research on content management systems

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What is a content management system (CMS)?

In our increasingly connected world, businesses need to have a strong online presence to reach consumers and sell more.

But not everyone has the technical expertise to create and manage pages and content on the internet.

This is where a CMS , short for Content Management System , can help many people and companies.

Want to know how? Read on!

A content management system (CMS) is software that helps users create, manage, and modify content on a website without the need for technical knowledge. In other words, a CMS lets you build a website without needing to write code from scratch (or even know how to code at all).

Instead of building your own system for creating web pages, storing images, and other functions, the content management system handles all that basic infrastructure stuff for you so that you can focus on more forward-facing parts of your website.

Beyond websites, you can also find content management systems for other functions – like document management.

How does a content management system work?

To give you an idea of how a content management system works, we’re going to take a whirlwind tour of the WordPress (a good example of a CMS) interface.

Let’s start with creating a piece of content. Without a content management system, you’d need to write a static HTML file and upload it to your server ( sounds complicated, right? ).

With a content management system like WordPress, you can just write your content in an interface that looks a good bit like Microsoft Word:

That’s a lot simpler, right?

Similarly, to upload and manage media, like images, you can just browse the media library instead of needing to actually interact with your web server directly:

The content management system isn’t just a backend management interface, though. It also makes all of the content that you create show up for your visitors exactly like you want it to.

What makes up a content management system?

On a more technical level, a content management system is made up of two core parts:

• A content management application (CMA) – this is the part that allows you to actually add and manage content on your site (like you saw above).
• A content delivery application (CDA) – this is the backend, behind-the-scenes process that takes the content you input in the CMA, stores it properly, and makes it visible to your visitors.

Together, the two systems make it easy to maintain your website.

Examples of popular content management systems

WordPress, which we showed you above, is the best example of a popular content management system. While there are certainly other content management systems in existence, WordPress maintains over a 62.5% market share on websites with a known content management system.

Note that when we mention “WordPress”, we’re not talking about WordPress.com . Instead, we’re focused on WordPress.org , which is the website where the actual open-source WordPress content management system is stored.

Beyond the self-hosted WordPress software, other popular content management systems include:

• Magento (for eCommerce stores)
• Squarespace

There are also lots of other less well-known content management systems that target themselves to large enterprises (with an expensive price point to match).

What kinds of websites can you build with content management systems?

Most content management systems are pretty flexible nowadays. While there are some that focus on a specific use – like Magento and eCommerce – most of the popular content management systems can be used to create essentially any type of website.

For example, you can use WordPress to power:

• Static websites
• eCommerce stores
• Social networks
• Online courses
• Membership sites

What is the best CMS platform?

This is a little bit like asking, “what is the best flavor of ice cream?”.

Sure, everyone’s got their answer, but it’s difficult to come up with a factual argument for one content management system being the best in 100% of situations.

What we can do, though, is return to the numbers and make a suggestion that there’s a reason WordPress has such a dominant share of the content management system market:

For most types of websites, it provides the most user-friendly, flexible solution. It’s not always the best option, but it is the best option most of the time .

For a deeper comparison of some of the popular content management systems, you can view our posts on:

• WordPress vs Drupal
• WordPress vs Squarespace

How to build a website with a content management system

Want to build your own website with a content management system? If so, the general process looks something like this:

• Purchase web hosting and a domain name
• Install your content management system of choice on your web server
• Configure the content management system to dictate how your site looks and functions
• Start writing content using the content management system’s interface

It’s actually surprisingly simple. And hosts like Kinsta can even help install the content management system for you (WordPress, in this case), so you can jump straight into building your site without any technical setup.

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November 2013

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This book collects ECM research from the academic discipline of Information Systems and related fields to support academics and practitioners who are interested in understanding the design, use and impact of ECM systems. It also provides a valuable resource for students and lecturers in the field. Enterprise content management in Information Systems research Foundations, methods and cases consolidates our current knowledge on how todays organizations can manage their digital information assets. The business challenges related to organizational information management include reducing search times, maintaining information quality, and complying with reporting obligations and standards. Many of these challenges are well-known in information management, but because of the vast quantities of information being generated today, they are more difficult to deal with than ever. Many companies use the term enterprise content management (ECM) to refer to the management of all forms of information, especially unstructured information. While ECM systems promise to increase and maintain information quality, to streamline content-related business processes, and to track the lifecycle of information, their implementation poses several questions and challenges: Which content objects should be put under the control of the ECM system? Which processes are affected by the implementation? How should outdated technology be replaced? Research is challenged to support practitioners in answering these questions.

