criminology thesis topics philippines

425 Criminology Research Topics & Questions for Students

Criminology is the study of crime. To be more precise, it looks at crime as a social trend, including its origin, various manifestations, and its impact on society.

Criminology research outcomes influence how the police work, how society vibes with criminals, and how the community keeps the chaos in check. In this article, stumble upon some mind-bending criminology research topics for your inspiration. We’ll also explain main criminology theories and research methods, breaking down the fine line between criminology and criminal justice.

🔝 Top-10 Criminology Research Topics

🔤 what is criminology.

• 🔎 Criminology Research Methods
• 📝 Research Topics for Assignments

🦹‍♂️ Crime Research Topics

• 🚔 Topics in Law Enforcement
• 🕵️ Criminal Investigation Topics

⚖️ Criminal Law Research Topics

• 🔒 Topics to Research in Crime Prevention

👨‍⚖️ Criminal Justice Research Topics

• 🆚 Criminology Vs Criminal Justice

🔗 References

• Criminology as a science: criminology theories.
• Why eyewitness evidence matters.
• The issue of racial bias in the investigation.
• How social media fuels crime propaganda.
• The leading causes of college violence.
• Private prisons: Are they worth it?
• The debate around gun control.
• The analysis of power abuse among police officers.
• Drunk driving: How to stop it.
• Why forensic psychology is key to investigations.

Criminology digs into crime and criminal behavior, chasing after some wild questions like:

• What’s up with the traits of people who break the law?
• Why do people commit all sorts of different crimes?
• How does crime ripple through individuals and communities?
• What’s the formula for stopping crime in its tracks?

Is Criminology a Science?

Criminology holds its ground as a science, and here’s why: it follows the trusty scientific method. This means we start by asking the right question, then roll up our sleeves to craft hypotheses, gather data like detectives piecing together clues, and finally interpret it all to draw conclusions. Criminologists use tools of the trade—surveys, experiments, interviews, and more—to get to the bottom of the mess that is crime.

Criminology Theories

Criminology theories have popped up as an attempt to tackle the big, burning question: “What is criminal behavior, and what causes it?” Cracking that nut shapes how society handles and prevents crime. Coming up with new ideas and testing old ones keeps criminologists busy trying to crack the code behind what drives people to commit crimes.

Let’s consider the most relevant criminology theories.

🔎 Research Methods Used in Criminology

Most methods used in criminal studies can be divided into two groups: primary and secondary.

Primary Research Methods in Criminology

Primary research in criminology is any type of research that you collect yourself rather than based on secondary sources, such as articles or books. Examples of primary research methods in criminology include the following:

• Surveys and questionnaires. Survey research collects information from individuals through their responses to questions. It’s one of the go-to research tools in criminology because, let’s face it, everyone’s got an opinion.
• Experiments. Here, researchers gather up big groups of people—some who might get tangled up in crimes, either as victims or offenders. Then, they split the group in two and try different approaches with each. It’s like a social science lab, but with crime.
• Interviews. Interviews get personal. Participants answer open-ended questions, often about tough stuff like being a victim or engaging in crime. This method helps criminologists dig deeper and uncover the juicy details that surveys can miss.
• Focus groups. This method brings together a small crowd of people who share similar backgrounds to chat about crime. It’s a way to dive into what people really think, feel, and believe when it comes to crime and its impact.
• Observations. Observations involve a researcher studying groups or individuals in their natural setting without interfering. It is a common research method within the social learning theory.

Secondary Criminology Research Methods

Secondary research methods use information that was collected by someone else so that you can analyze it and identify the trends. Here are the two leading types of secondary research in criminology:

• Secondary analysis of data. A secondary analysis occurs when a researcher uses data collected by other researchers. You can obtain secondary data from surveys, official crime statistics, or official records.
• Literature review. A literature review involves reading, analyzing, evaluating, and summarizing literature about a specific criminology topic. It helps scholars identify research gaps and problems that need to be addressed.

📝 Criminology Research Topics for Assignments

To write an outstanding research paper on criminology, choose a topic that will spark your interest. Below you’ll find excellent criminology topic ideas for college students.

Criminology Research Paper Topics

• Criminology theory and its main elements.
• Criminology discipline and theories .
• American crime trends and criminological theories.
• The significance of criminological studies in the US.
• Criminology: legal rights afforded to the accused .
• The impact of violence and crime on the tourism industry.
• How did US crime rates change over the last 20 years?
• Classical and positivist schools of criminology .
• Should abortion be treated as a crime?
• Official and unofficial instruments within the criminal investigation.
• Criminology: femininity and the upsurge of ladettes .
• Criminal rehabilitation programs and their significance.
• Shoplifting and how to prevent it.
• Emerging technologies in criminology .
• The effects of illegal immigrants on crime rates.
• Drug trafficking by organized crime groups.
• Criminology and victimology: victim stereotypes in criminal justice .
• Can genetics lead to crime?
• The procedures of crime scene investigation.
• Labeling theory and critical criminology: sociological research .
• Hate crimes in modern society.
• The phenomenon of white-collar crime and its causes.
• How to prevent crimes in the workplace?
• Criminology: the social control theory .
• Stereotypes that surround serial killers and their crimes.
• The comparison of organized crime in New York and Chicago.
• Prevention strategies for small business crimes.
• Criminology: four types of evidence .
• Relations between crime, justice, and the media.

