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Coding: An Overview and Guide to Qualitative Data Analysis for Integral Researchers

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Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems

First, we discuss issues raised with respect to the Theory of Event Coding (TEC)’s scope, that is, its limitations and possible extensions. Then, we address the issue of specificity, that is, the widespread concern that TEC is too unspecified and, therefore, too vague in a number of important respects. Finally, we elaborate on our views about TEC’s relations to other important frameworks and approaches in the field like stages models, ecological approaches, and the two-visual-pathways model.

Coding data-defining concepts and identifying where they occur in data-is a critical aspect of qualitative data analysis, and especially so in quantitative ethnography. Coding is a central process for creating meaning from data, and while much has been written about coding methods and theory, relatively little has been written about what constitutes best practices for fair and valid coding, what justifies those practices, and how to implement them. In this paper, our goal is not to address these issues comprehensively, but to provide guidelines for good coding practice and to highlight some of the issues and key questions that quantitative ethnographers and other researchers should consider when coding data.

Qualitative research methods in human geography, 2010

This study tries to identify, define, and analyze the coding techniques that the grounded theory researchers follow when they develop the qualitative research. Grounded theory is a qualitative research analysis that systematically collects and analyzes data to develop a new theory on human behavior in social welfare perceptions. It also tries to discuss coding method, coding cycle, theoretical sensitivity, theoretical sampling, theoretical saturation, etc. Usually, a code is a word or short phrases that symbolically allocate a summative, salient, and essence capturing for a portion of visual data. In qualitative grounded theory research coding plays an important role that enables the researchers to identify, organize, and build new theory that is grounded in data. The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of codes, coding, and coding methods that form a qualitative grounded theory.

In this paper, we argue that qualitative data analysis software lacks a tool that can be used to fulfill an algorithmic evaluation of conceptualization carried out in qualitative studies. We propose the context-oriented models of coding that conjugate single codes, that is, brief denotations made in natural language, by unusual local relationships called context-fixed elucidation (CFE). CFE is a local relationship between miscellaneous aspects of a case under study. The set of separate CFEs, originated by the analyst during conceptualization and called thesaurus, represents the case as a whole. On the basis of CFE structure and using the thesaurus’ single codes as data, there is proposed an algorithm which calculates, without the involvement of the expert, whether there is or not global coherence of single codes used by analyst within the thesaurus. The tool thus obtained emulates for the codes originated in qualitative study the relationships known in the object-oriented programmin...

In an attempt to help find meaning within qualitative data, researchers commonly start by coding their data. There are a number of coding systems available to researchers and this reflexive account explores my reflections on the use of two such techniques. As part of a larger investigation, two pilot studies were undertaken as a means to examine the relative merits of open coding and template coding for examining transcripts. This article does not describe the research project per se but attempts to step back and offer a reflexive account of the development of data coding tools. Here I reflect upon and evaluate the two data coding techniques that were piloted, and discuss how using appropriate aspects of both led to the development of my final data coding approach. My exploration found there was no clear-cut ‘best’ option but that the data coding techniques needed to be reflexively-aligned to meet the specific needs of my project. This reflection suggests that, when coding qualitative data, researchers should be methodologically thoughtful when they attempt to apply any data coding technique; that they do not assume pre-established tools are aligned to their particular paradigm; and that they consider combining and refining established techniques as a means to define their own specific codes.

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Coding Qualitative Data

• First Online: 02 January 2023

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With the advent and proliferation of analysis software (e.g., Nvivo, Atlas.ti), coding data has become much easier in terms of application. Where autocoding algorithms do much to assist and enlighten a researcher in analysis, coding qualitative data remains an act that must largely be undertaken by a human in order to fully address the research question(s) (Kaufmann, A. A., Barcomb, A., & Riehle, D. (2020). Supporting interview analysis with autocoding. HICSS. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Supporting-Interview-Analysis-with-Autocoding-Kaufmann-Barcomb/b6e045859b5ce94e1eb144a9545b26c5e9fa6f32 ). Even seasoned qualitative researchers can find the process of coding their datum corpus to be arduous at times. For novice researchers, the task can quickly become baffling and overwhelming.

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How We Code

Anonymous Author. (2019, July 2). Resolve: Finding a resolution for infertility: Infertility support group and discussion community [online discussion post]. https://www.inspire.com/

Basit, T. N. (2003). Manual or electronic? The role of coding in qualitative data analysis. Educational Research, 45 (2), 143–154.

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Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3 (2), 77–101.

Caulfield, J. (2019, September 6). How to do thematic analysis . www.scribbr.com/methodology/thematicanalysis

Creswell, J. (2015). 30 Essential skills for the qualitative researcher . SAGE.

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Elliot, V. (2018). Thinking about the coding process in qualitative data analysis. The Qualitative Report, 23 (11), 2850–2861. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol23/iss11/14

Kaufmann, A. A., Barcomb, A., & Riehle, D. (2020). Supporting interview analysis with autocoding. HICSS. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Supporting-Interview-Analysis-with-Autocoding-Kaufmann-Barcomb/b6e045859b5ce94e1eb144a9545b26c5e9fa6f32

Saldana, J. (2009). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE.

Further Readings

Analyzing Qualitative Data: Nvivo 12 Pro for Windows (2 hours). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CKPS4LF9G8A

How to Analyze Interview Transcripts. (2 minutes). https://www.rev.com/blog/analyze-interview-transcripts-in-qualitative-research

How to Know You Are Coding Correctly (4 minutes). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iL7Ww5kpnIM

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Rogers, M. (2023). Coding Qualitative Data. In: Okoko, J.M., Tunison, S., Walker, K.D. (eds) Varieties of Qualitative Research Methods. Springer Texts in Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04394-9_12

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28 Coding and Analysis Strategies

Johnny Saldaña, School of Theatre and Film, Arizona State University

• Published: 04 August 2014
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This chapter provides an overview of selected qualitative data analytic strategies with a particular focus on codes and coding. Preparatory strategies for a qualitative research study and data management are first outlined. Six coding methods are then profiled using comparable interview data: process coding, in vivo coding, descriptive coding, values coding, dramaturgical coding, and versus coding. Strategies for constructing themes and assertions from the data follow. Analytic memo writing is woven throughout the preceding as a method for generating additional analytic insight. Next, display and arts-based strategies are provided, followed by recommended qualitative data analytic software programs and a discussion on verifying the researcher’s analytic findings.

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Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institution’s website and Oxford Academic.

• Click Sign in through your institution.
• Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
• When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
• Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institution’s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.

Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:

Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see ‘Sign in through society site’ in the sign in pane within a journal:

• Click Sign in through society site.
• When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.

Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:

• View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
• View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.

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