You want to sound as engaging and interesting as possible when writing an essay, and using words like “said” might prevent that.
So, if you’re about to use “said” for the umpteenth time, you’re in luck!
We have gathered some alternatives to show you other ways to say “said” in an essay that are bound to keep the reader entertained.
12 Other Ways to Say “In the Text It States”
The phrase “in the text it states” is commonly used in academic and analytical writing to refer to a specific point or argument presented in a text. It’s a functional way to attribute information or ideas to their source, ensuring clarity and accuracy in discussions and analyses.
This article explores various alternative expressions that offer fresh perspectives on referencing and discussing content from texts.
Table of Contents
Other Ways to Say “In the Text It States”
1. the author notes.
Example: “ The author notes that the study’s findings are inconclusive.”
Meaning: This expression indicates that the author of the text makes a specific observation or point. It suggests a direct attribution of ideas or findings to the author.
Usage: Ideal for academic writing, especially when emphasizing the author’s perspective or argument.
2. According to the Text
Example: “ According to the text , this theory has been widely debated.”
Meaning: Implies that the information or viewpoint is derived directly from the text itself. This phrase is often used to introduce a fact or opinion presented in the source material.
Usage: Useful in both scholarly discussions and more formal writing.
3. As Mentioned in the Document
Example: “ As mentioned in the document , the policy was implemented last year.”
Meaning: This phrase refers to a specific point or detail that has been previously stated in the text. It is used to recall or emphasize information that has already been introduced.
Usage: Suitable for professional and academic contexts where referencing specific details is necessary.
4. The Text Elucidates
Example: “ The text elucidates the complexities of the issue.”
Meaning: Indicates that the text provides clarity or explanation on a particular topic or argument. It suggests an in-depth exploration or detailed exposition in the text.
Usage: Appropriate for in-depth analyses or discussions where the text offers significant insight or clarification.
5. As Stated in the Source
Example: “ As stated in the source , these figures have increased over the years.”
Meaning: Directly attributes the information or data to the source material, emphasizing accuracy and direct referencing.
Usage: Common in academic and research writing, where precise source attribution is important.
6. The Article Points Out
Example: “ The article points out the lack of empirical evidence in this area.”
Meaning: Highlights a specific argument or observation made in the article, suggesting a focused or significant statement.
Usage: Suitable for discussing specific points or arguments made in an article or paper.
7. The Writer Argues
Example: “ The writer argues that this approach is no longer effective.”
Meaning: Indicates that the author of the text has a specific stance or argument regarding the subject. It is used to present the author’s perspective or opinion.
Usage: Ideal for critical analyses or discussions involving arguments or viewpoints.
8. In the Given Text
Example: “ In the given text , the historical context is thoroughly explored.”
Meaning: Refers to content within the specified text, emphasizing that the information or analysis is drawn from that particular source.
Usage: Useful in academic discussions where referencing a specific text is necessary.
9. The Research Indicates
Example: “ The research indicates a positive trend in this area.”
Meaning: Used when referring to findings or data presented in research texts. It suggests an evidence-based statement or conclusion.
Usage: Common in scientific or academic writing where research findings are discussed.
10. As Highlighted in the Literature
Example: “ As highlighted in the literature , this concept has evolved significantly.”
Meaning: Implies that a certain point or theme has been emphasized or extensively discussed in the relevant literature.
Usage: Often used in literature reviews or when discussing broadly acknowledged themes or conclusions in a field of study.
11. The Study Reveals
Example: “ The study reveals a correlation between the two variables.”
Meaning: Indicates that the study or research paper unveils or uncovers specific findings or insights.
Usage: Appropriate for discussing the results or conclusions of a study or research.
12. As Cited in the Work
Example: “ As cited in the work , this theory has historical significance.”
Meaning: Indicates a direct reference to a specific point, theory, or argument mentioned in the work. It emphasizes the act of citing or referring to a source.
Usage: Useful in academic writing where citing sources is crucial for validation and credibility.
When to Use Different “In the Text It States” Alternatives
Here are expressions for the most appropriate scenarios:
For Direct Author Attribution:
Use “The Author Notes” or “The Writer Argues” to directly attribute specific viewpoints, observations, or arguments to the author. These phrases are particularly effective in analytical or critical writing where the author’s specific stance or perspective is under discussion.
For Academic or Scholarly Contexts:
Opt for expressions like “According to the Text,” “As Stated in the Source,” or “As Cited in the Work” when precision and accuracy in source referencing are paramount. These phrases are ideal for academic essays, research papers, and scholarly articles where the integrity of the source material is crucial.
For Discussing Research Findings:
Phrases like “The Research Indicates” or “The Study Reveals” are best used when referring to empirical data, research findings, or specific conclusions drawn in academic research. They lend an air of evidence-based authority to your statements and are particularly suitable for scientific writing or data-driven analysis.
For Highlighting Specific Points or Arguments:
Choose “The Text Elucidates” or “The Article Points Out” to draw attention to particular arguments, explanations, or insights provided in the text. These expressions are useful when you aim to underscore a significant point or to guide the reader’s focus to specific parts of the text that are crucial to your argument or analysis.
For Emphasizing Source Material or Documentation:
Use “As Mentioned in the Document” or “In the Given Text” when you need to emphasize the particular document or text from which the information is derived. These phrases are especially useful in legal, historical, or technical writing where the specific document holds particular importance.
When Referring to a Collective Body of Work:
Phrases such as “As Highlighted in the Literature” or “As Cited in the Work” are suitable when referencing a collective body of work or a series of studies. They help to situate your argument within a broader scholarly conversation, showing how your point relates to or builds upon existing research.
Whether you’re writing a research paper, an analytical essay, or any scholarly article, these alternative expressions of “in the text it states” provide different ways to reference and discuss source material.
For more detailed exploration and examples of academic phrases, you can visit the REF-N-WRITE academic phrasebank at REF-N-WRITE . This resource is specifically designed to assist in the writing process, providing on-the-fly searches for academic writing phrases within Microsoft Word .
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10 Other Ways to Say “The Author States” (With Example)
When writing academic papers, it is important to properly cite and reference sources. One common way we do this is by introducing a statement from a source with phrases like “the author states…”.
However, academic writing can become repetitive and boring if we use the same phrases over and over. In this blog post, we will explore various alternatives to “the author states” that will make your academic writing more engaging and eloquent.
We will look at active voice alternatives that keep the author as the subject while using more dynamic verbs. Next, we will examine passive voice options that shift the focus from the author to the content itself.
By the end, you will have several new options to introduce quotes and paraphrases from sources in a compelling way.
Whether you are writing a research paper, literature review, or other academic work, this post will provide you with impactful alternatives to the tired old standby “the author states.” Polishing these small details will elevate your academic writing style.
Is It Okay to Say “The Author States”?
It is okay to say “the author states” in academic writing, but this phrase should be used sparingly . Overusing this generic attribution can make your writing seem dull and repetitive . While “the author states” is not technically incorrect, there are more eloquent alternatives that will strengthen your academic style.
When introducing source material, you want to keep the author as the subject of the sentence whenever possible. Active verbs like “argues,” “asserts,” “claims,” and “insists” are more engaging than the simplistic “states.”
For example , “Smith argues that sustainable energy is the most feasible solution” has more impact than “ Smith states that sustainable energy is the most feasible solution.”
You can also opt to shift the focus from the author to the content itself through passive voice attributions.
For instance, “It is asserted in the study that strict gun laws reduce firearm deaths” emphasizes the claim rather than the author. Using the noun “study” rather than the author’s name turns the source into the subject.
Finally, paraphrasing source information in your own words is often an eloquent alternative to direct quotes. You maintain the original meaning while engaging your voice and style. Just be sure to still attribute the paraphrased content.
What to Say Instead of “The Author States”
The author argues
The author suggests
The author claims
The author asserts
The author proposes
The author points out
The author maintains
The author concludes
The author remarks
The author notes
1. The author argues
“ The author argues ” indicates a position or perspective that the author is actively defending or advocating for in their writing. This expression is commonly used in academic or analytical contexts where the author’s main thesis or viewpoint is being examined.
For example, in a critique of a philosophical text, you might say, “In his examination of free will, the author argues that true autonomy is an illusion shaped by societal norms.”
This highlights the author’s active stance on a contentious issue.
2. The author suggests
When you say “ the author suggests ,” you’re indicating that the author is hinting at or implying an idea without stating it outright. This is often used when the author’s statements are more subtle or open to interpretation.
For instance, in discussing a novel’s themes, one might write, “Through the vivid imagery of the desolate landscape, the author suggests a profound sense of isolation and abandonment that mirrors the protagonist’s emotional state.”
3. The author claims
Using “ the author claims ” implies that the author is making a statement or assertion that could be subject to scrutiny or debate. It’s a useful phrase when discussing points that might be controversial or not universally accepted.
In a scientific critique , you could state, “In her study on climate change, the author claims that the rapid decline in polar ice caps is directly correlated with industrial carbon emissions,” indicating a specific assertion made by the author.
4. The author asserts
“ The author asserts ” is a strong way to convey that the author is stating something with confidence or authority. This phrase is particularly effective when the author is making a clear, definitive statement about a topic.
An example in a political analysis might be, “In his argument against economic sanctions, the author asserts that such measures only serve to harm the civilian population without effectively pressuring governmental change.”
5. The author proposes
Saying “ the author proposes ” indicates that the author is putting forward a suggestion, theory, or method. It’s often used when the author is introducing a new concept or approach to a problem.
For example, in a discussion of a new educational methodology, you might say, “In her latest book, the author proposes a radical shift towards experiential learning, arguing that it significantly enhances student engagement and retention.”
6. The author points out
“ The author points out ” is used when highlighting or drawing attention to a particular fact or detail that the author believes is important. It’s a way of indicating that the author is identifying something noteworthy.
In a review of a historical text, one could write, “Throughout the narrative, the author points out several overlooked events that played a crucial role in shaping the course of the war, offering readers a more nuanced understanding of history.”
7. The author maintains
When you use “ the author maintains ,” you’re indicating that the author holds a particular belief or opinion consistently throughout their work. This phrase suggests a level of conviction and consistency in the author’s viewpoint.
For instance , in an analysis of a series of essays on justice, you might note, “Despite various counterarguments presented in the academic community, the author maintains that restorative justice models offer the most humane and effective resolution to criminal behavior.”
8. The author concludes
“ The author concludes ” is used to signify the final inference or deduction that the author arrives at after considering all evidence or arguments. It’s a way of summarizing the author’s ultimate stance or finding.
In summarizing a research paper, you could say, “After examining numerous case studies, the author concludes that early intervention in education significantly improves lifelong learning outcomes.”
9. The author remarks
Using “ the author remarks ” is a way of noting an observation or comment made by the author, often one that provides insight or adds color to their narrative or argument.
For example , in a literary analysis, you might highlight, “In a moment of introspection, the author remarks on the fleeting nature of happiness, weaving a poignant thread through the memoir that resonates with readers on a deeply personal level.”
10. The author notes
Saying “ the author notes ” is a way of acknowledging a point or detail that the author mentions, possibly as an aside to their main argument or narrative. It suggests that the author is acknowledging or recognizing specific information or trends.
Here is an example:
In discussing a report on urban development, one might point out, “In her overview of city planning challenges, the author notes the critical need for sustainable infrastructure to accommodate growing populations, highlighting the urgency of integrating green spaces in urban designs.”
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Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples
Transition Words & Phrases | List & Examples
Published on May 29, 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on August 23, 2023.
Transition words and phrases (also called linking words, connecting words, or transitional words) are used to link together different ideas in your text. They help the reader to follow your arguments by expressing the relationships between different sentences or parts of a sentence.
