history of halloween presentation

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Halloween evolved from the ancient Celtic holiday of Samhain. Over the centuries, Halloween transitioned from a pagan ritual to a day of parties, costumes, jack-o-lanterns and trick-or-treating for kids and adults.

A spooky Halloween scene in a graveyard with Jack-o-lanterns.

Halloween 2024

When Is Halloween 2024? Halloween is celebrated each year on October 31. Halloween 2024 will take place on Thursday, October 31. What is the History of Halloween? Halloween’s origins date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow‑in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago, mostly in the area that is now Ireland, […]

A Samhain festival in Glastonbury.

Samhain (a Gaelic word pronounced “sow‑win”) is a pagan religious festival originating from an ancient Celtic spiritual tradition. It is usually celebrated from October 31 to November 1 to welcome in the harvest and usher in “the dark half of the year.”

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history of halloween presentation

History of Halloween

Joshua J. Mark

Halloween is among the oldest traditions in the world as it touches on an essential element of the human condition: the relationship between the living and the dead. The observance evolved from ancient rituals marking the transition from summer to winter, thereby associating it with transformation, which is still a central theme of the holiday.

Every recorded civilization has created some form of ritual observance focused on what happens to people when they die, where they go, and how the living should best honor those who have passed or respond to the dead who seem unwilling or unable to move on. Countries around the world today celebrate Halloween in one form or another, from Mexico's Day of the Dead to China 's Tomb Sweeping Day. The modern-day observance of Halloween in countries such as the United States and Canada – where this tradition is most popular – share in this ancient tradition, even though some aspects of the holiday are relatively recent developments and can be traced back to the Celtic festival of Samhain .

Jack-o'-Lanterns

Christian groups through the years have routinely attempted to demonize and denigrate the observance, in part by repeating the erroneous claim that Sam Hain was the Celtic god of the dead and Halloween his feast. This error comes from the 18th-century British engineer Charles Vallancey, who wrote on the Samhain festival with a poor understanding of the culture and language, and has been repeated uncritically since. It was actually the Church itself, however, which preserved the Samhain tradition in the West by Christianizing it in the 9th century, setting the course for a pagan Northern European religious tradition's transformation into a worldwide secular holiday which has become the most popular – and commercially lucrative – of the year, second only to Christmas.

Halloween traditions in the West date back thousands of years to the festival of Samhain (pronounced 'Soo-when', 'So-ween' or 'Saw-wen'), the Celtic New Year's festival. The name means "summer's end", and the festival marked the close of the harvest season and the coming of winter. The Celts believed that the veil between the worlds of the living and the dead was thinnest at this time and so the dead could return and walk where they had before. Further, those who had died in the past year and who, for one reason or another, had not yet moved on, could do so at this time and might interact with the living in saying good-bye.

Very little is known of the rituals of ancient Samhain because the Church Christianized it – as with many pagan festivals – and what information is available comes from Irish monks who recorded the pre-Christian history of their people as well as other Christian scribes denigrating pagan rites. It seems, however, that the observance included stocking up supplies for the winter, slaughtering cattle, and disposing of the bones in "bone fires" which, in time, came to be known as bonfires. There were gatherings of communities for feasting and drinking while this was going on, but there was also the awareness of the "thin time" of the year and the possibility of otherworldly visitors showing up at the party.

Departed loved ones were expected – and welcomed – and the practice of setting out favorite foods for the dead may have originated as early as 2,000 years ago (though this is unclear), but many other kinds of spirits – some which never had human form – could also appear. Elves, fairies, the "wee folk", sprites, and dark energies were just as likely to pay a visit as those one longed to see again one last time.

Further, there was a very good chance that the spirit of a person one may have wronged would also make an appearance. In order to deceive the spirits, people darkened their faces with ashes from the bonfires (a practice later known as "guising"), and this developed into wearing masks. A living person would recognize the spirit of a loved one and could then reveal themselves but otherwise remain safe from the unwanted attention of darker forces.

All Hallows' Eve

How long ago these rituals were included in the observance of Samhain is unknown, but some form of them were probably in place by the time Christianity came to Ireland in the 5th century. The hill of Tlachtga (Hill of the Ward) in County Meath was the site of the bonfire lighted on or around 31 October signaling the beginning of Samhain festivities when it was answered by the much more prominent fire from the Neolithic site of the Hill of Tara across from it. Archaeologists from University College Dublin have dated the excavated earthworks to 200 CE but note these are only the latest developments at a site first used for ceremonial fires over 2,000 years ago.