• Publication Years 2005 - 2023
• Publication counts 20
• Citation count 445
• Available for Download 2
• Downloads (cumulative) 8,951
• Downloads (12 months) 804
• Downloads (6 weeks) 50
• Average Downloads per Article 4,476
• Average Citation per Article 22
• Publication Years 2007 - 2013
• Publication counts 4
• Citation count 8
• Available for Download 0
• Downloads (cumulative) 0
• Downloads (12 months) 0
• Downloads (6 weeks) 0
• Average Downloads per Article 0
• Average Citation per Article 2

Index Terms

Information systems

Information retrieval

Information storage systems

Social and professional topics

Professional topics

Management of computing and information systems

Software management

Reviewer: Edward Y.S. Lee

The growth of interest in enterprise content management (ECM) has been explosive. The preface writer Tero Päivärinta noted that the simple search of “enterprise content management” with Google Scholar from January 1 through August 23, 2012 resulted in 220 hits. However, recently, I conducted a similar Google Scholar search for the years 2009 to 2013. The number of hits ranged from 675 to 1040, indicating that many more articles were being published. Furthermore, many additional areas of interest have been added to the topic of ECM, such as business process management (BPM), big data, electronic record management (ERM), and knowledge management (KM). In such a rapidly changing field, it is important to develop a framework with which to study and propose future research directions in ECM. In the first chapter of the book, the editors, who are also co-authors in later chapters with other researchers, do attempt to outline such a framework. They characterize four aspects of ECM: enterprise, content, processes, and technologies. They also define the life cycle of content in four phases: create and capture, store and retrieve, edit and deliver, and retain and delete. This taxonomic approach is useful to a certain extent, but the framework must be flexible enough to accommodate future development. This functional framework for ECM is cited by the authors in figure 3 of the first chapter [1]. Part A of the book contains five chapters and provides a good overview of ECM. Aside from the introduction (chapter 1), the other chapters address the market for ECM software, factors affecting the acceptance of ECM systems, and the role ECM plays in enterprise environments. It also highlights important rhetorical issues, including concerns about sales and implementation and the influence of ECM on the organizational culture and vice versa. Part B has also five chapters and provides more details about the implementation of ECM in each of the four aspects of ECM mentioned above. Chapter 6 deals with strategy development for ECM from the enterprise and content perspectives. Chapter 7 addresses the critical success factors in ECM, especially the framework for readiness assessment. Chapter 8 discusses content management for advisory support information systems from the technical and content perspectives. Chapter 9 looks into make or buy issues and the factors that impact the adoption of cloud computing on the content level. Chapter 10 addresses the content perspective by discussing fostering comparability in content management using semantic standardization. Part C is a case study of ECM for five different enterprises. Each organization has a different emphasis on its ECM implementation in order to meet its needs. Each chapter of this part addresses one of the organizations in the case study. One important aspect of the ECM is the diversity of the enterprises themselves. Many issues significant to one type of enterprise may not be of any significance to another. The authors in chapter 3 selected five different enterprises as case studies in Part C. Table 1 provides a summary of these enterprises (note: this table presents slightly different data than the text). Although the selected businesses differ widely in number of employees and are located in many different countries, the lack of an enterprise in a retail business with a large number of customers results in missing some of the important issues and concerns of a major enterprise type. Some of the major concerns would be: the security of customer credit and personal data, the importance of capturing and utilizing social media data, the use of data from mobile devices, and the segmentation of enterprise data in order to allow easy access by all users while protecting the data from unauthorized users and hackers. A discussion of ECM for the same types of enterprises in different countries is required to understand how different legal, financial, and tax structures, as well as rules and regulations in different countries, affect ECM systems. For example, in the US, all enterprises must archive and back up certain emails and retain them for a certain period. The courts also require, in case of lawsuits, the retention of certain business records for electronic discovery. All publicly traded companies must follow the rules for financial disclosures. These aspects must be properly managed as part of ECM. There are good references at the end of each chapter, as well as brief biographies of all of the authors at the end of the book. Unfortunately, the book has no index, which is a major deficiency. Overall, though, practitioners and students of ECM should find this book useful. Online Computing Reviews Service

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What Is a Content Management System (CMS)?

A CMS helps companies and individuals manage their digital content. Here’s how they work and some examples of popular content management systems.

A content management system (CMS) is a software application that allows users to create, publish and modify digital content without coding experience . 

What Is the Main Function of a CMS?

Teams and individual contributors can use a CMS to manage websites and website content with minimal technical expertise because a CMS provides a GUI (graphical user interface) with tools to create, edit and publish content online. That is all to say: With the help of a CMS, you don’t need to know how to code to manage your online content. 

