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Database Management Systems—An Efficient, Effective, and Augmented Approach for Organizations

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• First Online: 06 December 2021
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• Anushka Sharma 7 ,
• Aman Karamchandani 7 ,
• Devam Dave 7 ,
• Arush Patel 7 &
• Nishant Doshi 7  

Part of the book series: Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies ((SIST,volume 248))

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Big and small firms, organizations, hospitals, schools, and other commercial offices are generating moderate to huge amounts of data regularly and need to constantly update and manage these data. These data are not only used at that instance, but generally, the retrospective analysis of data helps tremendously to improve the business strategies and the marketing trends. With time, these data may grow and become unmanageable if handled conventionally, like the file system. These factors resulted in the introduction of the terms database and database management system. Hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented approaches of DBMS are discussed in this paper. A highlight of the new-generation database approach called NoSQL is also included in this paper along with an insight into augmented data management. A model based on the database design for the Study in India Program is discussed. It is followed by a graphical user interface developed in Java for the same which ensures the ease of access to the database.

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Database Management Systems (DBMS)

Data Management – A Look Back and a Look Ahead

An Innovative Approach to Manage Heterogeneous Information Using Relational Database Systems

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Acknowledgements

We would like to extend our gratitude to Prof. Nigam Dave, Head of Office of International Relations, PDPU, and Dr. Ritu Sharma, Associate Professor, PDPU, for providing insight into SIP requirements. We are immensely grateful to them for guiding us through our project and providing us with information as and when required.

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Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Technology, Pandit Deendayal Energy University, Gandhinagar, India

Anushka Sharma, Aman Karamchandani, Devam Dave, Arush Patel & Nishant Doshi

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University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan

Tomonobu Senjyu

Sinhgad Technical Education society, SKNCOE, Pune, India

Parikshit N. Mahalle

Computer Science, Faculty of CS and IT, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Seri Kembangan, Malaysia

Thinagaran Perumal

Global Knowledge Research Foundation, Ahmedabad, India

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Sharma, A., Karamchandani, A., Dave, D., Patel, A., Doshi, N. (2022). Database Management Systems—An Efficient, Effective, and Augmented Approach for Organizations. In: Senjyu, T., Mahalle, P.N., Perumal, T., Joshi, A. (eds) ICT with Intelligent Applications. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 248. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4177-0_47

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Title: increasing the llm accuracy for question answering: ontologies to the rescue.

Abstract: There is increasing evidence that question-answering (QA) systems with Large Language Models (LLMs), which employ a knowledge graph/semantic representation of an enterprise SQL database (i.e. Text-to-SPARQL), achieve higher accuracy compared to systems that answer questions directly on SQL databases (i.e. Text-to-SQL). Our previous benchmark research showed that by using a knowledge graph, the accuracy improved from 16% to 54%. The question remains: how can we further improve the accuracy and reduce the error rate? Building on the observations of our previous research where the inaccurate LLM-generated SPARQL queries followed incorrect paths, we present an approach that consists of 1) Ontology-based Query Check (OBQC): detects errors by leveraging the ontology of the knowledge graph to check if the LLM-generated SPARQL query matches the semantic of ontology and 2) LLM Repair: use the error explanations with an LLM to repair the SPARQL query. Using the chat with the data benchmark, our primary finding is that our approach increases the overall accuracy to 72% including an additional 8% of "I don't know" unknown results. Thus, the overall error rate is 20%. These results provide further evidence that investing knowledge graphs, namely the ontology, provides higher accuracy for LLM powered question answering systems.

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Webb Cracks Case of Inflated Exoplanet

Why is the warm gas-giant exoplanet WASP-107 b so puffy? Two independent teams of researchers have an answer.

Data collected using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, combined with prior observations from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, show surprisingly little methane (CH 4 ) in the planet’s atmosphere, indicating that the interior of WASP-107 b must be significantly hotter and the core much more massive than previously estimated.

The unexpectedly high temperature is thought to be a result of tidal heating caused by the planet’s slightly non-circular orbit, and can explain how WASP-107 b can be so inflated without resorting to extreme theories of how it formed.

The results, which were made possible by Webb’s extraordinary sensitivity and accompanying ability to measure light passing through exoplanet atmospheres, may explain the puffiness of dozens of low-density exoplanets, helping solve a long-standing mystery in exoplanet science.

Image: Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b (Artist’s Concept)

The problem with wasp-107 b.

At more than three-quarters the volume of Jupiter but less than one-tenth the mass, the “warm Neptune” exoplanet WASP-107 b is one of the least dense planets known. While puffy planets are not uncommon, most are hotter and more massive, and therefore easier to explain.