The hill is named for the druidess Tlachtga, daughter of the powerful druid Mug Ruith who traveled the world learning his craft. She was raped by the three sons of Simon Magus, infamous for his confrontation with St. Peter in the biblical Book of Acts 8:9-24, and gave birth to triplets on the hill that bears her name before dying there. The inclusion of a biblical villain in her story, obviously, places the legend in the Christian era and aligns Tlachtga with St. Peter in so far as they shared a common adversary. Scholars believe that the Tlachtga story, like so many Celtic legends, was Christianized after the coming of St. Patrick to Ireland and her rape by the sons of Simon Magus was added to a pre-existing account.

Stone of Destiny, Hill of Tara

The Christianization of pagan symbols, temples, festivals, legends, and religious iconography is well established and applies to the Samhain festival as well as many others. Pope Boniface IV had set 13 May as All Saint's Day (All Hallows' Day), a feast day to celebrate those saints who did not have a day of their own, in the 7th century when he consecrated the great pagan temple of the Pantheon in Rome to Saint Mary and Christian martyrs, but in the 8th century, Pope Gregory III moved the date of the feast to 1 November. The motivation for this move is still debated. Some scholars claim it was done intentionally to Christianize Samhain by turning it into All Hallows' Eve, which is most likely true as the move follows an established Christian paradigm of "redeeming" all things pagan in an effort to ease the conversion process of a given population.

Prior to Christianization, 13 May had been the last day of the Roman festival of Lemuria (which ran 9, 11, 13 May), dedicated to placating the angry or restless dead. The festival developed from a pair of observances held earlier in the year, Parentalia – which honored the spirits of one's ancestors (13-21 February) – and Feralia – which honored the spirits of loved ones lost (21 February). On Feralia, the living were obligated to remember and visit the graves of the dead and leave them gifts in the form of grains, salt, bread soaked in wine, and wreaths, accompanied by violet petals.

Other Influences on Development

As it was with Parentalia, Feralia, Lemuria, and many others, so it was with Samhain. Previously, the Samhain festival was associated with all those who had gone on before, with the earth, and the change of the year; this transformation was marked by celebration and communal activities. Once the festival was Christianized, All Hallows' Eve became a night of vigil, prayer, and fasting in preparation for the next day when the saints were honored at a far tamer celebration.

The old ways had not died out, however, and bonfires were still lighted – only now in honor of Christian heroes – and the turning of the seasons was still observed – only now to the glory of Christ. Many of the rituals which accompanied this new incarnation of the festival are unknown but by the 16th century, the practice of "souling" had become integral. The poor of the town or city would go about knocking on doors asking for a soul-cake (also known as a soul-mass-cake) in return for prayers.

This practice is thought to have begun in response to the belief in purgatory where it was thought a soul lingered in torment unless elevated by prayer and, most often, money paid to the Church. After the Protestant Reformation , "souling" continued in Britain , only now the Protestant young and poor offered to pray for the people of the house and their loved ones instead of those in purgatory while Catholics continued the older tradition.

Bonfire on Guy Fawkes Day

In the 17th century, Guy Fawkes Day added a new component to the development of Halloween. On 5 November 1605, a group of dissident Catholics tried to assassinate the protestant King James I of Britain in an attempt known as the Gunpowder Plot . The attempt failed and one of the group, Guy Fawkes, was caught with the explosives beneath the House of Lords and, although he had co-conspirators, his name attached itself famously to the plot.

Guy Fawkes Day was celebrated by the Protestants of Britain as a triumph over "popery", and 5 November became an occasion for anti-Catholic sermons and vandalism of Catholic homes and businesses even though, officially, the government claimed it was a celebration of Providence sparing the king. On Guy Fawkes night, bonfires were lit and unpopular figures – most often the Pope – were hanged in effigy while people drank, feasted, and set off fireworks. Children and the poor would go house to house, often wearing masks, pushing an effigy of Guy Fawkes in a wheelbarrow and begging for money or treats while threatening vandalism if they were refused.

