10 minute scientific presentation

• AMERICAN SOCIETY OF PLASTIC SURGEONS
• PLASTIC & RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGERY
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The Art of a Scientific Presentation: Tips from Steve Jobs

Horiuchi, Sakura B.S.; Nasser, Jacob S. B.S.; Chung, Kevin C. M.D., M.S.

Washington, D.C.; and Ann Arbor, Mich.

From the George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences; and Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School.

Received for publication April 27, 2021; accepted October 13, 2021.

Disclosure: Dr. Chung receives funding from the National Institutes of Health and book royalties from Wolters Kluwer and Elsevier. The remaining authors have no financial interests to declare .

Kevin C. Chung, M.D., M.S., Comprehensive Hand Center, Michigan Medicine, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 2130 Taubman Center, SPC 5340, Ann Arbor, Mich. 48109-5340, [email protected] , Twitter: @kecchung

Presentations are commonly used to share knowledge in all scientific fields, particularly in medicine, where they play an integral role in medical school and graduate medical education as well as in medical society conferences and continuing medical education activities. Though the use of presentations as learning tools has become universal, how often are they truly effective ? Virtually everyone has experienced the jaw-clenching cringe while suffering through a particularly bad presentation, just as everyone has, one hopes, appreciated the vitality, insight, and inspiration that accompany a carefully constructed, well-delivered presentation. Creating effective presentations is a skill, a form of art, and an engineering process that requires time and practice; it is not an intuitive process.

Effective presentations begin by establishing a clear objective and a rapport with the audience. To be a physician is to be a teacher, and one must diagnose the audience’s needs. It is often helpful to acknowledge the inherent authoritarian structure of presenting, in which the speaker serves as commander and the audience as subordinates receiving the instruction. However, the manner in which the speaker approaches this relationship ultimately impacts the course and effectiveness of the presentation. In and of itself, a presentation simply delivers information; however, an effective presentation goes above and beyond to inspire and empower the audience receiving the message. The late tech titan Steve Jobs, cofounder and former chief executive officer of Apple, Inc., was known for delivering dynamic presentations that ultimately reinforced the success of the company and its products. Though many linked the quality of his presentations to his charisma, Jobs consciously incorporated effective presentation skills throughout his lectures, as described in the book Presentation Secrets of Steve Jobs , 1 many of which are translatable to medical education and highlighted in this article.

Kosslyn et al. conducted an empirical analysis of the psychological principles that underlie presentation flaws and failures, finding that communication principles were violated to a similar extent across different fields. 2 Furthermore, Garner and Alley, 3 and others, 4 , 5 have found that how a presentation is designed has the power to inhibit or support its effectiveness. Nonetheless, there is no recent research that examines the quality and effectiveness of presentations used in the field of medicine. Existing studies shed light on single presentation components, such as color themes or fonts, 6 , 7 but this research does not provide comprehensive guidance to help medical researchers and health care providers develop quality medical presentations.

A poorly constructed presentation detracts from its value. In this article, our goal is to identify strategies for creating effective scientific presentations for medical school lectures, resident lectures, surgical rounds, and medical conferences. We will provide examples specific to plastic surgery to better guide researchers and medical educators in the specialty in developing presentations. The strategies discussed come from the current literature on effective presentation strategies and the experiences of our research team. We aim to establish a comprehensive list to aid in creating a methodical approach for presenters to evaluate their own presentations to ensure a standard of quality and effectiveness.

PREPARATION

Constructing a story.

Creating an effective presentation is like taking a road trip, thus the first step is to create a clear map to your destination—and identify the landmarks you and your audience will pass along the way. A presenter must give clear instructions to the audience, which can be in the format of an outline or a story. Ultimately, one needs to know why this road trip will be worthwhile; in other words, the purpose and impact of the presentation should be clearly expressed.

Simple stories, whether in the form of a metaphor or case presentation, create an organizational framework that makes it easier for the audience to follow along. Creating a narrative—for surgeons, perhaps a story of a challenging case or difficult situation—will help the audience associate new information with preexisting mental representations. Graesser et al. examined whether text genre (i.e., narrative or expository prose) influenced recall of the information presented. 8 The authors found that information presented in the context of a narrative improves memory, as stories were remembered better than expository passages. A study by Wolfe and Mienko examined the effect of prior knowledge as a function of memory and learning in a narrative or expository text genre. 9 They found that prior knowledge related to greater recall of expository texts but not for narrative genre. Subjects with more prior knowledge had better recall of the expository text information and vice versa. 9 In other words, people with a preexisting level of understanding of a topic will remember a presentation better than someone without. Creating associations between a familiar narrative and a complex concept helps the audience learn, independent of their prior level of knowledge.

Identify the “So, What?”

It is necessary for presenters to build on a persuasive argument. The presenter has a duty to explain why the topic matters and why the learner should care. Adult audiences are more stimulated when the “why” is explicit and pertinent to them. An effective means of accomplishing this is to share a “passion statement.” A moment of being vulnerable and sharing the origin of your passion for a topic builds rapport with the audience while striving to inspire them to care about the topic as well. For example, in a presentation focused on global surgical efforts, the presenter may share some of his or her most rewarding and challenging experiences as well as the impact the operations have had on the children treated. Another way to build a persuasive argument is to frame it in a problem-solution model, in which the problem should relate to the audience for the information to be relevant and the presentation should offer a solution. For example, a medical school presentation on carpal tunnel syndrome may focus on teaching students about the pathophysiology and treatment that their parents or grandparents may experience. On the other hand, a presentation at a medical conference may focus on innovative surgical techniques and strategies to improve postoperative outcomes and averting complications. Identifying why the topic is pertinent to the audience early in the talk is one of the first steps in preparing an effective presentation.

CHARACTERISTICS OF AN EFFECTIVE PRESENTATION

Once preparation for a presentation is complete, the next step is to create it. We will focus on identifying strategies for an effective presentation for an audience; however, the skills mentioned can be translated to many other models of information sharing. Table 1 summarizes the various strategies that can be used to create an effective presentation. Microsoft PowerPoint (Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash.) is the most commonly used software to create presentations.

The presentation should include an outline at the introduction of the presentation. Throughout the presentation, the speaker should reference the outline to remind the audience where they are in the presentation narrative. For example, when presenting on a clinical research study, provide a recurrent slide that presents whether you are discussing the background of the project, methods, results, or conclusions. An outline of the presentation describes the general objectives of the talk while serving as a structure on which to build throughout the presentation.

Each presentation slide should have a headline that describes the topic discussed. A headline decreases the cognitive load placed on the audience by identifying the main point. Alley et al. compared the effects of a short phrase headline to a succinct sentence-structured headline on audience retention of a presentation. 10 The authors found that the average score for students viewing the succinct sentence-structured headline was significantly higher. 10 Specifically, a headline should be in a “subject-verb-object” structure using fewer than 140 characters. When presenting a graph or a table that contains a complex topic, the slide’s headline should summarize the take-home point. For example, when presenting a graph on the economic benefit of plastic and reconstructive global surgical trips, the headline could read “Substantial Economic Benefit for Global Surgery Interventions.” The actual economics may be a complex topic for the average audience if they are not economists themselves, but the main point resides in the simple headline.

Consistency

There should be consistency of formatting throughout the presentation and among the different mediums used to present the same information (e.g., slideshow, poster, oral presentation). One simple font should be used throughout the presentation. In addition, the presenter should keep the font size consistent across all headlines, bullet points, diagrams, and tables. Furthermore, background color and design elements, such as the color of the diagrams, should be the same throughout. 11 Color palettes found online can be used to create a theme in the design of the presentation. Margins to the slides should also be aesthetically consistent, as demonstrated in Figure 1 . If the titles or headlines are of varying sizes, an example of inconsistency, the reader may not recognize that sections are related or exhaust time connecting the key points. Consistency decreases distraction and polishes the delivery of the information.

Visual Appeal

Aspects that influence a presentation’s appeal include font, background color, contrast between color of content and background, symmetry, consistency, and more. Goodhand et al. studied the value of posters at medical meetings and found that audience perception of scientific merit correlates with visual appeal. 12 They found that factors increasing visual appeal included their scientific content, pictures/graphs, and limited use of words. 12 Visual appeal consists of many different aspects, which makes it difficult to discuss specifically each detail. Complex concepts can be simplified by creating visual representations, flow charts, and vector diagrams. Resources to consider may be graphics available in Microsoft Word (Microsoft Corp.), The Noun Project (The Noun Project, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.), Lucidchart (Lucid Software, Inc., South Jordan, Utah), or FlatIcon (Freepik Company, Malaga, Spain). Figure 2 demonstrates the use of a SmartArt graphic in Microsoft Word to organize information. However, cartoons or videos could distract the audience from the main purpose of the slide and should be weighed carefully. Spending extra time on aesthetic details such as font, background, symmetry, and consistency will improve the slideshow’s visual appeal and professional tone.

Four Main Points

A presenter should limit each major concept to no more than four main ideas. In 2001, Cowan studied the mental storage capacity for short-term memory and found that humans are able to remember approximately four main points. 13 If there are more than four key ideas, the presenter should separate the information, so it is not all included on the same slides. For example, when introducing a research study, the four main points may consist of briefly naming the author(s), methods, findings, and the study’s impact on the current topic. Other noteworthy aspects of the study could be expanded upon in the next slide(s). Keeping within four main points aims to maximize the efficiency and overall effectiveness of each slide for the presenter and audience.

CONSTRUCTION AND DELIVERY

Word choice.

Word choice is the specific vocabulary used by the speaker to convey a message. Text in the presentation should be kept simple, using as few words as possible. Using complicated, lofty words increases lexical density and inflicts a strain on the audience to decipher the meaning of the message while requiring additional work to follow along. Sainsbury examined the effect of lexical density and visual clarity of slides on presentation interpretations. 14 The study found that the presentations with less lexical density, despite worse visual clarity, led to greater audience fluency. 14 Considering word choice and using less dense language is a strategy to improve audience comprehension.

In 2007, Todd Bishop, a reporter for the Seattle Post Intelligencer , compared word choice between Apple’s Steve Jobs and Microsoft’s Bill Gates by running their presentation transcripts through UsingEnglish.com, a language analyzer. 15 The tool examines the average number of words per sentence, lexical density, average number of words with more than three syllables, and the level of education theoretically needed to understand the text. It was found that across all four categories, Jobs scored better than Gates. 15 He spoke more simply, was less abstract, and used fewer words per sentence. For example, where Jobs would say “improved quality,” Gates would say “discoverability of the richness.” If a message is confusing, abstract, or convoluted, the presenter will lose an opportunity to share his or her knowledge. Similar language analyzers are offered online and through Microsoft Word. Specifically, Microsoft Word will provide readability statistics, a feature found within its Spelling and Grammar tool. Based on readability statistics, a presenter can adjust his or her language to ensure it resonates better with the audience.

Relevancy in Numbers

Effective scientific presentations show the topic’s relevance to the audience. In surgical and medical education, numbers are often used to describe the efficacy of a treatment or epidemiology of a condition. In breaking down the meaning of data and placing it into a familiar context, greater meaning is provided to the audience. For example, when conducting an economic analysis of plastic and reconstructive surgical efforts in the developing world, Nasser et al. found that the lose of approximately 1720 disability-adjusted life years was averted. 16 However, they went further to explain that 1720 disability-adjusted life years were equal to a total economic benefit of $9,795,384, the same as $12,957 per patient. 16 As a listener, it may be difficult to comprehend the impact of 1720 disability-adjusted life years without further context, but each audience member can visualize what an extra $13,000 could amount to in their own lives. People are more familiar with the concept of currency than disability-adjusted life years; therefore, placing the numbers in a tangible context enhances understanding and creates a greater impact on the audience.

10-Minute Rule

The 10-Minute Rule states that after 10 minutes, the audience will begin to mentally “check out” or naturally lose focus and interest. Thus, every 10 minutes the presenter should change the pace, welcome questions, or add an energizing moment. This can be in the form of sharing a joke or anecdote (these should be relevant, brief, and appropriate), posing a question to the audience, playing a video (which should always be embedded within the presentation to avoid wasting time and creating distractions), or introducing a demonstration. Tanveer et al. studied how narrative trajectories influence audience perception by analyzing the transcripts of more than 2000 TED talks. 17 They found that variations in the narratives were important to hold the motivation and attention of the audience, and presentations without variations were more likely to receive lower ratings. 17 It is common for a presenter to begin and end a presentation without a break or change in pace, but the 10-minute rule is an objective marker presenters can use to avoid delivering a monologue presentation.