Criminology Research Proposal Topics

• How to prevent intellectual property crimes in cyberspace?
• Identity theft and cybercrime in modern society.
• Contemporary theories in criminology .
• The problem of racial profiling in the US.
• How has criminology contributed to the study of terrorism ?
• Possible solutions to the issue of street harassment .
• Postmodern criminology: the violence of the language .
• Gender bias in the investigation: pink-collar criminals.
• The phenomenon of digital terrorism and how to prevent it.
• How do immigration services help fight against terrorism?
• Green criminology: environmental harm in the Niger Delta .
• How has marijuana legalization influenced crime rates?
• Tools for collecting and analyzing crime evidence.
• How does international law manage war crimes ?
• The due process: criminology .
• What are victimless crimes ?
• The relation between crime rates and poverty.
• National system for missing and unidentified persons.
• Three case briefs in criminology .
• The impact of mental illness on criminal behavior.
• The effectiveness of rehabilitation programs in reducing crime rates.
• The use of AI technology in crime prevention and investigation.
• Sexual assault: criminology .
• The role of media coverage in public perception of crime.
• The impact of community policing on reducing crime rates.
• The impact of mass shootings on gun control laws.
• The impact of automation technology on criminology .

Criminology Thesis Topics

• The role of juvenile justice in preventing future criminal behavior.
• Feminism and criminology in the modern justice system .
• The effectiveness of mandatory minimum sentencing in the US.
• Drug laws : fighting crime or fueling it?
• Police brutality : a systemic problem in criminal justice.
• Criminology: USA Patriot Act overview .
• The impact of hate crimes on marginalized communities.
• How does organized crime affect the global economy?
• The significance of DNA evidence for criminal investigations.
• Use of statistics in criminal justice and criminology .
• The ethics of plea bargaining in criminal cases.
• Mental illness and criminal behavior: breaking the stigma.
• The impact of social media on cyberbullying and harassment.
• Robert Merton’s strain theory in criminology .
• Causes and consequences of police corruption .
• The role of restorative justice in repairing harm caused by crime.
• The effectiveness of treatment programs in reducing drug-related crimes.
• Hernando Washington case: criminology .
• The negative effects of human trafficking on global communities.
• The role of forensic science in crimes investigation.
• The effectiveness of community-based alternatives to imprisonment.
• Integrity as a key value: criminology and war .
• The relationship between poverty, education, and crime rates.
• Cybercrime : the dark side of the digital age.
• Hate crimes: motivations and impact on modern society.
• Feminist perspectives’ contribution to criminology .
• The impact of incarceration on families and communities.

Criminology Research Questions for Dissertation

• Can criminal profiling accurately predict offender behavior?
• How do hate crimes affect individuals and communities?
• How were the US Constitution and the Bill of Rights influenced by the classical school of criminology ?
• What are the psychological effects of cyberbullying on victims?
• What factors contribute to domestic violence , and how can it be prevented?
• How have organized crime groups evolved over time?
• How is statistics used in criminology and criminal justice ?
• Is the death penalty an effective crime deterrent?
• What motivates individuals to engage in white-collar crime?
• What are the consequences of police corruption for society?
• What is variance analysis in criminal justice and criminology ?
• How does drug addiction contribute to criminal behavior?
• How does gender influence criminal behavior and justice outcomes?
• What drives individuals to commit mass shootings?
• What is the broken window theory in criminology ?
• What are the biggest challenges facing criminal justice reform efforts?
• How do urban gangs perpetuate violence and criminal activity?
• How do criminal law and procedures protect individual rights and liberties?
• What is the impact of corporate fraud ?
• What challenges do individuals with mental health issues face in the criminal justice system?
• How can society combat human trafficking and exploitation?
• What measures can be taken to enhance cybersecurity and protect against cybercrime?
• What is the aboriginal crisis from a criminology perspective ?
• How can victimology help us better understand the experience of crime victims?
• What are effective crime prevention strategies for different types of crime?
• What is legal insanity in criminology ?
• How does environmental crime impact communities and the environment?
• How is the peace-making model applied in criminology ?

A significant part of criminology research is dedicated to various types of crimes and their reasons. Consider our crime topic ideas that will spark instant interest in your readers:

