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• Christine Mallinson Christine Mallinson University of Maryland, Baltimore County
• https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.22
• Published online: 03 November 2015

The study of sociolinguistics constitutes a vast and complex topic that has yielded an extensive and multifaceted body of scholarship. Language is fundamentally at work in how we operate as individuals, as members of various communities, and within cultures and societies. As speakers, we learn not only the structure of a given language; we also learn cultural and social norms about how to use language and what content to communicate. We use language to navigate expectations, to engage in interpersonal interaction, and to go along with or to speak out against social structures and systems.

Sociolinguistics aims to study the effects of language use within and upon societies and the reciprocal effects of social organization and social contexts on language use. In contemporary theoretical perspectives, sociolinguists view language and society as being mutually constitutive : each influences the other in ways that are inseparable and complex. Language is imbued with and carries social, cultural, and personal meaning. Through the use of linguistic markers, speakers symbolically define self and society. Simply put, language is not merely content; rather, it is something that we do , and it affects how we act and interact as social beings in the world.

Language is a social product with rich variation along individual, community, cultural, and societal lines. For this reason, context matters in sociolinguistic research. Social categories such as gender, race/ethnicity, social class, nationality, etc., are socially constructed, with considerable variation within and among categories. Attributes such as “female” or “upper class” do not have universal effects on linguistic behavior, and sociolinguists cannot assume that the most interesting linguistic differences will be between groups of speakers in any simple, binary fashion. Sociolinguistic research thus aims to explore social and linguistic diversity in order to better understand how we, as speakers, use language to inhabit and negotiate our many personal, cultural, and social identities and roles.

• linguistics
• sociolinguistics

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Sociolingustics research proposal

2021, Maria Alsafi

A comparison between the context of ideas regarding language and gender in the early development of sociolinguistics and the modern age. Written by: Maria Bilal Alsafi. Course: Sociolinguistics.

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Human beings not only created language, but also become the users; therefore, the study on linguistics should not only be made from the perspective of symbol, but more should be people-oriented. But the most significant difference between human beings is the gender difference, so people of different genders from either physiology or psychology in the use of language will have their own gender characteristics, which leads to the gender differences in language. By analyzing and studying on the connotation of gender differences in language and the social sources of it, we can conclude the significance of gender differences in language.

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By analyzing the previous literature, this paper looks into the salient features of women's language from the perspective of sociolinguistics. It is find that women are not necessarily using more lexicon of colors, particles, intensifiers, hedges, or more tag questions, polite forms, phatic stress, etc. What they actually do has to be analyzed with a mixed factors like social position, topic, relationship with the interlocutor, her personality, the particular occasion, etc; Women are not necessarily less dominant or with less power in the interaction with men. Social position and the specific context are two other major elements impacting on their linguistic performance; Both theoretical and empirical methods are applicable to studying women's language, and research design should be attached great importance to, involving the two groups of moderators, methodological moderators and contextual moderators. Based on the findings, future study on women's language can be further contextualized and further categorized. For instance, when looking into women's talk in court, we should specify her position. We may further compare women's different uses of language between judge, prosecution attorney, defence attorney, jury, or defendant in different cases such as finance, divorce, criminal offence, or others.

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There have been numerous studies investigating the relationship between language and gender. Some of the studies aim at analyzing language differences used by men and women on some features such as syntax, lexicon, phonology, and conversation analysis. Meanwhile, the others focus on the leverage of gender differences related to establishing and controlling the power inequality. This paper attempts to explore socio-cultural function inclusion in language development studies. This study was ethnographic classroom in nature, observing two student classes of Cirebon Invada High School. For detailed analysis, their mixed-gender classroom conversations were thoroughly chosen employing dynamic approach for a more inclusive socio-cultural function. The result of the study reveals that power cannot be built through gender differences without social aspects between both genders. Social dimensions namely functionality, economic status, power, network, and identity significantly affect language...

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About Sociolinguistic Research

What is sociolinguistics.