Demonstrations/Props

Using demonstrations and props, such as sharing a video of an operative technique, using an anatomical model to discuss specific physiology, or bringing a tool or technology relevant to the topic, is a way to increase engagement in a presentation. For example, Atherton et al. described the use of the Aurasma application, formerly available in the iTunes App Store and Google Play Store, which connected anyone with the app to three-dimensional medical models via QR code. 18 The presenter could create a demonstration of a surgical technique via Aurasma, and the audience was able to view the demonstration from a presentation on their personal smart devices. 18 Demonstrations and props are strategies to keep in mind for the 10-minute rule. Scientific presentations rely heavily on auditory and visual learning, so props offer an alternative way of learning, kinesthetic learning. Although it may be difficult to incorporate props into every presentation, especially as online-based presentations become more popular, apps such as Aurasma may be a useful tool.

Video Clips

Procedures in surgical education can be described through text and pictures, but utilizing a short video clip to demonstrate a procedure enhances the presentation and further reinforces the prior information. Vara et al. described their experiences using the GoPro HERO systems (GoPro, Inc., San Mateo, Calif.) to record video of hand and upper extremity procedures as a technique to capture, analyze, and share surgical experiences. 19 Video clips incorporate motion into a presentation and may help convey complex visual-spatial topics while offering the presenter a moment to share the spotlight and an opportunity to take a break. Nonetheless, it is important to ensure that videos are of reasonable length, as this can influence likability of a video or presentation. 20 Embedding the video into your presentation, rather than switching applications, may save time and make the transition more comfortable for the audience.

Sharing the Spotlight

Sharing the spotlight means incorporating others into a presentation rather than a speaker delivering a monologue. Sharing the spotlight can take the form of simply acknowledging and thanking other team members, or presenters may include guest speakers or specialists in a lecture to share their knowledge. Steve Jobs would often share the spotlight by inviting famous people, such as musician John Mayer, or even a doppelgänger to lead a demonstration. 1 A benefit of online meeting platforms, such as Zoom (Zoom Video Communications, San Jose, Calif.) or Webex (Cisco Systems, Inc., Milpitas, Calif.), is that they make it is easier for special guest speakers to join remotely for a portion of the talk. In addition, testimonials from experts or patients are a way of sharing the spotlight in scientific presentations and offer an engaging opportunity to create a memorable moment.

REFINING THE PRESENTATION

After the presentation has been physically created, rehearsal is critical. As in a theatre rehearsal, there should be a script, costume, and many practices. A script should direct the presenter in how to discuss the information on the slide. Ultimately, with practice, the presenter should not rely on the script during the presentation but should keep a copy in a pocket only to use as a last resort. The comfort of having this security blanket invariably puts the speaker at rest. A presenter should not read every single word on the slide verbatim, but rather explain and verbally bring the information to life. It is essential that the presenter practice the entire presentation, preferably recording the rehearsal to assess body language, verbal fillers, and subconscious nervous habits. Feelings of nervousness and anxiety about public speaking are common.

Hansen et al. provide information on techniques for delivering effective lectures to ensure that surgeons speak as well as they operate. 21 The authors describe the importance of understanding and acknowledging that everyone experiences a level of anxiety when presenting. 21 Physicians are taught to anticipate complications related to a procedure or condition, thus an effective presenter will also learn to anticipate certain traits, such as speaking too fast, anxiety, and nervousness. Acknowledging the humanity in those emotions and practicing using the techniques described will decrease nervousness, boost confidence, and enhance the effectiveness of the presentation.

The presenter should dress to match the expected professional role he or she is representing. Some say dress for success, but perhaps a better takeaway is to never be underdressed. This is not to say that every presenter should wear the most formal attire, but rather to consider the conscious and subconscious effect a speaker’s outfit may have on the audience’s perception of the presenter. As in scientific posters, those who look sharp are taken more seriously. Feeling confident in an outfit may also translate to greater self-assuredness on the stage. Ruetzler et al. performed a conjoint analysis of personal presentation attributes and found that grooming and professional attire were most notable in shaping favorable perceptions. 22 Furthermore, Keegan and Bannister studied the effect of color-coordinated attire with poster presentation popularity. 23 They found a significantly higher number of visitors for posters of presenters with coordinated rather than clashing attire. 23 The two studies suggest that there are benefits to dressing professionally, and that attire does affect how the presentation is received.

CONCLUSIONS

After the hard work of preparing, constructing, and refining a presentation, the final ingredient for delivering an effective presentation is personality: sprinkle in jokes and anecdotes while demonstrating both confidence and humility throughout to make the presentation representative of the presenter. Creating the presentation should be fun; if the presenter does not enjoy the presentation, there is no way the audience will either. Humor and stories should be kept professional relative to the level of the presentation but should still aim to keep the audience engaged with light and relatable moments. The skills highlighted in this article will help presenters create effective scientific presentations. Furthermore, future research identifying the strengths and weaknesses in plastic surgery presentations can help improve the quality of the presentations in the field.

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10 tips for the 10-minute conference presentation

July 21, 2016

By Elizabeth Saewyc

You’ve spent months on your research, but have only 10 minutes to present it to the world. Yikes! But, fear not! There are some easy, practical ways to make it memorable.

In a striking back-to-back comparison showcased in the video below, I give a standard 10-minute research talk riddled with features that characterize too many dry scientific presentations. You’ll nod your head as you recognize them from your own and colleagues’ past efforts. Then watch, as I transform the same material in a subsequent presentation that showcases the potential of strong science communication to bring research alive with a little preparation. And no, we’re not talking about animating your slide deck. This is about the power of words to truly communicate research.

RESEARCH TOOLBOX; 10 Tips for a Dynamic 10-Minute Conference Presentation from UBC Nursing .

My top 10 tips are:

• Aside from the “I have nothing to disclose” statement, don’t start by thanking by name all the people on your first slide (your co-authors). Instead, say good morning or good afternoon, whichever is relevant, then start your presentation with a bit of dramatic statement – either the scope of the issue, something people don’t normally think of, something that sounds contrary to what people normally believe but hints at your results, or at least makes it clear why this research was needed. It’s a way of being compelling and catching attention, it projects confidence and draws people in. Not humour, though, that’s hard to pull off.
• The slides should illustrate your presentation points, not be your presentation. They should have no more than 3-4 points per slide, in phrases, not sentences, and no more than two lines per point (preferably one). Use bar charts or graphs or pictures where you can, with limited words.
• Don’t read the slides, make the points with slightly different words, and expand on them a bit.
• Speak slowly, way, way slower than you think you need to – we will always talk faster during a public speaking situation, so it’s important to speak slowly and clearly, especially since there will be people who have English as a second language in the audience, and are likely jet-lagged. Most of us speak at 120 words a minute, so that means, for a 10 minute presentation 1200 words max. Write out your script so that you have exactly those many words—the minute you digress, you run over time.
• Don’t be afraid to make a short statement with a bar chart or table on the slide, like “As you can see from this table, Southeast Asian girls reported poorer mental health than boys,” and then fall silent for a bit, letting people absorb the info before you switch to the next slide (this can heighten the drama/attention, and makes you look very polished and confident–even if you’re counting in your head how long to wait before you switch the slide and speak again!).
• Never, ever say, “okay, I know you can’t read this, but…” If it’s unreadable, too many lines, too small font, or too busy a table or figure, do not include it . Come up with a different way to convey the key points, because the minute you apologize for your slide, you’ve lost them.
• Avoid swooping transitions, nifty animations, cutesy cartoon graphics, and wild shifts of colour or font; anything that might make your audience seasick or dizzy won’t win you respect or attention.
• Remember to put in the “so what?” conclusion, or a concrete couple of clinical implications–or go back to your dramatic opening statement and bring it into the ending. If you’ve paced yourself with your 1200 words or fewer, you’ll have time to give the final punchline of what we should do now, or what we know now, because of this work.
• Say thank you! But don’t say, “I’d like to thank my supervisor, my committee, my colleagues, my family, my carpool, my dog…” and don’t mention the funding source, even if it’s listed on your last slide as an acknowledgment. Leave it for people to read during questions.
• Wear something bright red–a scarf, a tie, a blouse, a pocket handkerchief, a jacket, a dress; it draws the eye, enhances their alertness, and will help people find you afterwards to tell you what a fabulous job you did on your presentation, and what they liked about your study, or ask another question about it.

 About Elizabeth Saewyc

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In case you can’t log in or forgot the login password, please reset your extender by holding down the reset button for 10 seconds. All the settings will change and set back to default.

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To acesss the router admin login page, you need to type the default P Address in the URL field to login, After login can make changes and setup easily.

Do you have any errors with your orbi device? Are you facing Orbi Firmware Update Error? Resolve this error quickly with the help of our skilled technicians. They will resolve this error within minimum time. To know more visit our website Orbi Helpline or call us at USA/Canada: +1-855-869-7373.

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Rockspace WiFi extenders are one of the finest products offered by Rockspace to enhance the signal strength of your routers. For that, however, you need to properly configure your Rockspace WiFi extender.

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The WPS button is one way to set up your Wavlink WiFi extender. After pressing the WPS button, gently press it on the router. Next, press the WPS button on the extender. This will take approximately 2 minutes. The signal LED will turn solid blue. This means that the WPS connection has been established successfully. The Wavlink extender wizard can be used to set it up. This can be accessed via the default gateway or the IP address. If you have any questions, don’t hesitate and contact our tech support team.

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Changing the local password for a re.rockspace.local interface is a prominent method to secure your range extender. A user has to assign a unique login password to prevent unauthorized entry into its web interface. You can change the password either through a mobile device using the Tether app or may do it through a computer using the re.rockspace.local interface. A user has to make sure he has downloaded the Tether app to remotely control the range extender.

New models of ASUS routers are also capable of being converted into a Repeater mode. In Repeater mode, a router connects to an existing network, repeats the Wi-fi signals back and forth to extend its wireless coverage. The LAN IP address of an ASUS router will get changed after being converted into a repeater. You have to download or install the Device Discovery Utility to find the IP address of your router. Using the IP address, you can also interact with the web interface of the router.asus.com window.

Routerlogin.net is owned and operated by a company Netgear Inc. ,which is the multinational networking company based in the United States. Routerlogin.net is a gateway in order to manage and operate our Netgear wireless router services. It should be noted that Routerlogin.net will only work if we are connected to the Netgear router using Ethernet cable or wireless connection.

Wifi.wavlink.com with a web interface of the Wavlink extender can easily configure and manage the extender.The web based management window can be used in Windows or Macintosh using. A Web Browser.It does not require any active internet connection. The extender must be connected to the computer to allow a user to connect to the wifi.wavlink.com.

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Dlinkap.local is the local web address that is used to access the set up wizard and complete the configuration of dlink extender. We can access the dlinkap.local set up page to extend our home network, to configure and change the settings like wireless security settings, admin log in credentials, fix parental controls and more from the connected device. In simple words, using Dlinkap.local we can access the set up wizard.

Sometimes a user fails in the login process which becomes a severe issue for a user. Make sure you are using the approved browser while interacting with the ap.setup management window. A user must use browsers such as Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Apple Safari, and Google Chrome. Use the approved browser to resolve the login issue. Even if the issue doesn’t get resolved, close the browser, reboot the device, and then try the login process again.

During the manual method of Firmware update, a user has to visit the Download center of ASUS to install the latest firmware for the router. You can also download the latest software or user manuals from the ASUS Download center. Make sure to keep the downloaded firmware file in an extracted form. You can extract a zip format file with the help of a Windows extractor or WINRAR. An extracted firmware file gives convenience to users during the upload process of the router.asus.com interface.

Dlinkrouter.local is the default URL to login dlink routers through web. It is the admin page for dlink router setup. Most of the Dlink routers are configured with this Dlink router web addresses that takes one directly to the log in window when one enters it in a web browser.