• The psychological impact of kidnapping on victims and their families.
• The racialization of crime and cultural panic .
• The ethical considerations surrounding ransom payments in kidnapping cases.
• The effect of burglary on small businesses and their ability to recover.
• The impact of race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status on homicide rates and patterns.
• Shoplifting: a crime of convenience .
• The effectiveness of different types of anti-theft devices in preventing motor vehicle theft.
• The role of forensic science in investigating arson cases, including the use of accelerant detection dogs.
• The concept of natural legal crime .
• The psychological profiles of white-collar criminals and their motivations.
• The psychological effects of burglary on victims and their sense of security.
• The concept of juvenile crime .
• The role of social media in facilitating and preventing kidnappings.
• The use of forensic evidence in homicide investigations and the challenges of prosecuting homicide cases.
• Sex crime recidivism rates.
• Illegal immigration and its effects on crime .
• The effectiveness of international efforts to combat money laundering .
• The efficacy of community watch programs in reducing burglary rates.
• The role of corporate culture in facilitating or preventing white-collar crime.
• Crimes in America: the 9/11/01 terrorist attacks .
• Technology in motor vehicle theft: GPS tracking and remote disabling systems.
• Human trafficking and the exploitation of vulnerable populations.
• Crime and criminals: general characteristics .
• The ethical and moral implications of capital punishment as a response to homicide.
• The effectiveness of fire prevention and education programs in reducing instances of arson.
• US gun control measures and crime rates reduction .
• The use of cryptocurrency in money laundering and illegal activities.
• White-collar crime and the abuse of power in corporate and financial settings.
• Cargo crimes and threats: government accountability office .
• The rise of cyberstalking and its impact on victims’ mental health.
• The effects of pollution on communities and the legal response to environmental crimes.
• Cyber-bullying and cyber-stalking as crimes .
• The effects of society’s reaction to crime.
• The use of technology in financial fraud schemes .
• Crimes against property and their characteristics .
• The intersection of racism and hate crimes against Asian Americans.
• The impact of deforestation on indigenous communities and wildlife.
• Crime types and their harm to society .
• The prevalence of domestic violence and the legal response to it.
• The exploitation of child labor in the fashion industry .
• Race and crime among minorities in the US .
• The ethical implications of using artificial intelligence in law enforcement.
• The psychological effects of hate crimes on victims and their communities. 
• How does local television news viewing relate to fear of crime ?
• The evolution of cybercrime and its most common types.
• Parental responsibility for children’s crimes.
• The sex crime: influence of childhood experiences .
• Prostitution : a victimless crime.
• Sociology and media representation of crime.
• The profile of a crime victim .
• A theory of gendered criminology: women’s crime.

🚔 Research Topics in Law Enforcement

Another exciting area within criminology to investigate is law enforcement and police jobs. Have a look at the list of burning and controversial topics we came up with:

• The impact of community policing on crime rates and public trust.
• Law enforcement: online crimes and social media .
• Do body-worn cameras reduce police misconduct?
• The effects of implicit bias on the police use of force.
• Law enforcement cameras as an invasion of privacy .
• The impact of police militarization on community relations.
• Why is mental health training essential for police officers in crisis situations?
• Law enforcement officers’ attitudes regarding body-worn cameras .
• The role of police in addressing hate crimes and bias incidents.
• The effectiveness of community-based alternatives to traditional policing.
• Organizational changes in law enforcement agencies .
• The efficacy of police-community partnership in addressing gang violence.
• The impact of police officer diversity on community relations and trust.
• Local, state, and federal law enforcement in the US .
• The role of police in addressing cybercrime and online harassment.
• The effects of police body language and nonverbal cues on public perceptions.
• Cumulative career traumatic stress in law enforcement .
• Social media and its role in shaping public perceptions of police behavior.
• The role of police discretion in enforcing drug laws and addressing addiction.
• Mindfulness practice in law enforcement .
• The effectiveness of hot spot policing in reducing crime rates.
• Organizational culture in the police department.
• Stress in law enforcement officers and available programs .
• The role of police leadership in promoting ethical behavior and accountability.
• The effectiveness of community-based justice programs for juvenile offenders.
• Law enforcement in colonial America .
• Police-community partnerships for addressing domestic violence.
• The role of police in addressing human trafficking and exploitation.
• Misrepresentation of law enforcement by media .
• School safety and the police.
• How does stress affect the performance of law enforcement officers?
• The law enforcement: verbal communication as the best form of interaction .
• The significance of federal and state law enforcement mechanisms.
• The adverse effects of toxic leadership in quality law enforcement.
• Balance between effective law enforcement and personal liberty .
• The importance of discipline in public services.
• The connection between police salary and rates of police brutality.
• Role of police agencies in law enforcement .
• Police investigative questioning and techniques.
• The issue of corruption in law enforcement.
• Significance of computer forensics to law enforcement .
• Case study: police response to the Ningbo protest.
• Police actions to stop school bullying .
• Law enforcement position in society .
• New technological advances within the police department.
• Do law enforcement cameras violate privacy right?
• Different types of evaluation designs in law enforcement .
• Recognition of women’s right to work as police officers.
• The effectiveness of foot and bike patrols of the streets.
• Firearms types and usage in law enforcement .
• The competencies of international law enforcement authorities.
• Comparison of police brutality statistics for different genders.
• Ethical theories in law enforcement practice .