The proposed solution to the problem did not work. Therefore , we attempted a second solution. However , this solution was also unsuccessful.
For clear writing, it’s essential to understand the meaning of transition words and use them correctly.
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Table of contents
When and how to use transition words, types and examples of transition words, common mistakes with transition words, other interesting articles.
Transition words commonly appear at the start of a new sentence or clause (followed by a comma ), serving to express how this clause relates to the previous one.
Transition words can also appear in the middle of a clause. It’s important to place them correctly to convey the meaning you intend.
Example text with and without transition words
The text below describes all the events it needs to, but it does not use any transition words to connect them. Because of this, it’s not clear exactly how these different events are related or what point the author is making by telling us about them.
If we add some transition words at appropriate moments, the text reads more smoothly and the relationship among the events described becomes clearer.
Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939. Consequently , France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany. The Soviet Union initially worked with Germany in order to partition Poland. However , Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941.
Don’t overuse transition words
While transition words are essential to clear writing, it’s possible to use too many of them. Consider the following example, in which the overuse of linking words slows down the text and makes it feel repetitive.
In this case the best way to fix the problem is to simplify the text so that fewer linking words are needed.
The key to using transition words effectively is striking the right balance. It is difficult to follow the logic of a text with no transition words, but a text where every sentence begins with a transition word can feel over-explained.
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There are four main types of transition word: additive, adversative, causal, and sequential. Within each category, words are divided into several more specific functions.
Remember that transition words with similar meanings are not necessarily interchangeable. It’s important to understand the meaning of all the transition words you use. If unsure, consult a dictionary to find the precise definition.
Additive transition words
Additive transition words introduce new information or examples. They can be used to expand upon, compare with, or clarify the preceding text.
Function
Example sentence
Transition words and phrases
Addition
We found that the mixture was effective. , it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted.
indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both and , not only but also , , in fact
Introduction
Several researchers have previously explored this topic. , Smith (2014) examined the effects of …
such as, like, particularly, including, as an illustration, for example, for instance, in particular, to illustrate, especially, notably
Reference
The solution showed a high degree of absorption. , it is reasonable to conclude that …
considering , regarding , in regard to , as for , concerning , the fact that , on the subject of
Similarity
It was not possible to establish a correlation between these variables. , the connection between and remains unclear …
similarly, in the same way, by the same token, in like manner, equally, likewise
Clarification
The patient suffered several side effects, increased appetite, decreased libido, and disordered sleep.
that is (to say), namely, specifically, more precisely, in other words
Adversative transition words
Adversative transition words always signal a contrast of some kind. They can be used to introduce information that disagrees or contrasts with the preceding text.
Function
Example sentence
Transition words and phrases
Conflict
The novel does deal with the theme of family. , its central theme is more broadly political …
but, however, although, though, equally, by way of contrast, while, on the other hand, (and) yet, whereas, in contrast, (when) in fact, conversely, whereas
Concession
Jones (2011) argues that the novel reflects Russian politics of the time. this is correct, other aspects of the text must also be considered.
even so, nonetheless, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand, admittedly, despite , notwithstanding , (and) still, although, , regardless (of ), (and) yet, though, granted
Dismissal
It remains unclear which of these hypotheses is correct. , it can be inferred that …
regardless, either way, whatever the case, in any/either event, in any/either case, at any rate, all the same
Emphasis
The chemical is generally thought to have corrosive properties. , several studies have supported this hypothesis.
above all, indeed, more/most importantly
Replacement
The character of Godfrey is often viewed as selfish, self-absorbed.
(or) at least, (or) rather, instead, or (perhaps) even, if not
Causal transition words
Causal transition words are used to describe cause and effect. They can be used to express purpose, consequence, and condition.
Function
Example sentence
Transition words and phrases
Consequence
Hitler failed to respond to the British ultimatum, France and the UK declared war on Germany.
therefore, because (of ), as a result (of ), for this reason, in view of , as, owing to x, due to (the fact that), since, consequently, in consequence, as a consequence, hence, thus, so (that), accordingly, so much (so) that, under the/such circumstances, if so
Condition
We qualified survey responses as positive the participant selected “agree” or “strongly agree.” , results were recorded as negative.
(even/only) if/when, on (the) condition that, in the case that, granted (that), provided/providing that, in case, in the event that, as/so long as, unless, given that, being that, inasmuch/insofar as, in that case, in (all) other cases, if so/not, otherwise
Purpose
We used accurate recording equipment our results would be as precise as possible.
to, in order to/that, for the purpose of, in the hope that, so that, to the end that, lest, with this in mind, so as to, so that, to ensure (that)
Sequential transition words
Sequential transition words indicate a sequence, whether it’s the order in which events occurred chronologically or the order you’re presenting them in your text. They can be used for signposting in academic texts.
Function
Example sentence
Transition words and phrases
Enumeration
This has historically had several consequences: , the conflict is not given the weight of other conflicts in historical narratives. , its causes are inadequately understood. , …
first, second, third…
Initiation
, I want to consider the role played by women in this period.
in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, at first
Continuation
, I discuss the way in which the country’s various ethnic minorities were affected by the conflict.
subsequently, previously, eventually, next, before , afterwards, after , then
Conclusion
, I consider these two themes in combination.
to conclude (with), as a final point, eventually, at last, last but not least, finally, lastly
Resumption
my main argument, it is clear that …
to return/returning to , to resume, at any rate
Summation
Patel (2015) comes to a similar conclusion. , the four studies considered here suggest a consensus that the solution is effective.
as previously stated/mentioned, in summary, as I have argued, overall, as has been mentioned, to summarize, briefly, given these points, in view of , as has been noted, in conclusion, in sum, altogether, in short
Transition words are often used incorrectly. Make sure you understand the proper usage of transition words and phrases, and remember that words with similar meanings don’t necessarily work the same way grammatically.
Misused transition words can make your writing unclear or illogical. Your audience will be easily lost if you misrepresent the connections between your sentences and ideas.
Confused use of therefore
“Therefore” and similar cause-and-effect words are used to state that something is the result of, or follows logically from, the previous. Make sure not to use these words in a way that implies illogical connections.
We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. Therefore , the average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.
The use of “therefore” in this example is illogical: it suggests that the result of 7.5 follows logically from the question being asked, when in fact many other results were possible. To fix this, we simply remove the word “therefore.”
We asked participants to rate their satisfaction with their work from 1 to 10. The average satisfaction among participants was 7.5.
Starting a sentence with also , and , or so
While the words “also,” “and,” and “so” are used in academic writing, they are considered too informal when used at the start of a sentence.
Also , a second round of testing was carried out.
To fix this issue, we can either move the transition word to a different point in the sentence or use a more formal alternative.
A second round of testing was also carried out.
Additionally , a second round of testing was carried out.
Transition words creating sentence fragments
Words like “although” and “because” are called subordinating conjunctions . This means that they introduce clauses which cannot stand on their own. A clause introduced by one of these words should always follow or be followed by another clause in the same sentence.
The second sentence in this example is a fragment, because it consists only of the “although” clause.
Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. Although other researchers disagree.
We can fix this in two different ways. One option is to combine the two sentences into one using a comma. The other option is to use a different transition word that does not create this problem, like “however.”
Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed, although other researchers disagree.
Smith (2015) argues that the period should be reassessed. However , other researchers disagree.
And vs. as well as
Students often use the phrase “ as well as ” in place of “and,” but its usage is slightly different. Using “and” suggests that the things you’re listing are of equal importance, while “as well as” introduces additional information that is less important.
Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf, as well as presenting my analysis of To the Lighthouse .
In this example, the analysis is more important than the background information. To fix this mistake, we can use “and,” or we can change the order of the sentence so that the most important information comes first. Note that we add a comma before “as well as” but not before “and.”
Chapter 1 discusses some background information on Woolf and presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse .
Chapter 1 presents my analysis of To the Lighthouse , as well as discussing some background information on Woolf.
Note that in fixed phrases like “both x and y ,” you must use “and,” not “as well as.”
Both my results as well as my interpretations are presented below.
Both my results and my interpretations are presented below.
Use of and/or
The combination of transition words “and/or” should generally be avoided in academic writing. It makes your text look messy and is usually unnecessary to your meaning.
First consider whether you really do mean “and/or” and not just “and” or “or.” If you are certain that you need both, it’s best to separate them to make your meaning as clear as possible.
Participants were asked whether they used the bus and/or the train.
Participants were asked whether they used the bus, the train, or both.
Archaic transition words
Words like “hereby,” “therewith,” and most others formed by the combination of “here,” “there,” or “where” with a preposition are typically avoided in modern academic writing. Using them makes your writing feel old-fashioned and strained and can sometimes obscure your meaning.
Poverty is best understood as a disease. Hereby , we not only see that it is hereditary, but acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.
These words should usually be replaced with a more explicit phrasing expressing how the current statement relates to the preceding one.
Poverty is best understood as a disease. Understanding it as such , we not only see that it is hereditary, but also acknowledge its devastating effects on a person’s health.
Using a paraphrasing tool for clear writing
With the use of certain tools, you can make your writing clear. One of these tools is a paraphrasing tool . One thing the tool does is help your sentences make more sense. It has different modes where it checks how your text can be improved. For example, automatically adding transition words where needed.
If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or writing rules make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!
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Words to Use in an Essay: 300 Essay Words
By Hannah Yang
Table of Contents
Words to use in the essay introduction, words to use in the body of the essay, words to use in your essay conclusion, how to improve your essay writing vocabulary.
It’s not easy to write an academic essay .
Many students struggle to word their arguments in a logical and concise way.
To make matters worse, academic essays need to adhere to a certain level of formality, so we can’t always use the same word choices in essay writing that we would use in daily life.
If you’re struggling to choose the right words for your essay, don’t worry—you’ve come to the right place!
In this article, we’ve compiled a list of over 300 words and phrases to use in the introduction, body, and conclusion of your essay.
The introduction is one of the hardest parts of an essay to write.
You have only one chance to make a first impression, and you want to hook your reader. If the introduction isn’t effective, the reader might not even bother to read the rest of the essay.
That’s why it’s important to be thoughtful and deliberate with the words you choose at the beginning of your essay.
Many students use a quote in the introductory paragraph to establish credibility and set the tone for the rest of the essay.
When you’re referencing another author or speaker, try using some of these phrases:
To use the words of X
According to X
As X states
Example: To use the words of Hillary Clinton, “You cannot have maternal health without reproductive health.”
Near the end of the introduction, you should state the thesis to explain the central point of your paper.
If you’re not sure how to introduce your thesis, try using some of these phrases:
In this essay, I will…
The purpose of this essay…
This essay discusses…
In this paper, I put forward the claim that…
There are three main arguments for…
Example: In this essay, I will explain why dress codes in public schools are detrimental to students.
After you’ve stated your thesis, it’s time to start presenting the arguments you’ll use to back up that central idea.
When you’re introducing the first of a series of arguments, you can use the following words:
First and foremost
First of all
To begin with
Example: First , consider the effects that this new social security policy would have on low-income taxpayers.
All these words and phrases will help you create a more successful introduction and convince your audience to read on.
The body of your essay is where you’ll explain your core arguments and present your evidence.
It’s important to choose words and phrases for the body of your essay that will help the reader understand your position and convince them you’ve done your research.
Let’s look at some different types of words and phrases that you can use in the body of your essay, as well as some examples of what these words look like in a sentence.
Transition Words and Phrases
Transitioning from one argument to another is crucial for a good essay.
It’s important to guide your reader from one idea to the next so they don’t get lost or feel like you’re jumping around at random.
