cyclone nargis case study gcse

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• Cyclone Nargis

Imagine having a strong cyclone heading your way and being unprepared because the warnings came too late and did not provide enough information about the storm's intensity. Imagine you hear the warnings but don't know how to interpret them. Think about the cyclone's winds literally blowing your house away. Imagine holding on to a tree for dear life, for many hours in a storm, hoping the winds do not blow you away like they did your house. Luckily, you survived the storm, but you're now homeless and can't find your family members. These are just some real-life scenarios which have become synonymous with 2008's Cyclone Nargis. 

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Cyclone Nargis case study

Cyclone Nargis was the first named storm of the 2008 cyclone season in the North Indian Ocean. It was one of the deadliest tropical cyclones ever recorded, and it has been compared to Hurricane Katrina in the United States. However, as you will go on to learn, it was far more deadly. Cyclone Nargis affected Myanmar (formally Burma) and resulted in the worst natural disaster in the country's history.

Myanmar's name was changed from Burma by the government in 1989. However, technically, this change only applies in English because the word Myanmar is just a more formal way of saying Burma.

Cyclone Nargis location

Cyclone Nargis formed as a depression on 27 April 2008 in the Bay of Bengal about 466 miles/750 km south-east of the city of Chennai (formerly Madras) in India. At first, the storm tracked to the northwest and was expected to make landfall in India. However, on May 1st, Nargis turned and began to track towards the northeast because of the presence of a mid-latitude trough towards its northwest.

On this new track, it was initially projected to hit either Bangladesh or the mountainous, north-western part of Myanmar. Instead, it headed more or less due east and made landfall along Myanmar's southern and eastern coasts. Cyclone Nargis dissipated on 3 May 2008 at the Myanmar/Thailand border. Figure 1 shows its track.

Cyclones in this part of the Indian Ocean typically track towards the northwest or north-north-west.

Cyclone Nargis facts

In the following sections, we will examine some facts about Cyclone Nargis.

Cyclone Nargis' strength and category

After its formation, Cyclone Nargis was upgraded to a category 1 cyclone (according to the Saffir-Simpson scale) on 28 April. It further strengthened into a category 2 cyclone on 29 April. Later that same day, Nargis lost some strength and was downgraded to storm status. On 1 May, along with the storm's sudden turn towards the east, there was also a rapid intensification. By 1 May, the storm was a category 4 with maximum sustained winds of 135 mph/217 km/hr. It made landfall in Myanmar at this strength and battered the country until 3 May.

Cyclone Nargis - affected areas

Cyclone Nargis hit the low-lying Irrawaddy Delta, including south Yangon. Yangon is Myanmar's largest city and its leading commercial centre. The fact that the cyclone largely stayed along the coast prevented it from weakening as it made its way across southern Myanmar (the storm was still being fuelled by the warm waters). It affected about 50 townships, and the areas that experienced the worst impact were Labutta, Bogale, Pyapon, Dedaye and Kyaiklat. Figure 2 shows the areas which were affected by the storm.

Cyclone Nargis impacts

The combination of heavy rains, high winds and the storm surge resulted in Cyclone Nargis devastating southern Myanmar and, as stated previously, becoming the worst natural disaster in the country's history. In fact, Nargis is often regarded as one of the worst natural disasters globally since 1970! A large proportion of the destruction resulted from its storm surge, estimated to have been over 16ft/5m in some areas and affected places up to 25 miles/40 km inland.

The impacts of the storm were amplified by the fact Myanmar already has relatively high levels of environmental degradation, including deforestation of mangroves, over-exploitation of natural resources and soil erosion.

Cyclone Nargis' economic impacts

Overall, it was estimated that Cyclone Nargis caused about USD $10 billion in damages, the equivalent of £8.3 billion today (July 2022). Approximately 65% of the rice paddy fields were destroyed (figure 3), which caused food security problems not only within the country but also in Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, both of which depend on rice exports from Myanmar to feed their populations. The shrimping industry was also significantly damaged.

Rice is vital in Myanmar. When the country was part of the British Empire, it was known as the "rice bowl" because of how well rice grew in the Irrawaddy Delta. Rice accounts for about 66% of the daily caloric intake of the country's population and is also exported to other countries.