🕵️ Criminal Investigation Research Topics

The criminal investigation process is another criminology area worth discussing in your research paper. Below you’ll find the most intriguing criminal investigation topics:

• The history and evolution of criminal investigation techniques.
• Crime scene investigation in media and real life .
• How forensic science has transformed criminal investigations.
• How does technology impact modern criminal investigations?
• Why preserving crime scenes and evidence is crucial.
• Crime scene investigation effect in the justice system .
• The ethics of interrogation techniques used in criminal investigations.
• Eyewitness testimony: how reliable is it?
• Criminal profiling: does it help solve crimes?
• Organized business crime prosecution and investigation .
• How media coverage can influence investigations.
• The role of informants in gathering evidence.
• Undercover police investigations in drug-related crimes .
• Challenges in investigating white-collar crime.
• Private investigators and their part in criminal cases.
• The problem of false confessions.
• Crime level investigation in the United States .
• Collecting DNA evidence: the process and importance.
• The FBI’s involvement in national investigations.
• How undercover operations help crack cases.
• Investigating crime with age and mental illnesses factors .
• Challenges in organized crime investigations.
• The importance of witness protection programs.
• Plea bargains: their impact on investigations.
• Drug trafficking: investigation on Frank Lucas .
• Techniques for surveillance in investigations.
• International cooperation in criminal investigations.
• How to investigate cybercrime.
• The influence of racial bias in investigations.
• Homicide investigations and forensic evidence .
• Polygraph tests: are they reliable?
• Investigating terrorism-related crimes: the main challenges.
• The role of forensic psychology in the investigation .
• Victim advocacy in the investigation process.
• Lie detector tests in criminal investigations.
• How community involvement can affect investigations.
• Approaches in criminal investigation .
• Dealing with false accusations.
• Forensic accounting in financial crime investigations.
• How media shapes public opinion about investigations.
• Key rulings on the conduct of investigators at the scene of a fire .
• Political pressure and its impact on criminal investigations.
• Investigating human trafficking: the main hurdles.
• The Breonna Taylor case and criminal investigation .
• Victim compensation in the investigative process.
• Behavioral analysis in investigations.
• Procedures within crime scene investigation .
• Crime scene reconstruction: how it aids investigations.

Criminology goes hand-in-hand with legal studies. If you’re interested in both areas, you should definitely write a research paper on one of the criminal law research topics:

• The evolution of criminal law in the US.
• Criminal law: stolen valor .
• Key differences between criminal and civil law.
• Human trafficking and criminal law responses.
• Types of criminal offenses and the elements of crime.
• International criminal law and measures .
• Burden of proof: its role in criminal trials.
• Assessing the validity of criminal defenses.
• The insanity defense: its use and controversies.
• Actus reus in English criminal law .
• The death penalty: examining its legal and ethical implications.
• Juvenile delinquency: how criminal law treats minors.
• Cybercrime and its legal challenges.
• Criminal law – is graffiti a crime or not ?
• Domestic violence laws and their impact.
• Hate crimes: legal consequences and challenges.
• Restitution for victims: the role of criminal law.
• Civil vs. criminal law and differences between them .
• Admissibility of forensic evidence in court.
• Sexual assault laws: their development and enforcement.
• The rights of the accused in criminal trials.
• Regulatory criminal laws in the criminal justice system .
• Immunity deals: their role in securing testimonies.
• Criminal offenses: how they’re legally classified.
• How Canadian criminal law regulates deviant conduct .
• Self-defense claims in criminal law.
• Sentencing guidelines: how they shape justice outcomes.
• DNA evidence: its role in criminal law.
• Fundamental aspects of Canadian criminal law .
• Eyewitness testimony: is it reliable in court?
• The media’s role in shaping criminal trials.
• Social inequality and its impact on justice outcomes.
• Criminal law in India and access to justice .
• The future of criminal law and its societal impact.
• International criminal law: enforcement challenges.
• Extradition: legal implications across borders.
• Juvenile vs. adult criminal law .
• Globalization’s effect on criminal law.
• Victim rights in criminal cases: their importance.
• Restorative justice: can it replace traditional sentencing?
• Automatism as a defense in criminal law .
• Alternatives to imprisonment for non-violent offenders.
• Defense attorneys: their influence on criminal trials.
• The role of prosecutors in shaping case outcomes.
• Civil and criminal law penalties and differences .
• Public trial rights in criminal cases.
• Car searches and the law: when are they justified?

🔒 Criminology Topics for Research in Crime Prevention

Researching crime prevention allows you to learn more about the strategies for reducing criminal behavior. Have a look at our outstanding crime prevention topic ideas:

• Crime prevention explained: theories and applications.
• Theories that explain criminal activities and criminology .
• How community policing helps stop crime.
• Pros and cons of crime prevention efforts in the U.S.
• Can education reduce crime rates?
• Crime prevention programs and criminal rehabilitation .
• Technological advances in crime prevention.
• Early childhood intervention: preventing future crime.
• The link between poverty and crime prevention strategies.
• Youth crime prevention and needs assessment .
• How restorative justice reduces reoffending.
• Are gun control laws effective at stopping gun crimes?
• Social media’s role in crime prevention and awareness.
• Crime prevention program in Australia .
• Do CCTV cameras actually prevent crime?
• Crime prevention programs in developing nations.
• Mental health services and their role in reducing crime.
• Crime prevention practices: overview .
• Community-based programs: preventing juvenile crime.
• Environmental design’s impact on preventing criminal behavior.
• Victim support programs: do they reduce crime rates?
• Situational and social crime prevention approaches .
• After-school programs: their role in preventing youth offenses.
• Strategies for situational and social crime prevention.
• How citizens help in crime prevention efforts.
• Computer crime prevention measures .
• Community watch programs: their impact on crime.
• How community centers prevent gang crime.
• Sentencing policies and their role in crime prevention.
• Biometrics recognition and crime prevention .
• Do violent video games lead to youth crime?
• Cybercrime prevention through social media awareness.
• The role of social workers in preventing crime.
• Three-strikes law for preventing violent crimes .
• Can education and medicine lower crime rates?
• Animal-assisted therapy in reducing criminal behavior.
• Aftercare programs: can they cut recidivism rates?
• Capital punishment as ineffective crime deterrence .
• Strategies for proactive crime prevention.
• Domestic violence prevention programs and their impact.
• Probation and parole: do they prevent future crimes?
• Juvenile weapon crimes and strategies to address .
• Faith-based organizations: their role in crime prevention.
• Diversion programs: preventing juvenile crime.
• Crime prevention vs. community safety: understanding the difference.
• Preventing crime victimization in international students .
• Agriculture and rural development’s role in preventing crime.

