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AIOU Solved Assignments Spring 2023 Download Free PDF. AIOU stands for Allama Iqbal Open University , which is a public research university located in Islamabad, Pakistan. It was established in 1974 and is known for its distance education programs that cater to students from all over Pakistan and other countries. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is a renowned institution in Pakistan, that provides distance learning education to students across the country. The university offers various undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate programs in different fields. To ensure that students receive a quality education, AIOU has a rigorous assessment system, which includes assignments, quizzes, and exams. To help students with their assignments, the university provides solved assignments, which are available in the form of PDFs. AIOU Solved Assignments Spring 2023 Download Free PDF.

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Sunday, July 23

Commercial geography (1428) - spring 2023 - assignment 1.

Commercial Geography (1428)

Q.1       Define Geography and describe its branches.

Geography is a multidisciplinary field that studies the Earth's landscapes, environments, and the interactions between humans and their surroundings. It seeks to understand the spatial patterns and processes that shape the world we live in. The word "geography" is derived from the Greek words "geo" (Earth) and "graphy" (to write or describe).

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Geography can be divided into several branches, each focusing on specific aspects of the Earth's physical and human systems. Below, I will describe some of the main branches of geography:

1. Physical Geography:

Physical geography deals with the natural processes and features of the Earth's surface. It examines landforms, climates, ecosystems, and the distribution of flora and fauna. Some sub-branches of physical geography include:

a. Geomorphology: This branch studies the formation and evolution of landforms such as mountains, valleys, plains, and rivers. It investigates the processes of erosion, weathering, and tectonic activity that shape the Earth's surface.

b. Climatology: Climatology focuses on the study of climates and their variability. It examines factors like temperature, precipitation, wind patterns, and atmospheric circulation to understand global and regional climate systems.

c. Biogeography: Biogeography analyzes the distribution of plants and animals across the Earth's surface, considering factors like migration, evolution, and human influence.

d. Hydrology: Hydrology is concerned with the study of water in all its forms, including rainfall, rivers, lakes, glaciers, and groundwater. It investigates the movement, distribution, and availability of water resources.

e. Pedology: Pedology is the study of soil and its properties, formation, and classification. It plays a vital role in understanding agricultural practices and environmental conservation.

2. Human Geography:

Human geography focuses on the study of human activities, including population, culture, economy, urbanization, and political systems. Sub-branches of human geography include:

a. Cultural Geography: Cultural geography examines the distribution and influence of cultures, including language, religion, traditions, and customs across different regions.

b. Economic Geography: This branch studies the spatial distribution of economic activities, such as industrial regions, trade, and the impact of globalization on economies.

c. Population Geography: Population geography analyzes the distribution, growth, and migration patterns of human populations, as well as their interactions with the environment.

d. Urban Geography: Urban geography explores the patterns and processes of urbanization, including city planning, land use, and the social dynamics of urban areas.

e. Political Geography: Political geography examines the spatial distribution of political systems, borders, and the influence of geography on political decisions.

3. Regional Geography:

Regional geography involves the study of specific regions or areas of the Earth, focusing on their unique characteristics, cultures, economies, and environmental attributes. It seeks to understand the spatial patterns and interactions that define these regions.

4. Environmental Geography:

Environmental geography studies the complex interactions between human activities and the natural environment. It examines issues like environmental degradation, conservation, sustainable development, and the impact of climate change.

5. Geographical Information Systems (GIS):

GIS is a specialized branch that involves the use of digital technology to gather, analyze, and visualize spatial data. GIS applications are widely used in various fields, including urban planning, disaster management, and environmental monitoring.

In conclusion, geography is a diverse and dynamic field with numerous branches, each contributing to our understanding of the Earth and the relationships between humans and their environment. From the physical processes shaping the land to the cultural patterns of human societies, geography provides valuable insights that are crucial for sustainable development and informed decision-making on a global scale.

Q.2       What is scope of economics and commercial geography? Explain importance of economics and commercial geography and its approaches?                    

The scope of Economics and Commercial Geography is vast, and both disciplines play a crucial role in understanding and analyzing the economic activities and spatial patterns of human interactions with the environment. Let's explore the scope, importance, and approaches of Economics and Commercial Geography in detail:

Scope of Economics:

Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services in an economy. Its scope encompasses a wide range of topics and areas, including:

1. Microeconomics: Microeconomics focuses on individual economic units such as households, firms, and markets. It examines how consumers make choices and how firms decide on production and pricing strategies. Concepts like supply and demand, market structures, and consumer behavior are central to microeconomics.