Setup.ampedwireless. com is a web page for router set up. Amped extenders are the efficient devices to let the routers gain the proficient speed from the network sources. There are a range of extenders provided by the Amped to its users throughout the world including Amped Wireless REC 10 setup, AMPED SR10000,AMPED AC 2600 and many more.

Any changes in the Wireless settings of a Tp-link range extender could be done through the Tether app using a mobile device. To change the network name, you first need to login to the Tp-link range extender on the Tether app then from the main screen click on the Extended network tab and change the SSID name as you want. A user must keep one thing in mind while configuring the Wireless settings the Wireless password of the tplinkrepeater.net network should same as the host network.

Frequently changing the password is usually recommended to users for the safety and security of the linksyssmartwifi.com network. With the help of a Linksys app, now a user can change the router’s password and perform any settings with the Linksys router remotely without any computer. All you have to make sure of is that you have registered in the Linksys account that will allow you to access the interface of the Linksys app.

Smart Connect feature is recommended to robust the gaming speed and the other operations running on the tplinkwifi.net network. The Smart Connect feature automatically switches to the faster frequency band removing the risk of sudden disconnection or latency during the download process. During the configuration, a user has to make sure that he assigns the same Network name to both the 2.4 GHz and 5GHz frequency bands.

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You can use the default gateway Tplinkrepeater.net to access the Tplink extender. The default IP address can also be used as an alternative here. Just make sure that you are using a compatible browser only. Also, the internet connection should be smooth and stable. Get more help with the login as well as the setup process by getting in touch with our team of experts in the end.

Frequently changing the password is usually recommended to users for the safety and security of the linksyssmartwifi.com network. With the help of a Linksys app, now a user can change the router’s password and perform any settings with the Linksys router remotely without any computer. All you have to make sure is that you have registered in the Linksys account that will allow you to access the interface of the Linksys app.

Myrouter.local is a web page of linksys router. Using this portal one can access linksys router. One can also be able to do advanced settings of the linksys router. If one wants to log in to the linksys router, one need to use myrouter.local.192.168.1.1 as a log in address. This way one can access the linksys router.

Try to switch to another browser or close the browser and launch it again when you are unable to access the routerlogin.net window of a Netgear router. Sometimes a browser is facing traffic during a particular time which may be a reason that you are unable to access the web interface of the Netgear router. You can also try to delete the cache and downloaded history of a browser to resolve the routerlogin.net issue. New users can take the help of the online manual guide available on the official support website of Netgear.

To access tplinkwifi.net, your device must be connected to TP-Link Router’s network. Please check your network connection and try again.

To help you, we will explain the features and functions of the Orbi router. If you have problems blocking access to the router, visit orbilogin.com. We can help you install your orbilogin.com router and fix and fix problems with your Orbi router. Give us a chance

Routerlogin.net allows you to configure Netgear routers. The web address www routerlogin was not specified. All you have to do to log in to the configuration page is enter the correct username / password.

Orbilogin.com can also be used to route Orbilogin.com. Netgear Orbilogin.com allows users to connect to Orbi network devices at any time via the web interface. You can connect to your home network Orbi WiFi. Works on satellites and routers. Orbi routers and Orbi satellites.

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Routerlogin.net allows you to configure Netgear routers. The web address www routerlogin is not resolved. All you have to do to log in to the configuration page is enter the correct username / password.

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Orbilogin.com offers the best help for routers and extenders. If you have trouble configuring the router to work on your network, you don’t have to worry. Experts can help you.

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The Tplinklogin process helps in accessing the web interface of the Tplink device. Make sure that you open a compatible browser only. Fill in the default gateway and press Enter. You can then fill in the default login credentials and press the login button. Chat with our experts now using the toll-free number given. You can also take help from the website.

The Routerlogin process helps in accessing the web interface of the Netgear Router. You can fill in the login credentials after opening any compatible browser. Chat with our experts now via the toll-free number if you wish to have more details about the login process. You can go through our website to gain more insights into the login process.

You can perform the Routerlogin process to access the web -interface of the Netgear router anytime. Just ensure that you are using only a compatible browser. You can change the default username, and password and can even update the firmware of the router anytime. Get in touch with our team at the end via the toll-free number given.

The Tplinklogin process helps in accessing the web interface of the TP-Link router anytime. You can configure the various advanced settings of the router and can change them anytime you wish once you access the login page. Want more information on the router login and setup process? Feel free to chat with our technicians at the end via the toll-free number.

Myrouter.local is pleasing for accessing the web admin page and configuring the settings of the wireless router .This Web address is generally used for Netgear and linksys router’s several models. The Myrouter local 192.168.1.1. relatively enables us to access the web interface page of many internet devices.

Orbi firmware update failure message can also bother you if you are running various background processes on your PC while updating your device.

Myrouter.local is the default web deal used to engage with the web control window of linksys router. It is utilized to engage with the various capabilities and settings of the router. A consumer has to apply this web cope to go to the web software window of the linksys router.

Using the Transmission Power Control option, a user can enhance the wireless coverage of a Netgear router. The maximum unit that you can assign to a router is 100%. By enhancing the home coverage, you can connect to the device which lies in the outer coverage area of the network. If you want to save power consumption, while utilize the Wi-Fi, you can lower the transmission power of your device. A user can access the Transmission Power Control option using the Wireless tab of the routerlogin.net web menu Dashboard.

The login process of the Rockspace range extender plays a vital role in allowing a user to interact and manage the device using its web menu Dashboard. Without the correct login credentials, no user can access the re.rockspace.local homepage of the range extender. A user should only give the login credentials to the trusted users because it may degrade the security level of your range extender.

To access dlinkrouter.local, we should have the proper internet connection from an Internet Service Provider. We should also have a computer or laptop to set up Dlink Wifi router. Dlink router set up wizard GUI might be black, orange or white and blue in color. The internet Modem must be in working condition.

Netgear Orbi login was designed by the experts so as to extend the networks to the far corners of the house ,so that house is completely blanketed by the internet connectivity. Once we log in to the Orbilogin.com we will be able to experience the Wireless connectivity Unlike how we ever experienced it. During the Orbi set up process,the Orbi satellite’s ring will turn to the following colours, the first light solid white,pulse white and finally pulse magenta colour.

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While configuring the basic wireless settings of the linksyssmartwifi.com you need to make sure that the wireless network is not vulnerable to other networks. You also need to keep one thing in mind that the devices connected to your network get immediately disconnected once you finish the wireless configuration process. If you want to escalate the security of a wireless network, select the “Hide the SSID” option to create a hidden wireless network of your router.

Routerlogin.net is a web address that log into our Wi-Fi router and also configures its settings as per our preferences. To access the router Login.net we should set up our web interface of our router and start any web address on our device. We have variety of choices between Chrome, Firefox, IE , EDGE and SAFARI.

For your network security, we suggest that you create a new Wi-Fi password if you use the extender mode. As for the setup of password, please refer to “Notes”

ap.setup: Some routers enable us to set up the extender as a wireless access point or wireless extender to increase your wireless coverage. Its main purpose is to produce a wireless network. We should always keep in mind that when an extender becomes an access point, it wills Lowell router functions like port forwarding and DHCP server.

Dlink routers have a Dlink setup wizard that guides you through the whole router setting process. To set up a Dlink router, follow a few simple steps and then use the setup wizard to make more modifications. The router provides you with the Wi-Fi coverage you need in your home and workplace. The next article will assist you in comprehending the entire ‘Dlink router setup‘ procedure.

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Need something better to increase your internet speed? You don’t have to worry anymore. Netgear offers you the most powerful Orbi router with several advanced features. This will allow you to easily do the Netgear Orbi login without any hassle. It has high security and parental control which makes browsing safe for your kids. Here you can find more detailed information, such as how to access orbilogin.com or orbilogin.net? You can also learn the setup process with orbilogin.com like the Orbi app. You can then troubleshoot using the troubleshooting steps and update the router’s firmware.

If you come across any issues or problems with your routers, kindly get in touch with the routerlogin support team. The support team will help you with a prompt resolution and fix your issue within a jiffy. If you also want to get your new router set up and installed, kindly reach out to our router login support team.

For iRobot login, make sure you download and install the iRobot Home app on your smartphone. Once you download, open the iRobot Home app on your device and add your new device to the app. Now, you need to create iRobot login credentials so that you can easily login to the device in the future by using the login credentials.

An Orbi Wi-Fi router is more than enough for your entire home it provides a Wi-Fi network to all the sides of your home. You no need to move around or change the password of your Orbi Wi-Fi router. The name of the user is admin and the default password of the admin is password. The password and the user name are always case-sensitive.

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Myrouter.local is a default web address that is used for interacting with a router’s web management window. It is also used for interacting with different settings and features of a router. It is actually a web page of Linksys router. So, by using this portal we can easily access the Linksys router also.

Re.rockspace.local is a default web page that is used to interact and set up the process of extender. They are generally used in the places where the signals become weak. It actually acts as a repeater to boost the signal and fend off it from a dead zone area.

A default gateway address is needed to set up dlinkrouter.local. It is actually the web domain for the Dlink routers that enables us to enter into the 192.168.0 1. It is actually an inbuilt web address and shipped with the router itself. This is also important that before we connect to the Dlinkrouter.local to the internet, we need to configure how we can connect to it.

The Orbilogin.com WiFi system from the Netgear offers a fast and reliable without any dead zones.The system arrives with the default Username and Password out of the box. The default Orbi password is typical admin of Username and password for the password. It should always be remembered that Orbilogin.com makes it easy to set up and manage our Wifi router.We just have to connect the mobile to the Orbi Wifi network and the app will walk us throughout.Once connected we can manage our connected devices,run a quick internet speed test ,pause internet,set up Circle,Smart parental controls and much more.

To learn most of the settings of a Linksys router, a user needs to know the local interface of his device. To make any changes within the router, users are advised to do it using the local linksyssmartwifi.com interface through a browser. If a user is facing any issue while accessing the router’s interface, it might be the reason that the IP address of the device might get changed.

To access Routerlogin.net or routerlogin.com, our device must be connected to our NETGEAR router’s Wi-Fi network .The default Wi-Fi settings are located at the back of our NETGEAR router. Open the web browser and type 192.168.1.1 or routerlogin.net. Then enter the Username and Password. We will then be logged into the NETGEAR router.

A user who log in to the Wifi.wavlink.com can only make changes in the settings of the feature of the device. There can be lot of reasons because of which user can faces failure in log in issues. We should always contact the support team if we face any type of configuration issue.

Dlinkrouter.local is a web address to install, link and set up Dlink routers .Now a days , Dlink routers are the most popular and demanding routers in the market. We can access and configure the wireless Dlink router by using Dlinkrouter.local. To gain access the Dlink router we must know the Dlinkrouter.local. We must know the Dlink is actually a manufacturer which provides its customers with the most efficient and high quality routers in the market.

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For Netgear router login, connect your PC to the Netgear router’s network and enter the login address routerlogin.net in the address bar. After that, you will see the Netgear router login page prompting you to put down the username and password of your router. Enter the details and click the Login button.

The Arris modem login can be executed with the help of the 192.168.0.1 IP address. Put down the IP in the web browser and you will see the Arris modem login page. The page will prompt you to enter the username and password. After that, click on the Login button and you will be logged into the Arris modem.

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Please follow these steps to access the orbilogin.com: Open your web browser. Enter orbilogin.com in the address bar and press Enter. Open a different web browser. Enter orbilogin.com in the address bar and press Enter. Log into orbilogin.com using the same email and password in both browsers.

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Amped wireless devices can be managed using setup.ampedwireless.com. This blog accurately explains the process and can help users understand it in easy words. Really liked the layout. Please keep posting.

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The default username for Netgear Orbi is admin. The default password is password. Enter your username and password and press “Enter” to display the router’s configuration panel.

Want to know how we orbi login page. then remember some basic steps: open any web browser on any device like computer or laptop. write orbilogin.com. A login page appears on your screen. After filling out some required information like username and password. The user name is admin and The default password is password . The user name and password are always case-sensitive .

Power on your Orbi router.Find the “Reset” button on your Orbi. This is a small hole on the back of your router, near the bottom of the device.Hold a flattened paperclip, toothpick, or thumbtack and press and hold the reset button for at least 7 seconds.