Criminal justice might be a challenging research topic, but it is worth the time and effort. Consider our unique topic ideas for your successful research:

• The effectiveness of community policing programs.
• The use of statistics in criminal justice and criminology .
• Are prison rehabilitation programs effective?
• Defense attorneys: their significance in criminal justice.
• The code of ethics in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice .
• The role of restorative justice in the legal system.
• Mandatory minimum sentences: do they work?
• Criminal justice process: felony criminal charge .
• Judges’ roles in shaping justice outcomes.
• The role of probation and parole in justice.
• Veterans in the criminal justice system .
• Prison privatization: comparing the US and UK
• Challenges women face in prison.
• US terrorism and criminal justice decision-making model .
• Prisons in a democratic society: are they compatible?
• Psychologists’ roles in the criminal justice system.
• Transgender offenders in the criminal justice system .
• Private prisons and their effect on crime rates.
• Victim compensation programs: how effective are they?
• The successes and failures to reform punishment in the criminal justice system .
• Community involvement in criminal justice.
• Long-term prisoner rehabilitation: the main issues.
• Victim-offender mediation programs.
• Technology application in criminal justice .
• Gender disparity in criminal justice outcomes.
• The impact of solitary confinement on prisoners.
• Recidivism in criminal justice: the American prison system .
• Legal and ethical dilemmas in international interventions.
• Mandatory minimum sentences: helping or harming?
• Racial and ethnic disparities in the criminal justice system .
• Children of incarcerated individuals: the long-term effects.
• The importance of mental health professionals in criminal justice.
• How to bring about change in the criminal justice system.
• Non-inclusiveness of the criminal justice system .
• Racial profiling: its impact on justice outcomes.
• Diversion programs for veterans: how effective are they?
• False confessions in the US criminal justice system .
• Racism in the U.S. criminal justice system.
• People with disabilities in the criminal justice system.
• Ethical dilemmas in the criminal justice system .
• Forensic psychology guidelines for criminal justice.
• Technology’s impact on jury selection.
• Effective writing and criminal justice .
• Mandatory drug testing: does it work for probationers?
• Wrongful executions and their effect on justice.
• Discontinuity of care in the criminal justice system .
• Media’s influence on the criminal justice system.
• The rise of cybercrime: how the justice system is responding.
• Criminal justice: coerced confessions .
• Private prisons: their role in criminal justice.
• Diversion programs for the homeless: how they work.
• Lessons from the history of criminal courts.
• Criminal justice case: types of sentences, probation, and final decision .
• Comparing US and UK legislative systems.
• The modern justice system: an overview.
• Unjust arrests: exploring ethical issues.
• Civil liability in criminal justice .
• Juvenile recidivism: identifying risk groups.

🆚 Difference between Criminology and Criminal Justice

Students often confuse criminology with criminal justice because both areas study crime and criminal behavior. Understanding their main differences is essential before conducting research in any of these areas.

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1 - Criminology Thesis

Bachelor of science in criminology (insti1), university of caloocan city.

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Comparative analysis of index crime rate and, non-index crime rate in trece martires city.

Submitted to the Faculty of theUndergraduate Thesis Department of Criminal Justice Cavite State University Indang, Cavite

of the requirements for the degree ofIn partial fulfillment Bachelor of Science in Criminology

NAIZELL A. ANGGAARLENE P. TANYAG

Comparative analysis of index-crime rate and.

Naizell A. Angga Arlene P. Tanyag

A Thesis Manuscript submitted to the faculty of the Department of Criminal Justice, Cavite State University, Indang, Cavite in partial fulfillment of the requirements for graduation with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology with Contribution No. _________________. Prepared under the supervision of Ms. Susan G. Tan**.**

INTRODUCTION Whatever barometer crime may be, its prevention, detection and prosecution involves substantial public costs and provokes considerable public interest. The public's fear and perceived risks of crime are influential elements in the response to crime. Because the effectiveness of crime suppression and prevention is one of the fundamental measures of the capability of the State, the "crime barometer" is a constructed and contested artifact of these crime control activities. Pertinent, if flawed, "crime statistics" represent the "facts" and serve as the measure of crime. The statistics in turn become phenomena in their own right and the source for data and speculation on changing patterns of crime. Nevertheless apart from bureaucratic need, the State's interest in producing crime statistics is to promote the perception of public order, safety, predictability of law and to highlight its protective and essential role. It is generally acknowledged that societies that are stable with low crime, secure and safe environments and rational means of dealing with conflicts and "rule" breaking are advanced and 'civilized' societies. In rational economic terms, such 'rule of law' states,

This research aims to enhance information and statistics on crime rates and crime incidence in Trece Martires City for the development of crime prevention programs and strategies. There is also a need to disseminate the information obtained in this study to government authorities at all levels, and police services and NGOs, to assist them in developing data, measuring performance and evaluating the impact of current crime prevention programs of the city.

