stanford biomedical physics phd

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Biophysics at Stanford

The Biophysics Program at Stanford

The Stanford Biophysics Program is an interdisciplinary, interdepartmental training program leading to the Ph.D. Degree in biophysics. The program centers on understanding biological function in terms of physical and chemical principles. The Program comprises faculty from 16 departments in the Schools of Humanities and Sciences, Medicine, Engineering, and the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Research in the Program involves two overlapping branches of biophysics: the application of physical and chemical principles and methods to solving biological problems, and the development of new methods.

The Biophysics Program aims to train students in quantitative approaches to biological problems, while also developing their perspective in choosing forefront biological problems. A balanced academic program is tailored to the diverse backgrounds of the students. The program requires graduate-level coursework in physical and biological sciences, participation in seminar series, and most importantly achievement of a high level of proficiency in independent research.

Read about some of the departments involved in the Biophysics Program:

• Office of Graduate Education

Biosciences Faculty Database

Stanford Biosciences faculty are world-renowned for tackling some of the world’s most challenging and important problem with creative, high-stakes research.  Our faculty have established a culture of interdisciplinary collaboration that binds the Biosciences together, and are committed to training and mentoring graduate students in their academic and personal development.

Important!  Not all of the programs listed in the dropdown menu below share the same admissions process.  Please visit these links for information about applying to:

• Bioengineering
• Biomedical Physics
• Epidemiology and Clinical Research
• Health Policy

Please note:  the Biosciences Faculty database is a curated sub-database of  profiles.stanford.edu  (also known as the CAP network database).  If your search by faculty member name in the Biosciences Faculty Database does not yield a result, please visit the master database to search for the individual’s master profile:

Search Stanford Biosciences Faculty by one of the following parameters: home program, research interests (key term search), or name. Click "Reset All" to begin a new search.

Rice P&A Undergraduate Resources

Resources for undergraduate physics or astronomy majors at rice.

Stanford Biomedical Physics PhD Program – APPLICATIONS ARE NOW OPEN!

Flyer: 2023-BMP-flyer_v1 The Stanford Biomedical Physics (BMP) PhD Program is now accepting applications! The BMP Program is a PhD training program hosted by the Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology within the Stanford University School of Medicine. The objective of the PhD in BMP is to train students in research focused on technology translatable to clinical medicine, including radiation therapy, image-guided therapy, diagnostic, interventional, and molecular imaging, and disease detection and characterization with molecular diagnostics. Thanks to the efforts of faculty in these departments and the support of department chairs Dr. Quynh Le and the late Dr. Sam Gambhir, we created the BMP program in 2021 to train doctoral students within the world-class research environment at Stanford. In fall 2023 we are soliciting applications for our third class of incoming students. The deadline for new applicants is December 1, 2023 . Admitted students will begin their doctoral studies in fall 2024 taking courses spanning traditional and emerging topics in medical physics as well as performing original research under the mentorship of experts in this evolving discipline. This is the first PhD program at Stanford housed in clinical departments and students will be immersed in a unique translational environment at the intersection of basic and clinical science. We hope this program will be of interest to your university, we have attached a flyer with a summary of the program for you to share with your students. We are looking for talented and motivated students completing or having completed a bachelor’s degree in engineering or physical science. We believe you have many qualified and potentially interested students at your institution and would appreciate your help in spreading the word about Stanford BMP. For more information about the BMP PhD Program visit our website ( https://med.stanford.edu/bmp.html ). If you have additional questions or would like to contact us directly to learn more, please contact us via email at  [email protected] . Thank you for taking the time to read this email, we look forward to having your students join our incoming Class of 2024! Sincerely, Drs. Ennis, Graves, Pitteri, and Spielman BMP Program Directors

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Graduate Admissions

The selection of the Ph.D. students admitted to the Department of Physics is based on an individualized, holistic review of each application, including (but not limited to) the student's academic record, the letters of recommendation, the statement of purpose, past accomplishments, and talent for research in physics. Applicants should keep in mind that attributes such as persistence, enthusiasm, and intellectual creativity can play a significant role in the evaluation of the aptitude of a candidate to graduate school. 

For the 2025-26 application cycle, the General GRE or Physics GRE scores will be accepted but are not a required part of a complete application.  