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The routerlogin.net default portal helps you navigate through the login page and access many of your router’s wireless settings. You can configure your router and change these advanced settings as needed, as long as you are connected to the router’s network. If you think it doesn’t work, you can choose the default IP address or the Nighthawk app. In this blog, let’s get more information about routerlogin.net and several ways to fix it is not accepted.

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For simplisafe.com login, you can use a PC. Your PC should be connected to a WiFi network your Simplisafe device as well. Open a web browser on your computer and type simplisafe.com in the address bar. You will navigate to the My Account login page. Enter the username and password to login to the account.

Issues with the default web address myrouter.local can be hard to tackle. Ensure you troubleshoot the issues in the first go always. Follow the easy troubleshooting steps available in the Linksys router troubleshooting guide online. Find easy tips you can follow to ward off issues and make your internet experience truly seamless.

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Myrouter.local is a default command that is used to access the web interface of linksys router and that is used to update the settings of linksys device. It is also advised that we should use myrouter.local, as it is easy to remember and use than the default gateway.

System Time is the time displayed in your ASUS router that is utilised during the time-based control features like Parental control, Access Schedule, Remote Management, etc. To make sure that you are having the correct time, a user has to check that the Time zone is set correctly in the router.asus.com interface or not. You can configure System Time through the Time Settings tab of the ASUS router.

Re.rockspace.local is not like the old routers. They basically helos in taking out the dead spots in our work environment. Can without a much of stretch can connect the extender with the current network. It has the best class show structure. It comprises of numerous highlights that makes this extender novel.

During the installation process, make sure you are using an Ethernet cable to connect the computer to a Dlink router. You can connect to the Dlink setup Wizard by typing dlinkrouter.local in the address bar of a browser. For the first time, you can use the default login credentials to visit the Basic Homepage of a Dlink router. Make sure you are connected to the Internet during the setup process.

Orbilogin.com is a third independent party service provider, giving the information and troubleshooting steps for technical issues related to Netgear Orbi devices.The default gateway IP address of our Orbi is 192.168.1.1.The Orbi makes it easy to set up and manage our Wifi router.We just have to connect our mobile device to Orbi’s Wifi network and the app will walk us through the rest.Once set up, we can manage our connected devices, run a quick internet speed test,pause internet,set up circle,Smart parental controls and much more.

Usually, people are using Dlinkap.local because; it is one of the most convenient routers that execute several functions of a wireless access point. In order to connect a D link wireless router to computer, we can configure it in just some minutes and once we have arranged the Dlinkap.local router and set it up , after that our Wi-Fi connection will be set up and we will be able to connect to the internet through our Dlink router.

If you forget the default IP address of a Linksys router, you can type linksyssmartwifi.com in the address bar of a browser to interact with its local interface. The default IP address of the Linksys router is 192.168.1.1. You can even access the IP address of a Linksys router through the Status tab from the web menu Dashboard of your device. A user can change the IP address to a desired numeric by using the web interface of the router.

While playing online games, streaming, and using videoconferencing applications, users are advised to activate the default DMZ server feature. It helps in providing the Network Address Translation which is programmed to recognize some applications and helps in working appropriately with them. You can activate and deactivate the DMZ server using the routerlogin.net management window of a Netgear router.

Wifi.wavlink.com has the authority to provide its users with access to wavlink log in and set up page and manage the Wavlink extender. To access the Wifi.wavlink.com page , we need to connect our extender to the router and wifi enabled device through an ethernet cable.

To improve the wireless speed of the tplinkrepeater.net network, a user must keep three things in mind that you must keep the range extender in the best location. You must configure the range extender to an optimum level and you must upgrade the device regularly to deliver the best performance. Users are recommended to connect the range extender to a router using the wired connection. The easiest method of connecting the range extender to the router is the WPS (Wifi Protected Setup) connection.

A wireless security password of a network could be changed by the router’s interface. To interact with the Dlink router’s interface, you need to have access to the login credentials. From the web menu Dashboard, click Wireless then go to the Wireless settings tab to make changes in the password of a Dlink router. No user can access the dlinkrouter.local web interface without the approval of the administrator or correct login credentials.

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• CAREER GUIDE
• 19 December 2018

How to give a great scientific talk

• Nic Fleming 0

Nic Fleming is a freelance science writer based in Bristol, United Kingdom.

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

You have full access to this article via your institution.

Credit: Haykirdi/Getty Images

“It was horrific,” says Eileen Courtney. “I was just a bundle of nerves. I wasn’t able to eat for the whole of the previous day. That’s when I realized I needed to get over my fear of public speaking.”

Courtney is a third year PhD candidate studying interactions between metals and two-dimensional semiconducting materials at the University of Limerick, in the Republic of Ireland. Her moment of revelation came as she contemplated presenting her research at the Microscience Microscopy Congress in Manchester, United Kingdom, in July 2017.

The gut-punch feeling of dread that the prospect of being on stage can trigger will be familiar to many early-career scientists. It could be induced by an invitation to an international conference, an academic group meeting or a public engagement event. Or it might be caused by an all-important presentation as part of an interview process.

Although the audiences and goals of a talk may differ, the skills and techniques required to pull it off are similar. So what differentiates a good presentation from a bad one? How can you up your game in front of the lectern? And is being able to impress an audience really all that important?

The answer to that last question is an emphatic yes, says Susan McConnell, a neurobiologist at Stanford University, in California, who has been giving talks on giving talks for more than a decade. “The whole point of doing science is to be able to communicate it to others,” says McConnell. “Whether it is to our close colleagues, other scientists with a general interest in our area or to non-scientists, clarity of communication is essential.”

Engage like a champ

Great public speaking skills are not sufficient for good presenting, but they help. In August, Ramona J. Smith, a high-school teacher from Houston, Texas, was crowned Toastmasters 2018 World Champion of Public Speaking.

These are her top 10 tips, which she plans to outline in more detail in a forthcoming e-book.

1 Be yourself:  people relate to and connect with authenticity.

2 Prepare, practice and perfect: get rid of those crutch words, like ‘um’ and ‘you know’.

3 Describe what you’re telling us: use vivid words to help the audience paint a picture.

4 Vocal variety: change up your tone, volume and pitch to keep the audience engaged.

5 Study the greats:  watch what really great speakers do.

6 Get feedback:  a practice audience can help you get the bugs out.

7 Appearance: if you look good, you’ll feel good, which will help you give a great speech.

8 Pauses: they give the audience time to think, and help them engage.

9 Body language:  use gestures and make use of the space to help deliver your message.

10 Be confident: use your face, body language and stance to own the stage.

Not all researchers recognize the value of taking time out of the lab to tell colleagues about their work. “Some have this idea that if you're spending time giving a talk, you're spending time on marketing which could be better spent doing science,” says Dave Rubenson, co-founder of Los Angeles-based nobadslides.com, a company that provides courses on giving effective slide presentations. “In fact the process of creating a compelling talk and getting your audience to understand it improves both your understanding and theirs, and is central to science itself.” On top of this, Rubenson says, presenting at conferences is a great way to attract the collaborators who can help you break new ground and advance in your career, but only if those listening understand what they’re being shown.

Nature Events Guide 2019

A good place to begin is in your audience’s shoes. They need to know early on why they should care about what you’re saying. What is the ‘story’ at the heart of your presentation? Creating a concise summary of your talk, upon which you can add complexity, is a better starting point than pondering which of your file of 500 slides you can leave out, Rubenson says.

Presenters often fail because they try to deliver too much complex information. Language and content, normally, has to be designed with the non-specialist scientist in mind. “You have to think about the least knowledgeable person in your audience that you care about reaching,” says Rubenson.

Another common mistake is the use of slides as ‘data dumps’. Remember those times you’ve squinted at overly-busy slides packed with eight small graphs and wondered why the presenter mentions only one? Keep that in mind when designing your own slides. Animation software that lets you add information to slides as you talk about it can help.

Above all, it is important to maintain the focus of your audience.

Conquer nerves

Credit: Institute of Physics

Different methods work for different people. Here are Eileen Courtney’s tips for keeping calm at the lectern.

1 Practice in an environment similar to the one in which you will give your talk.

2 Memorize key sentences within an outline, rather than learning it word for word.

3 Ensure you are within the time limit, so the clock is one less thing to worry about.

4 Wear something professional-looking and comfortable, not a new outfit.

5 Avoid overeating and limit coffee intake on the day itself.

You can help to prevent wandering minds by including summary slides at the end of sections. “You can think of a talk as a series of data dives,” says McConnell. “You need to come up for air periodically, and say ‘this is what we just learnt, this is the conclusion and this is how it links to the next part’.”

McConnell describes this and many more ways for researchers to improve their scientific presentation skills in a popular 42-minute online video. Another source of advice is the 2013 book Designing Science Presentations by American neuroscientist Matt Carter. While these offer useful pointers, most people find that when it comes to public speaking and presenting, practice makes, if not perfect, then certainly better.

That notion is central to Toastmasters International, a non-profit organization that helps individuals improve their public speaking skills through its network of more than 16,000 branches in 143 countries. At weekly or fortnightly meetings, members practice speeches and give each other feedback. It was to her local branch that Eileen Courtney turned last summer after realizing her presenting skills needed work. It seems her decision paid off. In May she was runner-up and audience favourite in the 3 Minute Wonder competition, a science communication challenge run by the London-based Institute of Physics in which entrants have one slide and 180 seconds to present their research to non-specialists.

“I’ve recently had to give other presentations and I’ve calmed down a lot, as a result of both going to Toastmasters and through teaching as part of my PhD,” says Courtney. “As you get more experience of speaking in front of a crowd, it becomes a lot less scary.”

Nature 564 , S84-S85 (2018)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-018-07780-5

This article is part of Nature Events Guide 2019 , an editorially independent supplement. Advertisers have no influence over the content.

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Reference management. Clean and simple.

5 tips for giving a good scientific presentation

What is a scientific presentation?

What is the objective of a scientific presentation, why is giving scientific presentations necessary, how to give a scientific presentation, tip 1: prepare during the days leading up to your talk, tip 2: deal with presentation nerves by practicing simple exercises, tip 3: deliver your talk with intention, tip 4: be adaptable and willing to adjust your presentation, tip 5: conclude your talk and manage questions confidently, concluding thoughts, other sources to help you give a good scientific presentation, frequently asked questions about giving scientific presentations, related articles.

You have made the slides for your scientific presentation. Now, you need to prepare to deliver your talk. But, giving an oral scientific presentation can be nerve-wracking. How do you ensure that you deliver your talk well, and leave a good impression on the audience?

Mastering the skill of giving a good scientific presentation will stand you in good stead for the rest of your career, as it may lead to new collaborations or even new employment opportunities.

In this guide, you’ll find everything you need to know to give a good oral scientific presentation, including

• Why giving scientific presentations is important for your career;
• How to prepare before giving a scientific presentation;
• How to keep the audience engaged and deliver your talk with confidence.

The following tips are a product of our research into the literature on giving scientific presentations as well as our own experiences as scientists in giving and attending talks. We advise on how to make a scientific presentation in another post.

A scientific presentation is a talk or poster where you describe the findings of your research to others. An oral presentation usually involves presenting slides to an audience. You may give an oral scientific presentation at a conference, give an invited seminar at another institution, or give a talk as part of an interview. A PhD thesis defense is one type of scientific presentation.

➡️ Read about how to prepare an excellent thesis defense

The objective of a scientific presentation is to communicate the science such that the audience:

• Learns something new;
• Leaves with a clear understanding of the key message of your research;
• Has confidence in you and your work;
• Remembers you afterward for the right reasons.

As a scientist, one of your responsibilities is disseminating your scientific knowledge by giving presentations. Communicating your research to others is an altruistic act, as it is an opportunity to teach others about your research findings, and the knowledge you have gained while researching your topic.

Giving scientific presentations confers many career benefits , such as:

• Having the opportunity to share your ideas and to have insightful conversations with other scientists. For example, a thoughtful question may create a new direction for your research.
• Gaining recognition for your work and generating excitement for your research program can help you to forge new collaborations and to obtain more citations of your papers. It's your chance to impress some of the biggest names in your field, build your reputation as a scientist, and get more people interested in your work.
• Improving your future employment prospects by getting presentation experience in high-stakes settings and by having talks listed on your academic CV.