Statement of the Problem In general, this study was conducted to compare the index crime rate and non- index crime rate in Trece Martires City. Specifically, this sought answers to the following research problems: 1. What type of non-index crimes are recorded by the police force in Trece Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009? 2. What type of index crimes are recorded by the police force in Trece Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009? 3. What is the prevalence of recorded index crimes and non-index crimes in Trece Martires City in the two periods? 4. What are the rates of index crimes and non-index crimes in Trece Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009? 5. Is there significant difference in the rates of index crimes and non-index crimes in Trece Martires City from January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009?

Hypotheses of the Study Ho 1 : There are no significant differences in the rates of index and non-index crimes in Trece Martires City between January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009.

Scope and Limitations of the Study The study focused on the rates of index and non-index crimes for two periods, namely: January to May 2008 and from January to May 2009. This study was conducted from November 2009 to March 2010. Data were limited to index and non-index crimes recorded by the Philippine National Police of Trece Martires City. Secondary data were obtained from the records of the Trece Martires City police station. Drug-related crimes were not covered in this study due to confidentiality of information.

Importance of the Study The study is important because it will be useful to the Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG), Philippine National Police, City Government of Trece Martires, other members of the public sector, and students and researchers. The following are expected to benefit from this study: The Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG) which authority over local government executives including public safety line bureaus like the Philippine National Police (PNP), the Bureau of Fire Protection (BFP) and the Bureau of Jail Management and Penology (BJMP), enables it to direct policy guidelines on matters of public safety and security. Findings and recommendations contained in this study may be of valuable use to the DILG in policy formulation and issuance of Department Orders to

Arson is the crime of intentionally and maliciously setting fire to structures or wildland areas. It may be distinguished from other causes such as spontaneous combustion and natural wildfires. Arson usually describes fires deliberately set to the property of another or to one's own property as to collect insurance compensation. Burglary involves trespassing and theft, entering a building or automobile, or remaining unlawfully with intent to commit theft or any crime, not necessarily a theft, for example, vandalism. Even if nothing is stolen in a burglary, the act is a statutory offense. Crime is the breach of rules or laws for which the Philippine government (via mechanisms such as legal system) can ultimately prescribe a conviction. While every crime violates the law, not every violation of the law counts as a crime; for example: breaches of contract and of other civil law may rank as "offences" or as "infractions". Crime prevention refers to strategies and measures that seek to reduce the risk of crimes occurring, and their potential harmful effects on individuals and society, including fear of crime, by intervening to influence their multiple causes. Grave threats refer to the act of any person who threatening another with the infliction upon the person, honor or property of the latter or of his family of any wrong amounting to a crime. Homicide refers to the act of a human killing a human being. A common form of homicide, for example, would be murder. It can also describe a person who has committed such an act, though this use is rare in modern English. Homicide is not always an illegal act, so although "homicide" is often used as a synonym for "murder", this is not formally correct

Index crimes refer to those violations of the penal code considered to have socioeconomic significance, and occur with sufficient regularity to be meaningful. These include crimes against person (murder, homicide, physical injury and rape), and crimes against property (robbery and theft). Kidnapping and serious illegal detention refers to any private individual who kidnapped or detained another, or in any other manner deprive him of his liberty. Murder refers to the act of a human killing if committed with any of the following attendant circumstances: (1) With treachery, taking advantage of superior strength, with the aid of armed, men, or employing means to weaken the defense or of means or persons to insure or afford impunity; (2) In consideration of a price, reward, or promise; (3) By means of inundation, fire, poison, explosion, shipwreck, stranding of a vessel, derailment or assault upon a street car or locomotive, fall of an airship, by means of motor vehicles, or with the use of any other means involving great waste and ruin; (4) On occasion of any of the calamities, or of an earthquake, eruption of a volcano, destructive cyclone, epidemic or other public calamity (5) With evident premeditation; (6) With cruelty, by deliberately and inhumanly augmenting the suffering of the victim, or outraging or scoffing at his person or corpse. Mutilation refers to the act of a human intentionally mutilating another by depriving him, either totally or partially, or some essential organ of reproduction. Non-index crimes refer to all other crimes not classified as index crimes. These are mostly composed of victimless offenses (e., crimes against national security, crimes against the fundamental laws of the state, crimes against public order, crimes against public morals, and violations of special laws). Non-Index Crime includes negligent

