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Abnormal Psychology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

__________ is defined by whether or not a relationship between variables is large enough to matter.

clinical significance reliable significance statistical significance valid significance

clinical significance

Which research method would be most useful in generating hypotheses about the cause of a newly discovered, rare abnormality?

correlational method single-subject ABAB design case study experimental design

Lenny is enrolled in a study examining the psychological treatment of phobias. He sees a therapist weekly and receives support and encouragement, but no gradual exposure. Lenny is most likely in

a control group. an independent-variable group. a low-severity group. a treatment group.

a control group.

Dr. Brown developed a psychological test to measure anxiety. She then conducted several additional studies in which she showed that scores on her test are higher for college students during finals week, people diagnosed with anxiety disorders, and people high in psychophysiological measures of anxiety. Dr. Brown’s additional studies help demonstrate the __________ of her test.

internal validity independence external validity prevalence

external validity

Jacob was “cross-fostered,” which means he was:

raised by his grandparents and then foster care raised in more than one foster family raised completely apart from his biological parents raised in two foster families - half his life in one family and half in the other

raised completely apart from his biological parents

Frank and Jamal are monozygotic twins, so we can expect them to:

look different have the same friends dress alike look identical

look identical

In an experimental design, the control group is the group that

does not have the disorder in question. has the disorder in question. receives the experimental treatment. does not receive the experimental treatment.

does not receive the experimental treatment

Which of the following steps would improve the external validity of an analogue experiment of subclinical depression in college students?

Include a no-treatment control group. Use clinically depressed patients. Include several types of therapy. Perform statistical analyses on the results.

Use clinically depressed patients.

What is a common problem in epidemiological studies?

They often draw on samples that are not representative of the population being studied. They do not use undergraduate samples. They cannot measure prevalence, only incidence. They are experimental.

They often draw on samples that are not representative of the population being studied.

The standard for suggesting that a result is statistically significant is if the chances are less than __________ in 100 that it occurred by chance.

5 25 .05 10

A study finds that children of mothers with a fear of heights are more likely to have a fear of heights themselves. Which of the following may be a reason why it would be inaccurate to conclude that a fear of heights is genetically transmitted from mother to offspring?

The study did not test the possibility of the fathers having a fear of heights. Specific phobias cannot be genetically transmitted. The children might develop their own new fears. The mothers may model phobic behavior.

The mothers may model phobic behavior.

When studying the relationship between social class and anxiety disorders, Dr. Stewart follows 50 children whose parents were diagnosed with an anxiety disorder from birth to age 30. This is an example of:

the experimental method. an epidemiological study. the high-risk method. a behavioral-genetics study.

the high-risk method.

Dr. Wilhelm randomly assigned 50 depressed patients (half women and half men) to two groups for treatment. One group received medication and the other received cognitive therapy. Ratings of the depression level of the subjects were taken before and after treatment. The rating of subjects’ depression level is the

third variable. confound variable. independent variable. dependent variable.

dependent variable.

Causal relationships are best identified by which design?

case study experimental epidemiological correlational

experimental

Dr. Bradley has been conducting a case study of Brenda P., a woman with dissociative identity disorder. Which of the following statements by Dr. Bradley is a misuse of the case study method?

1) “Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims”. 2) “Since Brenda was not sexually abused, the theory that all dissociation is caused by sexual abuse may not be universally true”. 3) “Brenda was sexually molested as a child. This leads me to hypothesize that perhaps other individuals with dissociative identity disorder were molested as children”. 4) All of the above are examples of inappropriate uses of the case study.

“Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims”.

Professor Misha collects data showing a correlation between grades and happiness. He concludes that being happy helps students to get better grades. Which of the following illustrates the “directionality problem” in Professor X’s conclusion?

Female (or male) students may get better grades. Good grades may produce happiness. Students in love may be happier and get better grades. Students with poor grades may drop out of school.

Good grades may produce happiness.