Transition phrases and linking words show your reader you’re about to move from one argument to the next, smoothing out their reading experience. They also make your writing look more professional.
The simplest transition involves moving from one idea to a separate one that supports the same overall argument. Try using these phrases when you want to introduce a second correlating idea:
Additionally
In addition
Furthermore
Another key thing to remember
In the same way
Correspondingly
Example: Additionally , public parks increase property value because home buyers prefer houses that are located close to green, open spaces.
Another type of transition involves restating. It’s often useful to restate complex ideas in simpler terms to help the reader digest them. When you’re restating an idea, you can use the following words:
In other words
To put it another way
That is to say
To put it more simply
Example: “The research showed that 53% of students surveyed expressed a mild or strong preference for more on-campus housing. In other words , over half the students wanted more dormitory options.”
Often, you’ll need to provide examples to illustrate your point more clearly for the reader. When you’re about to give an example of something you just said, you can use the following words:
For instance
To give an illustration of
To exemplify
To demonstrate
As evidence
Example: Humans have long tried to exert control over our natural environment. For instance , engineers reversed the Chicago River in 1900, causing it to permanently flow backward.
Sometimes, you’ll need to explain the impact or consequence of something you’ve just said.
When you’re drawing a conclusion from evidence you’ve presented, try using the following words:
As a result
Accordingly
As you can see
This suggests that
It follows that
It can be seen that
For this reason
For all of those reasons
Consequently
Example: “There wasn’t enough government funding to support the rest of the physics experiment. Thus , the team was forced to shut down their experiment in 1996.”
When introducing an idea that bolsters one you’ve already stated, or adds another important aspect to that same argument, you can use the following words:
What’s more
Not only…but also
Not to mention
To say nothing of
Another key point
Example: The volcanic eruption disrupted hundreds of thousands of people. Moreover , it impacted the local flora and fauna as well, causing nearly a hundred species to go extinct.
Often, you'll want to present two sides of the same argument. When you need to compare and contrast ideas, you can use the following words:
On the one hand / on the other hand
Alternatively
In contrast to
On the contrary
By contrast
In comparison
Example: On the one hand , the Black Death was undoubtedly a tragedy because it killed millions of Europeans. On the other hand , it created better living conditions for the peasants who survived.
Finally, when you’re introducing a new angle that contradicts your previous idea, you can use the following phrases:
Having said that
Differing from
In spite of
With this in mind
Provided that
Nevertheless
Nonetheless
Notwithstanding
Example: Shakespearean plays are classic works of literature that have stood the test of time. Having said that , I would argue that Shakespeare isn’t the most accessible form of literature to teach students in the twenty-first century.
Good essays include multiple types of logic. You can use a combination of the transitions above to create a strong, clear structure throughout the body of your essay.
Strong Verbs for Academic Writing
Verbs are especially important for writing clear essays. Often, you can convey a nuanced meaning simply by choosing the right verb.
You should use strong verbs that are precise and dynamic. Whenever possible, you should use an unambiguous verb, rather than a generic verb.
For example, alter and fluctuate are stronger verbs than change , because they give the reader more descriptive detail.
Here are some useful verbs that will help make your essay shine.
Verbs that show change:
Accommodate
Verbs that relate to causing or impacting something:
Verbs that show increase:
Verbs that show decrease:
Deteriorate
Verbs that relate to parts of a whole:
Comprises of
Is composed of
Constitutes
Encompasses
Incorporates
Verbs that show a negative stance:
Misconstrue
Verbs that show a positive stance:
Substantiate
Verbs that relate to drawing conclusions from evidence:
Corroborate
Demonstrate
Verbs that relate to thinking and analysis:
Contemplate
Hypothesize
Investigate
Verbs that relate to showing information in a visual format:
Useful Adjectives and Adverbs for Academic Essays
You should use adjectives and adverbs more sparingly than verbs when writing essays, since they sometimes add unnecessary fluff to sentences.
However, choosing the right adjectives and adverbs can help add detail and sophistication to your essay.
Sometimes you'll need to use an adjective to show that a finding or argument is useful and should be taken seriously. Here are some adjectives that create positive emphasis:
Significant
Other times, you'll need to use an adjective to show that a finding or argument is harmful or ineffective. Here are some adjectives that create a negative emphasis:
Controversial
Insignificant
Questionable
Unnecessary
Unrealistic
Finally, you might need to use an adverb to lend nuance to a sentence, or to express a specific degree of certainty. Here are some examples of adverbs that are often used in essays:
Comprehensively
Exhaustively
Extensively
Respectively
Surprisingly
Using these words will help you successfully convey the key points you want to express. Once you’ve nailed the body of your essay, it’s time to move on to the conclusion.
The conclusion of your paper is important for synthesizing the arguments you’ve laid out and restating your thesis.
In your concluding paragraph, try using some of these essay words:
In conclusion
To summarize
In a nutshell
Given the above
As described
All things considered
Example: In conclusion , it’s imperative that we take action to address climate change before we lose our coral reefs forever.
In addition to simply summarizing the key points from the body of your essay, you should also add some final takeaways. Give the reader your final opinion and a bit of a food for thought.
To place emphasis on a certain point or a key fact, use these essay words:
Unquestionably
Undoubtedly
Particularly
Importantly
Conclusively
It should be noted
On the whole
Example: Ada Lovelace is unquestionably a powerful role model for young girls around the world, and more of our public school curricula should include her as a historical figure.
These concluding phrases will help you finish writing your essay in a strong, confident way.
There are many useful essay words out there that we didn't include in this article, because they are specific to certain topics.
If you're writing about biology, for example, you will need to use different terminology than if you're writing about literature.
So how do you improve your vocabulary skills?
The vocabulary you use in your academic writing is a toolkit you can build up over time, as long as you take the time to learn new words.
One way to increase your vocabulary is by looking up words you don’t know when you’re reading.
Try reading more books and academic articles in the field you’re writing about and jotting down all the new words you find. You can use these words to bolster your own essays.
You can also consult a dictionary or a thesaurus. When you’re using a word you’re not confident about, researching its meaning and common synonyms can help you make sure it belongs in your essay.
Don't be afraid of using simpler words. Good essay writing boils down to choosing the best word to convey what you need to say, not the fanciest word possible.
Finally, you can use ProWritingAid’s synonym tool or essay checker to find more precise and sophisticated vocabulary. Click on weak words in your essay to find stronger alternatives.
There you have it: our compilation of the best words and phrases to use in your next essay . Good luck!
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Hannah Yang
Hannah Yang is a speculative fiction writer who writes about all things strange and surreal. Her work has appeared in Analog Science Fiction, Apex Magazine, The Dark, and elsewhere, and two of her stories have been finalists for the Locus Award. Her favorite hobbies include watercolor painting, playing guitar, and rock climbing. You can follow her work on hannahyang.com, or subscribe to her newsletter for publication updates.
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40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays
To be truly brilliant, an essay needs to utilise the right language. You could make a great point, but if it’s not intelligently articulated, you almost needn’t have bothered.
Developing the language skills to build an argument and to write persuasively is crucial if you’re to write outstanding essays every time. In this article, we’re going to equip you with the words and phrases you need to write a top-notch essay, along with examples of how to utilise them.
It’s by no means an exhaustive list, and there will often be other ways of using the words and phrases we describe that we won’t have room to include, but there should be more than enough below to help you make an instant improvement to your essay-writing skills.
If you’re interested in developing your language and persuasive skills, Oxford Royale offers summer courses at its Oxford Summer School , Cambridge Summer School , London Summer School , San Francisco Summer School and Yale Summer School . You can study courses to learn english , prepare for careers in law , medicine , business , engineering and leadership.
General explaining
Let’s start by looking at language for general explanations of complex points.
1. In order to
Usage: “In order to” can be used to introduce an explanation for the purpose of an argument. Example: “In order to understand X, we need first to understand Y.”
2. In other words
Usage: Use “in other words” when you want to express something in a different way (more simply), to make it easier to understand, or to emphasise or expand on a point. Example: “Frogs are amphibians. In other words, they live on the land and in the water.”
3. To put it another way
Usage: This phrase is another way of saying “in other words”, and can be used in particularly complex points, when you feel that an alternative way of wording a problem may help the reader achieve a better understanding of its significance. Example: “Plants rely on photosynthesis. To put it another way, they will die without the sun.”
4. That is to say
Usage: “That is” and “that is to say” can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: “Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.”
5. To that end
Usage: Use “to that end” or “to this end” in a similar way to “in order to” or “so”. Example: “Zoologists have long sought to understand how animals communicate with each other. To that end, a new study has been launched that looks at elephant sounds and their possible meanings.”
Adding additional information to support a point
Students often make the mistake of using synonyms of “and” each time they want to add further information in support of a point they’re making, or to build an argument. Here are some cleverer ways of doing this.
6. Moreover
Usage: Employ “moreover” at the start of a sentence to add extra information in support of a point you’re making. Example: “Moreover, the results of a recent piece of research provide compelling evidence in support of…”
7. Furthermore
Usage:This is also generally used at the start of a sentence, to add extra information. Example: “Furthermore, there is evidence to suggest that…”
8. What’s more
Usage: This is used in the same way as “moreover” and “furthermore”. Example: “What’s more, this isn’t the only evidence that supports this hypothesis.”
9. Likewise
Usage: Use “likewise” when you want to talk about something that agrees with what you’ve just mentioned. Example: “Scholar A believes X. Likewise, Scholar B argues compellingly in favour of this point of view.”
10. Similarly
Usage: Use “similarly” in the same way as “likewise”. Example: “Audiences at the time reacted with shock to Beethoven’s new work, because it was very different to what they were used to. Similarly, we have a tendency to react with surprise to the unfamiliar.”
11. Another key thing to remember
Usage: Use the phrase “another key point to remember” or “another key fact to remember” to introduce additional facts without using the word “also”. Example: “As a Romantic, Blake was a proponent of a closer relationship between humans and nature. Another key point to remember is that Blake was writing during the Industrial Revolution, which had a major impact on the world around him.”
12. As well as
Usage: Use “as well as” instead of “also” or “and”. Example: “Scholar A argued that this was due to X, as well as Y.”
13. Not only… but also
Usage: This wording is used to add an extra piece of information, often something that’s in some way more surprising or unexpected than the first piece of information. Example: “Not only did Edmund Hillary have the honour of being the first to reach the summit of Everest, but he was also appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire.”
14. Coupled with
Usage: Used when considering two or more arguments at a time. Example: “Coupled with the literary evidence, the statistics paint a compelling view of…”
15. Firstly, secondly, thirdly…
Usage: This can be used to structure an argument, presenting facts clearly one after the other. Example: “There are many points in support of this view. Firstly, X. Secondly, Y. And thirdly, Z.
16. Not to mention/to say nothing of
Usage: “Not to mention” and “to say nothing of” can be used to add extra information with a bit of emphasis. Example: “The war caused unprecedented suffering to millions of people, not to mention its impact on the country’s economy.”
Words and phrases for demonstrating contrast
When you’re developing an argument, you will often need to present contrasting or opposing opinions or evidence – “it could show this, but it could also show this”, or “X says this, but Y disagrees”. This section covers words you can use instead of the “but” in these examples, to make your writing sound more intelligent and interesting.
17. However
Usage: Use “however” to introduce a point that disagrees with what you’ve just said. Example: “Scholar A thinks this. However, Scholar B reached a different conclusion.”
18. On the other hand
Usage: Usage of this phrase includes introducing a contrasting interpretation of the same piece of evidence, a different piece of evidence that suggests something else, or an opposing opinion. Example: “The historical evidence appears to suggest a clear-cut situation. On the other hand, the archaeological evidence presents a somewhat less straightforward picture of what happened that day.”