Applications must be submitted by the middle of December to be considered for the following Autumn Quarter. In January and February of each year, the Physics Department Graduate Admission Committee reviews each application. All applicants will be notified of their admission status by March 1st.

The Physics Department recognizes that the Supreme Court issued a ruling in June 2023 about the consideration of certain types of demographic information as part of an admission review. All applications submitted during upcoming application cycles will be reviewed in conformance with that decision. The Department does not offer a separate program for the M.S. degree, but this degree may be awarded for a portion of the Ph.D. degree work with approval from the Department. Graduate students have opportunities for research in theoretical physics, AMO physics, ultra-fast lasers, particle and nuclear physics, condensed matter physics, quantum information and control, cosmology, astrophysics, and gravitation. Opportunities for research are also available with the faculty at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in the areas of theoretical and experimental particle physics, cosmology and astrophysics, accelerator design, and photon science. In Applied Physics there are opportunities in the areas of theoretical and experimental condensed matter physics, materials research, quantum electronics, and novel imaging technology.

The application deadline for this academic year 2024-25 (2025-26 admissions cycle) is  11:59pm Pacific Standard Time, Monday, December 16, 2024 . The application submission deadline is a hard deadline and no late applications are accepted, no exceptions. We strongly suggest you do not wait until the last day to submit in case you encounter any difficulties.

• Three letters of recommendation, preferably including at least one from a research group.
• Upload one scanned version of your official transcript(s) in the online application (see File Upload Requirements ).   Official transcripts are preferred, however, if obtaining official transcripts is financially burdensome, we will accept unofficial transcripts at the time of application.  For those that are offered admission to our program, we will require submission of official transcripts for accepted students before matriculation.
• The TOEFL exam is required for applicants whose first language is not English. It must be taken within the last two years. The TOEFL is waived for applicants who have recently completed or will complete a Bachelor's degree, or a 2-year Master's program, in the U.S. or in another English-speaking country.  See the  Graduate Admissions GRE/TOEFL FAQ  for detailed information.
• The GRE General and Physics exam scores will be accepted but are not required in the 2025-26 application cycle (2024-25 academic year).

The Department of Physics welcomes graduate applications from individuals with a broad range of life experiences, perspectives, and backgrounds who would contribute to our community of scholars. Review of applications is holistic and individualized, considering each applicant’s academic record and accomplishments, letters of recommendation, and admissions essays in order to understand how an applicant’s life experiences have shaped their past and potential contributions to their field.

The department is interested in understanding and mitigating barriers to access to all of our programs, including barriers based on citizenship status, accessibility, or financial or logistical challenges.  If you are interested in our graduate program but there are barriers that limit your ability to apply given our current procedures, we would appreciate hearing from you.  Please fill out this brief form .  

Not all students have equal access to information on the graduate admission process. The department is interested in helping those who may need additional guidance in applying to graduate programs in Physics. If you are interested in attending a Q&A panel to hear from current graduate students about applying to graduate programs please fill out this form .

https://forms.gle/oY6y9L3dpHQe9XN47

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS

Biomedical Computation Major Program

Main navigation, 2024-25 bmc program requirements.

Computational techniques are now being used to ask and answer fundamental questions in biology and medicine in ways never before possible.

The Biomedical Computation (BMC) major allows students to focus on this exciting interdisciplinary field – the use of advanced computational techniques in biology and medicine.

BMC is an IDP, or interdisciplinary program, with its home in the School of Engineering. Students who major in BMC will gain a rigorous foundation in the many component fields that go into biomedical computation, including computer science, math and statistics, biology, and chemistry. Each student then has the opportunity to pursue one of four tracks most suited to their interests.

Our graduates have gone on to pursue a wide range of paths after graduation. Many of our students have chosen to continue their studies and pursue advanced degrees in various fields, including bioinformatics, bioengineering, or any of the pure biological or computational sciences. We have also had a number of students enroll in medical school or MD/PhD programs. BMC graduates have also ended up in fields a bit farther away from biomedical computation, such as law school, management consulting, and others. BMC gives students a solid foundation in a number of different fields, and students have the ability to pursue a variety of career paths in any of the fields that make up the major.

Find  current  major requirements for this and all other School of Engineering major programs at  Explore Degrees

UG Directors: Prof Russ Altman, Clark S242,  [email protected]  Student Services: Eric Giudice at [email protected]

For instructions on how to declare the BMC major,  jump to the bottom of this page .