The __________ problem is concerned with whether or not an additional variable may have caused the outcome.

correlated-variable third-variable extra-variable additional-variable

third-variable

The single-subject ABAB design cannot be used to study behaviors that

are not prevalent in the population. do not return to baseline. are highly reactive. have highly heritable components.

do not return to baseline.

The more intelligent a person is, the greater the chance that he or she will receive higher grades in school. Most likely, this finding comes from which type of research?

epidemiology experiment case study correlational study

correlational study

Epidemiology is the study of

the rates and correlates of disorders in a population. unique cases or unusual disorders. mental disorders in other cultures. the development of disorders over the life span.

the rates and correlates of disorders in a population.

Dr. Less collected data showing that depressives were less interested in interacting with nondepressives. She concluded that their depression had caused them to withdraw from nondepressives. However, later research showed that depressives had not interacted with nondepressives even before they became depressed. Dr. Less failed to consider __________ problems.

internal validity directionality high risk third variable

directionality

Dr. Samuelson finds that the relation between level of hopelessness and suicide is .35, and that there is a less than 5 in 100 probability that this occured by chance alone. What would be concluded about this correlation?

It is statistically significant. It is valid. It demonstrates that suicide attempts cause hopelessness. It is unreliable.

It is statistically significant.

Harry Harlow’s famous research study on newborn monkeys examined the effects of early separation from the mother on infant monkeys. What type of research study did he use?

an analogue study a twin study a correlational design a longitudinal design

an analogue study

With the __________ method, only people with above-average risk of developing a particular disorder would be studied.

high-risk heredity scientific correlational

Case studies can be effective for which of the following purposes?

Confirming theoretical propositions. Demonstrating universal relationships. Generating research hypotheses. Showing cause-effect relationships.

Generating research hypotheses.

When examining a scatter diagram, the __________ scattered the points are distributed, the __________ the correlation.

more; higher more; lower less; higher less; lower

more; lower

“The lifetime prevalence rate of panic disorder is 3.5%”. This statement indicates that

1) new cases of panic disorder will be 3.5% of the population over the next year. 2) the proportion of chronic panic sufferers is 3.5%. 3) there is a 3.5% chance of developing panic disorder following the interview until death. 4) of individuals interviewed, 3.5% had experienced panic disorder at some point in their life.

of individuals interviewed, 3.5% had experienced panic disorder at some point in their life.

Several studies have found a correlation between schizophrenia and family conflict. Which of the following explanations illustrates the directionality problem?

Schizophrenics may be less likely to live with their families. The relationship found between schizophrenia and family conflict may not be consistent in different ethnic groups. Family conflict may be a contributing factor in schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may contribute to family conflict. Both schizophrenia and family conflict may be caused by low socioeconomic status.

Family conflict may be a contributing factor in schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may contribute to family conflict.

A risk factor may be best defined as

the likelihood of contracting a disorder in a given time period. the proportion of a population that has a disorder now. a characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder. the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture.

a characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder.

The best evidence supporting a genetic component to different disorders stems from

sibling studies. proband studies. family studies. studies of twins reared apart

studies of twins reared apart

Science comes from the Latin word scire, which means

to know to research to question all of the above

Which of the following can disprove but not prove a hypothesis?

correlation experiment questionnaire case study

When conducting a study on the effects of different medications in the treatment of depression, if the individual dispensing the medication does not know which medication he/she is giving and the patient is unaware of which medication is being received, the study is called

externally valid. analogue. double-blind. confounded.

double-blind.

What type of research design synthesizes information across studies to arrive at general conclusions?

longitudinal reversal design cross-sectional meta-analysis

meta-analysis

In a study of 100 people with panic disorder, 50 were treated with psychotherapy and 50 were treated with medication. At the end of 12 weeks of treatment, the psychotherapy group had an average score of 25 on a scale of panic severity, while the medication group had an average score of 75. This difference is called the

within-groups variance. experimental effect. internal validity. none of the above.

experimental effect.

Correlational data would allow one to make which of the following statements?