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Profile of Trece Martires City The City of Trece Martires is a third-class city in the province of Cavite, Philippines. The city serves as the seat of government of the Cavite, where many of the provincial government offices are located. According to the NSO census, it has a population of 90,177 people in a land area of 49 square kilometers (cavite.gov, 2010). The city is named after the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite, who were executed by the Spaniards on September 12, 1896. Trece Martires City used to be the largest, remotest and one of the oldest barrios in Cavite. The City was formerly a barrio of Tanza and was most probably known then as "Quinta" or "Quintana". It was re-named after the thirteen Caviteños who were executed by the Spaniards on September 12, 1896 shortly after the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution. Development is basically agricultural with the land subdivided into cattle ranches and sugar farms. Honorable Justiniano S. Montano and Honorable Jose T. Cajulis jointly prepared House Bill No. 1795. The said House Bill became Republic Act No. 981. President Ramon Magsaysay, in May 24, 1954, approved Republic Act No. 981 known as the "Charter of Trece Martires City" which also provides for the transfer of the capital of Cavite Province from Cavite City to Trece Martires City. It changed the tempo of development and urbanization in the area. The charter of Trece Martires City originally provided that the Provincial Governor should be the ex-officio city mayor. Honorable Dominador Mangubat, the incumbent governor then, thus became the first chief executive of the new city. The provincial capitol was formally inaugurated on January 2, 1956, the day Governor Delfin N. Montano was sworn into office.

President Ferdinand E. Marcos signed, on June 11, 1977, Presidential Decree No. 1163 relocating the capital and seat of government from Trece Martires City to Imus. Governor Juanito R. Remulla requested Marcos, in September 1979, to transfer the Provincial Capitol back to the City of Trece Martires. President Corazon C. Aquino approved on March 31, 1992 Republic Act 7325, amending the charter of the City of Trece Martires. The amendment provided for the first local elections in the city (cavite.gov, 2010). Trece Martires City is politically subdivided into 13 barangays (4 urban and 9 rural). It is not coincidence but design that the city was subdivided into thirteen barangays; this was planned by Senator Justiniano Montano and Congressman Jose Cajulis, who played a major role in creating the city. Each barangay was named after one of the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite to commemorate their bravery and heroism (tmc.gov, 2010). Trece Martires City is strategically located at the heart of the Province of Cavite. Its major source of income is real property taxes. Agriculture has long been neglected in favor of commercialism and industrialization. With its 14% growth-rate, the projected population by 2010 is 110,000. The major cause of this ballooning population is in- migration (which is gladly facilitated by the LGU even though it is not sustainable, in order to support the incumbents for the upcoming 2010 elections) (tmc.gov, 2010). The most noteworthy fact about this city is its cleanliness and the absence of any form of gambling. The city has been awarded in the fields of nutrition, health services, cleanliness, literacy, education and social services. With its small land area and its

There is a much broader role for government at all levels in establishing proactive rather than reactive strategies for preventing and reducing crime and victimization. Housing, health and job creation, recreation, social services and environmental services can all make a significant difference to crime levels when they work in partnership with the police and justice sector (UNODC, 2009). More significantly, this is not just a government role, but one that includes communities and civil society organizations, working in partnership with government and public and private institutions. For this reason, this Tool emphasizes the need to understand how security and safety emerge in a specific context and what measures may be taken to support governance, and the involvement of stakeholders and communities in crime prevention. The assumption that prevention can somehow be accomplished through the establishment of the rule of law and a viable criminal justice system remains strong in many countries, nevertheless. Having a well-resourced and well-run criminal justice system has been assumed to be the best way not only to build strong democratic institutions, but also to prevent crime. What has become increasingly clear, however, is that this is not necessarily the case (UNODC, 2009). In developed countries such as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, for example, over a 10-year period significant increases in penalties, in the numbers of police and in resources for youth justice have resulted in increasing numbers of young people being drawn into the criminal justice system and being charged or placed in custody (Solomon and Garside, 2008).

Crime Trends in Asia For many developed countries in Asia, the likelihood of a family being the victim of a common property crime such as burglary or car theft has decreased gradually in the last few years. Yet, owing to an extended rise in crime rates in the 1960s and 1970s, the likelihood of a family falling victim to a crime in the year 2000 is still between two and three times higher than it was in the 1960s. The likelihood of violent crime continues to increase to rates that are several times what they were in the 1960s. Violence against women and crimes committed by and against youth are matters of particular concern (Reports on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000). Even in countries where crime rates are decreasing, levels of public insecurity and fear remain high. It is well known that levels of insecurity are related to factors other than crime itself: a sense of insecurity may be exacerbated by several factors, including precarious living conditions, rising unemployment and little hope for the future. Crime, however, remains a main source of public insecurity (Reports on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000). For many developing countries and countries with economies in transition, crime rates have escalated dramatically in recent decades. Studies show that nine of the 10 countries with the highest rates of serious violent crime are those with economies in transition. Murder rates in some cities in developing countries are 10 times or more than those of developed countries in Europe (Reports on Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, 2000).

Republic Act No. 7610 enacted on June 17, 1997 is an act providing for stronger deterrence and special protection against child abuse, exploitation and discrimination and for other purposes. Republic Act No. 9262 is an act defining violence against women and their children, providing for protective measures for victims, prescribing penalties therefore, and for other purposes.