2. Macroeconomics: Macroeconomics deals with the overall performance of an economy. It analyzes factors like inflation, unemployment, economic growth, and national income. Policymakers use macroeconomic theories to understand and manage the overall health of an economy.

3. Development Economics: Development economics studies the processes and policies that can promote economic growth and reduce poverty in developing countries. It addresses issues like income distribution, human capital, and sustainable development.

4. International Economics: International economics explores the economic interactions between countries, including trade, international finance, and globalization. It also deals with issues related to exchange rates, tariffs, and trade agreements.

5. Public Economics: Public economics examines the role of the government in the economy. It analyzes public goods, taxation, and government spending, as well as the effects of various economic policies.

Scope of Commercial Geography:

Commercial Geography, also known as Economic Geography, focuses on the spatial distribution of economic activities and the relationships between humans and their environment from an economic perspective. Its scope includes:

1. Location Theory: Location theory examines why economic activities are located where they are. It considers factors like accessibility, proximity to resources, and market demand to explain the spatial patterns of industries and businesses.

2. Industrial Geography: Industrial geography studies the location, growth, and spatial organization of industries and manufacturing processes. It explores factors influencing industrial location decisions and the impact of industrialization on regions.

3. Retail Geography: Retail geography analyzes the distribution and organization of retail businesses and consumer markets. It studies factors that influence the location of retail outlets and the development of shopping patterns.

4. Transportation Geography: This branch deals with the study of transportation networks and their role in facilitating the movement of goods and people. It investigates the impact of transportation infrastructure on regional development and accessibility.

Importance of Economics and Commercial Geography:

Economics and Commercial Geography hold significant importance for various reasons:

1. Understanding Economic Systems: These disciplines help us understand how economies function at different scales, from local to global. They provide insights into the mechanisms that drive economic activities and interactions.

2. Policy Formulation: Economic theories and principles are essential for formulating effective economic policies at the national and international levels. Governments rely on economic analyses to design policies that promote economic growth, stability, and development.

3. Business Decision Making: In the business world, knowledge of commercial geography assists in making informed decisions about location, market expansion, and supply chain management. Understanding regional disparities and market conditions is crucial for business success.

4. Sustainable Development: Economics and Commercial Geography contribute to the understanding of sustainable development, helping identify ways to balance economic growth with environmental conservation and social well-being.

Approaches in Economics and Commercial Geography:

Both Economics and Commercial Geography use various approaches to study economic activities and spatial patterns:

1. Quantitative Approach: This approach involves the use of statistical and mathematical methods to analyze economic data and spatial patterns. It helps in making predictions, formulating models, and testing hypotheses.

2. Spatial Analysis: Spatial analysis focuses on understanding the distribution of economic activities across space. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing technologies are often used for spatial data analysis.

3. Historical Approach: The historical approach examines past economic and spatial patterns to understand their evolution and impact on current economic systems and landscapes.

4. Behavioral Economics: This approach incorporates psychological factors into economic analysis, studying how individuals and groups make economic decisions.

5. Case Studies: Case studies involve in-depth analysis of specific economic activities or regions, providing valuable insights into real-world situations.

In conclusion, the scope of Economics and Commercial Geography is vast, covering various aspects of economic activities, their spatial patterns, and their impact on societies and environments. These disciplines are crucial for policymakers, businesses, and individuals seeking to make informed decisions about economic development, resource allocation, and sustainable practices. By using different approaches, economics and commercial geography contribute significantly to our understanding of the complex interactions between human activities and the natural world.

Q.3       Define world economics geography. Explain the major resources and their categorization.                                                                                                                                 

World Economic Geography is a subfield of Economic Geography that focuses on the spatial distribution of economic activities, resources, and the interactions between different regions and countries within the global economy. It examines how economic processes, resources, and trade shape the world's geography and influence patterns of development and wealth distribution. World Economic Geography analyzes the interconnectedness of nations and regions in terms of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services on a global scale. Let's explore the major resources and their categorization in the context of World Economic Geography:

Major Resources and Their Categorization:

1. Natural Resources:

Natural resources are materials and substances found in the natural environment that have economic value and are essential for human societies and economies. They can be categorized into the following types:

a. Renewable Resources: Renewable resources can be replenished naturally over time, either through natural processes or human intervention. Examples include solar energy, wind energy, water resources (hydroelectric power), and forests (timber and biomass).

b. Non-Renewable Resources: Non-renewable resources are finite and cannot be replenished within a human time frame. Examples include fossil fuels (coal, oil, natural gas), minerals (iron, copper, gold), and precious metals.

c. Flow Resources: Flow resources are renewable resources that are continuous and do not accumulate over time. Examples include wind and solar energy, as their availability depends on daily or seasonal variations.

d. Stock Resources: Stock resources are renewable resources that accumulate over time and can be harvested sustainably. Examples include forests, fish stocks, and groundwater.