Cyclone Nargis' environmental impacts

Cyclone Nargis destroyed approximately 38,000 hectares (93,000 acres) of mangroves and other tree crops. There was contamination of surface and groundwater supplies, and 43% of the freshwater ponds were damaged. Additionally, the storm caused sedimentation in rivers, salination and erosion of agricultural land.

Cyclone Nargis' social impacts

The storm severely impacted about 1.5 million people. In the aftermath of the cyclone, the water supply contamination caused a potable water shortage. There were also food shortages and no electricity or phone lines as the storm had downed many utility poles. Furthermore, 95% of the buildings, including homes, in the delta were destroyed, while 75% of the health facilities in affected areas were either significantly damaged or destroyed. The damage to homes left many persons homeless. The storm killed numerous animals, and there was an increase in some diseases because of stagnant water and improper sanitation (figure 4).

Cyclone Nargis death

The death toll attributed to Cyclone Nargis is approximately 140,000, with many others still reported as missing since their bodies have never been recovered. This makes Nargis one of the top 10 deadliest tropical cyclones in history.

The deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded was the Great Bhola Cyclone, which hit Bangladesh in November 1970. The death toll from this storm is estimated to be between 300,000 and 500,000.

Reasons for the high death toll

The high death toll was a result of a combination of factors. The storm made landfall in the most heavily populated part of the country. Myanmar did not have a reliable storm warning system in place, and although India did send warnings about its approach, many received the warnings too late. They did not understand that they should have evacuated. The storm surge, which was responsible for a vast proportion of the deaths, easily made its way inland as many of the mangroves, which could have provided some protection, had been destroyed. Many of the dwellings in the region were also poorly constructed and, therefore, easily washed away.

Cyclone Nargis aftermath

In the aftermath of Cyclone Nargis, the government of Myanmar initially barred international aid from entering the country. This may likely have contributed to increasing the death toll. When aid was finally allowed to enter about a week later, it was limited by the government to food, medicine, basic medical supplies and financial aid. At this time, no foreign aid workers were allowed to enter the country. After weeks of negotiations, vast amounts of foreign relief and workers were granted access towards the end of May. Table 1 outlines some (not all!) of the aid provided to Myanmar in the aftermath of Nargis.

Table 1: Aid provided to Myanmar after Cyclone Nargis

Cyclone Nargis - Key takeaways

• Cyclone Nargis was a category 4 storm which hit southern Myanmar on 2 May and 3 May 2008.
• It affected about 50 townships in the Irrawaddy Delta.
• Cyclone Nargis caused the worst natural disaster in Myanmar's history, killing 140,000 and resulting in about USD $10 billion in damages (the equivalent of £8.3 billion in today's money - July 2022)
• In its aftermath, the government initially did not allow international aid into the country.
• When it was eventually allowed, international aid was sent by many countries and organizations.
• Fig. 2 : Areas affected by Cyclone Nargis (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar_Disaster_Topography.png) by Robert A Rohde (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Dragons_flight) licensed by Commons: GNU Free Documentation License (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:GNU_Free_Documentation_License,_version_1.2)
• Fig. 3: Flood rice paddies (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclone_Nargis_(10690721524).jpg) by Neryl Lewis, RRT (https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfataustralianaid/10690721524/) licensed by CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)
• Fig. 4: Standing water after Cyclone Nargis (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclone_Nargis_(10690956103).jpg) by Neryl Lewis RRT (https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfataustralianaid/10690956103/) licensed by CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en)
• Fig. 5: Australian aid after Cyclone Nargis (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Australian_aid_being_unloaded_in_Myanmar_in_response_to_Cyclone_Nargis,_2008._Photo-_AusAID_(10673729926).jpg) by Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (https://www.flickr.com/photos/dfataustralianaid/10673729926/in/album-72157637431373955/) licensed by CC BY 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/)

Flashcards in Cyclone Nargis 12

Cyclone Nargis formed in the _____.

Bay of Bengal

Cyclone Nargis initially tracked towards the _____, then turned and began to track towards the _____.

True or False:

Cyclone Nargis made landfall in Myanmar as a category 1 storm.

Cyclone Nargis hit the _____ Delta and affected _____ townships.