Coming to North America

When the British came to North America, they brought these traditions with them. The Puritans of New England , who refused to observe any holidays which might be associated with pagan beliefs – including Christmas and Easter – kept the observance of Guy Fawkes Day on 5 November as a reminder of their supposed moral superiority to Catholics. Guy Fawkes continued to be celebrated up until the American Revolution of 1775-1783.

The rituals of Samhain arrived in the United States less than a century later with the displacement of the Irish in 1845-1849, during the potato famine. The Irish, largely Catholic, continued to observe All Hallows' Eve, All Saint's Day, and All Soul's Day along with the practice of "souling" but these festivals by now were infused with folk traditions such as the jack-o'-lantern.

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Further Developments

The jack-o'-lantern is associated with the Irish folktale of Stingy Jack, a clever drunk and con man who fooled the devil into banning him from hell but, because of his sinful life, could not enter heaven. After his death , he roamed the world carrying a small lantern made of a turnip with a red-hot ember from hell inside to light his way. Scholars believe this legend evolved from sightings of will-o'-the-wisp, swamp and marsh gasses which glowed in the night. On All Hallows' Eve, the Irish hollowed out turnips and carved them with faces, placing a candle inside, so that as they went about "souling" on the night when the veil between life and death was thinnest, they would be protected from spirits like Stingy Jack.

Turnip Lantern

The basics of Halloween were now in place with people going from house to house asking for sweet treats in the form of the soul-cakes and carrying jack-o'-lanterns. Shortly after their arrival in the United States, the Irish traded the turnip for the pumpkin as their lantern of choice as it was much easier to carve. Guy Fawkes Day was no longer celebrated in the United States but aspects of it attached themselves to the Catholic holidays of October, especially vandalism, only now it was indiscriminate: anyone's home or business could be vandalized around 31 October.

In the village of Hiawatha, Kansas, the morning after Halloween in 1912, a woman named Elizabeth Krebs grew tired of having her garden – and entire town – vandalized once a year by marauding children wearing masks and, initially using her own resources, organized a party in 1913 for the young people where, she hoped, she would tire them out enough that they would have no energy for destruction.

She underestimated their determination, however, and the community was vandalized as usual. In 1914, she involved the entire town, brought in a band, held a costume contest, and put on a parade – and her plan worked. People of all ages enjoyed a festive, rather than disruptive, Halloween. News of her success traveled outside of Kansas to other towns and cities which adopted the same course and established Halloween parties which included costume contests, parades, music , food, dancing, and sweet treats accompanied by frightening decorations of ghosts and goblins.

Although Mrs. Krebs is sometimes cited as the “mother of modern Halloween”, this is not entirely true as she did not institute the practice of going door-to-door asking for treats. This tradition was a few centuries old by the time she put on her first event. Mrs. Krebs' original vision definitely did impact how people in America celebrate Halloween, however, and the Halloween Frolic of Hiawatha, Kansas, continues to be observed annually along with the many similar festivals it inspired.

The party as a distraction from destruction, however, did not catch on nationwide and, by the 1920s, so-called "mischief night" had become a serious problem, not only in the United States but also in Canada. How, exactly, the practice of destroying people's property on the night of 31 October morphed into going door-to-door asking for candy in return for leaving a home in one piece is unclear, but it was already established in Canada by 1927 when a newspaper article from Blackie, Alberta, Canada featured a story about children going door-to-door in this way and is the first known appearance in print of the phrase "trick or treat". The children were given the candy and the homeowner was left in peace.

This tradition continued in North America throughout the 1930s, was interrupted by World War II owing to the sugar ration which dramatically cut the candy supply, and reemerged in the late 1940s. The familiar tradition of the present day dates to the 1950s and has steadily become popular in other countries, following the same basic paradigm. Today, Halloween is not generally associated with any particular religion or tradition and is commonly viewed as a secular community holiday, primarily focused on the young, and a boon for businesses offering candy and decorations as well as the entertainment industry which releases films, TV specials, and books on paranormal themes.

Central Theme

For many Neo-Pagans and Wiccans in the modern day, however, the holiday continues to be observed – as closely as possible – as it was in the ancient past. The central theme of Samhain was transformation. The year turned from the light days to the dark, the dead crossed over into the land of the living or moved on to the other side, people disguised themselves as other entities, and entities might appear as people, animals were slaughtered and turned into food while grains, fruits, and vegetables were similarly transformed for winter storage and wood and bone went up in the flames of the bonfires as smoke.