Sociolinguistics is the study of language in its social context. The term encompasses a wide range of research questions and pursuits within linguistics, including but not limited to:

• How do people use language to define themselves or to set themselves apart from others?
• How, when, and why does language change? What kinds of people start language change?
• What parts of speech change as people switch between different social situations? What parts stay the same? And why?
• What causes listeners to think of one type of language as "better" than another?
• How does language vary depending on the race, class, and gender of a speaker?
• How do external factors such as social tension, racism, sexism, media representation, popular entertainment, etc. affect the way people use language?

Linguist Moti Lieberman explains sociolinguistics in his show "The Ling Space"

From descriptive studies of dialects, to investigations of language variation and change, to analyses of the roles that language or particular linguistic features play in the construction of individual or group identities, these sorts of studies are all sociolinguistic.

How does Sociolinguistic Research work?

Sociolinguistic fieldwork is the recording of speech within a natural context,  such as a family dinner conversation. The goal of fieldwork is to capture the way people actually talk in casual settings. This gives researchers the best possible representation of the natural linguistic world.

The biggest challenge to collecting data is that when people know they’re being listened to, they tend to pay more attention to their speech than normal, or they begin to treat researchers formally. This gives us warped data – we end up learning nothing about the community besides how they talk when they’re kind of nervous! The best way we know how to get around this problem is through a  Sociolinguistic Interview,  which is an interview style designed to be as natural and casual as possible.

We do this kind of research to understand as fully as possible how people in a community speaks to one another. Studying language in social contexts like this can reveal patterns in the way people talk that socially-devoid research can completely miss. As an example, check out this project by the Atlantic. By correlating specific vocabulary terms with a social factor like geography, they were able to find clear patterns in the way US citizens express themselves:

What is a Sociolinguistic Interview Like?

Sociolinguistic Interviews try to make a formal situation casual. In order to collect speech data, you have to make people talk – that’s why linguists conduct interviews. But interviews are traditionally formal situations that might remind people of applying for jobs or other stressful contexts. Recording conversations can make the situation even worse: people may tense up, causing their speech to become very different from what they would use among friends or other close community. This is a problem for sociolinguists, who are generally interested in studying people’s most natural speech styles.

Sociolinguistic interviews try to get around this observers’ paradox by taking our time and asking questions that will elicit casual, relaxed conversation. We ask questions about topics like childhood games or current social activities. Asking about local customs makes our social data better, teaches us about the community we’re researching, and also helps people to talk naturally to the researchers. The LLP especially likes asking questions about local culture and society – it helps us in the “Life” part of “Language and Life”!

Sample Interview Questions

• What was it like growing up around here?
• What games did you and your friends play when you were kids?
• Do you have any friends that aren't from around here? What are they like?

Sociolinguists also sometimes want more formal data, which we gather in the form of elicitation tasks. Elicitation tasks are constructed to target specific information about a speech style, like special vocabulary or a particular sound.

Sample Elicitation Tasks

• What do you call people who aren’t from town? That is, do you have a word (or words) for visitors?
• Please read the following list of words out loud: “hawk”, “hock”, “pin”, “pen”, …

Couldn’t You Just Record People Without Them Knowing?

One obvious solution to getting natural speech data would be “interviewing” someone and recording without their knowledge. But that’s not something we do.

People are sensitive – rightly so – to what they’ve said “on record.” To not give someone a choice between what is or isn’t on record is unethical. This is especially true in a research position, where making calls like that could be an abuse of power.

Secondly, sociolinguistic research depends on a good, open relationship with a community of speakers who are willing to share their time and their speech with the researchers. If you’re dishonest with your informants and they discover it, they will most likely not be interested in helping you anymore – and with good reason!

What Happens After the Interview?

Linguists collect interviews in order to look for patterns in the speech of a community . The specific research question depends on the researcher and the project, but, typically, research questions involve comparing a social factor (like gender, race, class, region, or age) with a specific aspect of speech (a sound, a grammatical pattern, etc.)