“Based on its radius, mass, age, and assumed internal temperature, we thought WASP-107 b had a very small, rocky core surrounded by a huge mass of hydrogen and helium,” explained Luis Welbanks from Arizona State University (ASU), lead author on a paper published today in Nature . “But it was hard to understand how such a small core could sweep up so much gas, and then stop short of growing fully into a Jupiter-mass planet.”

If WASP-107 b instead has more of its mass in the core, the atmosphere should have contracted as the planet cooled over time since it formed. Without a source of heat to re-expand the gas, the planet should be much smaller. Although WASP-107 b has an orbital distance of just 5 million miles (one-seventh the distance between Mercury and the Sun), it doesn’t receive enough energy from its star to be so inflated.

“WASP-107 b is such an interesting target for Webb because it’s significantly cooler and more Neptune-like in mass than many of the other low-density planets, the hot Jupiters , we’ve been studying,” said David Sing from the Johns Hopkins University (JHU), lead author on a parallel study also published today in Nature . “As a result, we should be able to detect methane and other molecules that can give us information about its chemistry and internal dynamics that we can’t get from a hotter planet.”

A Wealth of Previously Undetectable Molecules

WASP-107 b’s giant radius, extended atmosphere, and edge-on orbit make it ideal for transmission spectroscopy , a method used to identify the various gases in an exoplanet atmosphere based on how they affect starlight.

Combining observations from Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera), Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), and Hubble’s WFC3 (Wide Field Camera 3), Welbanks’ team was able to build a broad spectrum of 0.8- to 12.2-micron light absorbed by WASP-107 b’s atmosphere. Using Webb’s NIRSpec (Near-Infrared Spectrograph), Sing’s team built an independent spectrum covering 2.7 to 5.2 microns .

The precision of the data makes it possible to not just detect, but actually measure the abundances of a wealth of molecules, including water vapor (H 2 O), methane (CH 4 ), carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), and ammonia (NH 3 ). 

Image:Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b Transmission Spectrum (Hubble WFC3, Webb NIRCam, and Webb MIRI

Image:Warm Gas-Giant Exoplanet WASP-107 b (Transmission Spectrum: Webb NIRSpec)

Roiling Gas, Hot Interior, and Massive Core

Both spectra show a surprising lack of methane in WASP-107 b’s atmosphere: one-thousandth the amount expected based on its assumed temperature.

“This is evidence that hot gas from deep in the planet must be mixing vigorously with the cooler layers higher up,” explained Sing. “Methane is unstable at high temperatures. The fact that we detected so little, even though we did detect other carbon-bearing molecules, tells us that the interior of the planet must be significantly hotter than we thought.”

A likely source of WASP-107 b’s extra internal energy is tidal heating caused by its slightly elliptical orbit. With the distance between the star and planet changing continuously over the 5.7-day orbit, the gravitational pull is also changing, stretching the planet and heating it up.

Researchers had previously proposed that tidal heating could be the cause of WASP-107 b’s puffiness, but until the Webb results were in, there was no evidence.

Once they established that the planet has enough internal heat to thoroughly churn up the atmosphere, the teams realized that the spectra could also provide a new way to estimate the size of the core.

“If we know how much energy is in the planet, and we know what proportion of the planet is heavier elements like carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, versus how much is hydrogen and helium, we can calculate how much mass must be in the core,” explained Daniel Thorngren from JHU.

It turns out that the core is at least twice as massive as originally estimated, which makes more sense in terms of how planets form.

All together, WASP-107 b is not as mysterious as it once appeared.

“The Webb data tells us that planets like WASP-107 b didn’t have to form in some odd way with a super small core and a huge gassy envelope,” explained Mike Line from ASU. “Instead, we can take something more like Neptune, with a lot of rock and not as much gas, just dial up the temperature, and poof it up to look the way it does.”

The James Webb Space Telescope is the world's premier space science observatory. Webb is solving mysteries in our solar system, looking beyond to distant worlds around other stars, and probing the mysterious structures and origins of our universe and our place in it. Webb is an international program led by NASA with its partners, ESA (European Space Agency) and CSA (Canadian Space Agency).

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View/Download full resolution images for this article from the Space Telescope Science Institute.

Research Paper: " A high internal heat flux and large core in a warm Neptune exoplanet " by L. Welbanks, et al.

Research Paper: " A warm Neptune’s methane reveals core mass and vigorous atmospheric mixing " by D. Sing, et al.

Media Contacts

Laura Betz - [email protected] , Rob Gutro - [email protected] NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Md.

Margaret Carruthers   [email protected] , Christine Pulliam - [email protected] Space Telescope Science Institute , Baltimore, Md.

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