Transformation is still central to the observance of Halloween. The mask and costume transforms the wearer from their everyday life to another persona. For a night, one becomes Darth Vader or a zombie or the Great Pumpkin. The best-known, and most popular, costumes also touch on transformation. The werewolf is a human who changes into an animal; the vampire can vanish into smoke or become a bat; ghosts were once people.

In pre-Christian Ireland, the goddess most closely associated with Samhain was the Morrigan , the deity associated with war and fate who led her people, the Tuatha de Danaan, to freedom in a battle against the Fomorians. The Morrigan, in every one of her stories, is a transformative figure and in the story from the Irish epic Cath Maige Tuired she changes the fate of her people, making them their own masters instead of slaves of other forces.

The transformation was often frightening but could also be inspiring. The werewolf figure developed in response to fear of animal attacks and the vampire, perhaps, as a response to the fear of the angry dead who returned to torment the living. In these cases, however – and many others – it was within human power to kill the monster and so their legends can empower people to recognize their own strengths in the face of perilous circumstances.

The masks of Halloween and the present-day traditions represent this same theme and touch on the most basic aspects of the human condition and the ancient observance of Samhain. The costumes people wear represent fears and hopes in the same way the people centuries ago wore their masks to deter unwelcome spirits and experiences while anticipating joyful reunions with loved ones.

Many of the costumes represent the universal fear of death and the unknown which, for a night anyway, is mastered as one becomes that which one would normally dread and, transformed, neutralizes that fear. At its most basic level, Halloween is – or can be – a triumph of hope over fear, which is most likely what it also meant to the ancient Celts at Samhain thousands of years ago.

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Bibliography

  • Assorted Authors. New Catholic Encyclopedia. Gale Research Inc, 2010.
  • Daimler, M. Gods and Goddesses of Ireland. Moon Books, 2016.
  • Grimassi, R. Spirit of the Witch. Llewellyn Publications, 2003.
  • Guy Fawkes Day: A Brief History by Jesse Greenspan , accessed 19 Mar 2020.
  • History Mysteries at the Museum: Elizabeth Krebs by Lynn Allen Brown , accessed 19 Mar 2020.
  • Hoffner, H. Catholic Traditions and Treasures. Sophia Institute Press, 2018.
  • Morton, L. Trick or Treat: A History of Halloween. Reaktion Books, 2019.
  • Rees, A & B. Celtic Heritage. Thames and Hudson, 1989.
  • Rolleston, T. W. Celtic Myths and Legends. Dover Publications, 1990.
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  • The History of Trick Or Treating Is Weirder Than You Thought by Rose Eveleth , accessed 19 Mar 2020.
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About the Author

Joshua J. Mark

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Halloween

Where did Halloween come from?

Group of children and their parents playing trick or treat on Halloween.

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  • Library of Congress Research Guides - Halloween & Día de Muertos Resources
  • The Guardian - Shock of the old: Halloween when it was actually scary – in pictures
  • LiveScience - History of Halloween
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  • National Endowment for the Humanities - EDSITEment! - Origins of Halloween and the Day of the Dead
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What is Halloween?

Halloween is a holiday that marks the day before the Western Christian feast of All Saints , or All Hallows, and initiates the season of Allhallowtide. In much of Europe and North America, celebration of Halloween is largely nonreligious.

When is Halloween?

Halloween is celebrated on October 31.

Halloween may have developed partially from the pre-Christian holiday Samhain , which was celebrated in early medieval Ireland around November 1 as the beginning of a new year. However, it seems to have developed mostly from Christian feasts of the dead from later in the Middle Ages, including All Saints’ Day on November 1 and All Souls’ Day on November 2. By the 9th century, October 31 was being celebrated as All Hallows’ Eve, later contracted to Halloween, throughout Western Christendom.

How is Halloween celebrated?

Halloween is celebrated with pranks, parties, costumes, and trick-or-treating. People also often carve faces out of pumpkins .

How did Halloween become popular in the United States?

European immigrants to the United States in the 19th century brought Halloween customs with them and helped popularize the holiday. By the 1950s, trick-or-treating for candy had become one of Halloween’s most popular activities, and Halloween is today one of the biggest holidays for candy sales in the U.S. 