Researchers can find answers to their questions by either:

• Close Listening : analysts can just listen over and over in recordings for every instance of a specific feature. This may involve transcribing the interviews also. After listening and counting, they count how many times their feature appeared vs. how many times it  could have occured in their interviews, and compare that statistic between speakers or communities. This style is most common when the feature in question has to do with grammar, because it’s easy for the human ear to pick up.
• Using Linguistic Software : more minute features, like changes in how vowels are formed, are too difficult for humans to accurately record. For these questions, researchers can digitize and transcribe interviews and then analyze the accoustics of the voice using specialized software tools like  Praat .

These are just a couple of examples of the sorts of analyses that sociolinguists do with their interview data. For some real-life examples of the sorts of analyses that are undertaken by linguists, check out some of the  NCLLP’s field sites .

What Makes the Language and Life Project’s Research Special?

We give back to every community we research . There is a long, unfortunate history of exploitation in the social sciences. Many researchers in the past have treated the communities they research like “subjects” and nothing more. We try to avoid this by adhering to the  Principal of Linguistic Gratuity , which was coined in 1993 by our founder Walt Wolfram:

“Investigators who obtained linguistic data from members of a speech community should actively pursue ways in which they can return linguistic favors to the community”

  (Wolfram 1993: 227)

Through the years, we have worked with local communities to establish museum exhibits, co-create documentaries, publish local narratives, and more.

Dissertation Proposal Information

Dissertation proposal guidelines, written proposal.

Each Ph.D. candidate must submit a written dissertation proposal (approximately 10-15 pages long), which must be approved by the candidate’s Reading Committee. The proposal should be written and submitted before the student undertakes the bulk of the dissertation research. It establishes the background, feasibility and interest of the proposed research, and it details the procedures for accomplishing it in a timely manner.

A dissertation proposal will clearly specify the leading research questions and hypotheses, the data relevant to answering those research questions, the theoretical framework and the methods of analysis. It will provide a brief literature review, elucidating the relationship of the proposed research to other current research, and a clear work plan. The proposal should also present and interpret progress to date if the research is already underway. Finally, it should briefly discuss any research costs involved and the anticipated sources of funding.

The written proposal is modeled on the project description for an NSF Doctoral Dissertation Research Improvement Grant (DDRIG) in Linguistics. The project description is a major part of the full grant application, so the dissertation proposal can serve as a stepping stone towards a complete DDRIG application, if desired. For those who choose not to seek NSF funding, the proposal format will still be helpful for other types of fellowship and funding applications.

An example of a dissertation proposal that was also submitted for an NSF DDRIG:

• Scott Grimm NSF proposal   ( references )

Abstracts of successful NSF DDRIG proposals:

• NSF-awarded dissertation proposals

Proposal Meeting

After the approval of the written dissertation proposal, each student is required to meet with their reading committee plus one or more faculty members who are not members of the reading committee, who can provide a fresh perspective on the research. The purpose of the meeting is to provide the student with further guidance on how best to undertake the dissertation research and complete the dissertation in a timely matter. Topics to be discussed might include priorities among possible research avenues, the best formulation of the research questions and hypotheses, the design of experimental, corpus, or field studies, sources of research funding, and the preparation of grant applications.

For More Information

Further details about the dissertation proposal and the proposal meeting, including timeline for completion and the selection of additional faculty for the proposal meeting, can be found in the PhD Handbook available via the Resources for Graduate Students web page.

• Department of Sociological Studies

Writing a research proposal

Guidelines on preparing a thesis proposal to support your application.

These guidelines are intended to assist you in developing and writing a thesis proposal. Applications for admission to a research degree cannot be dealt with unless they contain a proposal.

Your proposal will help us to make sure that:

• The topic is viable
• That the department can provide appropriate supervision and other necessary support
• You have thought through your interest in and commitment to a piece of research
• You are a suitable candidate for admission

The process of producing a proposal is usually also essential if you need to apply for funding to pay your fees or support yourself whilst doing your research. Funding bodies will often need to be reassured that you are committed to a viable project at a suitable university.

The research proposal – an outline

Your proposal should be typed double-spaced, if possible, and be between 1,000 and 2,000 words. Your PhD proposal can be added under the 'Supporting Documents' section of the Postgraduate Applications Online System .