Components of BMC

BMC Core:  Math, Science, Engineering Fundamentals, and TIS. Find specific requirements and options in the Bulletin under Engineering majors.

All BMC students begin by building a solid foundation in the component disciplines of biomedical computation. Most of these courses are typically taken during freshman and sophomore year. 

Math: 21 units minimum from the following:

• MATH 19/20/21 or 10 units AP Calculus BC
• CS 103. Mathematical Foundations of Computing
• CS 109 or STATS 116 or MS&E 120/220 or EE 178 or CME 106 or MATH 151
• One additional math course specific to your track; see track/concentration options below

Science: 17 units minimum from the following:

• CHEM 31M or CHEM 31A or 31B General Chemistry, or CHEM 33 Structure & Reactivity
• Biology Core (BIO 82, 83 or 84, 86) or Human Biology Core (HUMBIO 2A, 3A, 4A)
• PHYSICS 41 Mechanics or PHYSICS 43 E&M or PHYSICS 45 Light & Heat

Engineering Fundamentals:

• CS 106A or 106B Programming Methodology or Abstractions
• One additional elective (see track/concentration options below)

Technology in Society (TIS):  One course required from list of SoE approved courses . Note that the course chosen must be on the SoE list the year it is taken.

A total of 42 Engineering Fundamentals and Core/Depth units must be taken, with a minimum 30 units from within the School of Engineering. The core classes only provide 27 engineering units, so the remaining units 3 units of must be taken from within the electives.

Depth Courses: Find specifics in the Bulletin

Track Core:  For the upper division courses in the major, a student must choose between one of the four tracks of BMC:

• Informatics : 
• Simulation : 
• Cellular/Molecular: 
• Organs/Organ Systems: 

Two of the tracks, Informatics and Simulation, put a bit more emphasis on the computational aspects of the discipline, while the other two, Cellular/Molecular and Organs/Organ Systems, provide more depth in biology.

Each of the tracks consists of a core of about three to five courses. These are courses that provide students the core knowledge related to their in-depth area of study. The tracks also have elective requirements, to ensure students gain breadth in upper division courses as well. The entire track portion of BMC is composed of nine to ten courses in total. Lists of electives can be found on the  BMC website .

BMC Research, Writing in the Major, and Capstone Class

Research:  Every BMC student must complete 6 units of directed research under a faculty member. This requirement of research is fairly unique to BMC among majors at Stanford. It allows our students to work on cutting-edge projects as a part of their undergraduate curriculum. This research typically occurs during the junior or senior year, and may be undertaken with faculty members from any School at Stanford. The main requirement is that the student be doing actual, hands-on biomedical computation as a part of the research project. The student must get approval from the BMC Program Directors before undertaking his or her research project.

WIM:  The Writing in the Major requirement gives students an opportunity to learn to effectively communicate ideas in their fields of study. In BMC, there are two ways to satisfy this requirement:

1. Students may fulfill the WIM requirement by writing a ~15 page technical report concurrently with performing the research for the research requirement. This report is in the form of a technical publication about the students work, and is completed under supervision of your research mentor and the School of Engineering writing tutors. For this option, student can either 1) Enroll in least 3 of the 6 research units as CS191W, or 2) enroll in 5 units of research and 1 unit of E199W. 2. Students wishing to satisfy their WIM requirement independently of their research work may enroll in CS 272, or take BIOE 131 to satisfy both WIM and TiS.

Capstone Class:  The BMC Capstone class gives students the chance to take a rigorous course that thoroughly integrates various aspects of biology and computation. This course is typically taken during junior or senior year. Check the Bulletin major page under Engineering for options.

Advising in BMC

There are two types of advisors for the major: an academic advisor and a research advisor. The academic advisor is the person who oversees your path through BMC. In is necessary to have found an academic advisor in order to declare the major. Because BMC is in the School of Engineering, the student’s academic advisor must have an appointment in the School of Engineering. The one major commitment that this advisor makes in BMC that is different from other majors is that, in the case that the BMC student has trouble finding a research mentor, the academic advisor agrees that the student can work in his or her lab to fulfill the BMC research requirement.