➡️ Learn how to write an academic CV

You might have just 10 minutes for your talk. But those 10 minutes are your golden ticket. To make them shine, you'll need to put in some homework. You need to think about the story you want to tell , create engaging slides , and practice how you're going to deliver it.

Why all this effort? Because the rewards are potentially huge. Imagine speaking to the top names in your field, boosting your visibility, and getting more eyes on your work. It's more than just a talk; it's your chance to showcase who you are and what you do.

Here we share 5 tips for giving effective scientific presentations.

• Prepare adequately for your talk on the days leading up to it
• Deal with presentation nerves
• Deliver your talk with intention
• Be adaptable
• Conclude your talk with confidence

You should prepare for your talk with the seriousness it deserves and recognize the potential it holds for your career advancement. Here are our suggestions:

• Rehearse your talk multiple times to ensure smooth flow. Know the order of your slides and key transitions without memorizing every word. Practice your speech as though you are discussing with friendly and attentive listeners.
• Record your speech and listen back to yourself giving your talk while doing household chores or while going for a walk. This will help you remember the important points of your talk and feel more comfortable with the flow of it on the day.
• Anticipate potential questions that may arise during your talk, write down your responses to those questions, and practice them aloud.
• Back up your presentation in cloud storage and on a USB key. Bring your laptop with you on the day of your talk, if needed.
• Know the time and location of your talk. Familiarize yourself with the room, if you can. Introduce yourself to the moderator before the session begins.
• Giving a talk is a performance, so preparing yourself physically and mentally is essential. Prioritize good sleep and hydration, and eat healthy, nourishing food on the day of your talk. Plan your attire to be both professional and comfortable.

It’s natural to feel nervous before your talk, but you want to harness that energy to present your work with confidence. Here are some ways to manage your stress levels:

• Remember that your audience want to listen to you and learn from you. Believe that your audience will be kind, friendly, and interested, rather than bored and skeptical.
• Breathing slow and deep before your talk calms the mind and nervous system. Psychologist Amy Cuddy recommends practicing open, confident postures while sitting and standing to help you get into a positive frame of mind.
• Fight off impostor syndrome with positive affirmations. You’ve got this! Remember that you know more about your research than anyone else in the room and you are giving your talk to teach others about it.

Giving your talk with confidence is crucial for your credibility as a scientist. Focusing on your delivery helps ensure that your audience remembers and believes what you say. Here are some techniques to try:

• Before beginning, remember your professional goals and the benefits of giving your presentation. Start with a smile and exhale deeply.
• Memorize a simple opening. After the moderator introduces you, pause and take a breath. Welcome the audience, thank them for coming, and introduce yourself. You don’t need to read the title of your talk. But briefly, say something like, “today I’m going to talk to you about why [topic] is important and [what I hope you will learn from this talk]” in 1-2 sentences. Preparing your opening will settle your nerves and prevent you from starting your talk on a tangential topic, ensuring you stay on time.
• Project confidence outwardly, even if you feel nervous. Stand up tall with your shoulders back and make eye contact with individuals in the audience. Move your focus around the room, so everyone in the audience feels included.
• Maintain open body language and face the audience as much as possible, not your slides.
• Project your voice as much as you can so that people at the back of the room can hear you. Enunciate your words, avoid mumbling, and don’t trail off awkwardly.
• Varying your vocal delivery and intonation will make your talk more interesting and help the audience pay attention, particularly when you want to emphasize key points or transitions.
• Pausing for dramatic effect at crucial moments can help you relax and remember your message, as well as being an effective engagement device.
• A laser pointer can be off-putting for the audience if you are prone to having a shaky hand when nervous. Use a laser pointer only to emphasize information on the slide while providing an explanation. If you design your slides thoughtfully , you won’t need to use a laser pointer.

Not all parts of your talk may go according to plan. Here are some ways to adapt to hitches during your talk:

• Handle talk disruptions gracefully. If you make a mistake, or a technical issue occurs during your talk, remember that it’s okay to skip something and move on without apologizing.
• If you forget to mention something but the audience hasn’t noticed, don’t point it out! They don’t need to know.
• As you give your talk, be time-conscious, and watch the moderator for signals that the time is about to expire. If you realize you won’t have time to discuss all your slides, skip the less important ones. Adjust your presentation on the fly to finish on time, prioritizing content as needed.
• If you run out of time completely, just stop. You don’t have to give a conclusion, but you do need to stop on time! Practicing your talk should prevent this situation.

The ending of your talk is important for emphasizing your key message and ensuring the audience leave with a positive impression of you and your work. Here are some pointers.

• Conclude your talk with a memorized closing statement that summarizes the key take-home message of your research. After making your closing statement, end your talk with a simple “Thank you”. Then pause and wait for the applause. You don’t need to ask if the audience has questions because the moderator will call for questions on your behalf.
• When you receive a question, pause, then repeat the question. This ensures the whole audience understands the question and gives you time to calmly consider your answer.
• In a talk on attaining confidence in your scientific presentations, Michael Alley suggests that if you don’t know the answer to the question, then emphasize what you do know. Say something like, “Although I can’t fully answer your question, I can say [this about the topic].”
• Approach the Q&A with interest rather than anxiety by reframing it as an opportunity to further share your knowledge. Being curious, instead of feeling fearful, can help you shine during what might be the most stressful part of your presentation.

Communicating your research effectively is a key skill for early career scientists to learn. Taking ample time to prepare and practice your presentation is an investment in your scientific development.

But here's the good part: all that effort pays off. Think of your talk as not just a presentation, but as a way to show off what you and your research are all about. Giving a compelling scientific presentation will raise your professional profile as a scientist, lead to more citations of your work, and may even help you obtain a future academic job.

But most importantly of all, giving talks contributes to science, and sharing your knowledge is an act of generosity to the scientific community.

➡️ Questions to ask yourself before you make your talk

➡️ How to give a great scientific talk

1) Have a positive mindset. To help with nerves, breathe deeply and keep in mind that you are an authority on your topic. 2) Be prepared. Have a short list of points for each slide and know the key transition points of your talk. Practice your talk to ensure it flows smoothly. 3) Be well-rested before your talk and eat a light meal on the day of your presentation. A talk is a performance. 4) Project your voice and vary your vocal intonation and pitch to retain the interest of the audience. Take pauses at key moments, for emphasis. 5) Anticipate questions that audience members could ask, and prepare answers for them.

The goal of a scientific presentation is that the audience remembers the key outcomes of your research and that they leave with a good impression of you and your science.

Take a moment to exhale deeply and collect your thoughts after the moderator has introduced you. Don’t read your talk's title. Instead, introduce yourself, thank the audience for attending, and provide a warm welcome. Then say something along the lines of, "Today I'm going to talk to you about why [topic] is important and [what I hope you will learn from this presentation].” A rehearsed opening will ensure that you start your talk on a confident note.

Prepare a memorable closing statement that emphasizes the key message of your talk. Then end with a simple “Thank you”.

Preparation is key. Practice many times to familiarize yourself with the content of your presentation. Before giving your talk, breathe slowly and deeply, and remind yourself that you are the expert on your topic. When giving your talk, stand up tall and use open body language. Remember to project your voice, and make eye contact with members of the audience.

Introduction

Presentation methods, delivering a presentation, study methods, discussion: transform, acknowledgements, how to prepare and deliver a scientific presentation : teaching course presentation at the 21st european stroke conference, lisboa, may 2012.

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Andrei V. Alexandrov , Michael G. Hennerici; How to Prepare and Deliver a Scientific Presentation : Teaching Course Presentation at the 21st European Stroke Conference, Lisboa, May 2012 . Cerebrovasc Dis 1 April 2013; 35 (3): 202–208. https://doi.org/10.1159/000346077

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Background: A scientific presentation is a professional way to share your observation, introduce a hypothesis, demonstrate and interpret the results of a study, or summarize what is learned or to be studied on the subject. Presentation Methods: Commonly, presentations at major conferences include podium (oral, platform), poster or lecture, and if selected one should be prepared to PRESENT: P lan from the start (place integral parts of the presentation in logical sequence); R educe the amount of text and visual aids to the bare minimum; E lucidate (clarify) methods; S ummarize results and key messages; E ffectively deliver; N ote all shortcomings, and T ransform your own and the current thinking of others. We provide tips on how to achieve this. Presentation Results: After disclosing conflicts, if applicable, start with a brief summary of what is known and why it is required to investigate the subject. State the research question or the purpose of the lecture. For original presentations follow a structure: Introduction, Methods, Results, Conclusions. Invest a sufficient amount of time or poster space in describing the study methods. Clearly organize and deliver the results or synopsis of relevant studies. Include absolute numbers and simple statistics before showing advanced analyses. Remember to present one point at a time. Stay focused. Discuss study limitations. In a lecture or a podium talk or when standing by your poster, always think clearly, have a logical plan, gain audience attention, make them interested in your subject, excite their own thinking about the problem, listen to questions and carefully weigh the evidence that would justify the punch-line. Conclusions: Rank scientific evidence in your presentation appropriately. What may seem obvious may turn erroneous or more complex. Rehearse your presentation before you deliver it at a conference. Challenge yourself to dry runs with your most critically thinking colleagues. When the time comes, ace it with a clear mind, precise execution and fund of knowledge.

Over time communication standards between -scientists have evolved along with improved scientific method, increasing scrutiny of analyses and upholding to the highest level of evidence anything we call research. Scientific presentation is a professional way of sharing your observation, introducing a hypothesis, demonstrating and interpreting the results of a study, or -summarizing what has been learned or is to be studied on the subject. Professional presentations help disseminate research, make peers aware of novel approaches, findings or problems. These presentations make conferences memorable for both presenters and the audience. Anyone can recall the most exciting and most boring, the most clear and most convoluted, the most ‘-seriously?!' and the most ‘wow!!' presentations. Most presentations, however, fall in the in-between level of ‘so what?', ‘I did not quite get it …', or ‘maybe'. This means that all the work the authors have put in did not result in a paradigm shift, -advancement, or even ‘well, this is good to know' kind of an impact. We struggle to shape up our young presenters to make their science clear and visible, their presence known and their own networks grow.

Having initially struggled in preparing and delivering presentations ourselves, and having seen the many baby steps of our trainees now accomplished or shy of a track record, we have put together these suggestions on how to start, organize and accomplish what at first sight looks like a daunting task: presenting in front of people, many of whom may have expertise way beyond your own or who are scrutinizing every bit of data and ready to shred any evidence you might have to pieces. Unfortunately, there is no other way to advance science and become recognized than to survive this campaign from conception of a project to publication. This campaign has its own (often interim and hopefully not singular) culmination in a scientific presentation. This presentation also comes with question and answer sessions and importantly, with you and the audience possibly coming out of it with new messages, new thinking and even energy for breakthroughs, no matter how small or large the leap would be. So let's explore how to prepare and deliver a scientific presentation.

Currently, the common types of presentations at major conferences include podium (oral, platform), poster or lecture. Although seemingly different and at times some being more desirable over others, they all share the same prerequisites and challenges for successful execution. We will examine common threads and identify unique aspects of each type of these presentations. However, the first prerequisite for any scientific presentation (successful or not) is you, the presenter.

An effective presenter should have led the study, participated in the analysis and drafting of the abstract and manuscript, i.e. the presenter should know the subject of his or her talk inside out. One should therefore be prepared to PRESENT:

P lan from the start (place integral parts of the presentation in logical sequence);

R educe the amount of text and visual aids to the bare minimum;

E lucidate (clarify) methods;

S ummarize results and key messages;

E ffectively deliver;

N ote all shortcomings, and

T ransform your own and the current thinking of others.

So, as the scuba-diving instructors say: plan the dive, and dive the plan. The most important parts of scientific presentations should follow the logic of delivering the key messages. For the original presentations (platforms or posters), it is easy to simply follow the accepted abstracts, most often structured following the IMRaD principle: Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion (Conclusions).