Your proposal should contain at least the following elements:

• A provisional title
• A key question, hypothesis or the broad topic for investigation
• An outline of the key aims of the research
• A brief outline of key literature in the area [what we already know]
• A description of the topic and an explanation of why further research in the area is important [the gap in the literature - what we need to know]
• Details of how the research will be carried out, including any special facilities / resources etc. which would be required and any necessary skills which you either have already or would need to acquire [the tools that will enable us to fill the gap you have identified]
• A plan and timetable of the work you will carry out

For more detailed information on each element of your research proposal, see our extended guidance document .

Three additional points:

• Try to be concise. Do not write too much – be as specific as you can but not wordy. It is a difficult balance to strike.
• Bear in mind that the proposal is a starting point. If you are registered to read for a PhD you will be able to work the proposal through with your supervisor in more detail in the early months.
• Take a look at the Department’s staff profiles, research centres, and research clusters. Can you identify possible supervisors and intellectual support networks within the Department?

Examples of Successful PhD Proposals

• PhD sample proposal 1
• PhD sample proposal 2
• PhD sample proposal 3
• PhD sample proposal 4
• PhD sample proposal 5
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• PhD sample proposal 7
• PhD sample proposal 8

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211 Research Topics in Linguistics To Get Top Grades

Many people find it hard to decide on their linguistics research topics because of the assumed complexities involved. They struggle to choose easy research paper topics for English language too because they think it could be too simple for a university or college level certificate.

All that you need to learn about Linguistics and English is sprawled across syntax, phonetics, morphology, phonology, semantics, grammar, vocabulary, and a few others. To easily create a top-notch essay or conduct a research study, you can consider this list of research topics in English language below for your university or college use. Note that you can fine-tune these to suit your interests.

Linguistics Research Paper Topics

If you want to study how language is applied and its importance in the world, you can consider these Linguistics topics for your research paper. They are:

• An analysis of romantic ideas and their expression amongst French people
• An overview of the hate language in the course against religion
• Identify the determinants of hate language and the means of propagation
• Evaluate a literature and examine how Linguistics is applied to the understanding of minor languages
• Consider the impact of social media in the development of slangs
• An overview of political slang and its use amongst New York teenagers
• Examine the relevance of Linguistics in a digitalized world
• Analyze foul language and how it’s used to oppress minors
• Identify the role of language in the national identity of a socially dynamic society
• Attempt an explanation to how the language barrier could affect the social life of an individual in a new society
• Discuss the means through which language can enrich cultural identities
• Examine the concept of bilingualism and how it applies in the real world
• Analyze the possible strategies for teaching a foreign language
• Discuss the priority of teachers in the teaching of grammar to non-native speakers
• Choose a school of your choice and observe the slang used by its students: analyze how it affects their social lives
• Attempt a critical overview of racist languages
• What does endangered language means and how does it apply in the real world?
• A critical overview of your second language and why it is a second language
• What are the motivators of speech and why are they relevant?
• Analyze the difference between the different types of communications and their significance to specially-abled persons
• Give a critical overview of five literature on sign language
• Evaluate the distinction between the means of language comprehension between an adult and a teenager
• Consider a native American group and evaluate how cultural diversity has influenced their language
• Analyze the complexities involved in code-switching and code-mixing
• Give a critical overview of the importance of language to a teenager
• Attempt a forensic overview of language accessibility and what it means
• What do you believe are the means of communications and what are their uniqueness?
• Attempt a study of Islamic poetry and its role in language development
• Attempt a study on the role of Literature in language development
• Evaluate the Influence of metaphors and other literary devices in the depth of each sentence
• Identify the role of literary devices in the development of proverbs in any African country
• Cognitive Linguistics: analyze two pieces of Literature that offers a critical view of perception
• Identify and analyze the complexities in unspoken words
• Expression is another kind of language: discuss
• Identify the significance of symbols in the evolution of language
• Discuss how learning more than a single language promote cross-cultural developments
• Analyze how the loss of a mother tongue affect the language Efficiency of a community
• Critically examine how sign language works
• Using literature from the medieval era, attempt a study of the evolution of language
• Identify how wars have led to the reduction in the popularity of a language of your choice across any country of the world
• Critically examine five Literature on why accent changes based on environment
• What are the forces that compel the comprehension of language in a child
• Identify and explain the difference between the listening and speaking skills and their significance in the understanding of language
• Give a critical overview of how natural language is processed
• Examine the influence of language on culture and vice versa
• It is possible to understand a language even without living in that society: discuss
• Identify the arguments regarding speech defects
• Discuss how the familiarity of language informs the creation of slangs
• Explain the significance of religious phrases and sacred languages
• Explore the roots and evolution of incantations in Africa