“Depression causes weight gain.” “Weight gain causes people to become depressed.” “Depression is associated with higher weight.” “Lack of social support is the root of both depression and weight gain.”

“Depression is associated with higher weight.”

In this method, children are adopted and reared by adopted parents who have a particular disorder.

twin method family method cross-fostering experiment

cross-fostering

What type of research enabled psychopathologists to discover that Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is more common in boys than in girls?

correlational epidemiological case study experimental

epidemiological

Which statement is TRUE regarding correlation?

Correlation does not imply causation. Causation does not imply correlation. Both a and b are true. Neither a nor b are true.

Correlation does not imply causation.

Ava wants to design a study in which the causes and effects are measured at the same point in time because it is more cost-efficient. This type of study design is called

correlational. longitudinal. epidemiological. cross-sectional.

cross-sectional.

sibling studies. family studies. proband studies. studies of twins reared apart.

studies of twins reared apart.

A correlation of .98 between X and Y would indicate

a causal relationship, where X causes Y. a weak positive relationship between X and Y. virtually no relationship between X and Y. a strong positive relationship between X and Y

a strong positive relationship between X and Y

There is no relationship between social class and schizophrenia. What types of research would most likely lead to such a conclusion?

epidemiological and case study correlational and experimental epidemiological and correlational case study and mixed design

epidemiological and correlationa

Correlational research differs from experimental research in that correlational research

is associated with external validity. samples large groups of participants. relies on significance tests. does not involve manipulation of variables

does not involve manipulation of variables

A research team found that men who did not exercise had a greater rate of heart disease than those who did. Which of the following explanations best illustrates the third-variable problem? : Including men who smoke in the study might erase the relationship between exercise and heart disease. The relationship between exercise and heart disease might not be causal. Smoking might cause both heart disease and reluctance to exercise. Heart disease might make it more difficult for men to exercise.

Smoking might cause both heart disease and reluctance to exercise.

If the correlation between two variables is zero, this means that

they are inversely related. they are perfectly related. higher scores on one are associated with higher scores on the other. there is no relationship between them.

there is no relationship between them.

Professor Fulford believes that when people try to block certain thoughts, the thoughts are more intrusive. She randomly assigns participants to two groups: one that must try to prevent thoughts, and one that can think of anything they wish. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

participants think of anything thought prevention intrusive thoughts

thought prevention

Men and women were compared for their levels of disgust reactions to a gross photograph. This would be a(n) __________ study.

experimental case epidemiological correlational

correlational

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a weakness of the ABAB design?

It has low external validity. It has low internal validity. Reinstating the original condition is ethically questionable. The initial state of the subject may not be recoverable.

It has low internal validity.

Dr. Hall found a positive correlation between depression and child abuse: depressed mothers were more likely to abuse their children. Which of the following explanations best illustrates the third-variable problem?

Abused children may have a predisposition to become depressed. The relationship between depression and child abuse may apply only to women. Poverty may cause both depression and child abuse. Abusing one’s children may cause depression

Poverty may cause both depression and child abuse.

Which of the following correlations might have resulted from a study which compared grade point average to hours per week spent partying and which concluded that students who party more get poorer grades?

+1.50 +.50 0.00 -.50

Directionality is best addressed by

using a control group. using a longitudinal design. using a correlational design. using a case study.

using a longitudinal design.

Meta-analyses summarize the findings of different studies through the use of

correlation coefficients. within-group variance. between-group variance. effect sizes.

effect sizes.

independent variable. third variable. confound variable. dependent variable

dependent variable

Mary, who has trichotillomania (chronic hair pulling), is enrolled in a single-subject study using an ABAB design to see if she pulls more hair while watching TV. Mary watched TV during dinner for four weeks and pulled at least ten hairs a day for the four weeks. Then she left the TV off for four weeks and pulled only one hair per day for the four weeks. In the next step of this design, the experimenter should ask Mary to

get other subjects to follow the same procedure. turn the TV back on for four weeks. have her mother rate how much she eats. change what she eats during dinner.

turn the TV back on for four weeks.