Lecture format, content and logical flow of information often depend on the topic choice, which should be appropriate to the level of audience [ 1 ], time allotment and the target audience. Most competitive conferences offer short times even for invited lecturers as experts are expected to demonstrate cutting edge science, which assumes that the audience is already knowledgeable and the expert is capable of delivering information that sparks new thinking. The suggestion here to both novice and experienced speakers is to quickly summarize why the subject of presentation is important (catch audience attention [ 2,3 ]), where we are now (show the landscape of completed studies that established the common knowledge or conundrums, equipoise, etc.) and to move then to the latest advancements (this may include just-in publications, ongoing or planned future research or the most provocative take on the evidence out there).

Turning back to original presentations, advice is available on how to write abstracts following the IMRaD principle [ 4 ] and how to draft subsequent manuscripts [ 5 ]. We cannot stress enough the need to quickly follow-up the abstract submission with drafting the full manuscript. If the authors complete a manuscript before the presentation at a conference, the presenter will have a luxury of material to work with to compile either a set of slides for the podium or text and illustrations for the poster. If a manuscript was drafted and reviewed by coauthors, the challenge for a presenter is going to be a good one: trim down most sentences as both slides and posters benefit from short statements (not even full sentences) and large font sizes so that text can be easily read from a distance. Put yourself into the audience: your slides should be readable from the last row of a large room or a huge ballroom and your poster should be still readable from at least 2 m. The latter will allow better poster viewing by several people during guided poster tours or when a small group gathers spontaneously to view it.

This logically brings us to the second step: use bare minimum of any type of information to deliver your -presentation. Minimum text, minimum lines, minimum images, graphs, i.e. provide only the essential information as the audience attention span is short. Brevity, however, should not compromise quality: you should always stride to have the highest quality visual aids since these leave an impression on the audience [ 6 ] and good quality graphics are attributes of effective presentations [ 3 ].

At the same time, we cannot overemphasize the need to stick to time limits set for a specific presentation. Presenters should test their presentation in ‘real life' at home to their friends or at work in front of colleagues and ask for criticism. It is better to get criticism from members of the department (including your boss) than in a huge auditorium. Use a simple rule: an average talking time is 1 min per slide in oral presentations. You can then see how little you really can allocate to each slide if you load your talk with the most complicated visual presentation of data.

Let's go to the specifics. The ‘Introduction' slide usually includes a very brief description of background and should explicitly state the research question. Call it ‘Introduction and Study Purpose'. Adding a separate slide for study aims lengthens the talk. Fewer slides also reduce the chance of making an error when advancing them on the podium that can send presenters into further time deficit and stress, a commonplace even with those who know how to right-click.

Methods should have bullet points, not necessarily full sentences since you will be speaking over slides projecting or in front of the poster to connect brief statements showing behind you. The basic rule is not to read your slides or poster, nor tell the audience to read what the slide or poster says. Think of your slides or display material as a reminder to yourself of what you are supposed to say in detail and leave the noncritical words out of the slide and off the poster as it is an even easier source to pack with unreadable information. When you develop a presentation imagine you are a novice to the field who would like to be educated and taken on a journey while seeing and hearing the presentation. What can I learn in these few minutes? As the presenter, also think ‘what can I pass to the audience in these few minutes?' Further advice on how to plan, focus and arrange material to support key messages is available [ 7,8 ].

Results are the key part of any scientific presentation, podium, poster or lecture, and the most time, space and careful ascertainment should be allotted to this section as is necessary and feasible. It is vital to pack your presentation with data that support your key messages. Remember, a picture is worth a thousand words but show only quint-essential images or graphs. If appropriate include statistics and make this easy in structure, i.e. use formats or values known by everybody such as odds ratios, Kaplan Meier curves, etc. (do not forget to include these data in the abstract as abstracts without data, numbers and calculations are often low rated or rejected). After presenting data, show what you think of that or what the limitations are since you thought more about this than the audience, at least through preparation of your own presentation.

The last two concluding paragraphs (poster), comments (this section of a lecture), or slides (podium) are supposed to cover study limitations and conclusions. These should be the most carefully thought through, strategically worded and evidence-based part of your presentation. Your reputation depends on the quality of data interpretation. Also, think about a take-home message with the main message you want to be remembered. When practicing your presentations, deliver your talk to your nonmedical spouse, boyfriend or girlfriend: by the end of your presentation he or she should be able to repeat the take home message with best-prepared presentations.

After conclusions, an ‘Acknowledgements' slide is nice to have at the end showing whom you are grateful to, but it will not rescue a hopeless presentation. The ‘thanks to my colleagues' should not come at the expense of time, quality and content of your scientific presentation. There is no need to thank multiple people like they often do at the Oscars. You have to rationally consider who and when to acknowledge if their functions were important to your work but they were not listed among coauthors. If you received funding to support your work, it is very important where appropriate or at the end of the presentation to acknowledge your sponsors or grant providers (such as NIH Institute and grant number, MRC grant, INSERM or DFG labels, etc.). The higher the scientific level of the grant donors, the more your presentation will be recognized.

While preparing any part of your presentation, remind yourself to check whether the included material is any good and worthy of inclusion. You can simply ask, ‘am I wasting time during the oral presentation or space in the poster by including this and that?' The answer lies in checking if this material is directly related to the study aim, data obtained, or in support of conclusions drawn.

Table 1 summarizes how you should structure the sequence of slides for the podium presentation. If you are only given 8 min to present + 2 min for questions (10 min total), you can see that with 8 mandatory slides you are already at the limit of 1 min per slide. In due course, we will give you tips on how to reallocate time within your presentation to expand the Methods and, most importantly, the Results section as needed.

Basic structure for a podium presentation of an original paper

Always clarify study methods. Posters offer a greater freedom since you can show details of your experimental setup or the methodology of your study design. A podium presentation often requires abbreviated mention of key elements of design, scales, inclusion/exclusion criteria, intervention or dependent variables and outcomes. This requires diligent work with your coauthors and biostatisticians to make sure that you are brief but clear and sufficient.

A well-assembled Methods section will lead to a shorter Results summary since your clear statement of the study aim and key methodology logically leads to audience anticipation of the primary end-point findings. There are key messages and delivered data points that distinguish effective and clear presentations from those resulting in confusion and further guesswork.

Effective presenters capture audience attention and stay focused on key messages [ 1,2,3,6,7,8 ]. A study was performed at scientific conferences asking reviewers to identify the best features of effective presentations [ 3 . ]The most frequent comments on best features of presentations with respect to ‘content' were identifying a key concept (43% of presentations) and relevance (43%). Best features in evaluations of ‘slides' were clarity (50%), graphics (27.3%) and readability of the text and font size (23%). Finally, best features in ‘presentation style' were clarity (59%), pace (52%), voice (48%), engaging with the audience (43%), addressing questions (34%) and eye contact (28%) [ 3 ].

Here are some tips on how to avoid forcing yourself to rush during a talk. Before you start (usually in the intermission or just before your session) familiarize yourself with the podium and learn how to advance slides and operate the pointer or point with the mouse. If you stumble at the beginning, you start your presentation with a time deficit.

Get to the podium while you are being introduced and start right away (it is the responsibility of the moderator to properly announce you, your team and the title of the talk and it is the responsibility of the conference organizers to have your title slide showing during the moderator's announcement). Do not read or repeat your study title. Thank the moderators and while the title slide is showing you may consider briefly thanking your coauthors/mentor here in just a few seconds.

Show the ‘Conflicts of Interest' slide next and disclose if any conflicts are related to the study subject. If they exist, conflicts should be acknowledged briefly but clearly. Do not show a slide with several conflicts and tell the audience ‘here are my conflicts' and switch to the next slide. It is important to simply say, ‘pertinent to this study I have …' or ‘this study includes an off-label or investigational use of …'. Now you are logically ready to turn to the subject of your presentation.

Start with a brief summary of what is known and why is it important to investigate the subject. This -introduces the audience to the subject of research and starts the flow of logic. If you are facing a challenge to present a complex study within in a short allotted period of time (such as 8 min for podium or a just a few minutes during a guided poster tour), do not waste time. You may cut to the chase and simply say why you did the study. Coming with straight forward messages, which are authentic and concerned about the scientific question, gets you more credit with the audience than careful orchestration of a perceived equipoise. However, we have digressed.

For an effective message delivery, identify two people towards opposite far ends of the audience and speak as if you are personally talking to one of them at a time and alternate between them. If lights shining in your face are too bright, still look towards the back of the room (or from time to time directly into the camera if your talk is being shown on monitors in a large ballroom) and do not bury your head into the podium or notes that you might have brought with you. The nonverbal part of any presentation and the presenter's body language are also important [ 6 ]. At all cost avoid bringing notes with you to any scientific presentation since you should have practiced your talk enough to remember it or you should be familiar with the subject of your lecture to the point that even if you have just been woken up, you can still maintain an intelligent conversation. Do not count on ‘it will come to me' - practice your talk! Further advice on effective presenting skill is available [ 2 ].

Remember that at international conferences many attendees are not native English-speaking people. Thus speak slowly and train your voice for best possible pronunciation! This recommendation is applicable to natives of English-speaking countries too. Native English speakers from the UK, Commonwealth countries and the USA tend to speak fast, with a variety of accents that international audiences may not understand easily while the interpreters may not be able to keep up. When speaking, do not turn away from the audience and look at your slide projection on the main screen or at your poster all the time. If it is necessary to remind yourself what to talk about next, advance the slide, briefly glance at it, turn to the audience and continue your presentation. Turn to your slide again only if you have to use a laser pointer or a mouse on the computer screen. Do so briefly, underline the important finding, point to the key part of an image and avoid long circular pointer motions around the whole text line or big areas of graphic illustrations. It is distracting. Try to use the pointer only when necessary and do not read your slides with the pointer constantly aiming at where you are reading.

When presenting your methods, clearly state the type of study, e.g. retrospective analysis, case series, -cohort or controlled trials, etc., and describe patient inclusion/exclusion criteria. If too numerous, only list the major ones. As an example, in a clinical trial of a fibrinolytic agent the list of exclusion criteria could be very extensive, so how can you present this on a dime? Your slide should focus on the key inclusion criteria since a patient who did not have those was obviously excluded, and an audience at a stroke conference is generally familiar with multiple exclusion criteria for tissue plasminogen activator treatment. So, your slide or poster may have the following in it (highlighted in bold ) to which you may add the plain text in your (limited) verbal statements:

Our Major Inclusion Criteria: were

• total Pre-treatment NIHSS score >6 points

• Presence of mismatch on MRI determined by -( EPTITHET ) trial criteria

• Age <80 years and

• Time from symptom onset <8 h

After that, you may omit including a slide with the long list of exclusions in favor of time. If there is a -specific contraindication new to the treatment agent in your study, you could say ‘in addition to well-known contraindications for systemic thrombolysis, patients were excluded if they had …' at the end of showing the ‘Major Inclusion Criteria' slide as shown above. Similarly, in a poster, list only the most relevant inclusion and exclusion criteria and walk the audience through the methods without stumbling on too many detail -disclosures. The audience will lose track of where you are going.

It is important to keep a balance between sufficient disclosure of study methods and the length of this part of your presentation. It is always helpful if you have a prior study that used a similar or from which you developed your methodology that has already been published - you may show a reference to this study and move on faster without sacrificing the quality. For example, ‘ultrasound tests were done by experienced sonographers using a previously published standard protocol', ‘CT scans were read independently using the ASPECTS score', and ‘sICH was defined by the SITS-MOST criteria'. Say this while showing or pointing to the line and published source reference on your visual aid.

Clearly organize and deliver the Results section. Include absolute numbers and simple statistics before showing advanced analyses. Remember not to show data in Methods and equally so do not introduce new methods when presenting Results. As a rule, describe characteristics of the general study population or balance/imbalances between target and control groups. Follow this by a slide that shows the primary end-point findings or observations that directly address the study aim or research question. This follows the logic of a scientific presentation and will help you avoid deviations to side observations no matter how unexpected or valuable they seem. Stay the course, address the main question first and only then show additional findings. When presenting a poster, point to the area where the key results are displayed. Unlike a slide presentation or lecture where the audience is forced to see one slide at a time, busy posters could be distracting. Posters that are heavily packed with graphs, images, tables and text are often difficult to follow during a brief guided poster presentation tour. It is the presenter's responsibility to drive the audience attention to key results in a logical sequence. When you present a graph, start by telling the audience what is shown and in what units on each access, and briefly point to the numbers on each axis.

