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Printed Circuit Board Design

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One of the key concepts in electronics is the printed circuit board or PCB. It's so fundamental that people often forget to explain what a PCB is . This tutorial will breakdown what makes up a PCB and some of the common terms used in the PCB world.

Over the next few pages, we'll discuss the composition of a printed circuit board, cover some terminology, a look at methods of assembly, and discuss briefly the design process behind creating a new PCB.

Suggested Reading

Before you get started you may want to read up on some concepts we build upon in this tutorial:

• What is Electricity?
• What is a Circuit?
• Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
• Connector Basics
• Soldering 101 - PTH

Translations

Minh Tuấn was kind enough to translate this tutorial to Vietnamese. You can view the translation here .

What's a PCB?

Printed circuit board is the most common name but may also be called "printed wiring boards" or "printed wiring cards". Before the advent of the PCB circuits were constructed through a laborious process of point-to-point wiring. This led to frequent failures at wire junctions and short circuits when wire insulation began to age and crack.

A significant advance was the development of wire wrapping , where a small gauge wire is literally wrapped around a post at each connection point, creating a gas-tight connection which is highly durable and easily changeable.

As electronics moved from vacuum tubes and relays to silicon and integrated circuits, the size and cost of electronic components began to decrease. Electronics became more prevalent in consumer goods, and the pressure to reduce the size and manufacturing costs of electronic products drove manufacturers to look for better solutions. Thus was born the PCB.

PCB is an acronym for printed circuit board . It is a board that has lines and pads that connect various points together. In the picture above, there are traces that electrically connect the various connectors and components to each other. A PCB allows signals and power to be routed between physical devices. Solder is the metal that makes the electrical connections between the surface of the PCB and the electronic components. Being metal, solder also serves as a strong mechanical adhesive.

Composition

A PCB is sort of like a layer cake or lasagna- there are alternating layers of different materials which are laminated together with heat and adhesive such that the result is a single object.

Let's start in the middle and work our way out.

The base material, or substrate, is usually fiberglass. Historically, the most common designator for this fiberglass is "FR4". This solid core gives the PCB its rigidity and thickness. There are also flexible PCBs built on flexible high-temperature plastic (Kapton or the equivalent).

You will find many different thickness PCBs; the most common thickness for SparkFun products is 1.6mm (0.063"). Some of our products- LilyPad boards and Arudino Pro Micro boards- use a 0.8mm thick board.

Cheaper PCBs and perf boards (shown above) will be made with other materials such as epoxies or phenolics which lack the durability of FR4 but are much less expensive. You will know you are working with this type of PCB when you solder to it - they have a very distictive bad smell. These types of substrates are also typically found in low-end consumer electronics. Phenolics have a low thermal decomposition temperature which causes them to delaminate, smoke and char when the soldering iron is held too long on the board.

The next layer is a thin copper foil, which is laminated to the board with heat and adhesive. On common, double sided PCBs, copper is applied to both sides of the substrate. In lower cost electronic gadgets the PCB may have copper on only one side. When we refer to a double sided or 2-layer board we are referring to the number of copper layers (2) in our lasagna. This can be as few as 1 layer or as many as 16 layers or more.

PCB with copper exposed, no solder mask or silkscreen.

The copper thickness can vary and is specified by weight, in ounces per square foot. The vast majority of PCBs have 1 ounce of copper per square foot but some PCBs that handle very high power may use 2 or 3 ounce copper. Each ounce per square translates to about 35 micrometers or 1.4 thousandths of an inch of thickness of copper.

The layer on top of the copper foil is called the soldermask layer. This layer gives the PCB its green (or, at SparkFun, red) color. It is overlaid onto the copper layer to insulate the copper traces from accidental contact with other metal, solder, or conductive bits. This layer helps the user to solder to the correct places and prevent solder jumpers.

In the example below, the green solder mask is applied to the majority of the PCB, covering up the small traces but leaving the silver rings and SMD pads exposed so they can be soldered to.

Soldermask is most commonly green in color but nearly any color is possible. We use red for almost all the SparkFun boards, white for the IOIO board, and purple for the LilyPad boards.

The white silkscreen layer is applied on top of the soldermask layer. The silkscreen adds letters, numbers, and symbols to the PCB that allow for easier assembly and indicators for humans to better understand the board. We often use silkscreen labels to indicate what the function of each pin or LED.