Dr. Reside treated 20 children using a new therapeutic procedure. An outside observer rated the children’s activity level on a laboratory task before and after the treatment; 80% of the children decreased their activity level following treatment, and Dr. Reside concluded that the procedure was highly effective. What is the major problem with Dr. Reside’s experiment?

lack of a double-blind procedure lack of control group no baseline measure the observer was biased

lack of control group

A correlation coefficient can range in value from

-1.00 to +1.00. 0 to 100. 0 to 1. -100 to +100.

-1.00 to +1.00.

Persons with schizophrenia are randomly assigned to either an attention-training group or a social skills training group. Scores on a measure of thought disorder were examined after the end of the training sessions. __________ is/are the independent variable(s) and __________ is/are the dependent variable(s).

The treatment group; the thought disorder scores Schizophrenia; the thought disorder scores The thought disorder scores; the treatment group The gender of the participants; the treatment group

The treatment group; the thought disorder scores

The inclusion of a control group

always makes a study internally valid. is among the criteria for a design to be considered an experiment. can never be done ethically when examining the effectiveness of therapy. all of the above.

is among the criteria for a design to be considered an experiment.

The family method refers to

examining phenotypes of nuclear families. identifying the gene(s) believed to cause inherited disorders. comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family. examining twins raised apart.

comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family.

“The primary problem is an unconscious anger toward his mother.” What makes this statement unscientific?

It is not reliable. It does not make sense. It is not theoretical. It is not testable.

It is not testable.

If you want to determine cause and effect, which type of research method should you use?

Survey Experimental Correlational Case Study

Experimental

If variables were found to be unrelated their correlation coefficient would be:

-1.00 0.00 +1.00 None of the above

In a study where participants are assigned to one of two treatment groups (medication versus cognitive therapy), the type of treatment received is the

third variable. dependent variable. classificatory variable. independent variable

independent variable

Which of the following correlation coefficient values demonstrates the highest degree of correlation?

-1.00 +0.96 +0.67 -0.84

A genetic explanation of schizophrenia would be supported by which of the following choices?

Higher concordance between MZ than DZ twins. MZ twins reared apart are likely to share the disorder. First-degree relatives of someone with schizophrenia are more likely to have schizophrenia than third-degree relatives. All of these support a genetic explanation.

All of these support a genetic explanation

In behavior genetics studies, researchers can rule out the influence of parenting variables most carefully if they conduct studies using the:

correlational method twin method family method adoptees method

adoptees method

Case studies are not useful in

providing the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses. disproving an allegedly universal hypothesis. generating hypotheses. providing a rich description of clinical phenomena.

providing the means for ruling out alternative

Which of the following is a critique of findings from meta-analyses?

The summarized studies use different statistical procedures. Different studies reach different conclusions. They summarize findings from studies of varying quality. There are usually insufficient numbers of studies to analyze.

They summarize findings from studies of varying quality.

Epidemiological research can be helpful for

intensive analysis of a disease in a single individual. planning for the health care needs of communities. determining the effectiveness of different treatments. addressing third-variable and directionality problems.

planning for the health care needs of communities.

The marijuana The group that smoked marijuana The group that did not smoke marijuana The math test score

The marijuana

The math test score

The group that smoked marijuana The group that did not smoke marijuana

The group that smoked marijuana

The group that did not smoke marijuana

Imagine that the results indicated that the group that smoked the marijuana scored lower than the group that did not. Can I be confident that it was the marijuana that caused this group difference? Yes No

What are some other factors, besides whether or not one has smoked marijuana immediately prior to taking a math exam, that might influence one’s score on a math exam? Math education thus far Intelligence How much sleep the subject got the night before Test anxiety All of the above

All of the above

Is it possible that one or more of those factors might have co-varied (i.e., varied in a systematic way) with the way I assigned subjects to group? Yes No