The other advisor is the research mentor. Because there is interesting biomedical computation work being done throughout Stanford, not just in the School of Engineering, we place no restrictions as to where within Stanford the faculty mentor conducts his or her research. It is not necessary to have a research advisor at the time of declaring; many of our students do not. It is acceptable for the same faculty member to serve as both the academic and research advisor for a BMC student.

For additional information about the major, and for step-by-step instructions on how to declare, please visit the  BMC website . If you have further questions, please contact the student services admin for the major, Eric Giudice at [email protected] .

Program Options

If I do BMC can I also…

Be Premed? Yes. This requires taking about six additional chemistry, physics, and biology lab courses. While we can offer some advice here, it is important to talk to a premed advisor to cover which additional courses you need to take.

Study abroad? Absolutely! Though the major requirements are many, it is quite possible to go abroad. The earlier you start planning, the easier this will be.

Do an Honor thesis? Yes. You can review the steps to applying and declaring on the Honors in BMC website.

Add an additional major or minor in something else? Yes. While the major is demanding, some students have managed to squeeze in other areas of study as well. Some students have asked about double-majoring or minoring in Computer Science or Biology. It does not make much sense to do so, since the BMC major has a large number of courses from these departments already. BMC majors can tailor their curriculum so that they are quite well trained in either of these disciplines.

Coterm? Absolutely. Stanford offers students the opportunity to study an additional year or so and obtain a coterminal Master’s degree. Many of our students have gone on to coterm in various departments at Stanford. Please contact the department in which you wish to coterm in your junior year – requirements vary from department to department, and this will leave enough time to plan for the application process and the courses you might have to take before enrolling.

Instructions for Declaring BMC as a Major

• Declare in Axess
• Select "Engineering" as your Major
• Select "BMC" as your subplan
• Complete the Declaration webform, found at the How to Declare website
• Student Services will contact students via email within 7-10 business days after submission
• After receiving the advisor email, students should connect with their advisor to discuss the BMC program, review 4-year plans, and obtain their advisor’s electronic signature on the completed BMC Program Sheet
• Complete your program sheet and email to Dr. Altman for review and signature
• If you have any questions or concerns regarding declaring BMC< please reach out to BioE Student Services Officer, Eric Giudice ( [email protected] ).  

Applying to the Medical Engineering and Medical Physics (MEMP) PhD Program

Passionate about the place where science, engineering, and medicine intersect earn a phd grounded in quantitative science or engineering, combined with extensive training in biomedical sciences and clinical practice..

Learn how to apply below, or explore the program further .

Who should apply?

HST thrives when it reflects the community it serves. We encourage students from groups historically underrepresented in STEMM, students with non-traditional academic backgrounds, and students from academic institutions that have not previously sent many students to Harvard and MIT to apply. 

What should I know before I apply?

The HST PhD Admissions Committee values new perspectives, welcoming students from a wide range of disciplines. Successful applicants will have a strong undergraduate background in an engineering discipline or a physical/quantitative science (for example, chemistry, physics, computer science, computational neuroscience).

In response to the challenges of teaching, learning, and assessing academic performance during the global COVID-19 pandemic, HST will take the significant disruptions of the outbreak in 2020 into account when reviewing students’ transcripts and other admissions materials as part of our regular practice of performing individualized, holistic reviews of each applicant.

In particular, as we review applications now and in the future, we will respect decisions regarding the adoption of Pass/No Record (or Credit/No Credit or Pass/Fail) and other grading options during the unprecedented period of COVID-19 disruptions, whether those decisions were made by institutions or by individual students. In addition, we do not accept GRE scores.  We expect that the individual experiences of applicants will richly inform applications and, as such, they will be considered with the entirety of a student’s record.

Ultimately, our goal remains to form graduate student cohorts that are collectively excellent and composed of outstanding individuals who will challenge and support one another.

How can I strengthen my application?

In addition to outstanding undergraduate performance, we look for students who have demonstrated a sustained interest in applications of engineering and physical/quantitative science to biology or medicine through classes, research, or work experience.

Are standardized tests required?

International applicants should review the additional requirements below.  We do not accept GRE or MCAT scores.

What about funding? 