19. Having said that
Usage: Used in a similar manner to “on the other hand” or “but”. Example: “The historians are unanimous in telling us X, an agreement that suggests that this version of events must be an accurate account. Having said that, the archaeology tells a different story.”
20. By contrast/in comparison
Usage: Use “by contrast” or “in comparison” when you’re comparing and contrasting pieces of evidence. Example: “Scholar A’s opinion, then, is based on insufficient evidence. By contrast, Scholar B’s opinion seems more plausible.”
21. Then again
Usage: Use this to cast doubt on an assertion. Example: “Writer A asserts that this was the reason for what happened. Then again, it’s possible that he was being paid to say this.”
22. That said
Usage: This is used in the same way as “then again”. Example: “The evidence ostensibly appears to point to this conclusion. That said, much of the evidence is unreliable at best.”
Usage: Use this when you want to introduce a contrasting idea. Example: “Much of scholarship has focused on this evidence. Yet not everyone agrees that this is the most important aspect of the situation.”
Adding a proviso or acknowledging reservations
Sometimes, you may need to acknowledge a shortfalling in a piece of evidence, or add a proviso. Here are some ways of doing so.
24. Despite this
Usage: Use “despite this” or “in spite of this” when you want to outline a point that stands regardless of a shortfalling in the evidence. Example: “The sample size was small, but the results were important despite this.”
25. With this in mind
Usage: Use this when you want your reader to consider a point in the knowledge of something else. Example: “We’ve seen that the methods used in the 19th century study did not always live up to the rigorous standards expected in scientific research today, which makes it difficult to draw definite conclusions. With this in mind, let’s look at a more recent study to see how the results compare.”
26. Provided that
Usage: This means “on condition that”. You can also say “providing that” or just “providing” to mean the same thing. Example: “We may use this as evidence to support our argument, provided that we bear in mind the limitations of the methods used to obtain it.”
27. In view of/in light of
Usage: These phrases are used when something has shed light on something else. Example: “In light of the evidence from the 2013 study, we have a better understanding of…”
28. Nonetheless
Usage: This is similar to “despite this”. Example: “The study had its limitations, but it was nonetheless groundbreaking for its day.”
29. Nevertheless
Usage: This is the same as “nonetheless”. Example: “The study was flawed, but it was important nevertheless.”
30. Notwithstanding
Usage: This is another way of saying “nonetheless”. Example: “Notwithstanding the limitations of the methodology used, it was an important study in the development of how we view the workings of the human mind.”
Giving examples
Good essays always back up points with examples, but it’s going to get boring if you use the expression “for example” every time. Here are a couple of other ways of saying the same thing.
31. For instance
Example: “Some birds migrate to avoid harsher winter climates. Swallows, for instance, leave the UK in early winter and fly south…”
32. To give an illustration
Example: “To give an illustration of what I mean, let’s look at the case of…”
Signifying importance
When you want to demonstrate that a point is particularly important, there are several ways of highlighting it as such.
33. Significantly
Usage: Used to introduce a point that is loaded with meaning that might not be immediately apparent. Example: “Significantly, Tacitus omits to tell us the kind of gossip prevalent in Suetonius’ accounts of the same period.”
34. Notably
Usage: This can be used to mean “significantly” (as above), and it can also be used interchangeably with “in particular” (the example below demonstrates the first of these ways of using it). Example: “Actual figures are notably absent from Scholar A’s analysis.”
35. Importantly
Usage: Use “importantly” interchangeably with “significantly”. Example: “Importantly, Scholar A was being employed by X when he wrote this work, and was presumably therefore under pressure to portray the situation more favourably than he perhaps might otherwise have done.”
Summarising
You’ve almost made it to the end of the essay, but your work isn’t over yet. You need to end by wrapping up everything you’ve talked about, showing that you’ve considered the arguments on both sides and reached the most likely conclusion. Here are some words and phrases to help you.
36. In conclusion
Usage: Typically used to introduce the concluding paragraph or sentence of an essay, summarising what you’ve discussed in a broad overview. Example: “In conclusion, the evidence points almost exclusively to Argument A.”
37. Above all
Usage: Used to signify what you believe to be the most significant point, and the main takeaway from the essay. Example: “Above all, it seems pertinent to remember that…”
38. Persuasive
Usage: This is a useful word to use when summarising which argument you find most convincing. Example: “Scholar A’s point – that Constanze Mozart was motivated by financial gain – seems to me to be the most persuasive argument for her actions following Mozart’s death.”
39. Compelling
Usage: Use in the same way as “persuasive” above. Example: “The most compelling argument is presented by Scholar A.”
40. All things considered
Usage: This means “taking everything into account”. Example: “All things considered, it seems reasonable to assume that…”
How many of these words and phrases will you get into your next essay? And are any of your favourite essay terms missing from our list? Let us know in the comments below, or get in touch here to find out more about courses that can help you with your essays.
At Oxford Royale Academy, we offer a number of summer school courses for young people who are keen to improve their essay writing skills. Click here to apply for one of our courses today, including law , business , medicine and engineering .
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Synonyms of state
as in nation
as in dignity
as in to say
as in to utter
as in to voice
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Thesaurus Definition of state
(Entry 1 of 2)
Synonyms & Similar Words
commonwealth
sovereignty
nation - state
principality
dictatorship
city - state
trust territory
world power
great power
welfare state
condominium
client state
superiority
distinction
preeminence
Antonyms & Near Antonyms
degradation
subordination
inferiority
subordinateness
Thesaurus Definition of state (Entry 2 of 2)
communicate
put into words
pipe up (with)
give air to
disseminate
Examples of state in a Sentence
These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'state.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.
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Cite this Entry
“State.” Merriam-Webster.com Thesaurus , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/thesaurus/state. Accessed 14 Aug. 2024.
More from Merriam-Webster on state
Nglish: Translation of state for Spanish Speakers
Britannica English: Translation of state for Arabic Speakers
Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about state
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? ? Here's a list of from our that you can use instead. ▲▲ of the business at this present moment?” has to be judge and jury in its own cause.” of the restrooms can hit one like a ton of bricks.” of panic.” a disaster area to ensure that aid was delivered immediately.” in the Painted Hall after the battle of Trafalgar.” .” should not be used to curtail individual liberty.” their views on the matter.”
Posted on August 8, 2024 | Updated on August 12, 2024 | Corrected on August 9, 2024
Este artículo estará disponible en español en El Tiempo Latino .
In introducing her pick for vice presidential running mate, Kamala Harris has prominently touted Tim Walz’s 24 years of service in the Army National Guard. Now, however, GOP vice presidential nominee JD Vance and the Trump campaign are attacking Walz on his military record, accusing the Minnesota governor of “stolen valor.”
We’ll sort through the facts surrounding the three main attacks on Walz’s military record and let readers decide their merit. The claims include:
Vance claimed that Walz “dropped out” of the National Guard when he learned his battalion was slated to be deployed to Iraq. Walz retired to focus on a run for Congress two months before his unit got official word of impending deployment, though the possibility had been rumored for months.
Vance also accused Walz of having once claimed to have served in combat, when he did not. While advocating a ban on assault-style weapons, Walz said, “We can make sure that those weapons of war that I carried in war, is the only place where those weapons are at.” Update, Aug. 12: The Harris campaign says that Walz “misspoke.”
The Republican National Committee has criticized Walz for misrepresenting his military rank in campaign materials. The Harris campaign website salutes Walz for “rising to the rank of Command Sergeant Major.” Walz did rise to that rank, but he retired as a master sergeant because he had not completed the requirements of a command sergeant major.
A native of West Point, Nebraska, Walz joined the Nebraska Army National Guard in April 1981, two days after his 17th birthday. When Walz and his wife moved to Minnesota in 1996, he transferred to the Minnesota National Guard, where he served in 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery.
“While serving in Minnesota, his military occupational specialties were 13B – a cannon crewmember who operates and maintains cannons and 13Z -field artillery senior sergeant,” according to a statement released by Army Lt. Col. Kristen Augé, the Minnesota National Guard’s state public affairs officer.
According to MPR News , Walz suffered some hearing impairment related to exposure to cannon booms during training over the years, and he underwent some corrective surgery to address it.
On Aug. 3, 2003, “Walz mobilized with the Minnesota National Guard’s 1st Battalion, 125th Field Artillery … to support Operation Enduring Freedom. The battalion supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey. Governor Walz was stationed at Vicenza, Italy, during his deployment,” Augé stated. The deployment lasted about eight months.
“For 24 years I proudly wore the uniform of this nation,” Walz said at a rally in Philadelphia where he was announced as Harris’ running mate on Aug. 6. “The National Guard gave me purpose. It gave me the strength of a shared commitment to something greater than ourselves.”
Walz’s Retirement from the National Guard
In recent years, however, several of his fellow guard members have taken issue with the timing of Walz’s retirement from the National Guard in May 2005, claiming he left to avoid a deployment to Iraq.
Vance, who served a four-year active duty enlistment in the Marine Corps as a combat correspondent, serving in Iraq for six months in 2005, advanced that argument at a campaign event on Aug. 7.
“When the United States of America asked me to go to Iraq to serve my country, I did it,” Vance said. “When Tim Walz was asked by his country to go to Iraq, you know what he did? He dropped out of the Army and allowed his unit to go without him, a fact that he’s been criticized for aggressively by a lot of the people that he served with. I think it’s shameful to prepare your unit to go to Iraq, to make a promise that you’re going to follow through and then to drop out right before you actually have to go.”
In early 2005, Walz, then a high school geography teacher and football coach at Mankato West High School, decided to run for public office. In a 2009 interview Walz provided as part of the Library of Congress’ veterans oral history project, Walz said he made the decision to retire from the National Guard to “focus full time” on a run for the U.S. House of Representatives for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional District (which he ultimately won in 2006). Walz said he was “really concerned” about trying to seek public office and serve in the National Guard at the same time without running afoul of the Hatch Act , which limits political speech by federal employees, including members of the National Guard.
Federal Election Commission records show that Walz filed to run for Congress on Feb. 10, 2005.
On March 20, 2005, Walz’s campaign put out a press release titled “Walz Still Planning to Run for Congress Despite Possible Call to Duty in Iraq.”
Three days prior, the release said, “the National Guard Public Affairs Office announced a possible partial mobilization of roughly 2,000 troops from the Minnesota National Guard. … The announcement from the National Guard PAO specified that all or a portion of Walz’s battalion could be mobilized to serve in Iraq within the next two years.”
According to the release, “When asked about his possible deployment to Iraq Walz said, ‘I do not yet know if my artillery unit will be part of this mobilization and I am unable to comment further on specifics of the deployment.’ Although his tour of duty in Iraq might coincide with his campaign for Minnesota’s 1st Congressional seat, Walz is determined to stay in the race. ‘As Command Sergeant Major I have a responsibility not only to ready my battalion for Iraq, but also to serve if called on. I am dedicated to serving my country to the best of my ability, whether that is in Washington DC or in Iraq.'”
On March 23, 2005, the Pipestone County Star reported, “Detachments of the Minnesota National Guard have been ‘alerted’ of possible deployment to Iraq in mid-to-late 2006.”
“Major Kevin Olson of the Minnesota National Guard said a brigade-sized contingent of soldiers could be expected to be called to Iraq, but he was not, at this time, aware of which batteries would be called,” the story said. “All soldiers in the First Brigade combat team of the 34th Division, Minnesota National Guard, could be eligible for call-up. ‘We don’t know yet what the force is like’ he said. ‘It’s too early to speculate, if the (soldiers) do go.’