Silkscreen is most commonly white but any ink color can be used. Black, gray, red, and even yellow silkscreen colors are widely available; it is, however, uncommon to see more than one color on a single board.

Terminology

Now that you've got an idea of what a PCB structure is, let's define some terms that you may hear when dealing with PCBs:

• Annular ring - the ring of copper around a plated through hole in a PCB.

Examples of annular rings.

• DRC - design rule check. A software check of your design to make sure the design does not contain errors such as traces that incorrectly touch, traces too skinny, or drill holes that are too small.
• Drill hit - places on a design where a hole should be drilled, or where they actually were drilled on the board. Inaccurate drill hits caused by dull bits are a common manufacturing issue.

Not so accurate, but functional drill hits.

• Finger - exposed metal pads along the edge of a board, used to create a connection between two circuit boards. Common examples are along the edges of computer expansion or memory boards and older cartridge-based video games.
• Mouse bites - an alternative to v-score for separating boards from panels. A number of drill hits are clustered close together, creating a weak spot where the board can be broken easily after the fact. See the SparkFun Protosnap boards for a good example.

Mouse bites on the LilyPad ProtoSnap allow the PCB to be snapped apart easily.

Breaking PCBs for Science

• Pad - a portion of exposed metal on the surface of a board to which a component is soldered.

PTH (plated through-hole) pads on the left, SMD (surface mount device) pads on the right.

• Panel - a larger circuit board composed of many smaller boards which will be broken apart before use. Automated circuit board handling equipment frequently has trouble with smaller boards, and by aggregating several boards together at once, the process can be sped up significantly.
• Paste stencil - a thin, metal (or sometimes plastic) stencil which lies over the board, allowing solder paste to be deposited in specific areas during assembly.

Abe does a quick demonstration of how to line up a paste stencil and apply solder paste.

• Pick-and-place - the machine or process by which components are placed on a circuit board.

Bob shows us the SparkFun MyData Pick and Place machine. It's pretty awesome.

• Plane - a continuous block of copper on a circuit board, define by borders rather than by a path. Also commonly called a "pour".

Various portions of the PCB that have no traces but has a ground pour instead.

• Plated through hole - a hole on a board which has an annular ring and which is plated all the way through the board. May be a connection point for a through hole component, a via to pass a signal through, or a mounting hole.

A PTH resistor inserted into the FabFM PCB, ready to be soldered. The legs of the resistor go through the holes. The plated holes can have traces connected to them on the front of the PCB and the rear of the PCB.

• Pogo pin - spring-loaded contact used to make a temporary connection for test or programming purposes.

The popular pogo pin with pointed tip . We use tons of these on our test beds.

• Reflow - melting the solder to create joints between pads and component leads.
• Silkscreen - the letters, number, symbols, and imagery on a circuit board. Usually only one color is available, and resolution is usually fairly low.

Silkscreen identifying this LED as the power LED.

• Slot - any hole in a board which is not round. Slots may or may not be plated. Slots sometimes add to add cost to the board because they require extra cut-out time.

Complex slots cut into the ProtoSnap - Pro Mini . There are also many mouse bites shown. Note: the corners of the slots cannot be made completely square because they are cut with a circular routing bit.

• Solder paste - small balls of solder suspended in a gel medium which, with the aid of a paste stencil, are applied to the surface mount pads on a PCB before the components are placed. During reflow, the solder in the paste melts, creating electrical and mechanical joints between the pads and the component.

Solder paste on a PCB shortly before the components are placed. Be sure to read about *paste stencil above as well.*

• Solder pot - a pot used to quickly hand solder boards with through hole components. Usually contains a small amount of molten solder into which the board is quickly dipped, leaving solder joints on all exposed pads.
• Soldermask - a layer of protective material laid over the metal to prevent short circuits, corrosion, and other problems. Frequently green, although other colors (SparkFun red, Arduino blue, or Apple black) are possible. Occasionally referred to as "resist".

Solder mask covers up the signal traces but leaves the pads to solder to.

• Solder jumper - a small, blob of solder connecting two adjacent pins on a component on a circuit board. Depending on the design, a solder jumper can be used to connect two pads or pins together. It can also cause unwanted shorts.
• Surface mount - construction method which allows components to be simply set on a board, not requiring that leads pass through holes in the board. This is the dominant method of assembly in use today, and allows boards to be populated quickly and easily.
• Thermal - a small trace used to connect a pad to a plane. If a pad is not thermally relieved, it becomes difficult to get the pad to a high enough temperature to create a good solder joint. An improperly thermally relieved pad will feel "sticky" when you attempt to solder to it, and will take an abnormally long time to reflow.

