis?

Writing a good hypothesis is a key part of any scientific exploration. It allows a broad and open-ended question that compels you to investigate. There are many other reasons, including:

It’s different from a theory because a theory is something like:

“The earth orbits around the sun.”

This is not testable because we know that it’s true. A theory is more like an explanation for why something happens, while a hypothesis is a guess about what will happen and why it would.

A hypothesis is a statement of the relationship you’ve observed in a pair of variables. The easiest way to think about it is that the hypothesis is your testable statement for your research project.

You would typically use your background knowledge and experience as a researcher to come up with this statement before you set out to collect data. A good hypothesis will give you insight into what kind of data you need to collect to answer the question (or provide evidence).

For example:

“People who live in cities have higher stress levels than those who live in rural areas because there are more people around them all day long!”

This hypothesis would then lead us to ask questions like “How do we measure stress?” or “What factors contribute to stress?” You’ll provide answers to these questions with the paper.

A hypothesis can be proven or disproven throughout an experiment. The most common way to disprove a hypothesis is through statistical significance testing. This entails using probability and data analysis to show that there’s no practical difference between the two compared groups.

The hypothesis is a testable statement about how the world works. It’s also a way to properly arrange and structure your data. Without a hypothesis, you won’t even know what to set your scientific experiment on. A hypothesis is what you’ll use to predict what will happen in the future, and the data you collect during the research will help validate or disprove this.

In science, you’re always trying to figure out why things happen the way they do and what factors affect them. When you know how something works, “why do some people get sick while others don’t?” You might make up a hypothesis to test your idea: “People who are exposed to germs get flu symptoms.” Here’s how to start a hypothesis as the answer lets you determine whether your idea is right or wrong; an experiment then validates (or disproves) it.

Now that you know why you need to formulate a testable hypothesis, learn how to write a research hypothesis with tangible examples.

How To Write A Hypothesis

Before you start your experiments in the lab, it’s important to take some time to think about what you’re trying to achieve. After all, you can’t know your research destination until you plan it beforehand. This is why mastering how to state a hypothesis gives room for healthy predictions. Here’s how you formulate hypothesis:

Your first step is to determine what you want to investigate. You can start with a question you’d like to answer or a problem that needs solving.For example, if you’re a teacher trying to improve your students’ reading skills, you might ask:

“What techniques can I use for my students to boost reading comprehension scores on their standardized tests?”

This could also be stated as “Do test-taking strategies lead to improved standardized test scores?”

Once your question pops in your mind, especially while reflecting on a scientific paper you’ve read or a documentary you saw, write it down and commence research.

You need some facts to state a hypothesis and prove it. It might be tricky to get these facts, and you’ll want to look for relevant and irrelevant information.

Relevant information is directly related to your hypothesis. For example, your relevant sources would be academic, examination, and psychology journals, quantitative data or news outlets for the above statement.

Irrelevant information is any other kind of data, and this could be random news outlets or interviews that could help bolster what your assumptions are.

Use the word “because” to indicate that your variable causes or explains another variable. For example: If we are testing whether exercise leads to weight loss, our sentence might look like this:

“Consistent gym practice causes weight loss because it burns calories and gets the body in shape.”

You need to identify if your hypothesis is testable or if it’s an opinion you can’t prove. You can’t test what you don’t know or can’t prove. So you’d need to rewrite your hypothesis if you think it’s not testable.

Your hypothesis should be clear, concise, testable, specific, and relevant. The best way to do this is to write a brief summary of your hypothesis in the form: “If X happens, then Y will happen.”

Here’s a sample hypothesis:

“If I add 15 minutes to my sitting time everyday, then my body mass index (BMI) will reduce by 5 points in three months.”

Now that you’ve defined your idea, it’s time for the actual experiment to determine whether it’ll work.

How To Write A Hypothesis Statement: Example Of A Hypothesis

There are numerous examples of a hypothesis statement you can take a clue from. A scientific hypothesis examines two variables that need evidence-based research to be considered valid. For example:

“If I increase the amount of water applied to a plant garden, then it will make it grow faster.”

You have identified the independent and dependent variables in this statement. The independent variable is “amount of water applied,” and the dependent variable is “grow faster.” You also included a control group, which is important in scientific experiments to eliminate bias from other factors that could influence your results.

In this case, you are comparing how much growth there would be if you increase the amount of water versus how much growth there would be if you do not increase it.

You then need to research the topic in detail and design an experiment before you can write your report. The first step is to decide what you’re going to measure, how you’ll measure it, and how many times you’ll do this so that it’s accurate.