“He added: ‘We will have a major announcement if and when the alert order moves ahead.’”
ABC News spoke to Joseph Eustice, a retired command sergeant major who served with Walz, and he told the news organization this week that “he remembers Walz struggling with the timing of wanting to serve as a lawmaker but also avoiding asking for a deferment so he could do so.”
“He had a window of time,” Eustice told ABC News. “He had to decide. And in his deciding, we were not on notice to be deployed. There were rumors. There were lots of rumors, and we didn’t know where we were going until it was later that, early summer, I believe.”
Al Bonnifield, who served under Walz, also recalled Walz agonizing over the decision.
“It was a very long conversation behind closed doors,” Bonnifield told the Washington Post this week. “He was trying to decide where he could do better for soldiers, for veterans, for the country. He weighed that for a long time.”
In 2018, Bonnifield told MPR News that Walz worried in early 2005, “Would the soldier look down on him because he didn’t go with us? Would the common soldier say, ‘Hey, he didn’t go with us, he’s trying to skip out on a deployment?’ And he wasn’t. He talked with us for quite a while on that subject. He weighed that decision to run for Congress very heavy. He loved the military, he loved the guard, he loved the soldiers he worked with.”
But not all of Walz’s fellow Guard members felt that way.
In a paid letter to the West Central Tribune in Minnesota in November 2018, Thomas Behrends and Paul Herr — both retired command sergeants major in the Minnesota National Guard — wrote, “On May 16th, 2005 he [Walz] quit, leaving the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion and its Soldiers hanging; without its senior Non-Commissioned Officer, as the battalion prepared for war. His excuse to other leaders was that he needed to retire in order to run for congress. Which is false, according to a Department of Defense Directive, he could have run and requested permission from the Secretary of Defense before entering active duty; as many reservists have.”
“For Tim Walz to abandon his fellow soldiers and quit when they needed experienced leadership most is disheartening,” they wrote. “When the nation called, he quit.”
Walz retired on May 16, 2005. Walz’s brigade received alert orders for mobilization on July 14, 2005, according to the National Guard and MPR News . The official mobilization report came the following month, and the unit mobilized and trained through the fall. It was finally deployed to Iraq in the spring of 2006.
The unit was originally scheduled to return in February 2007, but its tour was extended four months as part of President George W. Bush’s “surge” strategy , the National Guard reported. In all, the soldiers were mobilized for 22 months.
Responding to Vance’s claim that Walz retired to avoid deploying to Iraq, the Harris-Walz campaign released a statement saying, “After 24 years of military service, Governor Walz retired in 2005 and ran for Congress, where he was a tireless advocate for our men and women in uniform – and as Vice President of the United States he will continue to be a relentless champion for our veterans and military families.”
Walz on Carrying a Weapon ‘in War’
Vance also called Walz “dishonest” for a claim that Walz made in 2018 while speaking to a group about gun control.
“He made this interesting comment that the Kamala Harris campaign put out there,” Vance said, referring to a video of Walz that the Harris campaign posted to X on Aug. 6. “He said, ‘We shouldn’t allow weapons that I used in war to be on America’s streets.’ Well, I wonder, Tim Walz, when were you ever in war? What was this weapon that you carried into war given that you abandoned your unit right before they went to Iraq and he has not spent a day in a combat zone.”
In the video , Walz, who was campaigning for governor at the time, talked about pushing back on the National Rifle Association and said: “I spent 25 years in the Army and I hunt. … I’ve been voting for common sense legislation that protects the Second Amendment, but we can do background checks. We can do [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] research. We can make sure we don’t have reciprocal carry among states. And we can make sure that those weapons of war that I carried in war, is the only place where those weapons are at.”
But, as Vance indicated, there is no evidence that Walz carried a weapon “in war.”
Update, Aug. 12: In an Aug. 10 statement to CNN, the Harris campaign told CNN that Walz “misspoke.”
“In making the case for why weapons of war should never be on our streets or in our classrooms, the Governor misspoke,” campaign spokesperson Lauren Hitt said in the statement. “He did handle weapons of war and believes strongly that only military members trained to carry those deadly weapons should have access to them.”
As we said, Augé, in her statement, said Walz’s battalion deployed “to support Operation Enduring Freedom” on Aug. 3, 2003, and “supported security missions at various locations in Europe and Turkey.” During his deployment, Walz was stationed in Vicenza, Italy, and he returned to Minnesota in April 2004, Augé said. There was no mention of Walz serving in Afghanistan, Iraq or another combat zone.
In the 2009 interview for the veterans history project, Walz said he and members of his battalion initially thought they would “shoot artillery in Afghanistan,” as they had trained to do. That didn’t happen, he said, explaining that his group ended up helping with security and training while stationed at an Army base in Vicenza.
“I think in the beginning, many of my troops were disappointed,” Walz said in the interview. “I think they felt a little guilty, many of them, that they weren’t in the fight up front as this was happening.”
In an Aug. 8 statement addressing his claim about carrying weapons “in war,” the Harris campaign noted that Walz, whose military occupational specialties included field artillery senior sergeant, “fired and trained others to use weapons of war innumerable times” in his 24 years of service.
Walz’s National Guard Rank
The Republican National Committee has criticized Walz for saying “in campaign materials that he is a former ‘Command Sergeant Major’ in the Army National Guard despite not completing the requirements to hold the rank into retirement.”
Walz’s biography on the Harris campaign website correctly says that the governor “served for 24 years” in the National Guard, “rising to the rank of Command Sergeant Major.”
Walz’s official biography on the Minnesota state website goes further, referring to the governor as “Command Sergeant Major Walz.”
“After 24 years in the Army National Guard, Command Sergeant Major Walz retired from the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion in 2005,” the state website says.
Walz did serve as command sergeant major , but Walz did not complete the requirements to retire with the rank of command sergeant, Augé told us in an email.
“He held multiple positions within field artillery such as firing battery chief, operations sergeant, first sergeant, and culminated his career serving as the command sergeant major for the battalion,” Augé said. “He retired as a master sergeant in 2005 for benefit purposes because he did not complete additional coursework at the U.S. Army Sergeants Major Academy.”
This isn’t the first time that Walz’s National Guard rank has come up in a campaign.
In their 2018 paid letter to the West Central Tribune, when Walz was running for governor, the two Minnesota National Guard retired command sergeants major who criticized Walz for retiring before the Iraq deployment also wrote: “Yes, he served at that rank, but was never qualified at that rank, and will receive retirement benefits at one rank below. You be the judge.”
Correction, Aug. 9: We mistakenly said a 2007 “surge” strategy in Iraq occurred under President Barack Obama. It was President George W. Bush.
Editor’s note: In the interest of full disclosure, Harris campaign spokesperson Lauren Hitt was an undergraduate intern at FactCheck.org from 2010 to 2011.
Editor’s note: FactCheck.org does not accept advertising. We rely on grants and individual donations from people like you. Please consider a donation. Credit card donations may be made through our “Donate” page . If you prefer to give by check, send to: FactCheck.org, Annenberg Public Policy Center, 202 S. 36th St., Philadelphia, PA 19104.
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Enthusiasm for Harris across communities is ‘inspiring,’ says fmr. campaign staffer
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Trump attacks on Harris ‘unhinged, racist and wrong,’ says Ohio Democrat
The last word, lawrence: 'stupidest' candidate trump did not answer reporters' questions.
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Donald Trump rambled and lied for over an hour without any follow up questions or fact-checking. MSNBC’s Lawrence O’Donnell says that while he hopes Vice President Harris answers questions from reporters, after the press conference that Donald Trump turned into a “charade,” Vice President Harris has “absolutely no greater obligation to do so because of what Donald Trump pretended to do today.” Aug. 9, 2024
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Deserted: The U.S. Military's Sexual Assault Crisis as a Cost of War
Over the past decade, the U.S. military has implemented policies to promote gender equality, notably lifting the ban on women in combat roles in 2013 and opening all military jobs to women by 2016. Yet, even as U.S. military policy reforms during the “War on Terror” appear to reflect greater equality, violent patterns of abuse and misogyny continued within military workplaces.
This author of this report found that sexual assault prevalence in the military is likely two to four times higher than official government estimations. Based on a comparison of available data collected by the U.S. Department of Defense to independent data, the research estimates there were 75,569 cases of sexual assault in 2021 and 73,695 cases in 2023. On average, over the course of the war in Afghanistan, 24 percent of active-duty women and 1.9 percent of active-duty men experienced sexual assault. The report highlights how experiences of gender inequality are most pronounced for women of color, who experience intersecting forms of racism and sexism and are one of the fastest-growing populations within the military. Independent data also confirm queer and trans service members’ disproportionately greater risk for sexual assault.
The report notes that during the post-9/11 wars, the prioritization of force readiness above all else allowed the problem of sexual assault to fester, papering over internal violence and gender inequalities within military institutions.
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Ex-university of kentucky student who used n-word over 200 times in horrifying caught-on-camera attack pleads guilty.
The ex-University of Kentucky student caught on viral video attacking a black student while firing off an arsenal of racist slurs — including the N-word more than 200 times — has pleaded guilty to assault charges, according to a report.
Sophia Rosing, 23, pleaded guilty to four counts of fourth-degree assault, one count of disorderly conduct, and one count of public intoxication in Fayette County Circuit Court on Monday, her attorney, Fred Peters, told the Lexington Herald-Leader on Monday.
The guilty plea came after a mediation in which, Peters said, “A lot of things got said, apologies were made and we worked it out.”
“Her life has been on hold for the past 18 to 20 months,” the attorney told the outlet. “She has had a lot of time to think about what she has done, and she wrote a nice letter of apology.”
Rosing had allegedly kicked, punched and bitten 19-year-old student worker Kylah Spring while repeatedly calling her the N-word in a drunken tirade at a campus residence hall on Nov. 6, 2022.
Spring had previously said she tried to check on Rosing, who appeared drunk and in need of assistance, but was instead attacked by the student and pelted with disgusting vitriol, she explained in a TikTok video of the encounter.
“The girl starts saying things like ‘Do my chores,’ ‘It’s not my fault that you’re black,’ ‘It’s not my fault that you’re ugly,’ and at this point, she’s like singing the N-word,” Spring said following the assault.
The former UK student continued her appalling behavior when police arrived and placed her in handcuffs, when she allegedly kicked and bit the arresting officer during the drunken rampage.
Following her arrest, a judge set her bond at $10,000, which she posted. She was released the following day.
The late-night assault was captured on video and posted online, where it went viral and sparked outrage, prompting students at the university to hold a “March Against Racism” rally on campus.
The intoxicated Rosing was heard saying the N-word more than 200 times during the 10-minute video, the Lexington Herald-Leader reported.
The University of Kentucky permanently banned Rosing from campus following the racist attack.
In February 2023, Rosing was indicted by a Fayette County grand jury on all six charges she initially faced — including assault and felony assault of a police officer. She pleaded not guilty.
Since the indictment, Rosing’s case has been passed on the docket five times, and during that time, both parties attempted to reach a resolution, Peters told the outlet.
Peters told the outlet that the former business and marketing major faces 12 months in jail, 100 hours of community service and a $25 fine following her guilty plea.
She is set to be sentenced on Oct. 17.
Following Monday’s hearing, Spring, who was in attendance for the guilty plea, spoke with LEX 18 and revealed that she and Rosing had an opportunity to talk during the mediation.
“I told her that she didn’t break my spirit,” Spring told the outlet.
“That was one of the things I said the first time I ever spoke about what happened and that rings true today.”