On the left, a solder pad with two small traces (thermals) connecting the pin to the ground plane. On the right, a via with no thermals connecting it completely to the ground plane.

• Thieving - hatching, gridlines, or dots of copper left in areas of a board where no plane or traces exist. Reduces difficulty of etching because less time in the bath is required to remove unneeded copper.
• Trace - a continuous path of copper on a circuit board.

-> A small trace connecting the Reset pad to elsewhere on the board. A larger, thicker trace connects to the 5V power pin. <-

• V-score - a partial cut through a board, allowing the board to be easily snapped along a line.
• Via - a hole in a board used to pass a signal from one layer to another. Tented vias are covered by soldermask to protect them from being soldered to. Vias where connectors and components are to be attached are often untented (uncovered) so that they can be easily soldered.

Front and back of the same PCB showing a tented via. This via brings the signal from the front side of the PCB, through the middle of the board, to the back side.

• Wave solder - a method of soldering used on boards with through-hole components where the board is passed over a standing wave of molten solder, which adheres to exposed pads and component leads.

Designing Your Own!

How do you go about designing your own PCB? The ins and outs of PCB design are way too in depth to get into here, but if you really want to get started, here are some pointers:

• Community support: are there a lot of people using the package? The more people using it, the more likely you are to find ready-made libraries with the parts you need.
• Ease-of-use: if it's painful to use it, you won't.
• Capability: some programs place limitations on your design- number of layers, number of components, size of board, etc. Most of them allow you to pay for a license to upgrade their capability.
• Portability: some free programs do not allow you to export or convert your designs, locking you in to one supplier only. Maybe that's a fair price to pay for convenience and price, maybe not.
• Look at other people's layouts to see what they have done. Open Source Hardware makes this easier than ever.
• Practice, practice, practice.
• Maintain low expectations. Your first board design will have lots of problems. Your 20th board design will have fewer, but will still have some. You'll never get rid of them all.
• Schematics are important. Trying to design a board without a good schematic in place first is an exercise in futility.

Finally, a few words on the utility of designing your own circuit boards. If you plan on making more than one or two of a given project, the payback on designing a board is pretty good- point-to-point wiring circuits on a protoboard is a hassle, and they tend to be less robust than purpose-designed boards. It also allows you to sell your design if it turns out to be popular.

Resources and Going Further

Interested in learning more foundational topics.

See our Engineering Essentials page for a full list of cornerstone topics surrounding electrical engineering.

Take me there!

PCBs are just the beginning! From here we recommend you explore:

• How to Read a Schematic
• How to install and setup Eagle PCB software
• How to layout PTH PCBs: Schematic
• How to layout PTH PCBs: Board Layout
• Creating SMD Footprints
• Creating SMD PCBs
• T³: Etching Your Own Circuit Boards
• Electronics Assembly

If you'd like to share your PCB creations with the world, check out these tutorials:

• Using GitHub
• Using GitHub to share with SparkFun
• Electrical Engineering
• Creative Commons tutorials are CC BY-SA 4.0
• Your Account

PCB Design Basics: Beginners Guide to Get Started

A Printed Circuit Board or PCB is one component that is present in almost all the electronic equipment we use in our daily life. It forms the foundation of any circuit. A PCB is where all the electrical/electronic components are held together and interconnected without any wires. The connections on the PCB, is not only permanent but also fairly neat and easily understood. 

If you are keen on building an electronic circuit, you need to be really familiar with the basics of PCB design.   

In this article, I will break down some of the commonly used PCB terminologies, the PCB design process, and some of the popular PCB design software . 

But first, let me explain what is a PCB really!

What is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB)?

Have you ever opened up an old, worn-out electronic equipment like tv remote or mobile phone? If yes, then you must have seen a green sheet(sometimes red, blue) with lots of silver threads and components. This sheet is nothing but a PCB.

At first, understanding the circuit may seem like an uphill task. However, once you get familiar with its design, these complications may instigate your inner electronics nerd.   

PCB forms the foundation of various complex circuits and is one of the main reasons that you get slimmer TVs, Mobile phones, and laptops. They are manufactured with either one, two, or multi-layer depending upon the complexity of the circuit.  

You can imagine PCB to be like a trifle made with layers of different materials- all laminated together to form a single PCB sheet. 