Once you’ve measured your experiment, interpreting the results can be challenging. You should look at graphs or charts of your data to see if any patterns or trends might indicate a cause-and-effect relationship between two things (like applying more water to the plant garden and faster growth).

After looking at the results of your experiment and deciding whether or not they support your original hypothesis, use this new knowledge in your conclusion. Write up something like:

“Based on my findings, it’s clear that applying more water to any plant garden would make the plant garden grow faster and greener.”

Then, write an introduction section where you can explain why this project interests/matters/is relevant to your reader. At this point, your hypothesis is no longer an educated guess. It started as one (with the observation or thoughts/idea) and ended as verifiable.

Format For Hypothesis: How Should A Hypothesis Be Written?

The usual format of a hypothesis is If – (then) – because.

Because we have the idea that if a hypothesis is formatted as an if-then statement, it’s clear what the hypothesis is about. This can be helpful for your readers and yourself if you ever need to come back and look at your work.

So, now that you know how to format it correctly (and why) let’s look at some hypothesis examples.

“If snow falls, then I’ll catch a cold when I get outside because cold can be a result of heavy snow.”

“If anyone in my family eats cake, then we will feel sick because the cake contains ingredients we are allergic to.”

“Some grasses never grow because they’re stumped every day.”

All these show that two variables must come together in the sentence. The variables must also be a probability the research attempts to solve to make them valid statements.

How To Know Your Hypothesis Is Good

Now that you know how to create a hypothesis, you need to know if it’s good through these pointers:

State a Hypothesis as Clearly as Possible You can choose precise words that are neither ambiguous nor too technical. You should also avoid jargon and words with multiple meanings to keep your language simple and clear. Don’t use fancy or pretentious words unless they’re absolutely necessary for the meaning you want to convey, and make sure you’ve used them in their correct context. In addition, use a tone of voice appropriate to the audience. A scientific paper may need more formal language than an article for popular consumption. A Good Hypothesis Should Explain the Bond Between Multiple Variables The main purpose of forming a hypothesis is to explain the relationship between multiple variables clearly. The relationship should be testable for it to be proven. This is, why if X leads to Y, what is in between that connects X and Y? This must reflect in the hypothesis as it’s the factor that’ll be experimented. A Hypothesis should Be Testable This means that your hypothesis should be a statement that can be proven or disproven with an experiment. You want to make sure your hypothesis is specific enough to guide you towards the right experiment but not so specific that it eliminates any other possible outcomes of your experiment. Also, a hypothesis should not make claims about unobservable things (like feelings or thoughts). Instead, focus on observable results (things we can see) like measurements and observations from experiments conducted by scientists over time.If your hypothesis isn’t testable, then it needs to be reformulated.

What Should You Do If Your Hypothesis Is Incorrect?

You need to reformulate your thesis if it’s incorrect. You may have to reevaluate the problem or look at it differently. It’s also possible that you need to test your hypothesis with a different method of experimentation.

Here are some ideas from the best scientific thesis writing help experts:

Try Another Approach: Try looking at your hypothesis from a different angle, or consider changing up your methods entirely (for example, instead of asking people what they think will happen in the future and then testing their opinions against reality, you could run an experiment where participants predict events and then actually follow up on those predictions). Share Your Idea with a Third Party: Your hypothesis can be tested by allowing a third party to observe the results of your attempt to prove or disprove the statement. For example, if you’re testing whether peanuts can be made into peanut butter using only as few steps as possible, have someone else make it for you or observe them make it.

Document how you made your product and recorded any necessary changes along the way. This will help you know what works and doesn’t so that you’ll make changes to the whole idea.

Get Hypothesis Writing Help

Writing a hypothesis is smart work. You need professionals who know how to write a scientific hypothesis and journal that reflect the experiment supporting the hypothesis. You need professionals who are also expert writers and can offer writing help online.

We offer some of the best writing helpers online, with fast with turnovers. Our writers create the best hypothesis scenario with the possibility to ace any experiment at a cheap price. They will offer writing help if you need these professionals to help write a good hypothesis for you. After all, you need to complete your degrees stronger than you started. A great paper by professionals can seal that deal, and our master thesis writing service is here to help.

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How to Write a Good Experimentation Hypothesis

According to Optimizely, a hypothesis is a prediction you create before running an experiment. A hypothesis clearly states what you’ll change, what you believe the experiment’s outcome will be, and why you think so. Running the experiment will either prove or disprove your hypothesis.

Your hypothesis should express your assumption or prediction about how a certain variable or factor will affect your goal. When defining it, keep the following guidance in mind.