2. Human Resources:

Human resources refer to the people and their skills, knowledge, and abilities, which are crucial for economic production and development. They can be categorized as follows:

a. Skilled Labor: Skilled labor includes workers with specialized knowledge and expertise, such as doctors, engineers, and IT professionals, whose skills are essential for complex economic activities.

b. Unskilled Labor: Unskilled labor consists of workers who perform simple and repetitive tasks, often requiring minimal training. Examples include laborers, agricultural workers, and manual workers in manufacturing.

c. Human Capital: Human capital refers to the overall skills, knowledge, and health of a workforce. Investment in education, training, and healthcare improves the quality of human capital, leading to economic growth.

3. Capital Resources:

Capital resources are the tools, machinery, infrastructure, and financial assets used in the production of goods and services. They can be categorized as follows:

a. Physical Capital: Physical capital includes all tangible assets used in production, such as machinery, buildings, and equipment.

b. Financial Capital: Financial capital represents the monetary resources available for investment and business operations. It includes savings, investments, and loans.

c. Infrastructure: Infrastructure refers to the basic physical and organizational structures needed for the operation of a society and its economy. This includes transportation networks, communication systems, and utilities.

4. Technological Resources:

Technological resources encompass the knowledge, innovations, and technological advancements that drive economic productivity and progress. They can be categorized as follows:

a. Information and Communication Technology (ICT): ICT includes technologies related to information processing, storage, and communication, such as computers, the internet, and telecommunications.

b. Research and Development (R&D): R&D resources involve investments in scientific research and innovation, leading to new products, processes, and technologies.

5. Energy Resources:

Energy resources are crucial for economic activities and play a significant role in shaping the global economy. They can be categorized as follows:

a. Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels, including coal, oil, and natural gas, are the primary sources of energy for various industrial and transportation purposes.

b. Renewable Energy: Renewable energy sources, such as solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy, are gaining importance due to concerns over climate change and sustainability.

6. Cultural Resources:

Cultural resources include the artistic, intellectual, and social capital of a society, which contribute to economic development and tourism. They can be categorized as follows:

a. Cultural Heritage: Cultural heritage includes historical sites, monuments, and traditions that attract tourists and contribute to the cultural identity of a region.

b. Intellectual Property: Intellectual property, such as patents, trademarks, and copyrights, represents the creations of the human mind and plays a vital role in promoting innovation and creativity.

In conclusion, World Economic Geography explores the distribution and utilization of various resources on a global scale. Natural resources, human resources, capital resources, technological resources, energy resources, and cultural resources all contribute to the economic development and spatial patterns of the world. Understanding the categorization and availability of these resources is essential for sustainable development, trade, and economic policies at both national and international levels. The interaction between regions and countries through the exchange of resources and goods forms the foundation of the global economy and shapes the economic geography of the world.

Q.4       Define word trade routes and describe its effects on the world major economics.      

Trade routes refer to established paths or networks that facilitate the movement of goods, services, and ideas between different regions and countries. These routes have played a crucial role in shaping the world's major economies throughout history and continue to do so in the present day. Trade routes can be both overland and maritime, and they have significant effects on global economics. Let's explore some of the key effects of trade routes on the world's major economies:

1. Economic Growth and Development:

Trade routes promote economic growth and development by enabling the exchange of goods and resources between regions with varying levels of production and demand. Regions rich in natural resources can export their surplus to other regions in need, while regions with advanced manufacturing capabilities can export their finished products. This interregional trade fosters specialization and efficient allocation of resources, leading to increased production and economic prosperity.

2. Cultural Exchange and Diffusion:

Trade routes facilitate cultural exchange and diffusion between different civilizations and societies. As goods and ideas travel along these routes, they bring about cultural interactions, leading to the spread of languages, religions, art, and technology. This cultural exchange enriches societies and promotes a better understanding of diverse cultures.

3. Urbanization and Growth of Cities:

Trade routes often pass through strategic locations, leading to the growth of cities and trading hubs at these points. Ports, market towns, and trading centers develop along maritime trade routes, while caravan cities and oases form along overland trade routes. These urban centers become focal points of economic activity and attract merchants, artisans, and migrants, contributing to urbanization and economic development.