Peters also told the outlet that his client was “extremely remorseful,” and “She read a very heartfelt apology to Kylah during our mediation.”
Spring, however, wasn’t buying it.
“I feel that a person that is remorseful takes actions that are moving towards proving they are remorseful,” Spring told LEX 18 . “Not just words.”
Spring claimed that Rosing did not mention the racial slurs she used against her during the hearing, which she said may still take her “a bit of maturing and unpacking” to come to terms with.
“I think her admitting at least a piece of what she’s done — admitting the things she said and being able to own up to them, I think it’s going to follow behind,” Spring told the outlet.
“Seeing yourself act in that light is not an easy thing to see, I imagine, so I guess there’s still a bit of maturing and unpacking she needs to do with that. So I’ll give her the space to do that.”
Nevertheless, Spring said she has forgiven Rosing and was raised to “not hold grudges.”
“I forgive her more so for myself,” Spring explained.
“I was raised not to hold grudges, I was raised that we give people forgiveness because God forgave us. It’s a hard thing for me to come to terms with, but in the end, I want to live a life where people can say I was a kind and forgiving person.”
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Title Page Setup
A title page is required for all APA Style papers. There are both student and professional versions of the title page. Students should use the student version of the title page unless their instructor or institution has requested they use the professional version. APA provides a student title page guide (PDF, 199KB) to assist students in creating their title pages.
Student title page
The student title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation, course number and name for which the paper is being submitted, instructor name, assignment due date, and page number, as shown in this example.
Title page setup is covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Section 2.3 and the Concise Guide Section 1.6
Related handouts
Student Title Page Guide (PDF, 263KB)
Student Paper Setup Guide (PDF, 3MB)
Student papers do not include a running head unless requested by the instructor or institution.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the student title page.
Paper title
Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms.
Author names
Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name.
Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga
Author affiliation
For a student paper, the affiliation is the institution where the student attends school. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author name(s).
Department of Psychology, University of Georgia
Course number and name
Provide the course number as shown on instructional materials, followed by a colon and the course name. Center the course number and name on the next double-spaced line after the author affiliation.
PSY 201: Introduction to Psychology
Instructor name
Provide the name of the instructor for the course using the format shown on instructional materials. Center the instructor name on the next double-spaced line after the course number and name.
Dr. Rowan J. Estes
Assignment due date
Provide the due date for the assignment. Center the due date on the next double-spaced line after the instructor name. Use the date format commonly used in your country.
October 18, 2020 18 October 2020
Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header.
1
Professional title page
The professional title page includes the paper title, author names (the byline), author affiliation(s), author note, running head, and page number, as shown in the following example.
Follow the guidelines described next to format each element of the professional title page.
Paper title
Place the title three to four lines down from the top of the title page. Center it and type it in bold font. Capitalize of the title. Place the main title and any subtitle on separate double-spaced lines if desired. There is no maximum length for titles; however, keep titles focused and include key terms.
Author names
Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word “and” between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word “and” before the final author name.
Francesca Humboldt
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals after author names to connect the names to the appropriate affiliation(s). If all authors have the same affiliation, superscript numerals are not used (see Section 2.3 of the for more on how to set up bylines and affiliations).
Tracy Reuter , Arielle Borovsky , and Casey Lew-Williams
Author affiliation
For a professional paper, the affiliation is the institution at which the research was conducted. Include both the name of any department and the name of the college, university, or other institution, separated by a comma. Center the affiliation on the next double-spaced line after the author names; when there are multiple affiliations, center each affiliation on its own line.
Department of Nursing, Morrigan University
When different authors have different affiliations, use superscript numerals before affiliations to connect the affiliations to the appropriate author(s). Do not use superscript numerals if all authors share the same affiliations (see Section 2.3 of the for more).
Department of Psychology, Princeton University Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University
Author note
Place the author note in the bottom half of the title page. Center and bold the label “Author Note.” Align the paragraphs of the author note to the left. For further information on the contents of the author note, see Section 2.7 of the .
n/a
The running head appears in all-capital letters in the page header of all pages, including the title page. Align the running head to the left margin. Do not use the label “Running head:” before the running head.
Prediction errors support children’s word learning
Use the page number 1 on the title page. Use the automatic page-numbering function of your word processing program to insert page numbers in the top right corner of the page header.
1
IEEE ICRA@40
IEEE Xplore Digital Library
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Debates and Panels
IEEE RAS Career Fair
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Call for Contributions
Icra@40 • 40th anniversary of the ieee conference on robotics and automation.
September 23-26, 2024 • Rotterdam, Netherlands
Join us at ICRA@40 for a special commemorative edition marking the 40th anniversary of the ICRA Conference, honoring four decades of groundbreaking research and innovation in robotics and automation.
ICRA@40 is a four-day SINGLE-TRACK conference featuring plenary sessions, distinguished talks and debate panels to explore the past and envision the future with the most renowned academics and industry experts in robotics and automation.
Enjoy ICRA@40 industry-focused day , dedicated to unveiling cutting-edge advancements and technological breakthroughs, stimulating panels, a bustling job fair and vibrant startup showcases.
CFP for Late-Breaking Abstracts and Videos
We are seeking the submission of extended abstracts with new ideas that highlight innovative concepts, open-ended themes, and novel directions as well as videos that showcase novel results or summarise the achievements in the last 40 years in the field of robotics and automation. The emphasis should be on real robotics and automation systems.
We encourage submissions from all areas of robotics and automation.
Important update below!
We received 509 contributions: 295 Extended Abstracts, 49 Video Submissions, and 165 papers transferred from IEEE RAS journals (RAL, TRO, RAM, TASE). All submissions were screened by the organization committee. We encourage authors of extended abstracts to leverage the opportunity to discuss their work at ICRA@40 to further develop their extended abstracts into full-fledged submissions to RAS journals and conferences.
FINAL VERSION OF YOUR CONTRIBUTION
Please prepare the final version of your contribution and upload it via your PaperPlaza account at http://ras.papercept.net .
The final version of your contribution must be in pdf and must follow the ICRA double-column format. Templates are available at the IEEE RAS PaperPlaza Conference/Journal Management System ( https://ras.papercept.net/conferences/support/support.php ).
Make sure to follow the guidelines:
• Extended Abstract : 2 pages plus 1 page for references and a video of max 20MB
• Stand-alone Video : 1-4 minutes, maximum 50 MB and 1 page description in pdf
• Accepted Journal papers : please upload the final version of your accepted paper
In addition, you will also have to upload a 1 page Digest PowerPoint using the template provided below along with the final version of your paper.
The deadline for submitting the final version of your contribution is
July 31, 2024, types of submission .
Submissions for ICRA@40 have two types
1. Accepted Journal Papers
Papers accepted for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Robotics (T-RO), the IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters (RA-L), the IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine (RAM) and IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering (T-ASE) will be given the possibility to present at ICRA@40.
2. Extended Abstracts
We welcome extended abstracts of up to 2 pages plus 1 page for references that describe novel results or research directions. Accepted contributions will be presented as posters and allocated a slot in the poster sessions (Refer to the programme). Accepted extended abstracts will be made available online but will not be published in IEEE Xplore. All submissions must be in pdf and must follow the ICRA double column format. Templates are available at the IEEE RAS PaperPlaza Conference/Journal Management System .
Accompanying videos may be submitted, with submission guidelines:
A video that was NOT submitted with the initial submission of an extended abstract will NOT be accepted at a later date.
• File size: up to 20MB • Format (only one of the following should be used): mpeg, mp4, mpg • Maximum duration: 180 sec. • Minimum height: 480 • Minimum frame rate (fps): 20 • Scan type: Progressive
Stand-alone Video Submission
We encourage submissions of stand-alone videos in the following themes:
1. NOVELTY : novel scientific or technological breakthrough;
2. HISTORY : most early examples of autonomous 40 years old or beyond;
3. DIDACTIC : video with educational content, either summarising achievements in a domain or presenting a novel approach in a didactic/tutorial manner;
4. FUNNY/UNCANNY : any video of unique, amusing, or unexpected nature.
The emphasis should be on real robotics and automation systems.
To submit a stand-alone video to ICRA@40, please refer to the following instructions:
• Duration : 1-4 minutes. • Size : up to 50 MB. • Format (only one of the following should be used): mpeg, mp4, mpg • Maximum duration : 240 sec • Minimum video quality : 720p • Minimum frame rate (fps): 24 • Codecs : Do not use special codecs in order to provide as much portability across platforms as possible. Any variance from the suggested formatting may result in difficulties playing the file on different platforms and could be blocked. • If recorded footage is sped up in the video, the speedup factor should be clearly indicated. • Audio is optional, but lack of audio should have minimal impact on the comprehension of the video. • Structure : The video must include at the beginning a video cover with the title, authors and affiliation and the credits at the end.
The submission of the videos will be through the electronic submission process via PaperPlaza .
Each video submission must be accompanied by a one-page description in PDF file format, using the smae paper template that are available here which includes:
• title, authors, and affiliation • video category (regular video OR blooper) • 200-word abstract, and • contact information
The selected videos (and the PDF descriptions) will be linked in the program. Videos will be displayed during the conference and to the public via social media and IEEE TV and may be used in the Robotics History project.
Distinguished Talk Abstract (by Invitation Only)
If you are an invited speaker, you can submit a maximum 1 page abstract and short biography as pdf via PaperPlaza
Accepted Journal papers
Papers accepted for publication in the IEEE Transactions on Robotics (T-RO), the IEEE Robotics and Automation Letters (RA-L), the IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine (RAM) and IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering (T-ASE) presentation at ICRA @ 40 . This applies to all non-evolutionary papers accepted from September 1 2023 until May 31, 2024.
Important Deadlines
All deadlines are 11:59 PM Pacific time
7-July-24
7-July-24
7-July-24
7-July-24
15-July-24
15-July-24
31-July-24
31-July24
31-July-24
31-July-24
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Microsoft Copilot can boost your writing in Word, Outlook, and OneNote — here’s how
Copilot integration in microsoft 365 apps makes it a snap to generate first drafts, revise text, and get instant summaries for long docs or email threads. here’s how to use copilot for writing assistance in word, outlook, and onenote..
One of the most enticing uses for generative AI is to help you write. Anyone can get writing help from Microsoft’s Copilot genAI tool via the free Copilot web or mobile app. But Copilot becomes especially useful when it’s integrated with various Microsoft 365 apps.
As you compose, edit, or view a document in Word, for example, you can summon Copilot to assist you in several ways: It can generate rough drafts, polish or change the tone of your writing, and summarize long passages of text. Copilot can also help you compose or summarize emails in Outlook and help you rewrite or summarize notes in OneNote.
This guide will get you started on the basics of using Copilot for your writing in Microsoft 365 apps. But you’ll have to pay for a Copilot subscription in addition to your current Microsoft 365 plan.
In this article:
How to use copilot in microsoft 365 apps, generate a rough draft in word or outlook.
Get email draft coaching in Outlook
Rewrite text in Word or OneNote
Summarize long documents, notes, emails, or threads.
Individuals with a free Microsoft account or a Microsoft 365 Family or Personal subscription can purchase a Copilot Pro subscription for $20 per month. (A one-month free trial is available.) Each person who wants to use Copilot Pro must have their own subscription.
If you have a free Microsoft account, the Copilot Pro subscription lets you use Copilot in certain Microsoft 365 apps on the web only. If you have a paid Microsoft 365 plan, you’ll be able to use Copilot in the desktop and mobile versions of those M365 apps as well. Once you’ve signed up, you may need to refresh your Microsoft 365 license before Copilot becomes available in the apps.