News •

Halloween , a holiday observed on October 31 and noted for its pagan and religious roots and secular traditions. In much of Europe and most of North America , observance of Halloween is largely nonreligious, celebrated with parties, spooky costumes, jack-o’-lanterns , pumpkin carvings , and the giving of candy. But the holiday also marks the beginning of Allhallotide, a three-day Christian triduum dedicated to remembering the dead that begins with Halloween (October 31) and is followed by All Saints’ Day (November 1) and All Souls’ Day (November 2).

The thousand-year-old history of Halloween

Halloween had its origins in the festival of Samhain among the Celts of ancient Britain and Ireland . On the day corresponding to November 1 on contemporary calendars, the new year was believed to begin. That date was considered the beginning of the winter period, the date on which the herds were returned from pasture and land tenures were renewed. During the Samhain festival the souls of those who had died were believed to return to visit their homes, and those who had died during the year were believed to journey to the otherworld. People set bonfires on hilltops for relighting their hearth fires for the winter and to frighten away evil spirits, and they sometimes wore masks and other disguises to avoid being recognized by the ghosts thought to be present. It was in those ways that beings such as witches, hobgoblins, fairies, and demons came to be associated with the day. The period was also thought to be favourable for divination on matters such as marriage, health, and death . When the Romans conquered the Celts in the 1st century ce , they added their own festivals of Feralia, commemorating the passing of the dead, and of Pomona, the goddess of the harvest.

Halloween

In the 7th century ce Pope Boniface IV established All Saints’ Day, originally on May 13, and in the following century, perhaps in an effort to supplant the pagan holiday with a Christian observance, it was moved to November 1. The evening before All Saints’ Day became a holy, or hallowed, eve, from which the word "Halloween" evolved. By the end of the Middle Ages , the secular and the sacred days had merged. The Reformation essentially put an end to the religious holiday among Protestants, although in Britain especially Halloween continued to be celebrated as a secular holiday. Along with other festivities, the celebration of Halloween was largely forbidden among the early American colonists, although in the 1800s there developed festivals that marked the harvest and incorporated elements of Halloween. When large numbers of immigrants, including the Irish, went to the United States beginning in the mid 19th century, they took their Halloween customs with them, and in the 20th century Halloween became one of the principal U.S. holidays, particularly among children.

Children dressed in halloween costumes and masks. Group of trick or treaters standing on steps in their Halloween costumes. Holiday

As a secular holiday, Halloween has come to be associated with a number of activities. One is the practice of pulling usually harmless pranks. Celebrants wear masks and costumes for parties and for trick-or-treating, thought to have derived from the British practice of allowing the poor to beg for food, called “soul cakes.” Trick-or-treaters go from house to house with the threat that they will pull a trick if they do not receive a treat, usually candy. Halloween parties often include games such as bobbing for apples, perhaps derived from the Roman celebration of Pomona. Along with skeletons and black cats, the holiday has incorporated scary beings such as ghosts , witches, and vampires into the celebration. Another symbol is the jack-o’-lantern , a hollowed-out pumpkin , originally a turnip , carved into a demonic face and lit with a candle inside. Since the mid-20th century the United Nations Children’s Fund ( UNICEF ) has attempted to make the collection of money for its programs a part of Halloween.

See also the Britannica Classic article on Halloween , which appeared in the 13th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica .

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Seeking an enthralling and in-depth approach to teaching your middle school students about Halloween’s history? Discover our spooktacular educational resource on the history of Halloween, designed to captivate the minds of young learners. Explore Halloween’s ancient roots, from the Celtic celebration of Samhain to the Roman Empire’s lasting impact on today’s festivities.

Our expertly crafted curriculum combines stimulating activities and provocative discussions, sparking your students’ curiosity and enhancing their comprehension of this beloved holiday. Our resource investigates witches, trick-or-treating, jack-o’-lanterns, and more, tracing Halloween’s journey to the shores of the United States.

Students will uncover the origins of Halloween, the reasons behind costumes and pumpkin carving, and the evolution of these rituals over time. Seize this unparalleled opportunity to animate your classroom with the rich history of Halloween—don’t let this chance pass you by!