Most content management systems are developed to be used for enterprise content management (ECM) or web content management (WCM). 

More From the Built In Tech Dictionary What Is a Customer Data Platform (CDP)?

How Do Content Management Systems Work? 

Content management systems work by owning a portion, or sometimes the entirety, of a website or application. The CMS can then control user access management, infrastructure and content presentation. 

So what does all of this mean in practice?

User Access Management 

Security is tricky. In many content management systems, you can control whether someone is a viewer, content creator, administrator or just a member (for a site with private content). You can also get more granular in your access management. For example, maybe someone is classified as a writer but they can’t publish or edit content. A content management system can help to simplify user access across your site.

Content Delivery 

Websites are complex. What started off with basic HTML (remember Angelfire ?) can now be constructed with a myriad of languages and tools including CSS , JavaScript , Perl , PHP and more. All of these languages work together to create a website users can read and navigate. The page on which you’re reading this article is no different. A content management system ensures these systems work together when we create content so readers can access the information they need. 

Content Management

Consistency is tough. Without careful management, a website could start to look more like a toddler’s collage with every page displaying a different design and layout. Moreover, since we use different devices to access websites and applications (desktop, laptop, smartphone, car infotainment systems) a content management system helps sites maintain consistency by managing the presentation of your content regardless of how the user finds it. 

What Can a CMS Do? 

A content management system makes online publishing and content management widely accessible. Provided a user has the correct permissions, they can publish content through the CMS. This means we don’t need a specialized webmaster to place content on an application or website — anyone can do it. 

Content can range from a text-based publication (like the one you’re reading now) to video, photos or audio content. In each case, we don’t need to hire a developer to code and publish our content for us. Instead, the creator can manage their own online portfolio. 

In addition to making the publication of web content widely accessible, content management systems have a number of other features.

Content Management System (CMS) Features

• Template customization : Creating a different look for a website is much easier when handled by the CMS.
• Content organization : Create hierarchies to organize content. 
• Responsiveness : Ensure the website works as well on mobile as it does on desktop.
• User access controls : Manage access based on a user’s credentials 
• E-commerce management : Some content management systems are designed to be platforms that allow you to sell items online with ease.

What Are the Benefits of Using a CMS? 

The benefits of using a content management system are consistency, simplicity and control. 

A CMS Offers Consistency

With a CMS, you can change the look and feel of your website all at once. Without a content management system, any desired change in your website’s aesthetics will involve someone going through pages one-by-one to ensure the content’s look and feel is consistent. The level of consistency offered by a CMS also means you don’t have to worry about how users are viewing your content. Whether it’s on a mobile device or a desktop monitor, the CMS can handle it. 

A CMS Offers Simplicity

Many content management systems use what you see is what you get (WYSIWYG, pronounced “wizzy-wig”) content entry systems. That means someone can type as if they’re using a word processor, which simplifies what the content creator has to process. 

A CMS Offers Control

The administrator protects the site by managing what types of content users can access across the website. Any modern CMS will also have security tools to protect from hackers. The CMS security system also helps the website stay up-to-date because the administrator can apply updates without using any code.

More From Software Experts on Built In What Is the Waterfall Methdology?

Examples of Content Management Systems 

The content management system that most will know is Wordpress . Wordpress powers almost half of the internet , and manages some of the largest websites in existence. Spotify , Vogue, The New York Times and CNN are among their most well-known customers . 

Squarespace

Squarespace is a content management system that focuses on e-commerce . Whereas Wordpress has a variety of applications, Squarespace focuses on those who run websites explicitly to sell goods online. It’s an all-in-one platform popular among small businesses and entrepreneurs. 

Webflow is a no-code content management system, which expands the CMS content into website development. 

Here are a few other content management systems you may have heard about:

• Drupal  

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Library Hi Tech

ISSN : 0737-8831

Article publication date: 1 January 2006

To introduce the special theme issue on “Content management systems”.

Design/methodology/approach

Each of the articles in the theme are described in brief.

The articles cover a range of topics from implementation to interoperability, object‐oriented database management systems, and research about meeting user needs.

Originality/value

Libraries have only just begun to realize that their web presence is potentially as rich and complex as their online catalogs, and that it needs an equal amount of management to keep it under control.

• Content management

Seadle, M. (2006), "Content management systems", Library Hi Tech , Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 5-7. https://doi.org/10.1108/07378830610652068

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content management system (CMS) , collaborative software for creating, modifying, and managing digital content. CMSs typically include tools for creating and formatting content that are simple enough for most people to use, workflow options for administrators to permit particular users to serve in certain roles, and a means of presenting content online, generally on a website . By far the most common CMS is WordPress , which was being used on more than 40 percent of all websites by 2023.