If we take a typical two-layer PCB, it will have a composition like this:

Here the Substrate refers to the non-conductive dielectric part, I mentioned above. 

The popular choice for the substrate is FR4 glass, owing to its stability with variance in temperature. It is also easy to sandwich between layers of copper strands(the conductive sheets). For complex circuits, where only minimal losses can be allowed, the PTFE substrate is used. 

In the pictorial depiction above, two copper sheets cover the substrate and is referred to as a double layer PCB. For simple circuits like that used in musical toys, thisPCB will be enough to suffice the purpose. An increase in the number of layers ensures more wiring areas for high-end circuits, such as that of your smartwatch or smartphone. 

The copper strand is masked by a layer called a solder mask to prevent accidental contact with any conducting leads. This layer gives the board its green (In some cases red) color.  The numbering, lettering, and other markings (usually in white) which you see on the PCB surface is done through a silkscreening process.

You need a really good design tool to realise the circuit idea in your mind. Why don’t you read our list of 10+ Circuit Design and Simulation tools ?

PCB: Terminologies

As we dive into the design process of PCB, let me get you familiar with a couple of commonly used words from the PCB glossary. 

• Soldermask – The green/red/blue (non-conducting) layer that you see on top of any PCB. It shields the entire PCB from a possible short circuit. It also makes the entire soldering process a tad easy.
• Silkscreen – The white markings on the PCB which depicts the letters, component symbols, manufacturer’s logo, and other important symbolic information regarding the circuit connection.
• Pads – Small surface of copper on the board, which are used to make the electric connection between the components and the copper tracks using solder.
• Layers – Each surface that is bound together to form PCB. The outermost layer is where the mounting/soldering of components happens. The inner layers are used for connecting the components internally.
• Footprint – All the information available of pads and the circuit online are saved in the PCB design software as footprints.
• Jumper – A saver in the time when the circuit demands are so that the copper tracks overlap each other. It helps to connect two different points on the PCB.
• Via or thru-hole via – The current gets a path through the PCB outer layers (top and bottom). You can spot them on the PCB board by the colored pads (usually yellow)
• Blind Via – They connect between the outer layer(either top or bottom) and its immediate layer and not just the outer layers. If your PCB allows light through it, it has blind vias
• Buried Via – Same like blind via. It connects the inner layers in the case of multi-layer PCB.
• Copper Traces – Coloured conductive tracks that connect the components, vias, pads.
• Annular Ring – The copper ring that encircles the plated hole.
• Design rule check (DRC) – Software-based check to find any glitches in the circuit design.
• Gerber file – File generated during the software design of the circuit. It contains important information like where to make holes, copper traces, names of the components etc.

Now that you are familiar with the basic definition and design of PCB, the next thing you need to know is the types of PCB available. Basic knowledge of it will help you choose the right type for your circuit.

PCB: Classification 

Once you start designing the circuit, the different types of PCB might overwhelm you.

I have put out a simple list below; a breakdown of types according to different aspects. 

First we classify the PCB type according to the way the components are connected to the PCB.

Classification based on the mounting technology used

In a typical PCB, the components are connected on its surface using two technologies, based on which it can be classified as:

Through-hole PCB 

As the name suggests, in this PCB type, the components are connected to the lead wires which go through the holes of PCB. This method can be easily implemented in a single layer PCB. However, as the layers increase, the difficulty to implement it also increases. 

Due to this reason, this technology is now seldom used and is on the verge of being an obsolete one. 

Surface Mount PCB

One of the newer technologies, here the need to drill holes to connect the leads to SMD components is eliminated. The components are directly mounted on to the PCB. This is easy to implement irrespective of the number of layers a PCB has.

Classification based on the number of layers

Single layer pcb.

True to its name, this type has only one layer of a conductive material such as a copper sheet. The conductive sheet is then protected by a solder mask followed by the silkscreen to mark all the components. 

You can easily identify a single layer PCB, as it will have markings and traces only on one side. 

 It is used in relatively simple circuits like digital camera circuits, toy circuits, radio and stereo sets etc. 

Double Layer PCB

 Double-layer PCB has two layers of conductive material. 

 A non-conductive material such as a fiber or glass is sandwiched between two sheets of copper. This is one of the popular types of PCB for medium to complex circuitry. It is so because it allows close routes tracing unlike a single-sided PCB. 

Multi-Layer PCB

Multi-layer PCB refers to PCB with more than 2 layers of conductive material. It can be viewed as batches of double-layer PCB where the 2 conductive foils are glued and laminated with a dielectric sheet placed in between them. 