History of Halloween

But the fun doesn’t stop there! We’ve also included an exciting and interactive trivia game, designed to reinforce the lessons your students learn in the first half of the presentation. The game is challenging and engaging, with questions that cover a wide range of topics related to Halloween. Correct answers allow students to move forward, while incorrect answers send them back to try again. This game can be played as a full class, or you can share the Google Slides version of the activity with students and let them play in groups or individually.

Halloween Trivia

THIS ACTIVITY IS FOR ALL TEACHERS:

And the best part? Our presentation is not just for history class! Whether you’re a social studies teacher, English teacher, art teacher, or drama teacher, you can easily incorporate the presentation and trivia game into your curriculum. Our versatile teaching resource is ideal for students in grades 7-9 and can be adapted for younger or older students.

If you’re looking for an entertaining and informative way to teach your students about the history of Halloween, our comprehensive teaching resource is just what you need. Order now and discover the rich cultural heritage behind this beloved holiday with your students!

RESOURCE INCLUDES:

  • PowerPoint file (includes presentation and trivia)
  • Link to Google Slides version

SUGGESTED USE:

Our comprehensive teaching resource comes in two versions: PowerPoint and Google Slides. When using either version, it’s important to view the resource in “slide show” view to fully immerse your students in the presentation and for the trivia to work properly.

To get started, begin by teaching your students about the fascinating history of Halloween using the first part of our presentation. Engage your students by asking them questions and expanding on each slide, encouraging them to participate and ask questions of their own. This interactive approach is sure to keep your students fully engaged and immersed in the rich cultural history of the holiday.

Once you’ve completed the history lesson, it’s time for the exciting and interactive trivia game! This fun game is designed to reinforce the lessons learned from the first part of the presentation, and can be played individually or in teams. You can even keep score on a classroom board, adding a fun competitive element to the learning experience.

WANT TO LEARN ABOUT THE HISTORY OF HALLOWEEN?

Visit the Lessons in Humanities blog and learn about the History of Halloween by reading “Halloween: A Brief History for the Curious Middle School Mind ”

History of Halloween blog

For more information on the history of Halloween plus a library of primary sources that can supplement this resource, visit the Library of Congress .

If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected]

Grade Level

7th, 8th, 9th, 10th

Resource Types

PowerPoints, Google Slides

Topics

History of Everything, Festivals

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the history of halloween

The History of Halloween

Jul 21, 2014

1.02k likes | 2.25k Views

The History of Halloween. Where did it come from?. Pomona. Roman goddess of fruitful abundance Known for carrying a cornucopia from “pomum”which means fruit. Parentalia. Roman festival of the dead “ancestral days”, honoring passed family members Observed Feb. 13- 21

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  • ancestral days
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Presentation Transcript

Where did it come from?

Pomona • Roman goddess of fruitful abundance • Known for carrying a cornucopia • from“pomum”which means fruit

Parentalia • Roman festival of the dead • “ancestral days”, honoring passed family members • Observed Feb. 13- 21 • First pointing towards “spooky” spirits and ghosts

Celtic Festivals • Samhain- old Irish for “summers end” • Celts felt that spirits and magic were more present as the cold set in • Built huge bonfires to ward off spirits • Carved turnips

Medieval Christianity • Known as All Saints Day • A time to honor the dead who had not yet gone to heaven • Another reference to the “spooky” spirits we think of today

Irish & Scottish Immigrants to America • Brought with them Celtic tradition of Samhain • Originally celebrated in small immigrant communities • Spread to a nationwide holiday and adopted an American fruit, the pumpkin

Why do we call it Halloween?

a Scottish variant of the fuller All-Hallows-Evening • Hallowmas- another name for All Saints Day • All Hallows Eve • Hallowtide in Britain

Where do our Halloween “customs” come from?

Costumes • Originates from Scottish “guising”, going from house to house in disguise • Became very popular in the U.S. around the 1930’s because of the Great Depression

Trick-or-Treating • Originates in the Middle Ages • Poor would go door to door receiving food for prayers • The threat of a trick if one does not receive a treat • Became popular in the 1950’s

Food & Symbols • Pumpkin – native to Americas, was not originally part of Halloween • A symbol of the harvest • Carving originated in Ireland and Scotland • Immigrants found pumpkins more available and easier to carve when they came to America

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