A CMS is a very easy way to set up a website, which was once a difficult and expensive prospect. After acquiring Web hosting services and installing a CMS, users generally have only to choose a template, adjust the CMS’s settings to their own preferences, and start generating or uploading content. The assistance of other technical staff is rarely required. Consequently, many individuals and organizations now build their own websites with the help of CMSs.

A CMS consists of two parts: a content management application (CMA) and a content delivery application (CDA). For the majority of users, the CMA is the component with which they are most familiar; it is what they use to create, manage, and edit content. Many CMAs offer premade templates and other features to ensure that even users with little experience can operate the software.

A CDA, on the other hand, serves as the backend of the CMS, getting the content components from the CMS database and displaying them to viewers. For a CMS like WordPress, the CDA is guided in this task by the metadata that the CMS’s users create with the CMA; no display information, such as the layout of the site, is hard-coded into the program. Indeed, little more than the CMA’s default start page is. Consequently, CMA users have a practically unlimited number of options for how the website looks and functions.

CMSs are best known for Web content management (WCM), wherein content is stored and delivered to websites, but other uses exist. Digital asset management (DAM) systems, such as those used by museums , manage graphics and multimedia components, along with their corresponding metadata. A document management system (DMS) specializes exclusively in documents. Component content management (CCM) systems manage and index the individual elements of a document—for example, at the level of images, paragraphs, or even words. More generally, CMSs are also used for enterprise content management (ECM), wherein multiple users in an organization collaborate in managing information so it can be more easily used and accessed.

In 1995 FileNet became the first company to create a CMS. Competitors arrived shortly thereafter—some made it to market the same year—but it was Vignette , which released StoryBuilder in 1996, that would coin the term content management system . The introduction of Adobe ’s PageMill and Vermeer Technologies’ (later Microsoft ’s) FrontPage, both in 1995, popularized the new type of software. Since those two large companies treated their own products as loss leaders, they also swiftly drove down prices.

By the early 2000s the CMS was ubiquitous . The open-source CMS appeared, along with a host of frameworks (prewritten code for building websites and Web applications), so that basic CMS products for the average consumer became free. In 2003, user-friendly CMS sites, like the then new WordPress, debuted premade templates for people without coding experience. In 2006 Alfresco presented the first open-source option for ECM.

With the advent of smartphones like the iPhone in the later 2000s, CMSs had to change. Every CMS had been designed to deliver digital content to desktop and laptop computers. Adapting to mobile devices meant creating a new version of websites—often simplified—for smartphones. The arrival of even more devices with Internet access, such as smartwatches , gaming consoles , and voice-activated devices, required a more elegant solution. The answer was the “headless CMS,” in which the content repository (the backend of the CMS, or its “body”) lacks a presentation layer (the “head”). Instead of having a front end, the headless CMS makes its content available to any display via an API (application programming interface).

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• What is a Research Management System and Why Should You Use One?

How does your organisation manage its research administration? Does your team rely on outdated systems or manual processes such as spreadsheets? 

Your response to the above questions is a strong indicator of whether your organisation is working as efficiently and competitively as possible.

The research administration activities within the award lifecycle are broad, and bring along numerous administrative tasks, including but not limited to pre-award, post-award, contract management, forms management, and business process workflow automation. 

There is a significant risk of non-compliance that comes with relying on solutions that do not integrate end-to-end with all the necessary research administration functions, not to mention the human error associated with manual data processing. 

Research administrators play a significant role in an organisation’s operational excellence and decision support. This is greatly challenged when researchers need to rely on a plethora of systems, each containing different data structures, to extract data to assist in decision-making.

The good news is that we’ve come a long way from submitting paper-based applications and depending on in-house systems to manage the award life cycle. Today research organisations are not only able to manage their entire grants lifecycle with a single end-to-end research management system, but they can also customise these systems to meet their unique organisational requirements.

Now researchers balance the competing responsibilities of managing their administrative load and their actual research work without compromising their valuable time and ensure no missed milestones and complete compliance.

What is a Research Management System (RMS)?

With a wide variety of research management systems to choose from today, it is essential to understand what a research management system is.

A Research Management System (RMS) is a platform that manages a research grant or contract's pre-award, post-award, and publication phases. Throughout the Grants and Contracts life cycle, RMS interfaces with other finance and /or HR systems to provide a seamless process for grants and awards management, eliminate re-keying of data, and heighten transparency into the status of applications at any time.

How does research management systems (RMS) benefit researchers?