Sociolinguistic Research Topics

You may as well need interesting Linguistics topics based on sociolinguistic purposes for your research. Sociolinguistics is the study and recording of natural speech. It’s primarily the casual status of most informal conversations. You can consider the following Sociolinguistic research topics for your research:

• What makes language exceptional to a particular person?
• How does language form a unique means of expression to writers?
• Examine the kind of speech used in health and emergencies
• Analyze the language theory explored by family members during dinner
• Evaluate the possible variation of language based on class
• Evaluate the language of racism, social tension, and sexism
• Discuss how Language promotes social and cultural familiarities
• Give an overview of identity and language
• Examine why some language speakers enjoy listening to foreigners who speak their native language
• Give a forensic analysis of his the language of entertainment is different to the language in professional settings
• Give an understanding of how Language changes
• Examine the Sociolinguistics of the Caribbeans
• Consider an overview of metaphor in France
• Explain why the direct translation of written words is incomprehensible in Linguistics
• Discuss the use of language in marginalizing a community
• Analyze the history of Arabic and the culture that enhanced it
• Discuss the growth of French and the influences of other languages
• Examine how the English language developed and its interdependence on other languages
• Give an overview of cultural diversity and Linguistics in teaching
• Challenge the attachment of speech defect with disability of language listening and speaking abilities
• Explore the uniqueness of language between siblings
• Explore the means of making requests between a teenager and his parents
• Observe and comment on how students relate with their teachers through language
• Observe and comment on the communication of strategy of parents and teachers
• Examine the connection of understanding first language with academic excellence

Language Research Topics

Numerous languages exist in different societies. This is why you may seek to understand the motivations behind language through these Linguistics project ideas. You can consider the following interesting Linguistics topics and their application to language:

• What does language shift mean?
• Discuss the stages of English language development?
• Examine the position of ambiguity in a romantic Language of your choice
• Why are some languages called romantic languages?
• Observe the strategies of persuasion through Language
• Discuss the connection between symbols and words
• Identify the language of political speeches
• Discuss the effectiveness of language in an indigenous cultural revolution
• Trace the motivators for spoken language
• What does language acquisition mean to you?
• Examine three pieces of literature on language translation and its role in multilingual accessibility
• Identify the science involved in language reception
• Interrogate with the context of language disorders
• Examine how psychotherapy applies to victims of language disorders
• Study the growth of Hindi despite colonialism
• Critically appraise the term, language erasure
• Examine how colonialism and war is responsible for the loss of language
• Give an overview of the difference between sounds and letters and how they apply to the German language
• Explain why the placement of verb and preposition is different in German and English languages
• Choose two languages of your choice and examine their historical relationship
• Discuss the strategies employed by people while learning new languages
• Discuss the role of all the figures of speech in the advancement of language
• Analyze the complexities of autism and its victims
• Offer a linguist approach to language uniqueness between a Down Syndrome child and an autist
• Express dance as a language
• Express music as a language
• Express language as a form of language
• Evaluate the role of cultural diversity in the decline of languages in South Africa
• Discuss the development of the Greek language
• Critically review two literary texts, one from the medieval era and another published a decade ago, and examine the language shifts

Linguistics Essay Topics

You may also need Linguistics research topics for your Linguistics essays. As a linguist in the making, these can help you consider controversies in Linguistics as a discipline and address them through your study. You can consider:

• The connection of sociolinguistics in comprehending interests in multilingualism
• Write on your belief of how language encourages sexism
• What do you understand about the differences between British and American English?
• Discuss how slangs grew and how they started
• Consider how age leads to loss of language
• Review how language is used in formal and informal conversation
• Discuss what you understand by polite language
• Discuss what you know by hate language
• Evaluate how language has remained flexible throughout history
• Mimicking a teacher is a form of exercising hate Language: discuss
• Body Language and verbal speech are different things: discuss
• Language can be exploitative: discuss
• Do you think language is responsible for inciting aggression against the state?
• Can you justify the structural representation of any symbol of your choice?
• Religious symbols are not ordinary Language: what are your perspective on day-to-day languages and sacred ones?
• Consider the usage of language by an English man and someone of another culture
• Discuss the essence of code-mixing and code-switching
• Attempt a psychological assessment on the role of language in academic development
• How does language pose a challenge to studying?
• Choose a multicultural society of your choice and explain the problem they face
• What forms does Language use in expression?
• Identify the reasons behind unspoken words and actions
• Why do universal languages exist as a means of easy communication?
• Examine the role of the English language in the world
• Examine the role of Arabic in the world
• Examine the role of romantic languages in the world
• Evaluate the significance of each teaching Resources in a language classroom
• Consider an assessment of language analysis
• Why do people comprehend beyond what is written or expressed?
• What is the impact of hate speech on a woman?
• Do you believe that grammatical errors are how everyone’s comprehension of language is determined?
• Observe the Influence of technology in language learning and development
• Which parts of the body are responsible for understanding new languages
• How has language informed development?
• Would you say language has improved human relations or worsened it considering it as a tool for violence?
• Would you say language in a black populous state is different from its social culture in white populous states?
• Give an overview of the English language in Nigeria
• Give an overview of the English language in Uganda
• Give an overview of the English language in India
• Give an overview of Russian in Europe
• Give a conceptual analysis on stress and how it works
• Consider the means of vocabulary development and its role in cultural relationships
• Examine the effects of Linguistics in language
• Present your understanding of sign language
• What do you understand about descriptive language and prescriptive Language?

List of Research Topics in English Language

You may need English research topics for your next research. These are topics that are socially crafted for you as a student of language in any institution. You can consider the following for in-depth analysis:

• Examine the travail of women in any feminist text of your choice
• Examine the movement of feminist literature in the Industrial period
• Give an overview of five Gothic literature and what you understand from them
• Examine rock music and how it emerged as a genre
• Evaluate the cultural association with Nina Simone’s music
• What is the relevance of Shakespeare in English literature?
• How has literature promoted the English language?
• Identify the effect of spelling errors in the academic performance of students in an institution of your choice
• Critically survey a university and give rationalize the literary texts offered as Significant
• Examine the use of feminist literature in advancing the course against patriarchy
• Give an overview of the themes in William Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”
• Express the significance of Ernest Hemingway’s diction in contemporary literature
• Examine the predominant devices in the works of William Shakespeare
• Explain the predominant devices in the works of Christopher Marlowe
• Charles Dickens and his works: express the dominating themes in his Literature
• Why is Literature described as the mirror of society?
• Examine the issues of feminism in Sefi Atta’s “Everything Good Will Come” and Bernadine Evaristos’s “Girl, Woman, Other”
• Give an overview of the stylistics employed in the writing of “Girl, Woman, Other” by Bernadine Evaristo
• Describe the language of advertisement in social media and newspapers
• Describe what poetic Language means
• Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing on Mexican Americans
• Examine the use of code-switching and code-mixing in Indian Americans
• Discuss the influence of George Orwell’s “Animal Farm” on satirical literature
• Examine the Linguistics features of “Native Son” by Richard Wright
• What is the role of indigenous literature in promoting cultural identities
• How has literature informed cultural consciousness?
• Analyze five literature on semantics and their Influence on the study
• Assess the role of grammar in day to day communications
• Observe the role of multidisciplinary approaches in understanding the English language
• What does stylistics mean while analyzing medieval literary texts?
• Analyze the views of philosophers on language, society, and culture