4. Technological Advancements:

The need to improve transportation and communication along trade routes has historically driven technological advancements. For example, the ancient Silk Road played a crucial role in fostering the exchange of goods between East and West and encouraged the development of better transportation methods, including the use of camels and caravans. Similarly, maritime trade routes led to advancements in shipbuilding and navigation techniques, such as the use of compasses and astrolabes.

5. Development of Financial Systems:

Trade routes necessitate the establishment of financial systems to facilitate transactions over long distances. Historical trade routes saw the emergence of early banking systems, such as the hawala system in the Islamic world and the bills of exchange in medieval Europe. These financial systems laid the foundation for modern banking and international finance.

6. Interdependence and Globalization:

Trade routes create interdependence between regions and countries. As economies become more interconnected, the consequences of economic events in one region can have ripple effects on others. This interdependence is a defining characteristic of globalization, which has accelerated in recent centuries due to advancements in transportation and communication technologies.

7. Influence on Political Power:

Control over strategic trade routes has historically been a source of political power. Empires and nations that controlled important trade routes gained economic advantages and used this influence to expand their territories and exert dominance over other regions. The control of maritime trade routes was a significant factor in the rise of seafaring empires like Portugal, Spain, and the Netherlands during the Age of Exploration.

8. Wealth Disparities and Inequality:

While trade routes can lead to economic growth and prosperity, they can also exacerbate wealth disparities and economic inequality. Regions with better access to trade routes and resources may experience more significant economic gains, leaving other regions at a disadvantage. Moreover, trade imbalances between countries can lead to trade deficits and surpluses, affecting their economic well-being.

In conclusion, trade routes have had profound effects on the world's major economies throughout history. They have been instrumental in fostering economic growth, cultural exchange, and technological advancements. Trade routes have also contributed to the rise of urban centers, the development of financial systems, and the interdependence of nations. However, they have also been a source of political power and have the potential to exacerbate economic disparities. As the world continues to globalize, trade routes remain essential drivers of economic development and connectivity between nations and regions.

Q.5       What do you know about geographical location of Pakistan? Explain the physical features and climate of different regions of Pakistan?

Geographical Location of Pakistan:

Pakistan is a country located in South Asia, sharing its borders with India to the east, Afghanistan and Iran to the west, China to the north, and the Arabian Sea to the south. It lies between latitudes 24° and 37° N and longitudes 61° and 75° E. The country has a diverse landscape, ranging from high mountains in the north to fertile plains and coastal areas in the south.

Physical Features of Different Regions of Pakistan:

1. Northern Mountains:

The northern region of Pakistan is dominated by the towering peaks of the Himalayas, Karakoram, and Hindu Kush mountain ranges. Some of the world's highest mountains, including K2 (the second-highest peak after Mount Everest), Nanga Parbat, and Broad Peak, are located in this area. The region is known for its stunning landscapes, glaciers, and deep valleys, making it a popular destination for mountaineers and trekkers.

2. Western Plateau and Balochistan:

The western part of Pakistan consists of a vast plateau region, which gradually merges into the arid and rugged province of Balochistan. This area is characterized by deserts, barren mountains, and sparse vegetation. The Makran Coastal Range runs along the Arabian Sea coastline, providing some relief from the arid conditions.

3. Punjab Plains:

The Punjab region is the most fertile and populous part of Pakistan. It is a vast, flat, alluvial plain that stretches from the north to the south of the country. The Indus River, along with its tributaries, flows through this region, providing vital water resources for irrigation and agriculture. The Punjab is considered the agricultural heartland of Pakistan and is known for its wheat, rice, and cotton production.

4. Sindh Plains:

The Sindh region lies to the southeast of Pakistan and is also a fertile alluvial plain formed by the Indus River. It has a similar agrarian economy like Punjab and is known for its production of cotton, rice, and fruits.

5. Balochistan Plateau and Coastal Strip:

The Balochistan plateau gradually slopes down towards the Arabian Sea, forming a coastal strip. This area is arid and sparsely populated, but it is rich in mineral resources, including natural gas, coal, and copper.

Climate of Different Regions of Pakistan:

The northern mountainous region experiences a highland or alpine climate. Summers are mild, while winters are extremely cold with heavy snowfall at higher altitudes. The region's climate is characterized by sharp temperature variations between day and night.

The western plateau and Balochistan have a hot desert climate. Summers are scorching with temperatures exceeding 40°C (104°F) in some areas, while winters are relatively mild. The region receives minimal rainfall, and droughts are common.

The Punjab plains have a semi-arid to subtropical climate. Summers are hot and dry, with temperatures sometimes reaching 45°C (113°F). Winters are mild, and the region receives most of its rainfall during the monsoon season from July to September.