Winning a research grant in today’s competitive environment is a considerable achievement. However, that is just the beginning of a new journey and brings several administration burdens for its recipients. 

Successful and timely delivery of all the proposed outcomes is critical not only for the researcher’s career and reputation but also for the organisation they represent. Therefore, implementing efficient and reliable processes is essential.

When research organisations implement a cloud-based research management system, they increase the researcher’s efficiency and ability to collaborate. Saving time and increasing productivity.

The number of benefits provided by a research management system are endless, however, some of the most common ways in which an RMS positively impacts researchers' work include:

• Reduced time submitting proposals and managing sponsored projects,
• Increased collaboration with PIs,
• Speeds up compliance and review processes,
• Works to prevent non-compliance,
• Reduced administrative burden, so researchers can begin researching sooner,
• Provides 24*7 access to information,
• Provides real-time oversight of the entire research program,
• Streamlines reporting, automates workflows, and eliminates paper forms,
• Release of new features and updates on a regular basis further simplifies research management processes,
• Being cloud-based it involves low maintenance cost,
• Notifications, and alerts, for administrators, faculty staff, committees, and researchers,
• Data is centralised, secured, and backed up regularly,
• Tech support is available at your fingertips,

It is a common scenario for research administrators to be scrambling to make the proposal deadline, or to be juggling last-minute budget revisions and missing signatures. By considering adopting a change with a Research Management System, you can be assured that your organisation will see a significant improvement in the time involved in managing research administration. Not to mention the added benefit of increasing research portfolio and revenue.

Utilise RMS for increased impact:

Although research administrators have historically focused on improving operational efficiency to serve faculty better and facilitate compliance these administrators are increasingly called upon for strategic insights to help guide broader institutional strategy. Data makes up a key source of strategic insights related to technology. Data on accounting, budgeting, students, research administration, human resources (HR), and other factors are often collected but infrequently used to their fullest potential. 

Imagine needing to collate this data and information through disparate systems. Given the complexity and the challenges within the research ecosystem, managing data created during just one research project alone is challenging. Working research data across your organisation without a system is impractical, if not impossible.

Given how challenging it can be for research administrators to achieve their goals, there still seems to be plenty of research organisations that are still using legacy or excel spreadsheet processes. 

Researchers can’t afford to get left behind and let Finance and HR once again top the list of institutional priorities and influence vendor development choices for the next few years. 

R esearch organisations should invest in research management systems.

Manage your Research effectively With OmniStar:

Using in-house or cobbled-together systems when managing research results is frustrating for the researchers.

If you want to be competitive, you must recognise and promote your research potential and impact. The tremendous advancement in research management technologies has resulted in development of a unique system, such as the OmniStar Research, freeing you from repetitive administrative tasks and other research management hassles.

The OmniStar research management system can transform the way your organisation operates. Renowned universities, hospitals, and research organisations within Australia place a high level of trust in OmniStar because of its ability to simplify and automate core processes every step of the way.

Get in touch with an OmniStar expert today to discover how you can work smartly with a fully flexible research management solution.

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If software does not simplify your life then its not very good is it? Like the trusty swiss army knife, OmniStar has a simple fix for almost every challenge grants, ethics or research management could throw at you.

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Institute of Water Research

Mdard invests in msu iwr’s great lakes watershed management system.

Connor Crank <[email protected]> , [email protected] - June 30, 2024

With support from the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, the Institute of Water Research at Michigan State University is enhancing the Great Lakes Watershed Management System to help reach the State’s Domestic Action Plan goals.

The Institute of Water Research (IWR) at Michigan State University (MSU) has received a $305,000 grant from the Michigan Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (MDARD) to help track progress on Michigan’s phosphorus-reduction goal for the Western Lake Erie Basin (WLEB).

The Great Lakes Watershed Management System (GLWMS) is an online tool used to evaluate, track, and report water quality and groundwater recharge improvements at the watershed and field-level scales. The system allows users to evaluate effects on sediment and nutrient loading, in addition to groundwater recharge based on changes in land use/land cover or management strategies.

More than $17 million has been invested in the development of the GLWMS and the conservation projects it supports, which includes funding from The Nature Conservancy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Department of Agriculture’s Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Coca-Cola, Method Company, Delta Institute, State of Michigan, Purdue University, and MSU.

GLWMS has enabled these organizations to track and quantify their investments in conservation across multiple scales. To do this, the GLWMS uses an open platform that can utilize various models to evaluate land management changes. These models include the Soil and Water Assessment Tool, HYDRUS 3D, and the NRCS Wind Erosion Prediction System, among others.