• Be specific about what you’re trying to achieve.
• Choose how you will measure the experiment and in what audience segment. Your metric(s) should be directly related to your goals, such as conversions, revenue, bounce rate, or time on the page.
• Keep your sample size in mind. For example, if you know your website traffic, you can use a time-bound scenario.

Your hypothesis can follow a general structure of, “If _____, then _____ because _____.”

We’ll dive in and share two examples of experiment hypotheses, including common questions you may ask yourself.

You may want to increase your conversion rate on a landing page. But how do you do that, and how much do you want to increase it? What about the duration for which you want that increase to happen? As you can see, it’s important to ask yourself the right questions to get to the specifics of your requirements and ensure a valid sample size.

Experimentation Hypothesis Examples

If you deploy a pop-up with a call-to-action (CTA) to a valuable case study on the landing page, then it will increase the conversion rate by 5% within three months because it captures the user’s attention and information on a high-traffic page and allows them to download a valuable case study.

This is great, and you share this with your design on the team, but the designer hates pop-ups. They agree that pop-ups grab the user's attention, so your designer advocates for a variation of the pop-up that uses animation to show the pop-up and then moves it to the side. Hence, it’s less disruptive to the user viewing the content on your landing page. You agree that it would be interesting to test, so you determine the metrics you’ll need to track the success of this test, which audience segment(s) it can be applied to, and what sample size you’ll need to achieve a statistically significant result before you set up this experiment.

Learn how to write good experimentation hypotheses.

If you deploy two design variations of a pop-up with a CTA to a valuable case study on the landing page, then it will increase the conversion rate by 5% within 3 months because it captures the user’s attention and information on a high-traffic page and allows them to download a valuable case study.

You can then vet this hypothesis with your team before you figure out which metrics you’ll need to track this experiment’s success, which audience segment(s) it can be applied to, and the sample size you’ll need to achieve a statistically significant result. Once you have that information, you can set up and run your experiment.

The Importance of a Good Experiment Hypothesis

Running an experiment without a hypothesis means its results will be unfocused and won’t yield definitive information you can use to improve your digital experiences. By writing a good experiment hypothesis, you’ll have a concrete idea of what you’re trying to achieve, how you will measure it, and how much data you need to form a solid conclusion. Then you can take what you learn to improve your digital experiences in ways that will make a major impact like increasing leads, conversions, and revenue.

Need help writing an experiment hypothesis or two for your organization? Contact us . Our digital marketing experts can assist you with developing and running experiments that will take the guesswork out of your efforts so you can make changes you know will resonate with your audiences.

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How to Write a Hypothesis? [Tips with Examples]

Click here if you have ever found yourself in the position of having to wrestle with the development of a hypothesis for your research paper. As an expert writer, I have seen that this is where most students begin to sweat. It is a potpourri of theory and practice, hence rather intimidating. But not to worry because I have got your back. This guide is a pool of tips and tricks for writing a hypothesis to set the stage for compelling research.

What is a Hypothesis?

A hypothesis is a tentative statement, usually in the form of an educated guess, that provides a probable explanation for something either a phenomenon or a relationship between variables. This will, therefore, form a basis for conducting experiments and research studies, hence laying down the course of your investigation and mainly laying the ground for your conclusion.

A good hypothesis should be:

Specific and clear

Testable and falsifiable

Based upon existing knowledge

Logically consistent

Types of Hypothesis

There are different kinds of hypotheses used in research, all of which serve different purposes depending on the nature of the study. Here are eight common types:

1. The null hypothesis (H0):  asserts that there is no effect or relationship between variables. This forms a baseline for comparison. Example: "There is no difference in test scores for students who study music and for those who do not."

2. Alternative Hypothesis (H1): The hypothesis that postulates some effect or relationship between variables; it is, therefore, the opposite of the null hypothesis. For instance, "Students who study with music have different test scores than those who study in silence."

3. Simple Hypothesis: The hypothesis that states a relationship between two variables: one independent and one dependent. For example, "More sunlight increases plant growth."

4. Complex Hypothesis: This hypothesis involves the relationship of more than one variable. For example, "More sunlight and water increase plant growth."

5. Directional Hypothesis: The hypothesis which specifies the direction of the effect between variables. For instance, "Students who study with music will have higher test scores than students who study in silence."

6. Non-Directional Hypothesis: This is a hypothesis used where the relationship is indicated, but the direction is not specified. For example, "There is a difference in test scores between students who study with music and those who study in silence."