The manufacturing process is quite tedious. As the number of layers increases, the thickness of copper sheets is kept in check, so that the overall circuit board does not look bulky. 

As more and more layers are incorporated in a PCB, it results in a powerful high-density assembly. This is the reason behind the high capacity and speed of multi-layer PCB. 

Here the electrical connection between the layers is achieved through “vias”. Since the layers are more, multiplayer PCB are highly reliable and durable for high-end applications like smartphones, GPS circuit, etc. 

Type of PCB based on their flexibility

Next, PCBs can be grouped into three categories depending upon their flexibility. It solely depends on the substrate used.

Here the substrate or the dielectric used is quite rigid and abstains the PCB from any kind of twisting and turning. One of the commonly used substrates for Rigid PCB is the FR4(with stiffener).

As the name suggests, once this PCB is manufactured it cannot be folded to fit any shape. It has good strength and life and is therefore preferred for computer motherboard.

Flexible PCB

Flexible PCB or Flex PCB as it is commonly referred is one that can be bent easily. It saves space and also is lighter in weight when compared to a rigid PCB. Here the non-conducting part is made of materials like polyamide, PEEK (Polyether ether ketone) or transparent conductive polyester film. Since these are easy to fabricate, it is available as single, double and multi-layer PCB

Its application includes: LCD Fabrication, Flex solar panels, smartwatches 

Rigid-Flex PCB

This PCB type has a combination of both rigid and flexible layers. Since flexible PCB lacks strength, combining it with rigid layers gives the PCB the flexibility and rigidity in its structure. These can be fabricated as single layer, double layer and multi-layer PCBs. 

Owing to its space and weight optimal design it is an ideal choice for medical electronics circuit like a pacemaker, and can be used circuits related to aerospace, phones, etc.  

PCB Design Process

The first step to designing  PCB is to draw a schematic on a PCB design software. There is numerous software available. Some of which I have listed out in the next section of this article. 

Use the component library and prepare a circuit diagram on your computer screen. Here you can change the circuit layout to fit into the PCB board in the most optimal way. 

Next, once the circuit diagram is done, you are ready to generate it on a plastic sheet. The Gerber file is sent to be printed as a mask or a negative image on the plastic sheet. 

This helps you to pick up the right substrate sheet that would best fit the purpose of your circuit. You can choose from unbreakable glass, fiber sheets etc. The next task is to create vias by drilling through the PCB. This can be done manually or using a computer numerical control (CNC) machine. 

 Once you sort this out, you can print the circuit using a laser printer on the copper sheets. 

Now you’ve reached halfway through the process. Next once the circuit is on the copper paper, prepare to take it to the next step of etching and striping. The board goes through the rigorous chemical wash to remove the unwired copper traces. At the end of the process, you will get a PCB with a distinct copper outline. 

The PCB is now ready to undergo the testing process. Nowadays you have an automatic testing kit like ATG test kit, to ensure that the PCB would work and serve its purpose well. 

PCB Designing Software

In this last section, I have listed out 5 popular PCB design software you can try. We have published a big list of pcb design and layout tools – where you can learn about all the popular software’s out there.

KiCad is free software and a Cross-Platform, Open Source Electronics Design Automation Suite. It comes with a 3D schematic view and a PCB Editor which can produce PCB layouts for up to 32 copper sheets. 

Altium Designer

Pioneer in 3D visualization of PCB directly from the PCB editor, Altium also offers features like FPGA,  schematic capture, and release data management. It can be used to develop a schematic of medium to complex circuits.  

Autodesk Eagle 

One of the most popular schematic platforms is the Autodesk eagle, formerly known as CadSOFT Eagle boosts of several useful features. Some of them include schematic editor , PCB layout editor for designing PCBs, component placement, and PCB routing. It is compatible with most of Operating system like linux, windows, and Mac. 

Upverter , is one of the web-based collaborative Electronic design automation(EDA) platform, owing to its open-source hardware design format. It boasts of features like 3D view, easy export to hardware, PCB editor , schematic capture to name a few.  

Osmond PCB is purely tailored for Macintosh users and provides a high resolution of 10 Nanometers, to give a high precision output. It gives you flexible features like supporting both metric and imperial unit system, provides tools to modify traces, re-structure the circuit at any point, unlimited board sizes and many more. 