HST MEMP is a fully-funded program. Students in good academic standing receive full financial support - consisting of living expenses, tuition, and health insurance - for the duration of their graduate studies. This support comes from a combination of fellowships, research assistantships, and teaching assistantships. For more detailed information regarding the cost of attendance, including specific costs for tuition and fees, books and supplies, housing and food as well as transportation, please visit the MIT Student Financial Services website .

MEMP PhD students enrolled through MIT can work in the labs of any Harvard or MIT faculty member, including those at the many local institutions affiliated with Harvard and with MIT . 

How do I apply?

All prospective MEMP PhD candidates must apply to HST via MIT.

Candidates who are simultaneously applying for graduate study with one of our partner units at Harvard - the Harvard Biophysics Graduate Program or the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) – may optionally follow these instructions to apply to participate in the MEMP curriculum in conjunction with their PhD at Harvard. This path is appropriate if you have a particular interest in the curriculum of Harvard's interdepartmental Biophysics Program, or if you’re interested in joining the lab of a Harvard SEAS faculty member to work on a SEAS-based project. 

How to apply

Applying to hst's memp phd program via mit.

Ready to take the next step with HST? You’ll submit your application through  MIT’s online application system . Our application will open and a link will be available here on August 1, 2024, for entry in fall 2025. Here’s what we’ll ask for:

1. Statement of objectives

Recommended Length: 800-1200 words

Please give your reasons for wishing to do graduate work in HST. Explain how your background has prepared you for this graduate program. Identify the research area(s) you plan to investigate during your graduate studies, the issues and problems you wish to address, and how HST's program supports your research interests. State your long-term professional goals and specify the unique aspects of the HST program that will help you to accomplish those goals.

• Prepare your Statement of Objectives in whatever format clearly presents your views.
• It is not necessary to name specific professors or labs you might want to join. HST requests that candiates wait to contact professors after applications have been reviewed.
• If applicable, describe any specific academic or research challenges you have overcome. The Admissions Committee will welcome any factors you wish to bring to its attention concerning your academic, research, and work experiences to date .

2. Personal Statement

Recommended Length: 400-800 words

The HST community is composed of individuals who come from a variety of backgrounds, may have faced personal challenges, and serve as leaders in society. Please discuss how your experiences and background inspire you to work for the betterment of your communities. Your response is not limited to, but may discuss, one or more of the following:

• Personal challenges that you may have faced and how they acted to inhibit your scholarly growth; 
• Strategies that you may have found or implemented to cope with challenges in your life or the lives of others;
• How you have fostered justice, equity, diversity, and inclusion in the past, or how you will in the future at HST and beyond

3. Your unofficial transcript(s)

Upload unofficial transcripts or grade reports from any school where you received or expect to receive a degree.

Please do not send official transcripts until you are invited to interview and prompted to submit them. More info here .

4. Letters of recommendation

Ask a minimum of three (and maximum of five) people to submit letters of recommendation on your behalf.

At least two letters should be from people well acquainted with your academic work and research capabilities. Your recommenders must upload their letters online by the application deadline. The letter should be on institutional letterhead and include a legible signature.

5. Resume/CV

The online application will prompt you to upload a resume or CV.

Additional Notes

We do not accept copies of journal articles, certificates, photographs, or any other materials; they will not be reviewed. 

Training programs

MEMP offers optional training programs in Neuroimaging and Bioastronautics . To express your interest, simply choose one of these specializations from the Areas of Research section in your online application. Otherwise, you should select MEMP, with no sub-specialty.

Fee Waivers

Applying to graduate school can present a financial obstacle for many qualified applicants. Application fee waivers are available for US citizens and permanent residents who meet eligibility requirements set by the MIT Office of Graduate Education.  All requests are made through the MIT Office of Graduate Education process. 

Information for applicants to Harvard

Joining hst's memp phd program via harvard.

Are you simultaneously applying for graduate study with one of our partner units at Harvard? If so, you may optionally apply to participate in the MEMP curriculum in conjunction with your PhD at Harvard.

1. In addition to your MIT application (instructions above), submit a full application to either the Harvard School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) or the Program in Biophysics .

2. notify hst of your harvard application..

Upload a PDF copy of your completed Harvard application to your MIT HST graduate application. 

Ideally, Harvard applications should be included with an MIT application and uploaded by our December 1 deadline. If the Harvard application is completed after this for a later Harvard deadline, send a PDF to hst-phd-admissions [at] mit.edu (hst-phd-admissions[at]mit[dot]edu) . 