English Research Paper Topics for College Students

For your college work, you may need to undergo a study of any phenomenon in the world. Note that they could be Linguistics essay topics or mainly a research study of an idea of your choice. Thus, you can choose your research ideas from any of the following:

• The concept of fairness in a democratic Government
• The capacity of a leader isn’t in his or her academic degrees
• The concept of discrimination in education
• The theory of discrimination in Islamic states
• The idea of school policing
• A study on grade inflation and its consequences
• A study of taxation and Its importance to the economy from a citizen’s perspectives
• A study on how eloquence lead to discrimination amongst high school students
• A study of the influence of the music industry in teens
• An Evaluation of pornography and its impacts on College students
• A descriptive study of how the FBI works according to Hollywood
• A critical consideration of the cons and pros of vaccination
• The health effect of sleep disorders
• An overview of three literary texts across three genres of Literature and how they connect to you
• A critical overview of “King Oedipus”: the role of the supernatural in day to day life
• Examine the novel “12 Years a Slave” as a reflection of servitude and brutality exerted by white slave owners
• Rationalize the emergence of racist Literature with concrete examples
• A study of the limits of literature in accessing rural readers
• Analyze the perspectives of modern authors on the Influence of medieval Literature on their craft
• What do you understand by the mortality of a literary text?
• A study of controversial Literature and its role in shaping the discussion
• A critical overview of three literary texts that dealt with domestic abuse and their role in changing the narratives about domestic violence
• Choose three contemporary poets and analyze the themes of their works
• Do you believe that contemporary American literature is the repetition of unnecessary themes already treated in the past?
• A study of the evolution of Literature and its styles
• The use of sexual innuendos in literature
• The use of sexist languages in literature and its effect on the public
• The disaster associated with media reports of fake news
• Conduct a study on how language is used as a tool for manipulation
• Attempt a criticism of a controversial Literary text and why it shouldn’t be studied or sold in the first place

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Reparations proposals for Black Californians advance to state Assembly

FILE - Members of the state Assembly meet at the Capitol May 26, 2020, in Sacramento, Calif. The California Senate advanced a set of ambitious reparations proposals Tuesday, May 21, 2024, including legislation that would create a new agency to help Black families research their family lineage. (AP Photo/Rich Pedroncelli, Pool, File)

FILE - State Sen. Steven Bradford, D-Gardena, addresses a press conference at Dodger Stadium Jan. 15, 2021, in Los Angeles. The California Senate advanced a set of ambitious reparations proposals Tuesday, May 21, 2024, including legislation that would create a new agency to help Black families research their family lineage. (Irfan Khan/Los Angeles Times via AP, Pool, File)

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SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — The California Senate advanced a set of ambitious reparations proposals Tuesday, including legislation that would create an agency to help Black families research their family lineage and confirm their eligibility for any future restitution passed by the state.

Lawmakers also passed bills to create a fund for reparations programs and compensate Black families for property that the government unjustly seized from them using eminent domain. The proposals now head to the state Assembly.

State Sen. Steven Bradford, a Los Angeles-area Democrat, said California “bears great responsibility” to atone for injustices against Black Californians.

“If you can inherit generational wealth, you can inherit generational debt,” Bradford said. “Reparations is a debt that’s owed to descendants of slavery.”

The proposals, which passed largely along party lines, are part of a slate of bills inspired by recommendations from a first-in-the-nation task force that spent two years studying how the state could atone for its legacy of racism and discrimination against African Americans. Lawmakers did not introduce a proposal this year to provide widespread payments to descendants of enslaved Black people, which has frustrated many reparations advocates.

In the U.S. Congress, a bill to study reparations for African Americans that was first introduced in the 1980s has stalled. Illinois and New York state passed laws recently to study reparations, but no other state has gotten further along than California in its consideration of reparations proposals for Black Americans.