Would it be a good idea to let subjects volunteer for which group they wanted to participate in? Yes No

What would have been a better way to assign subjects to group? Flip a coin: heads go in marijuana group; tails go in control group Based on gender: women go in marijuana group; tails go in control group

Flip a coin: heads go in marijuana group; tails go in control group

Does this study actually tell us much about the relationship between substance use and academic performance in the real world? Yes No

Is the difference between the experimental and control group statistically significant? Yes No

Is the difference between the experimental and control group clinically significant? Yes No

Which of the following statements violates the principle of falsifiability? St. John’s Wort reduces the severity of depression. Peanut butter eliminates phobias. Magnesium reduces the frequency of headaches. All of the above None of the above

None of the above

of servings of vegetables per week and body weight

Imagine that you are listening to talk radio. A guest speaker says, “Behavioral science research shows that there is a positive correlation between the age at which teens first become sexually active and self-esteem. This means that waiting until one is older to have sex for the first time causes higher self-esteem among teens.” Is this interpretation warranted? Yes No

Dr. Lee has been treating someone with an unusual combination of symptoms. He notes that there is no published research on such a combination of symptoms, and considers developing a case study. How would Dr. Lee conduct this study?

Try to find other cases like the one he is treating. Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual. Examine treatment response using an ABAB design. Withhold treatment in an effort to fully understand the significance of symptoms.

Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual.

did not occur by chance

. Psychopathologists rely upon correlational research since it is effective in determining cause and effect many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated ethical considerations prevent them from doing case studies they cannot measure all the constructs

many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated

Dr. Fiedler found that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have lower socioeconomic status than those who do not have schizophrenia. What can you conclude from this study? Poverty is a cause of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia leads to poverty. Economic reform would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia and poverty are related.

Schizophrenia and poverty are related.

Incidence refers to the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture. the number of people who develop new cases of the disorder in a given time period. the proportion of a population that has a disorder now. the likelihood that a person will have a disorder given that they have a particular characteristic

the number of people who develop new cases of the disorder in a given time period.

monozygotic; dizygotic pairs

dependent variable confound variable third variable independent variable

improve internal validity

double-blind

In a single-subject ABAB design, ABAB refers to repeatedly introducing and removing the treatment repeatedly measuring different behaviors the statistical procedure used to analyze the results repeating the procedure with additional subjects

repeatedly introducing and removing the treatment

In research using the twin method, a disorder is heritable if the concordance is __________ in DZ compared to MZ twins is

higher the same lower absent

The research design that does NOT accomplish the goal of being able to draw broad conclusions is the

longitudinal design. correlational method. case-study method. experimental method

case-study method.

In correlational studies it can be hard to show which variable led to a change in the other variable. This is a problem with

incidence. directionality. clinical significance. cross-fostering.

directionality.

“About 2% of adults have obsessive-compulsive disorder.” This is a statement about the __________ of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

risk factor prevalence correlation coefficient incidence

Statistical significance is influenced by

the size of the relationship between variables the amount of hypotheses the number of participants in the study both a and c

both a and c

Which of the following are valid criticisms of the case-study method?

All of the above.

Which of the following is a good use of case study?

to prove a model to show that theories apply to everyone to show cause and effect to illustrate a rare disorder or treatment

to illustrate a rare disorder or treatment

Professor Jones has observed a correlation between students sitting in the front of the room and getting better grades in her classes. In order to conduct an “experiment” on this, Professor Jones could

adjust her data for overall grade point average. obtain similar data from other professors and classes. collect data on student study habits. assign students randomly to seats

assign students randomly to seats

Meta-analysis is

a method of analyzing data for an individual study. a method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner. a procedure that has solved the problem of psychotherapy. none of the above.

a method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner.

correlational study experiment case study epidemiology

Which of the following would likely produce a negative correlation?

auto accident injuries and blood alcohol level of drivers. family income and living in the inner city. length of hair and history of child abuse. intelligence and grade point averages

family income and living in the inner city.

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