Cyclone Nargis' storm surge affected areas up to 40 km/25 miles inland.

The impacts of Cyclone Nargis were exacerbated by high levels of environmental destruction, such as: 

Deforestation of mangroves

Over-exploitation of natural resources

Soil erosion

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Frequently Asked Questions about Cyclone Nargis

Which countries did Cyclone Nargis affect? 

Cyclone Nargis affected Myanmar. 

How did cyclone Nargis affect Myanmar? 

Cyclone Nargis caused approximately USD $10 billion in damage. It destroyed Myanmar's rice and shrimping industry. It also destroyed buildings, mangroves and other crops, contaminated water sources, and downed utility lines. Many persons were left homeless, animals were killed, and there was a rise in some diseases.  

How many people did Cyclone Nargis kill?

Cyclone Nargis killed 140,000 people.

Why was Cyclone Nargis so deadly? 

Cyclone Nargis was so deadly because it hit the most highly populated areas of Myanmar, where the people were largely unprepared. The population of this area also largely lived in poorly constructed homes which were not protected due to mangrove destruction and therefore were easily washed away by the storm surge. 

How long did Cyclone Nargis last?

Cyclone Nargis formed on 27 April 2008 and dissipated on 3 May 2008. It affected Myanmar on 2 and 3 May 2008. 

Test your knowledge with multiple choice flashcards

True or False:Cyclone Nargis made landfall in Myanmar as a category 1 storm.

True or False:Cyclone Nargis' storm surge affected areas up to 40 km/25 miles inland.

What was the total value of the damages caused by Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar?

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Resources you can trust

Cyclone Nargis: impacts and responses

This resource investigates the impacts and responses to Cyclone Nargis, an example of a tropical storm. Students complete an introduction to the Junta and the influence they have on impacts. This is followed by a card sort where students categorise impacts into social, economic and environmental. Finally students analyse a section of text and use video sources to identify the different responses to this extreme weather event.

This resource includes teaching notes with answers to some of the tasks and allows students to create a conprehensive case study of a tropical storm.

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Tropical Cyclones ( Edexcel GCSE Geography: B (1GB0) )

Revision note.

Geography Content Creator

The Characteristics of Tropical Cyclones

• Tropical cyclones are rotating, intense low-pressure systems (below 950mb)
• Lasting 7-14 days
• Heavy rainfall
• High wind speeds (over 119 kmh)
• High waves and storm surges
• Tropical cyclones can vary in diameter (100-1000km) 
• Winds spiral rapidly around a calm central area known as the  eye,  with descending cold air, low pressure, light winds, no clouds or rain
• The outer edges of the storm have lighter wind speeds, smaller and more scattered clouds, rain is less intense, and the temperatures begin to increase
• The strongest and most destructive winds are found within the eyewall, with spiralling storm clouds, torrential rainfall and low temperatures 
• Tropical cyclones are rated on the five-point Saffir-Simpson scale based on wind speeds
• Tropical cyclones are considered major when they reach category 3 and have wind speeds between 111-129 miles (178-208 kilometres) per hour
• A category 5 storm can deliver wind speeds of more than 157 miles (252km) an hour

Anatomy of a tropical cyclone

Make sure you know how storms develop, along with a few of the main characteristics and how climate change may affect them. 

Being able to draw and annotate the formation of a tropical storm will gain you credit, or you may be asked to complete a diagram in the exam. 

Stages of tropical cyclone formation

• Warm, moist air rapidly rises, forming an area of low pressure
• Air from high-pressure areas rushes in to take the place of the rising air
• This air then rises, forming a continuous flow of rising air
• As the air rises, it cools and condenses. This releases heat energy, which helps power the tropical cyclone
• Air at the top of the storm goes outwards away from the centre of the storm
• The Coriolis force causes the rising air to spiral around the centre.
• Some of the air sinks in the middle of the storm, forming a cloudless, calm eye
• The tropical cyclone moves westward from its source 
• If a tropical cyclone makes landfall or moves over an area of cold water, it no longer has a supply of warm, moist air and loses speed and temperature; therefore, rainfall and winds decrease

Remember, conditions such as warm oceans and the Coriolis Force exist at all times, but tropical cyclones do not form all the time.