If you’re on a Microsoft 365 business plan (such as through a company you work for), a Copilot for Microsoft 365 subscription costs $30 per user per month. This must be paid annually at $360 up front, and there’s no trial period. (Apparently, Microsoft presumes that your company will foot this hefty tab.) A Copilot Pro subscription cannot be used with a Microsoft 365 business account.
This guide goes over how to use Copilot in Word, Outlook, and OneNote to help you compose and revise text. I’ll demonstrate using Copilot Pro with an individual Microsoft 365 account, but the descriptions also apply to Copilot for Microsoft 365 used with a Microsoft 365 business plan. Most of the steps and user interfaces are alike. I’ll also note additional features that are available under the business versions of Copilot and Microsoft 365.
Note: Microsoft 365 apps aren’t completely consistent on different platforms — for instance, a menu choice in Word for Windows might be named differently from the same option in the web version of Word. In these cases, I’ve tried to include both names. You may still find instances where a button or menu item doesn’t match, but it’s generally obvious what to do.
Copilot can help you compose text drafts in Word and Outlook. In Outlook, you use Copilot through a panel that appears over the main area of the app. In Word, you can use Copilot from a similar panel that overlays the document, or from a sidebar that opens along the right of the page.
Using the “Draft with Copilot” panel in Word and Outlook
Word: Start with a new, blank document or open an existing document that you’d like to add more writing to. (Set the cursor where you want the generated text to be inserted.) Click the Copilot icon that appears in the left margin.
To get started with Copilot in Word, click the Copilot icon in the left margin or press Alt-I on your keyboard.
Howard Wen / IDG
The “Draft with Copilot” panel appears over the document. In the text entry box, you’ll type in a prompt that describes the text you want Copilot to write. (More on that in a moment.)
Type your prompt into the “Draft with Copilot” panel.
In the desktop version of Word for Windows, there’s a Reference a file button at the bottom of the Draft with Copilot panel. Clicking this may let you select a document in your OneDrive or SharePoint for Copilot to base its generated text on, including content, writing style, and formatting. (Business users can select up to three files for Copilot to reference.) You can also type your prompt followed by a / (forward slash) and a document’s file name to trigger Copilot to reference it.
But know that this function may not work for you – it apparently depends on whether Copilot itself thinks you have documents that it can reference for you.
Outlook: With the cursor in the message body of a new email, click the Copilot button on the Home tab of the ribbon toolbar. On the drop-down menu that opens, click Draft with Copilot .
To get started with Copilot in Outlook, click the Copilot button in the ribbon toolbar.
On the “Draft with Copilot” panel that opens, type your prompt inside the text entry box. The panel is similar to what you see in Word, but with an additional option: a button with two sliders on it that may say Adjust or Generate options , depending on your version of Outlook. When you click it, a drop-down menu opens that lists options for tone of voice and word length for the generated email draft.
In Outlook, you can designate tone of voice and general length for Copilot’s output.
Crafting your prompts
Prompts are sentences that you enter to instruct Copilot (or other AI assistants) how to compose the text you want created. Your prompt should minimally include the subject and a few specifics about the writing you want it to generate.
To get started, describe the kind of text you want Copilot to generate and add a detail or two about it. These prompts can be simple or a little more complex. For example:
“Create a brief business pitch for a new vegan restaurant that will be located in downtown Atlanta, Georgia.”
“Write an opening paragraph describing my interest in a technical support job opening at Microsoft.”
“Write a few sentences that inquire if there are any job openings in technical support at Microsoft.”
“Compose a polite follow-up with the recipient about a video call we had last week.”
The more specifics you include in your prompt, the more likely you are to get good results. For instance, if you have notes that contain specific data points that you want to include in the generated text, copy and paste those notes into your prompt. If you have an outline for the topics you want to cover in the draft, paste that in as well.
But frankly, there are no hard rules about writing prompts — just use your imagination and see how Copilot responds. Expect that the AI may not generate results that you like (if it generates any at all). Keep experimenting with the descriptions in your prompts until you coax Copilot to produce a useful response.
Once you’ve entered your prompt (and optionally selected a tone and length in Outlook), click the Generate button or press Enter on your keyboard and wait for Copilot to work its AI magic.
The results are in – actions you can take
When Copilot has generated a draft, it appears in the document or email with a toolbar below it.
In Word, use the toolbar below the generated draft to keep, retry, discard, or refine the text.
You can use the toolbar to perform the following functions:
Click the Keep it button to keep the newly minted words in your document or email. You can then edit the generated text in the doc or email as you see fit.
Click the Regenerate button (two circular arrows) if you’re not satisfied with the result and want Copilot to generate a whole new one.
Click the Discard button (a trashcan) to discard the result.
Refine the result by typing more prompts in the text entry box (e.g., “add more details,” “make this sound more professional,” or “make it shorter”) and clicking the arrow. Copilot will generate an updated writing result using your additional commands and descriptions.
Optionally click the thumbs up or down icon in the upper-right corner of the toolbar to rate the quality of the result that Copilot generated. Presumably, this helps train the Copilot to produce better results in the future.
In Outlook, the buttons and text entry box are arranged differently in the toolbar, but they perform the same actions on an email draft that Copilot generates for you. You can also use the Adjust or Generate options button to change the tone or length.
The toolbar that appears with generated text in Outlook offers the same functions as in Word.
Important: All AI-generated content can contain errors or outright fabrications, known as hallucinations. When you insert text that Copilot has generated into a document or email, be sure to fact-check it carefully.
AI-generated content also tends to be generic and a bit boring, so you’ll likely want to edit it to inject your own personality or writing style.
Using the Copilot sidebar in Word
On the Home tab in Word’s ribbon toolbar, click the Copilot button. This will open the Copilot sidebar to the right. At the bottom of the sidebar, type your prompt inside the text entry box and click the arrow button (or press Enter). Copilot will generate text and display it inside the sidebar.
Generated text in the Copilot sidebar in Word.
Click the Copy button to copy the writing to your PC clipboard. You can then paste it into a document, note, email, or elsewhere.
Unlike the Draft with Copilot panel, the Copilot sidebar doesn’t include tools for refining text it generates from scratch. What’s more, Copilot’s behavior in the sidebar feels a little unreliable, producing inconsistent results. The sidebar seems better used for summarizing your document or asking the AI questions about it than for generating text.
Get coaching on an email draft in Outlook
If you’d rather compose emails yourself but would like some suggestions for improvement, there’s a nifty Copilot feature in Outlook called email coaching. After you’ve written your email draft, click the Copilot button on the Home tab in the ribbon toolbar. On the menu that appears, choose Coaching by Copilot .
Copilot will review your draft and offer specific suggestions for improving it in terms of tone, reader engagement, and clarity.
Copilot can critique your email draft and offer suggestions for improvement.
You can rewrite passages of text in a Word document or a OneNote page. This can be useful if you feel that your writing could use a little more detail, or if a paragraph sounds too wordy.
In Word, you can use either the Copilot panel or sidebar (as described earlier in this guide) to command Copilot to rewrite. In OneNote, you can use the sidebar or a right-click menu option.
Note: As of this writing, Copilot is available for OneNote only in the Windows desktop app.
Using the “Rewrite with Copilot” panel in Word
Highlight the passage of text that you want Copilot to rewrite. The Copilot button will appear in the margin to the left of the text that you highlighted. Click it, and on the menu that opens, select Auto rewrite or Rewrite with Copilot . Alternatively, you can right-click on your highlighted text, and on the menu that opens, select Copilot > Rewrite with Copilot .
In Word, select the text you want to rewrite, click the Copilot icon in the left margin, and select Auto rewrite .
Either way, the “Rewrite with Copilot” panel appears below your highlighted text. Copilot will generate and present up to three rewritten versions in the panel. Click the arrows at the top of the panel to cycle through the rewrites.
Reviewing and refining Copilot’s suggested rewrite for the highlighted text.
Below the rewritten text, you can click the following buttons:
Replace will replace the original text that you highlighted with the currently visible rewritten version.
Insert below will insert the rewritten version below the original text you highlighted (so that you can decide later if you want to keep it).
The Regenerate button (two circular arrows) will generate another result.
In the Word desktop app for Windows, there’s an Adjust tone button (an icon with two sliders); it opens a menu that lets you select another writing style. Copilot will then adjust its result with the style you select.
In the Word web app, there’s a text entry box where you can refine the result by typing more prompts.
Note: Users with Copilot and M365 business subscriptions can also have Copilot rewrite messages in Teams . This feature works similarly to the Rewrite with Copilot panel in Word.
Using the Copilot sidebar in Word or OneNote
On the Home tab in the ribbon toolbar, click the Copilot button to open the Copilot sidebar to the right. To have Copilot rewrite the whole document or note, type rewrite inside the sidebar’s text entry box. To have it rewrite a specific paragraph, supply the paragraph number. You can also describe how you want the text to be rewritten, such as rewrite first paragraph to be shorter or rewrite paragraph 3 to sound more professional .
Copilot’s rewritten text appears in the sidebar. Below this result you’ll see the Copy button to copy the rewritten text to your clipboard.
A rewritten paragraph in the sidebar.
If you want to adjust Copilot’s rewriting result, you can click one of the suggested prompts that appear in the sidebar below the generated text and above the text entry box. To see different prompt suggestions, click the circular arrow icon.
In the text entry box, you can refine the result by typing more prompts.
Although the Copilot sidebar offers more options for refining its rewritten text than it does for text it generates from scratch, it’s still underpowered compared to the Rewrite with Copilot panel. The best way to rewrite text with Copilot in Word is to use the Rewrite with Copilot panel.
Using the right-click menu in OneNote
Alternatively, in OneNote, you can right-click the top bar of a text field on a page. On the menu that opens, select Copilot and on the next menu, Rewrite .
In OneNote, you can use a text field’s right-click menu to trigger a Copilot rewrite.
This action will trigger Copilot to rewrite everything inside this text field. The rewrite will then be set inside the top of the text field.
The rewritten text appears in the text field above the original text.
You can have Copilot generate a brief summary of a long document in Word or a page in OneNote. For this to work well, Microsoft says the document or page should contain at least 300 words but no more than 20,000.
In Outlook, Copilot can summarize a long email and, even more useful, the conversation within an entire email thread.
Using the Copilot sidebar in Word and OneNote
With the document opened in Word or page opened in OneNote, highlight the text that you want summarized. (If you want a summary of the entire document or page, skip this step.)
Click the Copilot button on the Home tab of the ribbon toolbar to open the Copilot sidebar. Inside the text entry box, type summarize and click the arrow button.
Copilot will generate a summary and display it inside the sidebar.
Copilot’s summary of a long document appears in the sidebar.
Below the summary, there’s the familiar Copy button to copy the summary to your PC clipboard.
Below that, you can click References to see a list of citations within the document that Copilot used to generate this summary. Clicking a snippet of the cited text will show in the main window of the app where in the document or page these words are. Clicking the down arrow to the right of a citation will show the passage that Copilot used as a citation.
Click References to view citations from the document that Copilot used for its summary.
Between the results field and the text entry box, you’ll see suggested prompts that you can click to revise the summary. Click the circular arrow icon to refresh these prompts with new suggestions.
Right-click the top bar of a text field. On the menu that opens, select Copilot > Summarize . This action will trigger Copilot to summarize everything inside this text field. The summary will then be set inside the top of the text field.
Copilot summaries created via OneNote’s right-click menu appear at the top of the text field being summarized.
Summarizing emails and threads in Outlook
Open the email or conversation that you want to summarize. Click Summarize or Summary by Copilot at the top of the email thread. Copilot will generate a summary of the email or thread.