Remember to present one point at a time. It makes common sense but sometimes may be difficult to follow if complex experiments or studies with multiple confounding variables have to be navigated through a brief presentation. Do not lose sight of your original research question or the objective of your lecture. Remember what you have shown so far, and what logically should be shown next. If you are pressed on time or made a mistake while advancing slides, take a deep breath and relax. Clear state of mind will buy you time. Racing thoughts such as ‘I have to cover that and that, and oh, that too' are not helpful. Dry runs, or practice presentations are essential for you to master the material that you need to present.

After finishing the Results part of your presentation, remember not to introduce more new results in Discussion and Conclusions. That surprise is hard for the audience to process. If you'd like to reemphasize the main finding, use the following suggestion. Let's say your goal was to show the prevalence of a new syndrome in your study population and you found it to be 24% (your primary research question). Unexpectedly, you also found that patients with this syndrome have an increased risk of dying (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.23-4.34). These numbers and statistics obviously belong to the Results section. However, you want to stress in your conclusion once again how important your finding is. You can present it as follows: ‘Conclusions: nearly a quarter of stroke patients can be affected by this new syndrome and, if present, it doubles the patient chance of dying in hospital'. This recaps the main finding and makes practical interpretation of the relative risk estimate.

Before you jump into Conclusions, however, we always encourage presenters to note and openly discuss current study limitations. This improves your own assessment for biases and ranking of the level of obtained evidence. If you do not disclose the obvious study limitations, you will most likely receive questions after your presentation that will point to these shortcomings. Thus, instead of a positive discussion of how your study advances our knowledge, the discussion with the audience will focus on shortcomings and the key message may be lost with the negative audience response. Unlike Twitter™ or future media-based quick popularity scores, science can only advance when it endures the highest scrutiny (even though in the future presenters may be concurrently judged by the audience as our technologies improve). Regardless, if you are a good scientist, prepare yourself to stand the ground if the evidence is behind you. Be proactive, acknowledge study limitations and how you attempted to control for biases, etc.

In a lecture or a podium talk or when standing by your poster, always think clearly, have a logical plan for presentation parts that should be covered next, gain audience attention, make them interested in your subject, excite their own thinking about the problem, listen to questions and carefully weigh the evidence that would justify the punch-line. This will support your conclusions!

With posters, we often see a Discussion section but no conclusions listed, or they are listed in the abstract but not in the poster itself. This will lead to an obvious question after you stop presenting: ‘So, what is your take on this?' Our advice is, have your conclusions listed and be prepared to defend them point-by-point as the question and answer part could be challenging. If you do not understand the question, ask for clarification rather than talk nonsense.

To arrive at the right conclusions, you have to rank scientific evidence in your presentation appropriately. What may seem obvious may turn erroneous or more complex at a closer look by experts. Helpful hints here include you maintaining careful documentation while you are conceiving the project, designing it with your colleagues and consulting with a biostatistician on all steps taken in ascertaining the study population, interventions, end-point data collection and bias verification. Put all methodological issues against your findings and this will give you an idea of the strengths and weaknesses of your study. Preparing and delivering your presentation is a great experience to see if your knowledge and gained expertise stand up to peer scrutiny.

Rehearse your presentation before you deliver it at a conference. Challenge yourself to dry runs with your most critically thinking colleagues. Quite often, it is not the presentation itself but these questions, comments and subsequent late night debates with your colleagues that bring new thinking, advance our understanding and spark new ideas. This is the chance to transform your own current thinking and that of your peers. Think about your upcoming presentation, whether it is a podium, poster or lecture, as an opportunity, a launch pad, a reward for the hard work you did to bring this project to the attention of the scientific community.

When time comes, ace it with a clear mind, precise execution and fund of knowledge.

Before his first oral presentation in English, Dr. Alexandrov was nervous and asked his mentor, Dr. John W. Norris, for a dry run. Dr. Norris generously came to listen to him at 10 p.m. the night before, and Dr. Alexandrov survived his talk.

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Preparing and delivering a 10-minute presentation at a scientific meeting

2011, Paediatric respiratory reviews

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How to Make a “Good” Presentation “Great”

• Guy Kawasaki

Remember: Less is more.

A strong presentation is so much more than information pasted onto a series of slides with fancy backgrounds. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others. Here are some unique elements that make a presentation stand out.

• Fonts: Sans Serif fonts such as Helvetica or Arial are preferred for their clean lines, which make them easy to digest at various sizes and distances. Limit the number of font styles to two: one for headings and another for body text, to avoid visual confusion or distractions.
• Colors: Colors can evoke emotions and highlight critical points, but their overuse can lead to a cluttered and confusing presentation. A limited palette of two to three main colors, complemented by a simple background, can help you draw attention to key elements without overwhelming the audience.
• Pictures: Pictures can communicate complex ideas quickly and memorably but choosing the right images is key. Images or pictures should be big (perhaps 20-25% of the page), bold, and have a clear purpose that complements the slide’s text.
• Layout: Don’t overcrowd your slides with too much information. When in doubt, adhere to the principle of simplicity, and aim for a clean and uncluttered layout with plenty of white space around text and images. Think phrases and bullets, not sentences.

As an intern or early career professional, chances are that you’ll be tasked with making or giving a presentation in the near future. Whether you’re pitching an idea, reporting market research, or sharing something else, a great presentation can give you a competitive advantage, and be a powerful tool when aiming to persuade, educate, or inspire others.

• Guy Kawasaki is the chief evangelist at Canva and was the former chief evangelist at Apple. Guy is the author of 16 books including Think Remarkable : 9 Paths to Transform Your Life and Make a Difference.

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200 topics for 10-Minute Presentations

As a presenter, having a selection of concise and captivating topics is key to a memorable 10-minute presentation. These 200 topics are designed to inspire and engage, ensuring your next presentation is a hit!

• The Importance of Time Management
• Tips for Effective Communication Skills
• The Power of Positive Thinking
• Understanding Body Language and Nonverbal Cues
• The Basics of Mindfulness and Meditation
• How Renewable Energy Is Shaping the Future
• The Impact of Globalization on Cultures
• A Beginner’s Guide to Personal Finance
• The Role of Social Media in Today’s Society
• Overcoming the Challenges of Public Speaking
• The History of the Internet and Its Evolution
• The Science Behind Healthy Eating Habits
• The Significance of Emotional Intelligence
• The Art of Negotiation in Business and Life
• The Effects of Climate Change on Our Planet
• Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
• How Volunteering Benefits Both You and Society
• Understanding the Basics of Blockchain Technology
• The Impact of Fast Fashion on the Environment
• Exploring the World of Virtual Reality
• The Evolution of Telecommunication
• Why Cultivating Creativity Matters
• Mental Health Awareness and Stigma Reduction
• The Effects of Sleep on Performance and Well-being
• Strategies for Effective Conflict Resolution
• An Overview of World Religions and Philosophies
• The Pros and Cons of Remote Work
• The Growth of E-commerce and Online Shopping
• Achieving Work-Life Balance in a Busy World
• Basic First Aid Skills Everyone Should Know
• The Rise of Autonomous Vehicles
• An Introduction to Sustainable Living
• The Importance of Biodiversity Conservation
• How to Set and Achieve Personal Goals
• The History and Culture of a Country of Your Choice
• The Role of NGOs in Global Development
• How to Develop Leadership Skills
• The Benefits of Learning a Second Language
• Exploring the Moral Implications of Genetic Engineering
• Understanding the Basics of Economics
• The Future of Space Exploration
• The Impact of Tourism on Local Communities
• The Role of Education in Empowering Women
• The Importance of Protecting Wildlife
• The Psychology of Advertising
• How to Maintain Mental Fitness
• The Historical Significance of the Olympic Games
• The Social and Economic Effects of Urbanization
• The Rise of Cybersecurity Threats
• The Revolution of 3D Printing
• The Elements of a Successful Entrepreneur
• The Ethical Issues Around Animal Testing
• The Influence of Music on Society
• Dealing with Peer Pressure in Adolescence
• The Benefits and Challenges of Multiculturalism
• The Science Behind Memory and Learning
• The Importance of Art in Education
• The Future of Jobs and Automation
• An Overview of Quantum Computing
• The Debate on Gun Control in the United States
• The Importance of Coral Reefs to Marine Ecosystems
• Exploring the Concept of Universal Basic Income
• Understanding the Stock Market for Beginners
• The Role of Technology in Modern Education
• The Journey of Coffee from Bean to Cup
• Tips for Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle
• The Cultural Significance of Traditional Festivals
• The Health Effects of Tobacco and Alcohol
• The Basics of Photography and Composition
• How to Manage Stress and Anxiety
• The Benefits of Urban Green Spaces
• Understanding the Human Immune System
• The Importance of Reading in Personal Development
• The Impact of Artificial Light on Sleep Patterns
• The Science of Happiness
• The Consequences of Plastic Pollution
• How Social Movements Shape History
• Exploring Alternative Energy Sources
• The Principles of Sustainable Agriculture
• The Myths and Realities of Dieting
• Understanding Digital Privacy and Security
• The Phenomenon of Mass Media Influence
• Coping with the Loss of a Loved One
• The Effect of Video Games on Cognitive Skills
• The Importance of Interpersonal Skills in the Workplace
• The Basics of Intellectual Property Rights
• The Challenges of Global Poverty
• The Relationship Between Exercise and Mental Health
• The Significance of the United Nations in Global Affairs
• Understanding Intercultural Communication
• Exploring the Deep Ocean and Its Mysteries
• The Increasing Importance of Big Data
• How to Create a Successful Youtube Channel
• The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence
• The Story of Human Evolution
• The Future of Genetic Testing and Personalized Medicine
• The Effect of Automation on Employment
• The Role of Animals in Therapy
• The Implications of Virtual Currency
• The Benefits and Limitations of Smart Home Technology
• How to Create an Effective Résumé
• The Importance of Critical Thinking Skills
• An Introduction to the World’s Major Political Systems
• The Rise of Drones and Their Applications
• The Effects of Social Isolation on Health
• The Role of Cryptocurrencies in the Financial Market
• Understanding the Causes of Global Food Insecurity
• The Concept of Minimalism and Simple Living
• How to Build and Preserve Digital Reputation
• The Anomalies of the British Monarchy System
• The Art of Storytelling and its Significance
• The Rise of Veganism and Its Impact
• The Psychology of Color in Marketing and Branding
• The Influence of Celebrities on Public Opinion
• The Growing Problem of Electronic Waste
• How Digital Assistants Are Changing Our Lives
• The Importance of Maintaining Online Etiquette
• Exploring the Current State of Electric Vehicles
• The Future of Wearable Technology
• The Connection Between Diet and Chronic Diseases
• The Art and Science of Beer Brewing
• The Mystery of Black Holes
• The Significance of Water Conservation
• The Fundamentals of Cryptography
• The Relation Between Stress and Physical Health
• The Role of Citizen Journalism in the Media Landscape
• The Dangers of Antibiotic Resistance
• The Social Impact of Podcasting
• The Use of Drones in Agriculture
• The History and Significance of the Nobel Prize
• The Changing Landscape of Book Publishing
• The Growth of Telemedicine and Its Future Implications
• The Debate Over Net Neutrality
• The Basics of Augmented Reality
• The Dynamics of Group Behavior
• The Phenomenon of Procrastination and Strategies to Overcome It
• The Importance of Bees to the Ecosystem
• Understanding the Circular Economy Model
• The Psychological Effects of Social Media Use
• The Power of Microfinance in Developing Countries
• The Growing Trend of Digital Nomadism
• The Social and Political Impact of Graffiti and Street Art
• The Benefits of Adopting a Plant-Based Diet
• The History of the Computer and its Evolution
• The Role of Biotechnology in Agriculture
• The Potential of Smart Cities to Transform Urban Living
• The Controversy Surrounding Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
• The Tradition of Tea Drinking Across Cultures
• The Challenges of Overpopulation
• The Importance of STEM Education for the Future
• Understanding the Gig Economy and Freelancing
• The Philosophy of Stoicism and Modern Life
• The Cultural Impact of Reality TV Shows
• The Role of Meditation in Cultivating Inner Peace
• The Threat of Melting Polar Ice Caps
• The Ethics and Implications of Cloning
• The Benefits of Team Sports in Personal Development
• The Exploration of Mars: Possibilities and Challenges
• The Science of Food Preservation Techniques
• The Role of Trade Unions in the Modern Workforce
• The Resurgence of Podcasts as an Information Medium
• The Relationship Between Fashion and Identity
• The Importance of Urban Wildlife Habitats
• The Impact of Driverless Cars on Society
• The Psychology Behind Consumer Choices
• The Role of Microorganisms in Our Ecosystem
• The Rising Trend of Telehealth and E-Health
• The Influence of Architecture on Human Behavior
• The Role of the World Bank in International Development
• The Growing Use of Biometrics for Security
• The Science and Art of Wine Tasting
• The Benefits of Public Transportation Systems
• The Connection Between Literature and Society
• The Potential of Hydroponic Gardening
• The Role of Online Education in Learning
• The Cultural Phenomenon of Superheroes
• The Importance of Historical Preservation
• The Art of Precision in Watchmaking
• The Psychology of Leadership and Authority
• The Connection Between Climate and Agriculture
• The History and Evolution of Jazz Music
• The Role of Play in Child Development
• The Impact of Nanotechnology on Medicine
• The Effects of Overfishing on Marine Environments
• The Importance of Adventure Tourism
• The Future of Robotics in Daily Life
• The Health Benefits of Yoga Practice
• The Influence of Digital Marketing on Consumer Behavior
• The Mechanics of Tectonic Plate Movement
• The Complex World of International Trade Agreements
• The Implications of Self-Driving Technology on Logistics
• The History of Women’s Suffrage Movement
• The Importance of Open Source Software
• The Relationship Between Air Pollution and Respiratory Health
• The Influence of Classical Music on Modern Composers
• The Role of Bioplastics in Reducing Pollution
• The Sociology of Fashion and Trends
• The Frontier of Brain-Computer Interfaces
• The Power of Social Entrepreneurship
• The Cultural Significance of Culinary Traditions