With this, we come to the end of the article, Hope it was able to give you a brief idea about a PCB and its design process. 

Thank you for reading. 

Related Posts

How to start pcb business for beginner, what is turnkey pcb assembly, get your electronic circuit converted into a professional pcb.

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Your Guide to PCB Design Basics & Steps

Your time is valuable, which is why you want to design your printed circuit board correctly from the start. In our comprehensive guide, we cover everything you need to know, including PCB design basics and steps, materials and composition, best practices, and more so that you’re prepared to design the best possible printed circuit board.

PCB Design Basics

Step by Step PCB Design Guide

PCB Design Best Practices

Pcb composition & materials, pcb layout capabilities, pcb and flex design basics.

A printed circuit board (PCB) is a flat plate or base of insulating materials that contains a pattern of conducting material and components, and some projects can be quite complex. But all PCBs have to start somewhere — and that’s with design.

Why are PCB design basics so important? Multiple extensive revisions can seriously delay the completion of your project — costing you time and money. It’s important to work with engineering experts from the beginning so that you can design for manufacturability and ensure a final, cost-effective product that works efficiently and effectively.

Step-by-Step PCB Design Guide

From the initial drawings to the final files, here are the 9 steps toward designing a printed circuit board:

1. Understand the electrical parameters.

Before starting a PCB design, you should know and understand the electrical parameters of the system, including:

• Current maximums
• Signal types
• Capacitance limitations
• Impedance characteristics
• Shielding considerations
• Type and location of circuit components and connectors
• Detailed net wire listing and schematic

2. Creating the schematic.

One of the first steps is always creating a schematic, which refers to the design at the electrical level of the board’s purpose and function. At this point, it’s not yet a mechanical representation.

3. Use a schematic capture tool to create your PCB layout.

The right PCB provider will work with principal engineers to develop a schematic with a software platform such as Mentor PADS® , Allegro , or Altium , which shows you exactly how your board will operate and where the components will be placed. After you create your schematic, the mechanical engineer will load the design and determine how it will fit in the intended device.

4. Design your PCB stackup.

This is important to consider early on in the PCB design stage due to impedance, which refers to how much and how quickly electricity can travel down a trace. The stackup plays a role in how the mechanical engineer can design and fit the PCB into the device.

5. Define design rules and requirements.

This step is largely dictated by standards and acceptability criteria from the IPC , which is the industry association for PCB and electronics manufacturing. These standards tell you everything you need to know regarding PCB manufacturing. An important tip: Find a PCB layout provider who is extremely familiar with IPC standards; this can help you avoid major revisions and project delays.

6. Place your components.

In many cases, the customer and PCB provider will discuss design and layout guidelines when it comes to the placement of components. For example, there may be standards indicating that certain components cannot be placed near others because they create electrical noise in the circuit. The PCB provider will have data sheets on every component (in most cases these are connectors), which will then be placed in the mechanical layout and sent to the customer for approval.

7. Insert drill holes.

This step is driven by the components and a connection. About half of the flex circuits on the market are double-sided, which means they have connection to the drill hole on the bottom layer.

8. Route the traces.

After you’ve placed the components and drill holes, you’re ready to route the traces, which means connecting segments of the path.

9. Add labels and identifiers.

Now is the time to add any labels, identifiers, markings, or reference designators to the layout. Reference designators are helpful in showing where specific components will go on the board.

10. Generate design/layout files.

This is the final step in the layout process. These files contain all the information pertaining to your printed circuit board, and once they have been generated, your PCB is now ready for fabrication and manufacturing and assembly .

It’s important to communicate with the PCB or flex application engineer during the beginning of any PCB design job and discuss everything you need or require for your project. Open and constant communication with your PCB provider ensures that you’re both on the same page, which can reduce the need for multiple extensive revisions.

While it is rare that a printed circuit board is 100% perfectly designed on the first try, communication will help ensure that your PCB is properly designed from the start and that any revisions are not major ones that will derail your project and timeline.

When you submit a design, you also need to have the right board size, trace width, materials, component placement, and tolerances. Plus, in the case of flex,  you’ll need to determine whether the design is static, partly flexible, or dynamic.

It’s also important to consider the environment in which the product has to function. Is the printed circuit board or flex circuit designed for a non-extreme environment, such as your cell phone, or the highest of extremes, such as an explosion?

You’ll likely have questions about the PCB design and layout process, which means it’s best to find a reputable PCB provider with extensive engineering experience who can answer your questions and ensure a smooth project from start to finish.