7. Associative Hypothesis: This hypothesis merely states that the change in one variable is associated with a change in another. It does not indicate cause and effect. For example: "There is a relationship between study habits and academic performance."

8. Causal Hypothesis: This hypothesis states that one variable causes a change in another. For example: "Increased study time results in higher test scores."

Understanding such types of hypotheses will help in the selection of the correct hypothesis for your research and in making your analysis clear and effective.

5 Steps to Write a Good Hypothesis [With Examples]

An excellent hypothesis provides a backbone to any scientific research. Leave some help behind in writing one? Follow this easy guide:

Step 1: Ask a Question

First, you must understand what your research question is. Suppose you want to carry out an experiment on plant growth. Your question can be, "How does sunlight affect plant growth?"

Use WPS AI to help when you get stuck. Feed it a topic, and it will come up with related questions to ask.

Step 2: Do Preliminary Research

Do some research to see what's already known about your topic. That way, you can build upon existing knowledge.

Research information in journals, books and credible websites. Then summarize what you read. This will help you formulate your hypothesis.

Step 3: Define Variables

Identify your variables:

Independent Variable: What you manipulate. For example, the amount of sun.

Dependent Variable: What you measure. For example, plant growth rate.

Clearly defining these makes your hypothesis specific and testable.

Step 4: State Your Hypothesis

State your question in the form of a hypothesis. Here are some examples:

If  then: "If plants receive more sunlight, then they will grow faster."

Comparative statements: "Plants receiving more sunlight grow faster than plants receiving less."

Correlation statements: "There is positive correlation between sunlight and plant growth." This kind of pattern makes your hypothesis easy to test.

Step 5: Refine Your Hypothesis

Revise your hypothesis to be clear and specific, and elicit feedback to improve it.

You will also need a null hypothesis, which says that there is no effect or relationship between variables. An example would be, "Sunlight has no effect on the growth of plants."

With these steps, you are now bound to come up with a testable hypothesis. WPS AI can help you in this process more efficiently.

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

A good hypothesis is seen as the backbone of doing effective research. Following are some key characteristics that define a good hypothesis:

A good hypothesis has to be testable either by experimentation or observation. The hypothesis should clearly predict what can be measured or observed. For example, "If it receives more sunlight, the plant will grow taller" is a testable hypothesis since it states what can be measured.

Falsifiable

A hypothesis has to be falsifiable: it should be able to prove it wrong. This feature is important because it accommodates testing in science. For example, the statement "All swans are white" is falsifiable since it just takes one black swan to disprove the claim.

A good hypothesis should be grounded in current knowledge and should be properly reasoned. It should be broad or reasonable within existing knowledge. For example, "Increasing the amount of sunlight will boost plant growth" makes sense, in that it tallies with generally known facts about photosynthesis.

Specific and Clear

What is needed is clarity and specificity. A hypothesis has to be brief, yet free from ambiguity. For instance, "Increased sunlight leads to taller plants" is clear and specific whereas "Sunlight affects plants" is too vague.

Built upon Prior Knowledge

A good hypothesis is informed by prior research and existing theories. The available knowledge enlightens it to build on what is known to find new relationships or effects. For example, "Given photosynthesis requires sunlight, increasing sunlight will enhance plant growth" is informed by available scientific understanding.

Ethical Considerations

Finally, a good hypothesis needs to consider the ethics involved. The research should not bring damage to participants or the environment. For instance, "How the new drug will affect a human when tested without testing it on animals" may present an ethical concern.

Checklist for Reviewing Your Hypothesis

To be certain that your hypothesis has the following characteristics, use this checklist to review your hypothesis:

1. Is the hypothesis testable through experimentation or observation?

2. Can the hypothesis be proven false?

3. Is the hypothesis logically deduced from known facts?

4. Is your hypothesis clear and specific?

5. Does your hypothesis relate to previous research or theories?

6. Will there be any ethical issues with the proposed research?

7. Are your independent and dependent variables well defined?

8. Is your hypothesis concise and ambiguity free?

9. Did you get feedback to help in refining your hypothesis?

10. Does your hypothesis contain a null hypothesis for comparison?

By making sure that your hypothesis has these qualities, you are much more likely to set yourself on the course of higher-quality research and larger impacts. WPS AI can help fine-tune a hypothesis to ensure it is well-structured and clear.

Using WPS to Perfect your Hypothesis

Drafting a good hypothesis is the real inception of any research project. WPS AI, with its advanced language functions, can very strongly improve this stage of your study. Here's how WPS AI can help you perfect your hypothesis:

Check Grammar and Syntax

Grammar and punctuation errors can make your hypothesis weak. WPS AI checks and corrects this with the assurance that your hypothesis is as clear as possible and professional in its presentation. For example, when your hypothesis is written, "If the temperature increases then plant growth will increases", WPS AI can correct it to "If the temperature increases, then plant growth will increase."