A Copilot-generated summary of an email.
This summary will be posted at the top of the email or thread. Thread summaries may include citations that Copilot used in generating the summary. Clicking a citation (denoted by a number) will scroll down the thread to the cited email for you to view.
This Copilot-generated summary of an email thread includes citations you can click to go to the source email.
Getting a summary when sharing a Word doc (business plans only)
If you have Copilot with a Microsoft 365 business plan, you can use Copilot to generate a summary of a Word document when you share it with your co-workers. This summary is inserted as a passage of text inside the message that your co-workers receive inviting them to collaborate on the document.
With the document open in Word, click the Share button toward the upper right. On the Share panel that opens, click the Copilot icon inside the lower right of the “Add a message” composition box. The AI will generate and insert the summary. You can edit the summary before you send out the invite.
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14 As stated Synonyms. Similar words for As stated
COMMENTS
14 Other Words for "Said" in an Essay
Stated. One of the most common ways to replace "said" in an essay is "stated.". It's a great formal synonym that helps to keep things direct and clear for the reader. It works well before a quote. You should write "stated" to clarify that you're about to run a quote by the reader. Of course, you can't claim that someone ...
STATED Synonyms: 177 Similar and Opposite Words
Synonyms for STATED: declared, specified, avowed, specific, explicit, definite, express, unequivocal; Antonyms of STATED: inferred, implied, implicit, ambiguous ...
Synonyms for As stated by
Another way to say As Stated By? Synonyms for As Stated By (other words and phrases for As Stated By).
10 Other Ways to Say "The Text States" (With Examples)
The content reveals. The excerpt indicates. The piece conveys. 1. The document asserts. "The document asserts" is a formal way to convey that the text presents a clear statement or position on a topic. It implies a level of authority and confidence in the information presented.
AS STATED in Thesaurus: 100+ Synonyms & Antonyms for AS STATED
Most related words/phrases with sentence examples define As stated meaning and usage. Thesaurus for As stated. Related terms for as stated- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with as stated. Lists. synonyms. antonyms. definitions. sentences. thesaurus. Parts of speech. adverbs. Synonyms Similar meaning. View all. allegedly. avowedly. purportedly.
12 Other Ways to Say "In the Text It States"
Other Ways to Say "In the Text It States". 1. The Author Notes. Example: "The author notes that the study's findings are inconclusive.". Meaning: This expression indicates that the author of the text makes a specific observation or point. It suggests a direct attribution of ideas or findings to the author.
10 Other Ways to Say "The Author States" (With Example)
4. The author asserts. " The author asserts " is a strong way to convey that the author is stating something with confidence or authority. This phrase is particularly effective when the author is making a clear, definitive statement about a topic.
What is another word for stated
Synonyms for stated include declared, indicated, identified, specified, designated, listed, quantified, defined, stipulated and noted. Find more similar words at ...
Transition Words & Phrases
Example sentence. Transition words and phrases. Addition. We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted. indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in fact. Introduction.
Stated synonyms
Another way to say Stated? Synonyms for Stated (other words and phrases for Stated).
Words to Use in an Essay: 300 Essay Words
If you're struggling to choose the right words for your essay, don't worry—you've come to the right place! In this article, we've compiled a list of over 300 words and phrases to use in the introduction, body, and conclusion of your essay. Contents: Words to Use in the Essay Introduction. Words to Use in the Body of the Essay.
STATES Synonyms: 157 Similar and Opposite Words
Synonyms for STATES: countries, nations, commonwealths, kingdoms, republics, provinces, lands, sovranties; Antonyms of STATES: suppresses, stifles, restricts ...
40 Useful Words and Phrases for Top-Notch Essays
4. That is to say. Usage: "That is" and "that is to say" can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: "Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.". 5. To that end. Usage: Use "to that end" or "to this end" in a similar way to "in order to" or "so".
STATE Synonyms: 188 Similar and Opposite Words
Synonyms for STATE: nation, country, commonwealth, kingdom, land, province, republic, sovereignty; Antonyms of STATE: degradation, debasement, subordination ...
Synonyms of 'stated' in British English. stated (adjective) in the sense of declared. Synonyms. declared . specified . given. the number of accidents at this spot in a given period . said . ... or tips on writing the perfect college essay, Harper Reference has you covered for all your study needs. February 13, 2020 Read more
STATED
STATED - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
STATED Synonyms
Synonyms for STATED in English: declared, specified, given, said, alleged, claimed, described, asserted, designated, affirmed, …
What is another word for states
Synonyms for states include conditions, shapes, situations, positions, statuses, outlooks, circumstance, form, kilter and order. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com!
Attacks on Walz's Military Record
"After 24 years in the Army National Guard, Command Sergeant Major Walz retired from the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion in 2005," the state website says.
Lawrence: 'Stupidest' candidate Trump did not answer reporters ...
Donald Trump rambled and lied for over an hour without any follow up questions or fact-checking. MSNBC's Lawrence O'Donnell says that while he hopes Vice President Harris answers questions ...
States That synonyms
Synonyms for States that. 280 other terms for states that - words and phrases with similar meaning. says that. asserts that. declares that. establishes that. affirms that. proclaims that. says.
Deserted: The U.S. Military's Sexual Assault Crisis as a Cost of War
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Ex-University of Kentucky student who used N-word over 200 times in
The ex-University of Kentucky student caught on viral video attacking a black student while firing off an arsenal of racist slurs — including the N-word more than 200 times — has pleaded ...
Title page setup
Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word "and" between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word "and" before the final author name. Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga
Call for Contributions
We received 509 contributions: 295 Extended Abstracts, 49 Video Submissions, and 165 papers transferred from IEEE RAS journals (RAL, TRO, RAM, TASE). All submissions were screened by the organization committee. We encourage authors of extended abstracts to leverage the opportunity to discuss their work at ICRA@40 to further develop their ...
STATE
STATE - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
STATE
STATE - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
Microsoft Copilot can boost your writing in Word ...
To get started with Copilot in Word, click the Copilot icon in the left margin or press Alt-Ion your keyboard. Howard Wen / IDG The "Draft with Copilot" panel appears over the document.
How scientists are confronting the lingering imprint of colonialism
Today, the smudged fingerprints of colonization still linger on the scientific enterprise. The lingua franca of research is English.Top scientists—those with the most cited papers—disproportionately work in former colonizing nations or in a few former colonies including the United States.
IMAGES
COMMENTS
Stated. One of the most common ways to replace "said" in an essay is "stated.". It's a great formal synonym that helps to keep things direct and clear for the reader. It works well before a quote. You should write "stated" to clarify that you're about to run a quote by the reader. Of course, you can't claim that someone ...
Synonyms for STATED: declared, specified, avowed, specific, explicit, definite, express, unequivocal; Antonyms of STATED: inferred, implied, implicit, ambiguous ...
Another way to say As Stated By? Synonyms for As Stated By (other words and phrases for As Stated By).
The content reveals. The excerpt indicates. The piece conveys. 1. The document asserts. "The document asserts" is a formal way to convey that the text presents a clear statement or position on a topic. It implies a level of authority and confidence in the information presented.
Most related words/phrases with sentence examples define As stated meaning and usage. Thesaurus for As stated. Related terms for as stated- synonyms, antonyms and sentences with as stated. Lists. synonyms. antonyms. definitions. sentences. thesaurus. Parts of speech. adverbs. Synonyms Similar meaning. View all. allegedly. avowedly. purportedly.
Other Ways to Say "In the Text It States". 1. The Author Notes. Example: "The author notes that the study's findings are inconclusive.". Meaning: This expression indicates that the author of the text makes a specific observation or point. It suggests a direct attribution of ideas or findings to the author.
4. The author asserts. " The author asserts " is a strong way to convey that the author is stating something with confidence or authority. This phrase is particularly effective when the author is making a clear, definitive statement about a topic.
Synonyms for stated include declared, indicated, identified, specified, designated, listed, quantified, defined, stipulated and noted. Find more similar words at ...
Example sentence. Transition words and phrases. Addition. We found that the mixture was effective. Moreover, it appeared to have additional effects we had not predicted. indeed, furthermore, moreover, additionally, and, also, both x and y, not only x but also y, besides x, in fact. Introduction.
Another way to say Stated? Synonyms for Stated (other words and phrases for Stated).
If you're struggling to choose the right words for your essay, don't worry—you've come to the right place! In this article, we've compiled a list of over 300 words and phrases to use in the introduction, body, and conclusion of your essay. Contents: Words to Use in the Essay Introduction. Words to Use in the Body of the Essay.
Synonyms for STATES: countries, nations, commonwealths, kingdoms, republics, provinces, lands, sovranties; Antonyms of STATES: suppresses, stifles, restricts ...
4. That is to say. Usage: "That is" and "that is to say" can be used to add further detail to your explanation, or to be more precise. Example: "Whales are mammals. That is to say, they must breathe air.". 5. To that end. Usage: Use "to that end" or "to this end" in a similar way to "in order to" or "so".
Synonyms for STATE: nation, country, commonwealth, kingdom, land, province, republic, sovereignty; Antonyms of STATE: degradation, debasement, subordination ...
Synonyms for STATED: established, fixed, regular, declared, aforesaid, said, declared, alleged, expressed, maintained, held, asserted, contended, claimed, avowed ...
Synonyms of 'stated' in British English. stated (adjective) in the sense of declared. Synonyms. declared . specified . given. the number of accidents at this spot in a given period . said . ... or tips on writing the perfect college essay, Harper Reference has you covered for all your study needs. February 13, 2020 Read more
STATED - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
Synonyms for STATED in English: declared, specified, given, said, alleged, claimed, described, asserted, designated, affirmed, …
Synonyms for states include conditions, shapes, situations, positions, statuses, outlooks, circumstance, form, kilter and order. Find more similar words at wordhippo.com!
"After 24 years in the Army National Guard, Command Sergeant Major Walz retired from the 1-125th Field Artillery Battalion in 2005," the state website says.
Donald Trump rambled and lied for over an hour without any follow up questions or fact-checking. MSNBC's Lawrence O'Donnell says that while he hopes Vice President Harris answers questions ...
Synonyms for States that. 280 other terms for states that - words and phrases with similar meaning. says that. asserts that. declares that. establishes that. affirms that. proclaims that. says.
The Costs of War Project is a team of 35 scholars, legal experts, human rights practitioners, and physicians, which began its work in 2011. We use research and a public website to facilitate debate about the costs of the post-9/11 wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and Pakistan.
The ex-University of Kentucky student caught on viral video attacking a black student while firing off an arsenal of racist slurs — including the N-word more than 200 times — has pleaded ...
Place one double-spaced blank line between the paper title and the author names. Center author names on their own line. If there are two authors, use the word "and" between authors; if there are three or more authors, place a comma between author names and use the word "and" before the final author name. Cecily J. Sinclair and Adam Gonzaga
We received 509 contributions: 295 Extended Abstracts, 49 Video Submissions, and 165 papers transferred from IEEE RAS journals (RAL, TRO, RAM, TASE). All submissions were screened by the organization committee. We encourage authors of extended abstracts to leverage the opportunity to discuss their work at ICRA@40 to further develop their ...
STATE - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
STATE - Synonyms, related words and examples | Cambridge English Thesaurus
To get started with Copilot in Word, click the Copilot icon in the left margin or press Alt-Ion your keyboard. Howard Wen / IDG The "Draft with Copilot" panel appears over the document.
Today, the smudged fingerprints of colonization still linger on the scientific enterprise. The lingua franca of research is English.Top scientists—those with the most cited papers—disproportionately work in former colonizing nations or in a few former colonies including the United States.