MDARD’s latest investment in the GLWMS will produce a new tracking interface that enables the State of Michigan departments of Agriculture and Rural Development; Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy; and Natural Resources to quantify and track progress toward phosphorus load reduction goals in in the WLEB.

IWR is working closely with the State to develop a customized dashboard that will include key indicators and critical metrics identified by project stakeholders. In addition, existing models will be expanded to include watersheds not currently covered, and IWR will expand the types of best management practices available in the GLWMS. The nutrient tracking dashboard prototype interface and concept was presented at Michigan’s inaugural State of WLEB conference in December 2023.

“We are excited about expanding our partnership with MDARD to address the nutrient loading issues in the WLEB,” said IWR Assistant Director Jeremiah Asher. “Utilizing the GLWMS and the near real-time nutrient tracking dashboard to quantify nutrient reductions from investments in conservation is a game changer. The GLWMS can also help guide future investments in conservation practices to focus more on performance-based outcomes, allowing conservation dollars to have a greater impact.”

 “Thanks to Governor Whitmer’s bipartisan budget, MDARD is investing in the critical data collection and tracking needed to demonstrate what’s actually working, to better inform program decisions, and help producers understand where the phosphorus is coming from,” said Dr. Tim Boring, MDARD Director. “Research is critical to advancing progress to determine where, when, and how to reduce phosphorus loading and to understand how phosphorus is transported from fields into tributaries. Expanded research is an essential cornerstone because there are still far too many unknowns when it comes to long-term water quality improvement.”

IWR has begun development of the nutrient tracking dashboard and will begin populating it with test datasets this year. Stakeholders can sign up at www.michigan.gov/mdard/about/media/email to receive email updates from MDARD to be notified when the GLWMS online tool is available to the public.

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Content management has become a central component of professional writing. It therefore also plays an important role in Computer Aided Writing. After we have presented the structure of a modern content management system , we go into the importance of media-neutral text capture and introduce a meta-typography in order to map typography in different output channels. We then look at multimedia content and the special aspects of writing it. A further emphasis is the writing of one text by several users or a text for different output channels and how Computer Aided Writing can support this situation.

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Klahold, A., Fathi, M. (2020). Content Management . In: Computer Aided Writing. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27439-9_7

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regreSSHion: Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution Vulnerability in OpenSSH server

Table of Contents

About openssh: securing enterprise communications and infrastructure, affected openssh versions:, potential impact of regresshion, immediate steps to mitigate risk, technical details, qualys qid coverage, discover vulnerable assets using qualys cybersecurity asset management (csam), enhance your security posture with qualys vulnerability management, detection, and response (vmdr).

• Gain exposure visibility and remediation tracking with the regreSSHion Unified Dashboard
• Automatically Patch regreSSHion vulnerability With Qualys Patch Management

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

The  Qualys Threat Research Unit (TRU)  has discovered a Remote Unauthenticated Code Execution (RCE) vulnerability in OpenSSH’s server (sshd) in glibc-based Linux systems. CVE assigned to this vulnerability is CVE-2024-6387.

The vulnerability, which is a signal handler race condition in OpenSSH’s server (sshd), allows unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) as root on glibc-based Linux systems; that presents a significant security risk. This race condition affects sshd in its default configuration.

Based on searches using Censys and Shodan, we have identified over 14 million potentially vulnerable OpenSSH server instances exposed to the Internet. Anonymized data from Qualys CSAM 3.0 with External Attack Surface Management data reveals that approximately 700,000 external internet-facing instances are vulnerable. This accounts for 31% of all internet-facing instances with OpenSSH in our global customer base. Interestingly, over 0.14% of vulnerable internet-facing instances with OpenSSH service have an End-Of-Life/End-Of-Support version of OpenSSH running.

In our security analysis, we identified that this vulnerability is a regression of the previously patched vulnerability CVE-2006-5051, which was reported in 2006. A regression in this context means that a flaw, once fixed, has reappeared in a subsequent software release, typically due to changes or updates that inadvertently reintroduce the issue. This incident highlights the crucial role of thorough regression testing to prevent the reintroduction of known vulnerabilities into the environment. This regression was introduced in October 2020 (OpenSSH 8.5p1).

Qualys has developed a working exploit for the regreSSHion vulnerability. As part of the disclosure process, we successfully demonstrated the exploit to the OpenSSH team to assist with their understanding and remediation efforts. We do not release our exploits, as we must allow time for patches to be applied. However, even though the exploit is complex, we believe that other independent researchers will be able to replicate our results.