It is the combination of all the right conditions coming together that leads to tropical cyclone formation.

Distribution of Tropical Cyclones

• Typhoons in the South China Sea and west Pacific Ocean
• Hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea and the west coast of Mexico
• Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal, Indian Ocean 
• They develop over the warm tropical oceans between 5°   and 30°   north and south of the equator

Distribution of tropical cyclones

• Tropical cyclones track west (owing to easterly winds) and slightly towards the poles
• Many tropical cyclones eventually move into areas dominated by westerly winds (found in the mid latitudes)
• These winds will reverse the direction of the tropical cyclone to an eastward path
• As the tropical cyclone continues to move poleward, it picks up speed and may reach 30 mph or more
• Tropical cyclones can travel about 300 to 400 miles a day, or approximately 3,000 miles before dying out
• In the northern hemisphere, late summer to autumn is June – November
• In the southern hemisphere, this is between November to April 
• The warm tropical ocean waters produce around 80 storms per year
• The highest number of storms are in the Pacific Ocean, followed by the Indian Ocean, then the Atlantic Ocean
• The most powerful storms occur in the Western Pacific
• The frequency of storms in the Atlantic has increased since 1995 
• There is evidence to suggest that tropical storms are becoming more intense due to global warming
• It has been calculated that the energy released by the average storm has increased by 70% in the past 30 years

Atmospheric Circulation & Tropical Cyclones

• The equatorial regions receive intense solar heating raising ocean temperatures 
• This warm, moist air rises, leading to an intense low-pressure zone between the two Hadley cells - also known as the Intertropical Convergence Zone  or ITCZ  
• These are typical weather conditions at the rising arm of the Hadley cell
• Dry air descends creating a high-pressure zone at the surface

This generates pressure gradients and air rushes to the low-pressure zone generating the winds of the forming tropical storm

• The (trade) winds move in a westerly direction from the equator  
• The effect is too weak at the equator to move the air
• The spin is anti-clockwise ( anticyclone ) in the northern hemisphere but clockwise ( cyclone ) in the southern hemisphere as they are low-pressure systems
• The greater the low-pressure, the greater the winds, the greater the spin and the larger the tropical storm becomes

How the Hadley Cell affects tropical cyclone formation

• Global temperatures are set to rise as a result of global warming
• More of the world's oceans will be above 27° C, therefore, more places across the world will experience tropical storms
• Oceans will stay at 27°C or higher for longer during the year, which will increase the annual number of tropical storms 
• Higher temperatures will mean storms will be stronger, more frequent and cause more damage

Dissipation of tropical cyclones

• A tropical cyclone will dissipate if it loses its source of energy - either from the warm waters or loss of moisture over land 
• When a tropical cyclone makes land, the winds become slower as it passes over rough terrain and over built up areas
• If a tropical cyclone stirs up deep, cold ocean waters, then it will lose energy and dissipate

Worked example

Suggest one way the distribution of tropical storms could change if global ocean temperatures continue to rise.  .

• They may affect areas further from the Equator. (1)
• They could affect parts of the sub tropics/the South Atlantic/NE USA. (1)
• They could have a broader distribution/effect on larger parts of the world. (1)

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Author: Jacque Cartwright

Jacque graduated from the Open University with a BSc in Environmental Science and Geography before doing her PGCE with the University of St David’s, Swansea. Teaching is her passion and has taught across a wide range of specifications – GCSE/IGCSE and IB but particularly loves teaching the A-level Geography. For the last 5 years Jacque has been teaching online for international schools, and she knows what is needed to pass those pesky geography exams.

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Learning from Cyclone Nargis: Investing in the Environment for Livelihoods and Disaster Risk Reduction - A Case Study

This case study analyses the root causes of environmental degradation in the Ayeyarwady Delta after Cyclone Nargis and illustrates the interrelationship between environmental management, livelihoods and disasters. Key lessons from Cyclone Nargis are drawn out, highlighting the importance of addressing disaster risks over the long term, through improved environmental governance and resource management and the development of more sustainable livelihoods.

• Disasters & conflicts

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Case Study Cyclone Nargis

• Created by: Lizzy
• Created on: 05-05-11 18:57
• Natural hazards Natural hazards Natural hazards

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