Rewrite Your Hypothesis for Clarity

There needs to be a clear hypothesis. WPS AI can suggest ways to reword your hypothesis so that it makes sense. If your original hypothesis is, "More sunlight will result in more significant plant growth due to photosynthesis," WPS AI can suggest, "Increased sunlight will lead to greater plant growth through enhanced photosynthesis."

Automatic Content Expansion

Sometimes, your hypothesis or the related paragraphs may require more detail. WPS AI's [Continue Writing] feature can help enlarge the content. For example, after having written, "This study will examine the effects of sunlight on plant growth", using [Continue Writing] it can enlarge it to, "This research paper is going to study how sunlight affects the growth of plants by measuring their height and their health under different amounts of sunlight over a period of six weeks."

WPS AI is a great tool that can help you in drafting a good hypothesis for your research. It will help you check grammar, syntax, clarity, and completeness. Using WPS AI , you will be assured that the results of your hypothesis will be well-written and clear to understand.

What is the difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

The hypothesis is one single testable prediction regarding some phenomenon. The theory is an explanation for some part of the natural world which is well-substantiated by a body of evidence, together with multiple hypotheses.

What do I do if my hypothesis isn't supported by my data?

If your results turn out not to support your hypothesis, analyze the data again to see why your result rejects your hypothesis. Do not manipulate the observations or experiment so that it leads to your hypothesis.

Can there be more than one hypothesis in a research study?

Yes, there may be more than one hypothesis, especially when one research study is examining several interrelated phenomena or variables. Each hypothesis has to be separately and clearly stated and tested.

Correct formulation of a strong, testable hypothesis is one of the most critical steps in the application of the scientific method and within academic research. The steps provided in this article will help you write a hypothesis that is clear, specific, and based on available knowledge. Give the tools and tips a try to elevate your academic writing and kick your research up a notch.

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How to Write a Hypothesis for an Egg Drop Science Project

The Best Ways to Make an Egg Drop

For a classical science experiment such as the egg drop, it is important to develop a proper hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated explanation made with limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation. Write a hypothesis before beginning the experiment. An egg-drop project requires students to create containers that hold an egg without cracking if the container and egg are dropped from a certain height. The rules regarding the container and the height dropped depend on the rules each teacher sets. A proper hypothesis lists the parameters and predicts what will happen if those limits are met.

Think about how easily an egg breaks if an egg carton is dropped. From what height will it break and from what height will it remain intact?

Ask yourself what padding would ensure the egg is protected from cracking when dropped.

Decide on appropriate test parameters for the egg container, such as what materials to use, how much material to use, and from what height drop the egg.

Write a hypothesis that indicates which container parameters and height you have decided will keep the egg intact when dropped. Write your hypothesis as an if-then statement that will be answered by your experiment.

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• Houghton Mufflin: Project 3: The Egg-Drop Experiment
• Generating a Research Hypothesis

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Sarah Meem began writing in 2007. She specializes in coverage of Middle East topics, human trafficking and human rights issues. Meem has a Bachelor of Arts in international studies and Arabic from the University of North Carolina. She is pursuing a master's degree in social service administration from the University of Chicago.

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Lean Startup Best Practices: Write hypotheses you can learn from.

James Birchler

If you practice Lean Startup methodologies, you’re likely familiar with Build-Measure-Learn . It seems like the directive here is to first build something quickly, then measure some results, and then try to learn, all as quickly as possible. The problem is that too many people have taken this literally, building without first pausing to articulate what they think they know about their business and customer, and what it is they want to learn next.

What we actually need to do is Learn-Build-Measure. In other words, think first about what you already know about your business and customer, then form a testable hypothesis to validate, and then move on to building and measuring.

Now you might be thinking, “But it’s a loop, so why should it matter where we start?”

It matters because building without some reasonable understanding of your business and customer is just guessing. And if you’re guessing, you’re in the realm of superstition rather than science.

Unless you’ve put some serious thought into testing hypotheses , running experiments , and applying Lean Startup methodologies, it’s likely that you’ve been guessing about the results of your experiments rather than learning from them. Every time this happens, you lose a valuable chance to validate and improve your understanding of your business and customers, and you waste time and money.

Written by James Birchler

Innovator, flamenco guitarist, all-around badass. jamesbirchler.com

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