OpenSSH (Open Secure Shell) is a suite of secure networking utilities based on the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol, which is vital for secure communication over unsecured networks. It provides robust encryption to ensure privacy and secure file transfers, making it an essential tool for remote server management and secure data communication. Known for its extensive security and authentication features, OpenSSH supports various encryption technologies and is standard on multiple Unix-like systems, including macOS and Linux.

OpenSSH’s implementation serves as a critical tool for secure communication. Its enterprise value lies in its scalability and the ability to enforce robust access controls and secure automated processes across various environments. This includes everything from automated backups and batch processing to complex DevOps practices, which involve the secure handling of sensitive data across multiple systems and locations. Its continued development and widespread adoption highlight its importance in maintaining the confidentiality and integrity of network communications worldwide.

OpenSSH stands as a benchmark in software security, exemplifying a robust defense-in-depth approach. Despite the recent vulnerability, its overall track record remains exceptionally strong, serving as both a model and an inspiration in the field.

• OpenSSH versions earlier than 4.4p1 are vulnerable to this signal handler race condition unless they are patched for CVE-2006-5051 and CVE-2008-4109.
• Versions from 4.4p1 up to, but not including, 8.5p1 are not vulnerable due to a transformative patch for CVE-2006-5051, which made a previously unsafe function secure.
• The vulnerability resurfaces in versions from 8.5p1 up to, but not including, 9.8p1 due to the accidental removal of a critical component in a function.

OpenBSD systems are unaffected by this bug, as OpenBSD developed a secure mechanism in 2001 that prevents this vulnerability.

This vulnerability, if exploited, could lead to full system compromise where an attacker can execute arbitrary code with the highest privileges, resulting in a complete system takeover, installation of malware, data manipulation, and the creation of backdoors for persistent access. It could facilitate network propagation, allowing attackers to use a compromised system as a foothold to traverse and exploit other vulnerable systems within the organization.

Moreover, gaining root access would enable attackers to bypass critical security mechanisms such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and logging mechanisms, further obscuring their activities. This could also result in significant data breaches and leakage, giving attackers access to all data stored on the system, including sensitive or proprietary information that could be stolen or publicly disclosed.

This vulnerability is challenging to exploit due to its remote race condition nature, requiring multiple attempts for a successful attack. This can cause memory corruption and necessitate overcoming Address Space Layout Randomization (ASLR). Advancements in deep learning may significantly increase the exploitation rate, potentially providing attackers with a substantial advantage in leveraging such security flaws.

Addressing the regreSSHion vulnerability in OpenSSH, which enables remote code execution on Linux systems, demands a focused and layered security approach. Here are concise steps and strategic recommendations for enterprises to safeguard against this significant threat:

• Patch Management : Quickly apply available patches for OpenSSH and prioritize ongoing update processes.
• Enhanced Access Control : Limit SSH access through network-based controls to minimize the attack risks.
• Network Segmentation and Intrusion Detection : Divide networks to restrict unauthorized access and lateral movements within critical environments and deploy systems to monitor and alert on unusual activities indicative of exploitation attempts.

You can find the technical details of this vulnerability at:  

https://www.qualys.com/2024/07/01/cve-2024-6387/regresshion.txt

Qualys is releasing the QIDs in the table below as they become available, starting with vulnsigs version VULNSIGS-2.6.83-4 and in Linux Cloud Agent manifest version LX_MANIFEST-2.6.83.4-5

Please check the Qualys Vulnerability Knowledgebase for the full list of coverage for this vulnerability.

The initial and crucial step in managing this critical vulnerability and mitigating associated risks involves pinpointing all assets susceptible to this specific issue. Use CSAM 3.0 with External Attack Surface Management to identify your organization’s internet-facing instances that have vulnerable versions of OpenSSH or are at their End of Life (EOL) or End of Support (EOS).

Try CSAM 3.0 at no cost for 30 days

In the following example, we aim to identify all assets running the OpenSSH:

Qualys VMDR  offers comprehensive coverage and visibility into vulnerabilities, empowering organizations to rapidly respond to, prioritize, and mitigate the associated risks. Additionally, Qualys customers can leverage Qualys Patch Management to remediate these vulnerabilities effectively.

Leverage the power of Qualys VMDR alongside TruRisk and the Qualys Query Language (QQL) to efficiently identify and prioritize vulnerable assets, effectively addressing the vulnerabilities highlighted above.

Try Qualys VMDR at no cost for 30 days

Use this QQL statement:

Gain exposure visibility and remediation tracking with the “regreSSHion” Unified Dashboard

With the Qualys Unified Dashboard, you can track the vulnerability exposure within your organization and view your impacted hosts, their status, distribution across environments, and overall management in real time, allowing you to see your mean time to remediation (MTTR).