We will only accept and add Harvard applications until 5 pm (ET) on December 16 . We will not accept or consider joint admission for Harvard applications received after December 16.

Successful applicants to MEMP through Harvard must be accepted by both the Harvard program and HST. Candidates then have three options for enrollment

• Participate in both programs -  accept the offer from Harvard as your primary PhD and degree granting institution and notify HST that you will participate in the j oint program .
• MIT MEMP PhD only - decline the offer from Harvard and accept the MIT HST offer. MIT would be the primary and PhD degree granting institution.
• Harvard PhD only -  accept the offer from Harvard only and decline MIT HST offer for both the primary institution and joint program.

Information for international applicants

Here are a few additional things to consider when applying from abroad.

1. Transcripts  Submit transcripts as described elsewhere for all candidates. Transcripts that do not already include an English version must be accompanied by a certified English translation.

2. English language proficiency You are required to take either the IELTS, Cambridge English or TOEFL exam unless:

• English is your first language;
• You have received a degree from a high school, college, or university where English is the primary language of instruction;
• You are currently enrolled in a degree program where English is the primary language of instruction. 

More information here . 

All applications are evaluated without consideration of nationality or citizenship. Funding offers to admitted candidates are typically the same for domestic and international candidates.

Have Questions?

Please check our  PhD Admissions FAQ .

Still have questions?

Just email the  hst-phd-admissions [at] mit.edu (HST PhD Admissions staff) . We’re here to help.

Key Dates (all Eastern Time)

August 1, 2024 Fall 2025 Applications Open

October 9, 2024, at 12pm* Virtual PhD Admissions Information Session - Register here . The Zoom webinar invitation is sent to all registered participants closer to the time of the event.

November 6, 2024, at 12pm* Virtual PhD Admissions Information Session - Register here . The Zoom webinar invitation is sent to all registered participants closer to the time of the event.

December 1, 2024, at 11:59pm* Deadline for applications via MIT

Mid-January 2025 Promising applicants invited to interview

Late January 2025 Virtual Interviews

Mid-February 2025 Admission decisions released

Early March 2025 Open House for admitted applicants

April 15, 2025 Last day for applicants to declare admission decision

*All times are in ET

• Stanford Biosciences
• Biosci Admin

Biosciences Faculty Database

Stanford Biosciences faculty are world-renowned for tackling some of the world’s most challenging and important problem with creative, high-stakes research.  Our faculty have established a culture of interdisciplinary collaboration that binds the Biosciences together, and are committed to training and mentoring graduate students in their academic and personal development.

Important!  Not all of the programs listed in the dropdown menu below share the same admissions process.  Please visit these links for information about applying to:

• Bioengineering
• Biomedical Physics
• Epidemiology and Clinical Research
• Health Policy

Please note:  the Biosciences Faculty database is a curated sub-database of  profiles.stanford.edu  (also known as the CAP network database).  If your search by faculty member name in the Biosciences Faculty Database does not yield a result, please visit the master database to search for the individual’s master profile:

Search Stanford Biosciences Faculty by one of the following parameters: home program, research interests (key term search), or name. Click "Reset All" to begin a new search.

PhD Students

• Class of 2024/25
• Class of 2023/24
• Class of 2022/23
• Class of 2021/22
• Class of 2020/21
• Class of 2019/20
• Class of 2018/19

Matthew Aguirre

Josiah akilu, stephanie arteaga, suhana bedi, joseph boen, mihir borkar, alejandro buendia, bryan bunning, jordan cahoon, kristy carpenter, jacob chang, maya drusinsky, oana enache, eduardo ‘alejandro’ lozano garcia, checo gonzales, sohaib hassan, rebecca hurwitz, marie huynh, rohan koodli, joshua lazaro, ashley lewis, ivan lopez rodriguez, gautam machiraju, samson mataraso, holly mccann, minh nguyen, perla molina, gowri nayar, selina junyi pi, laura bravo sanchez, maximillian schuessler, jacob silberg, elana simon, min woo sun, akshay swaminathan, rahul thapa, ben viggiano, joseph wakim, maggie wang, betty xiong, christine yeh, jiang yixing, juan manuel zambrano chaves.