California state Sen. Roger Niello, a Republican representing the Sacramento suburbs, said he supports “the principle” of the eminent domain bill, but he doesn’t think taxpayers across the state should have to pay families for land that was seized by local governments.

“That seems to me to be a bit of an injustice in and of itself,” Niello said.

The votes come on the last week for lawmakers to pass bills in their house of origin, and days after a key committee blocked legislation that would have given property tax and housing assistance to descendants of enslaved people. The state Assembly advanced a bill last week that would make California formally apologize for its legacy of discrimination against Black Californians. In 2019, Democratic Gov. Gavin Newsom issued a formal apology for the state’s history of violence against and mistreatment of Native Americans.

Some opponents of reparations say lawmakers are overpromising on what they can deliver to Black Californians as the state faces a multibillion-dollar budget deficit.

“It seems to me like they’re putting, number one, the cart before the horse,” said Republican Assemblymember Bill Essayli, who represents part of Riverside County in Southern California. “They’re setting up these agencies and frameworks to dispense reparations without actually passing any reparations.”

It could cost the state up to $1 million annually to run the agency, according to an estimate by the Senate Appropriations Committee. The committee didn’t release cost estimates for implementing the eminent domain and reparations fund bills. But the group says it could cost the state hundreds of thousands of dollars to investigate claims by families who say their land was taken because of racially discriminatory motives.

Chris Lodgson, an organizer with reparations-advocacy group the Coalition for a Just and Equitable California, said ahead of the votes that they would be “a first step” toward passing more far-reaching reparations laws in California.

“This is a historic day,” Lodgson said.

Austin is a corps member for The Associated Press/Report for America Statehouse News Initiative. Report for America is a nonprofit national service program that places journalists in local newsrooms to report on undercovered issues. Follow Austin on the social platform X: @sophieadanna

SL-RSCA Proposal Review Committee

Student-led research, scholarship, and creative activities (sl-rsca) program: proposal review committee, call for applications:.

Applications are invited from eligible graduate students to serve on the Student-Led Research, Scholarship, and Creative Activities Program Proposal Review Committee . This committee will read and review grant proposals and make funding recommendations to the Vice Provost for Research.

Applications to serve on the SL-RSCA Proposal Review Committee are due via the Google form located below no later than 5pm on June 25, 2024 .

SL-RSCA Proposal Review Committee Application SL-RSCA Proposal Review Committee Instructions

Faculty endorsements from the Doctoral Program Director (DPD), Graduate Program Coordinator (GPC), or Department Chair are due via email to the Vice Provost for Research by 11:59 pm on June 30, 2024.

Applicants are strongly encouraged to discuss their application materials with their DPD, GPC, or Department Chair, and alert them in advance that you are seeking their endorsement for this Committee.

Applications will be reviewed by the Vice Provost for Research and RSCA Program Administrator in the Office of Sponsored Programs. The composition and size of the SL-RSCA Proposal Review Committee will be determined in part by the number of grant proposals received and the disciplinary expertise needed to evaluate the proposals received. We anticipate inviting committee members during the week of July 8, 2024.

Please direct any questions to: Dr. Brachfeld, Acting Vice Provost for Research at: [email protected] .

Now Receiving Submissions for CBTS General Research Request for Proposals!

Proposal deadline is Friday, July 26, 2024 at 10 PM CST.

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Cross-Border Threat Screening and Supply Chain Defense

A Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence

2024-2025 CBTS General Research Request for Proposals

Proposal deadline is friday, july 26, 2024, 10:00 pm (central dst).

RFP General Q & A Session – June 18, 2024 at 12 PM EST Join the meeting here Meeting ID: 287 230 175 200 Passcode: JffoaF

Proposal information

The Cross-Border Threat Screening and Supply Chain Defense (CBTS) is soliciting proposals for research to address current and emerging challenges. This Request for Proposals (RFP) invites submissions that address topics represented by the following themes: -Latin American Supply Chains -Public Health Information -Port Capacity

Submit proposals via email to CBTS at  [email protected]  in PDF format. Please direct all questions regarding this RFP to  [email protected] .