A copper-clad substrate or polyimide-based film is often used for flex circuits, and FR4 (or an FR4 stiffener) is used for rigid-flex. FR4 allows you to build up the layers as the technology content is created.

A solder mask is also used, which is a technique where everything on the circuit board is coated with an epoxy-based LPI or cover coat for flex, except the contacts to be soldered, the gold-plated terminals of any card-edge connectors, and fiducial marks.

PCBs also include a legend application, which are the decals and reference designators in epoxy ink on a board. The name refers to the method of application in which the ink is automatically applied similar to ink jet printers

Cirexx can configure digital, analog, mixed signal technology, controlled impedance, matched length pairs DDR, RF layout, and high speed signals up to 100+ GHz for all of the following PCB structures:

• Flex circuits
• Rigid-flex circuits
• Rigid circuits
• Hybrid circuits
• BGA/micro BGA
• Buried vias
• Surface mount/thru-hole/chip (die)
• High-Density Interconnect (HDI)

Are you looking for help with your next PCB design? Contact us today to learn more about our capabilities or to consult with one of our engineering experts on your next project.

Don Kaufman is our Business Development Manager and has been with Cirexx International since 2006. He has over 33 years of sales and technical experience in the printed circuit board industry, which provides intrinsic value to customers. Don has extensive knowledge regarding integrated circuits, materials, specialty laminates, chemicals and equipment. He also prides himself on staying current with the very latest techniques and procedures in PCB Layout and manufacturing.

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Printed Circuit Board Design

Nov 01, 2014

1.87k likes | 4.23k Views

Printed Circuit Board Design. Sung Yeul Park Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng University of Connecticut September 24, 2014. What can you see from an electrical engineering perspective?. Three Elements to be considered. Components : - How to select components?

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Printed Circuit Board Design Sung Yeul Park Dept. of Electrical and Computer Eng University of Connecticut September 24, 2014

What can you see from an electrical engineering perspective? 2

Three Elements to be considered • Components : - How to select components? - What values are needed? - What kind of package will be? • Printed Circuit Board : - Schematic Design - PCB Layout Design - Prototype board • Case or Box for the prototype board : - Purchase or build by yourself 3

Printed Circuit Board ? A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer),double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different layers are connected with plated-through holes called vias. Advanced PCBs may contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.

Printed Circuit Board Design A PCB as a design on a computer (left) and realized as a board assembly populated with components (right). The board is double sided, with through-hole plating, green solder resist and a white legend. Both surface mount and through-hole components have been used. 5

Printed Circuit Board Design Schematic Design 6 PCB Layout

Key terms for PCB design • Pads are where the components are soldered to the PCB. • Traces are the copper tracks that connect pads together. • Via are small holes through the board that link a bottom and top trace together electrically. Traces on the same layer cannot cross, so often, when you are laying out a PCB, you need to a signal to jump from one layer to another. 7

Key terms for PCB design • Silk-screen refers to any lettering that will appear on the final board. • Solder-mask is a layer of insulating lacquer that covers both sides of the board except where there are pads. 8

Multi-layer PCB design • 2 Layer PCB design: Top layer and bottom layer • 4 Layer PCB design: Top, Bottom, and two middle layers. 9

PCB design procedure • Design specification • Circuit diagram • Schematic design  Select components Check the dimension  Build a footprint  Make a PCB library  Add parts • Export schematic design to layout design • Route all connection • Design rule check • Generate Gerber files and drill file and zip them • Upload zip file to PCB order website 10

PCB Library design • Are you Ready to build a library? • Component datasheet • Dimension: mil (imperial unit) vs mm (metric) 1 inch =1000 mil, 1 mil = 0.0254 mm 1 mm = 39.3700787 mil DIP component and connector: 100 mil or 2.54 mm • Symbol in schematic vs Exact dimension in Layout • Pad number should be matched in schematic symbol and layout footprint 11

PCB Library dimension example • Male header 12

PCB manufacturing procedure http://www.pa-international.com/images/stories/Multi-layer%20Metal%20Plate%20PCB%20Process%20Flow%20Chart.JPG 13

Tips for PCB design • Keep traces straight, • Try to avoid 90o turns use two 45o’s. • Double, even triple check layout, • Having a fresh pair of eyes look it over, • “measure twice, cut once” idea. • Trace thickness & spacing • Spacing of at least .010”, • 0.030” for In-house • ~0.025” per 1 Amp carrying lines, • Don’t use anything smaller than 0.010” for traces, • 0.030” for In-house milling. • Try to keep all connections on one side of PCB • Take into account component package 14