To make it easier for customers to track and manage regreSSHion vulnerability in their subscriptions, we have created the Manage regreSSHion dashboard , which you can download and import into your subscription.

Automatically Patch “regreSSHion” vulnerability With Qualys Patch Management

We expect vendors to release patches for this vulnerability shortly. Qualys Patch Management can  automatically deploy those patches to vulnerable assets, when available.

Customers can use the “patch now” button found to the right of the vulnerability to add regreSSHion to a patch job. Once patches are released, Qualys will find the relevant patches for this vulnerability and automatically add those patches to a patch job. This will allow customers to deploy those patches to vulnerable devices, all from the Qualys Cloud Platform.

Qualys Patch Management No-Cost 45-Day Trial

Will the qualys research team publish exploit code or include proof-of-concept code for this vulnerability.

No, as part of our commitment to responsible disclosure and maintaining high-security standards, we will not publish exploit codes. Given the complexity of this vulnerability, it is crucial to allow organizations to apply patches effectively without the immediate pressure of public exploits.

Are there any mitigations for this vulnerability?

If sshd can’t be updated or recompiled, set LoginGraceTime to 0 in the config file. This exposes sshd to a denial of service by using up all MaxStartups connections, but it prevents the remote code execution risk.

Using Qualys Custom Assessment and Remediation (CAR), you can easily apply this mitigation across affected assets in one go. Just follow these easy steps:

1. Go to CAR Library, look for Zero Day Utilities, and import the mitigation script.

2. You can approve while importing or later on.

3. Execute it across required assets/asset tags.

Start your free trial of Qualys CAR – https://www.qualys.com/forms/custom-assessment-remediation/

Is this vulnerability remotely exploitable?

Yes, this vulnerability can be exploited remotely and allows unauthenticated remote code execution (RCE) as root, posing a significant security risk.

Why is the vulnerability named “regreSSHion”?

This is a pun/reference to this being a regression bug affecting OpenSSH.

Should organizations patch these vulnerabilities urgently?

Yes, we would encourage organizations to patch this vulnerability urgently, especially on their internet-facing assets.

How will the new security fix be implemented for different versions?

This fix is part of a major update, making it challenging to backport. Consequently, users will have two update options: upgrading to the latest version released on Monday, July 1st (9.8p1) or applying a fix to older versions as outlined in the advisory, which is the approach most vendors will take.

Does this vulnerability affect macOS or Windows?

While it is likely that the vulnerability exists in both macOS and Windows, its exploitability on these platforms remains uncertain. Further analysis is required to determine the specific impact.

How can users identify exploitation attempts of this vulnerability?

Exploitation attempts for this vulnerability can be identified by seeing many many lines of “Timeout before authentication” in the logs.

What is the exposure to Qualys infrastructure?

The Qualys security team has taken immediate steps to protect our corporate infrastructure and products from any impact regarding the exploitation of this vulnerability. At this time, we have not experienced any negative impacts or detected any exploitation attempts. In addition, the Qualys security team has implemented enhanced monitoring and response plans to detect and respond to future exploit attempts. Emergency patching procedures have been initiated to fully remediate the vulnerability. To further help the broader security community, we are sharing our detection logic (see FAQ: “How to identify exploitation attempts of this vulnerability?”) to help customers respond should attacks occur before patching and mitigation efforts are completed.

How can users identify systems vulnerable to the OpenSSH regreSSHion vulnerability?

Users can determine if their systems are vulnerable by verifying the version of the OpenSSH server installed. Systems running affected versions should be considered at risk and prioritized for updates.

Under what circumstances might QID 42046 fail to report accurately?

Accurate detection with QID 42046 requires root privileges, as the command used only runs with root access.

Why is a QID categorized as a confirmed or potential vulnerability?

A QID is reported as confirmed in authenticated scan results because these scans can access detailed information that verifies the vulnerability more reliably. On the other hand, remote unauthenticated scans categorize a QID as potential because they primarily depend on the information presented by the OpenSSH service banner. This banner might display a partial version of details, leading to less definitive conclusions about the presence of a vulnerability.

When will the Qualys Detection Score (QDS) be updated?

As the vulnerability begins to trend across various threat intelligence sources, our QDS will utilize these intelligent feeds for dynamic updates. We expect its effectiveness to reach a score of 90 or above.

Has the threat feed been updated to include the regreSSHion vulnerability?

Yes, the Qualys threat feed is updated when emerging threats are tracked and reported from the dark web and other sources. The update activates as soon as a vulnerability trends across various threat intelligence platforms.

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