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The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate value

If 2023 was the year the world discovered generative AI (gen AI) , 2024 is the year organizations truly began using—and deriving business value from—this new technology. In the latest McKinsey Global Survey  on AI, 65 percent of respondents report that their organizations are regularly using gen AI, nearly double the percentage from our previous survey just ten months ago. Respondents’ expectations for gen AI’s impact remain as high as they were last year , with three-quarters predicting that gen AI will lead to significant or disruptive change in their industries in the years ahead.

About the authors

This article is a collaborative effort by Alex Singla , Alexander Sukharevsky , Lareina Yee , and Michael Chui , with Bryce Hall , representing views from QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and McKinsey Digital.

Organizations are already seeing material benefits from gen AI use, reporting both cost decreases and revenue jumps in the business units deploying the technology. The survey also provides insights into the kinds of risks presented by gen AI—most notably, inaccuracy—as well as the emerging practices of top performers to mitigate those challenges and capture value.

AI adoption surges

Interest in generative AI has also brightened the spotlight on a broader set of AI capabilities. For the past six years, AI adoption by respondents’ organizations has hovered at about 50 percent. This year, the survey finds that adoption has jumped to 72 percent (Exhibit 1). And the interest is truly global in scope. Our 2023 survey found that AI adoption did not reach 66 percent in any region; however, this year more than two-thirds of respondents in nearly every region say their organizations are using AI. 1 Organizations based in Central and South America are the exception, with 58 percent of respondents working for organizations based in Central and South America reporting AI adoption. Looking by industry, the biggest increase in adoption can be found in professional services. 2 Includes respondents working for organizations focused on human resources, legal services, management consulting, market research, R&D, tax preparation, and training.

Also, responses suggest that companies are now using AI in more parts of the business. Half of respondents say their organizations have adopted AI in two or more business functions, up from less than a third of respondents in 2023 (Exhibit 2).

Gen AI adoption is most common in the functions where it can create the most value

Most respondents now report that their organizations—and they as individuals—are using gen AI. Sixty-five percent of respondents say their organizations are regularly using gen AI in at least one business function, up from one-third last year. The average organization using gen AI is doing so in two functions, most often in marketing and sales and in product and service development—two functions in which previous research  determined that gen AI adoption could generate the most value 3 “ The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier ,” McKinsey, June 14, 2023. —as well as in IT (Exhibit 3). The biggest increase from 2023 is found in marketing and sales, where reported adoption has more than doubled. Yet across functions, only two use cases, both within marketing and sales, are reported by 15 percent or more of respondents.

Gen AI also is weaving its way into respondents’ personal lives. Compared with 2023, respondents are much more likely to be using gen AI at work and even more likely to be using gen AI both at work and in their personal lives (Exhibit 4). The survey finds upticks in gen AI use across all regions, with the largest increases in Asia–Pacific and Greater China. Respondents at the highest seniority levels, meanwhile, show larger jumps in the use of gen Al tools for work and outside of work compared with their midlevel-management peers. Looking at specific industries, respondents working in energy and materials and in professional services report the largest increase in gen AI use.

Investments in gen AI and analytical AI are beginning to create value

The latest survey also shows how different industries are budgeting for gen AI. Responses suggest that, in many industries, organizations are about equally as likely to be investing more than 5 percent of their digital budgets in gen AI as they are in nongenerative, analytical-AI solutions (Exhibit 5). Yet in most industries, larger shares of respondents report that their organizations spend more than 20 percent on analytical AI than on gen AI. Looking ahead, most respondents—67 percent—expect their organizations to invest more in AI over the next three years.

Where are those investments paying off? For the first time, our latest survey explored the value created by gen AI use by business function. The function in which the largest share of respondents report seeing cost decreases is human resources. Respondents most commonly report meaningful revenue increases (of more than 5 percent) in supply chain and inventory management (Exhibit 6). For analytical AI, respondents most often report seeing cost benefits in service operations—in line with what we found last year —as well as meaningful revenue increases from AI use in marketing and sales.

Inaccuracy: The most recognized and experienced risk of gen AI use

As businesses begin to see the benefits of gen AI, they’re also recognizing the diverse risks associated with the technology. These can range from data management risks such as data privacy, bias, or intellectual property (IP) infringement to model management risks, which tend to focus on inaccurate output or lack of explainability. A third big risk category is security and incorrect use.

Respondents to the latest survey are more likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider inaccuracy and IP infringement to be relevant to their use of gen AI, and about half continue to view cybersecurity as a risk (Exhibit 7).

Conversely, respondents are less likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider workforce and labor displacement to be relevant risks and are not increasing efforts to mitigate them.

In fact, inaccuracy— which can affect use cases across the gen AI value chain , ranging from customer journeys and summarization to coding and creative content—is the only risk that respondents are significantly more likely than last year to say their organizations are actively working to mitigate.

Some organizations have already experienced negative consequences from the use of gen AI, with 44 percent of respondents saying their organizations have experienced at least one consequence (Exhibit 8). Respondents most often report inaccuracy as a risk that has affected their organizations, followed by cybersecurity and explainability.

Our previous research has found that there are several elements of governance that can help in scaling gen AI use responsibly, yet few respondents report having these risk-related practices in place. 4 “ Implementing generative AI with speed and safety ,” McKinsey Quarterly , March 13, 2024. For example, just 18 percent say their organizations have an enterprise-wide council or board with the authority to make decisions involving responsible AI governance, and only one-third say gen AI risk awareness and risk mitigation controls are required skill sets for technical talent.

Bringing gen AI capabilities to bear

The latest survey also sought to understand how, and how quickly, organizations are deploying these new gen AI tools. We have found three archetypes for implementing gen AI solutions : takers use off-the-shelf, publicly available solutions; shapers customize those tools with proprietary data and systems; and makers develop their own foundation models from scratch. 5 “ Technology’s generational moment with generative AI: A CIO and CTO guide ,” McKinsey, July 11, 2023. Across most industries, the survey results suggest that organizations are finding off-the-shelf offerings applicable to their business needs—though many are pursuing opportunities to customize models or even develop their own (Exhibit 9). About half of reported gen AI uses within respondents’ business functions are utilizing off-the-shelf, publicly available models or tools, with little or no customization. Respondents in energy and materials, technology, and media and telecommunications are more likely to report significant customization or tuning of publicly available models or developing their own proprietary models to address specific business needs.

Respondents most often report that their organizations required one to four months from the start of a project to put gen AI into production, though the time it takes varies by business function (Exhibit 10). It also depends upon the approach for acquiring those capabilities. Not surprisingly, reported uses of highly customized or proprietary models are 1.5 times more likely than off-the-shelf, publicly available models to take five months or more to implement.

Gen AI high performers are excelling despite facing challenges

Gen AI is a new technology, and organizations are still early in the journey of pursuing its opportunities and scaling it across functions. So it’s little surprise that only a small subset of respondents (46 out of 876) report that a meaningful share of their organizations’ EBIT can be attributed to their deployment of gen AI. Still, these gen AI leaders are worth examining closely. These, after all, are the early movers, who already attribute more than 10 percent of their organizations’ EBIT to their use of gen AI. Forty-two percent of these high performers say more than 20 percent of their EBIT is attributable to their use of nongenerative, analytical AI, and they span industries and regions—though most are at organizations with less than $1 billion in annual revenue. The AI-related practices at these organizations can offer guidance to those looking to create value from gen AI adoption at their own organizations.

To start, gen AI high performers are using gen AI in more business functions—an average of three functions, while others average two. They, like other organizations, are most likely to use gen AI in marketing and sales and product or service development, but they’re much more likely than others to use gen AI solutions in risk, legal, and compliance; in strategy and corporate finance; and in supply chain and inventory management. They’re more than three times as likely as others to be using gen AI in activities ranging from processing of accounting documents and risk assessment to R&D testing and pricing and promotions. While, overall, about half of reported gen AI applications within business functions are utilizing publicly available models or tools, gen AI high performers are less likely to use those off-the-shelf options than to either implement significantly customized versions of those tools or to develop their own proprietary foundation models.

What else are these high performers doing differently? For one thing, they are paying more attention to gen-AI-related risks. Perhaps because they are further along on their journeys, they are more likely than others to say their organizations have experienced every negative consequence from gen AI we asked about, from cybersecurity and personal privacy to explainability and IP infringement. Given that, they are more likely than others to report that their organizations consider those risks, as well as regulatory compliance, environmental impacts, and political stability, to be relevant to their gen AI use, and they say they take steps to mitigate more risks than others do.

Gen AI high performers are also much more likely to say their organizations follow a set of risk-related best practices (Exhibit 11). For example, they are nearly twice as likely as others to involve the legal function and embed risk reviews early on in the development of gen AI solutions—that is, to “ shift left .” They’re also much more likely than others to employ a wide range of other best practices, from strategy-related practices to those related to scaling.

In addition to experiencing the risks of gen AI adoption, high performers have encountered other challenges that can serve as warnings to others (Exhibit 12). Seventy percent say they have experienced difficulties with data, including defining processes for data governance, developing the ability to quickly integrate data into AI models, and an insufficient amount of training data, highlighting the essential role that data play in capturing value. High performers are also more likely than others to report experiencing challenges with their operating models, such as implementing agile ways of working and effective sprint performance management.

About the research

The online survey was in the field from February 22 to March 5, 2024, and garnered responses from 1,363 participants representing the full range of regions, industries, company sizes, functional specialties, and tenures. Of those respondents, 981 said their organizations had adopted AI in at least one business function, and 878 said their organizations were regularly using gen AI in at least one function. To adjust for differences in response rates, the data are weighted by the contribution of each respondent’s nation to global GDP.

Alex Singla and Alexander Sukharevsky  are global coleaders of QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and senior partners in McKinsey’s Chicago and London offices, respectively; Lareina Yee  is a senior partner in the Bay Area office, where Michael Chui , a McKinsey Global Institute partner, is a partner; and Bryce Hall  is an associate partner in the Washington, DC, office.

They wish to thank Kaitlin Noe, Larry Kanter, Mallika Jhamb, and Shinjini Srivastava for their contributions to this work.

This article was edited by Heather Hanselman, a senior editor in McKinsey’s Atlanta office.

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