Free PCB design program • EAGLE PCB Design Software: http://www.cadsoftusa.com/download-eagle/freeware/ • Express PCB: http://www.expresspcb.com/expresspcbhtm/download.htm • Free PCB: http://www.freepcb.com/ • Advanced Circuits: http://www.4pcb.com/free-pcb-layout-software/ 15

Making PCBs • Layout your circuit / circuits • Check out http://www.expressPCB.com for some great tips on component layout and power distribution. • Layout is more of an art. • Tight spaces • Lots of connections • Make a 2 level board into a 3 level with vias 16

PCB Design Example 17

Top and Bottom Layer 18

Middle Layers(2nd & 3rd) 19

DSP Board DC-AC Inverter DC-DC Converter 20

PCB Design Assignment • Every senior design team need to design one printed circuit board during fall semester. • The number of components should be more than 10 components with connectors, surface mount components, through-hole components, and ICs. • The number of layers should be 2 or more. • Report due date is November 19th 2014 • Report: Schematic, Layout, and Free dfm Check result • https://www.my4pcb.com/net35/FreeDFMNet/FreeDFMHome.aspx 21

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John Deere Officially Opens New Manufacturing Facility in Russia

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Apr 27, 2010, 09:00 ET

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MOSCOW , April 27 /PRNewswire-FirstCall/ -- Deere & Company (NYSE: DE ) officially opened its new manufacturing and parts distribution facility south of Moscow today in Domodedovo. The John Deere Domodedovo facility is the company's largest single investment to date in Russia . The facility will manufacture agricultural, construction and forestry machinery as well as distribute service parts in the region.

(Logo: http://www.newscom.com/cgi-bin/prnh/20030326/JOHNDEERELOGO )

" Russia has a tradition of embracing advanced equipment and modern agricultural and forestry management practices," said Deere & Company chairman and CEO Samuel R. Allen at the facility's grand opening ceremony. "These are critical to the health and development of large-scale farming and forestry. They also tend to be a good match for the capabilities of John Deere products."

The new facility at Domodedovo is open just nine months after John Deere first announced its plans at the Russia - U.S. Business Forum last summer. Deere received strong cooperation from the Russian Federal government, the Moscow Oblast, and the community of Domodedovo to open the factory within this short time frame.

Allen noted that most of the world's available arable land is already being farmed, that clean water is becoming increasingly scarce, and that infrastructure is needed in many parts of the world to bring crops and forestry materials to market.

" Russia has great advantages in all these areas and the potential to become one of the world's major food-producing regions," Allen said.

At the opening ceremony for the John Deere facility, Allen said Russia 's future holds "truly immense potential as a major provider of the renewable resources so vital to the world's economic and social well-being."

He added that Deere's future plans in Russia are supportive of the Russian government's objectives to boost the output of grains and other renewable resources and to make the farm and forestry sectors more commercially vibrant.

Deere has said that the new Domodedovo facility will include a new EurAsia Parts Distribution Center and manufacture products for the company's two major divisions, including large tractors and combines for use in agriculture and a series of products for use in construction and forestry. Both the parts distribution and manufacturing capabilities will help John Deere serve customers in Russia and throughout the Commonwealth of Independent States and in other nearby markets.

In his remarks at the grand opening, Allen said, Deere first sold products in Russia 100 years ago. Now, he said, in addition to the new Domodedovo location, John Deere has a manufacturing site in Orenburg, offices in St. Petersburg and Moscow and over 70 sales and service locations located in Russia .

John Deere is a world leader in providing advanced products and services for agriculture, forestry, construction, lawn and turf care, landscaping and irrigation. John Deere also provides financial services worldwide and manufactures and markets engines used in heavy equipment. Since it was founded in 1837, the company has extended its heritage of integrity, quality, commitment and innovation around the globe.

SOURCE Deere & Company

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Also from this source, deere & company raises quarterly dividend.

The Deere & Company (NYSE: DE) Board of Directors today declared a quarterly dividend of $1.35 per share payable November 8, 2023 to stockholders of...

Deere Reports Third Quarter Net Income of $2.978 Billion

Deere & Company (NYSE: DE) reported net income of $2.978 billion for the third quarter ended July 30, 2023, or $10.20 per share, compared with net...

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Out of the Centre

Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

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