Crime Trends in the Philippines Despite some improvement in law and order, crime remained a major problem through the end of the 1980s in the Philippines. Police attributed the country's chronic crime problems to a variety of social and cultural factors. Widespread poverty and rapid population growth were frequently cited. Population pressures and a shortage of land and jobs in rural areas had produced a steady internal migration to the cities. This urbanization of a traditionally agrarian society was commonly mentioned as cause for increased crime rates. In particular, police pointed to the rapid growth of urban slum and squatter areas; more than 25 percent of the population of Metro-Manila were thought to be squatters in the late 1980s. Widespread possession of firearms--including automatic rifles--was another factor contributing to crime. Undisciplined private armies, usually maintained by local politicians and wealthy families, and numerous organized crime gangs were the biggest violators of firearms laws. The Communist and Muslim insurgencies compounded the problem of proliferating guns and violence. Piracy and smuggling also were thriving criminal industries, especially in the southern portions of the archipelago (Winslow, 2002).

According to the police, the incidence of serious crime escalated through the early 1980s, from approximately 250 crimes per 100,000 population in 1979, to a sustained level of around 310 during 1984 through 1987, then declined in 1988 and 1989. In 1988 the crime rate dipped below 300 crimes per 100,000 people, then fell dramatically in 1989 to 251 crimes per 100,000 citizens. Because of differing reporting practices and degrees of coverage, it was difficult to compare Philippine crime rates to those of other countries (Winslow, 2002). Government officials attributed the decrease in crime to improved police work, but economic conditions appeared to be as important. The deterioration in law and order during the early and mid-1980s accompanied a steadily worsening economy, whereas the improvement in the late 1980s paralleled renewed economic growth under Aquino. Not surprisingly, crime rates were highest in major urban areas, where unemployment was the highest. Regionally, peninsular southern Luzon, the western Visayan islands, and portions of Mindanao--impoverished rural areas where insurgents were active--had the most criminal activity in the mid-1980s (Winslow, 2002). Drug use and trafficking were growing problems during the 1980s, particularly in marijuana. Cultivation was geographically widespread, but the mountainous portions of northern Luzon and the central Visayas were the major marijuana-growing centers. During the late 1980s, another drug, methamphetamine, was fast becoming a narcotics problem. Known locally as shabu, it had generally been smuggled into the country, but domestic production expanded sharply in 1989 to meet growing demand. Coca cultivation was not significant in 1989, and there was no evidence of opium poppy cultivation or heroin manufacture (Winslow, 2002).

and other measures designed to improve discipline. The military also mounted a counternarcotics effort, spearheaded by the constabulary's Narcotics Command. Government agents more than doubled arrests during 1989 and eradicated millions of marijuana plants, but they still found it difficult to keep pace with the growing drug trade. The crime rate in the Philippines is low compared to industrialized countries. An analysis was done using INTERPOL data for the Philippines. For purpose of comparison, data were drawn for five of the seven offenses used to compute the United States FBI's index of crime. Index offenses include murder, forcible rape, robbery, aggravated assault, and motor vehicle theft. The Philippines does not report data for burglary, and theft data do not exclude burglary and are thus not comparable to FBI data on larceny. Lacking complete data on property crimes, the combined total of these offenses constituting the Index used for trend calculation purposes cannot be made. The Philippines will be compared with Japan (country with a low crime rate) and USA (country with a high crime rate) with the data available. According to the INTERPOL data, for murder, the rate in 2000 was 7 for the Philippines, 1 for Japan, and 5 for USA. For rape, the rate in 2000 was 4 for the Philippines, compared with 1 for Japan and 32 for USA. For robbery, the rate in 2000 was 8 for the Philippines, 4 for Japan, and 144 for USA. For aggravated assault, the rate in 2000 was 15 for the Philippines, 23 for Japan, and 323 for USA. The rate for motor vehicle theft in 2000 was 3 for the Philippines, compared with 44 for Japan and 414 for USA.

Crime Statistics in the Philippines In the Philippines, between 1997 and 2000, according to INTERPOL data, the rate of murder decreased from 14 to 7, an decrease of 44%. The rate for rape was not given for 1997. The rate of robbery increased from 7 to 8, an increase of 1%. The rate for aggravated assault decreased from 17 to 15 per 100,000, an decrease of 13%. Data were not given on auto thefts for 1997. Limited studies were found on regional and provincial crime statistics in the Philippines. One study conducted by the National Statistical Coordination Board (2009) focused on Crime Incidence, Crime Rate/ and Crime Solution Efficiency Rate in Region XI as of 2008. The preceding section discusses the results of this study: Crime statistics of the Philippine National Police XI revealed that in 2008, among the provinces and cities in Region XI, Davao del Sur posted the lowest crime rate with only 40 crimes per 100,000 population. Among the four provinces in the region, Davao del Norte had the highest crime rate of 74 crimes per 100,000 while Samal City recorded the lowest crime incidence among cities with 64 crimes per 100,000 population (NCSB, 2009). On the other hand, of the total 5,164 crimes committed in the region in 2008, about 60 percent (3,115) of this were non-index crimes while the remaining 40 percent (2,049) were index crimes. Among the index crimes committed, physical injuries recorded the highest with 573 cases or about 28 percent of the total index crimes. This was followed by murder with 540 reported cases or roughly 26 percent of the total. Homicide posted the lowest among index crimes committed in the region with only 132 cases or 6 percent of the total (NCSB, 2009).

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Course : Bachelor of science in Criminology (Insti1)

University : university of caloocan city, this is a preview.

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