The Sindh region has a tropical desert climate, with extremely hot summers and mild winters. The region is arid, with little rainfall, and is prone to droughts.

5. Coastal Areas:

The coastal areas along the Arabian Sea have a coastal climate. Summers are hot and humid, while winters are mild. The region receives some rainfall during the monsoon season, but overall, it is relatively arid.

In conclusion, Pakistan's geographical location and diverse physical features result in a wide range of climates and landscapes across the country. From the towering mountains in the north to the fertile plains in the east and the arid deserts in the west, Pakistan's geography plays a significant role in shaping its climate, economy, and way of life for its people.                                         

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AIOU Solved Assignment Spring 2023 PDF

Enrolled students of AIOU can find the Spring Assignment complete in PDF format here. This website share in-depth material and announcement about all the course assignments for the spring semester, including their questions with their relevant answers. Moreover, scholars can scan their desired assignments, for the sake of assistance during writing their assignments. All the assignments are easily downloadable.

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Studying at AIOU offers an opportunity for individuals to write assignments on pages as well as on a laptop. Now Solved AIOU Assignments of the Autumn Semester are shared on a single platform. Within a wide range of codes, you can choose your elected code, because we are going to provide each code in a sequence. Moreover, individuals can upload both Assignments of Autumn concurrently.

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The students can now avail of the online service to Download the Solved Assignment of AIOU. They are not forced to write all questions with copy-paste. Moreover, if you are busy and unable to write then download it from here and submit it with your name. But, make sure that you shouldn’t copy-paste all the material, otherwise the tutor has the authority to fail you. Sometimes tutors fail with remarks copy-paste material. Hence, download solved assignments in Microsoft Word format, do some changes, convert them into PDF, and then finally upload.

In the above-mentioned Table, all AIOU Solved Assignments are separated in a sequence. In each category, you will find your relevant course and its codes. These assignments incorporated the solutions to the asked questions by the university. Most of the files will be in Word and PDF format for ease of the students. In Word format, you can make changes, while in PDF format you can’t do any changes.

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There are a lot of codes in AIOU Degree . Sometimes a student even forgets his/her own subject codes. Hence it is necessary we arrange AIOU Solved Assignment Code division-wise. These notes are very important from an exam point of view. Because most of the final papers are asked from these 10 questions. Hence save these provided homework notes file on your Mobile or Laptop, and revise them during the exams.

In conclusion, you can also check how to submit your solved written assignment on LMS. It’s the right time to Download Spring and Autumn semester’s solved assignment, check your assigned tutor information, and finally send it to him through your LMS Portal . 

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• Education Code 419 Assignments of Autumn 2023 06/03/2024

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8618 School Leadership

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8617 Plan Implementation and Educational Management

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AIOU Bachelor (BA / B.Com) Assignment Spring 2024 Studio 9

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1431 Basics Of ICT Urdu 1ST and 2ND ASSIGNMENT FREE DOWNLOAD Spring 2024

Subject: Basics Of ICT in Urdu

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41 Responses

Sir please 1424 1429 1431 Inki assignments b shar kren

already upload hain

Plz upload assignments of 456 ,1414 and 1416 spring 2024

Dear Isra Upload kr de gea hain kindly check

411 k link show kr den please

Dear Aqsa, 411 upload kr dea gya h

Kindly check krein 487 code ki assignments ka link nhi hai just text likha hua link drop krdy edit kr k

Good effort

Sir 456 ki assignment download option ni jaraha spring 2024

upload kr de gea hain

405,461,472 assignment Not Available Yet

461 updated

Plz uplode 402 assignment no 4

487 child development ASSIGNMENT NEED

AOA SIR, Kindly 418 & 487 ki solved Assignment upload kry, pl.

Sir Upload 463 Code assigment

1414, 1416, 0456 assignments download nh ho rhi , open bh nhi ho rhi ,plz help karen

Plzz 462,463,458 ki assignment BA ki send krdy

Sir kindly 462 assignment upload kr dain.

Sir 411 ki assigmnt upload krdain plz

Kr de gea hain

Salam Sir please ye code 1423 416 417 487 in ke solved equation upload kare please sir

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B. A gen. Ki last date kon si ha 2nd semester

https://aioustudio9.com/aiou-assignments-dates check

Sir plz 411 wala code sar

Dear Tabinda, Upload kr de gea hain

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We are doing all this and much more without any profit, so make sure you keep us alive with your appreciation thank you

B. Com second semester ke June 2024 ke solved assignment send kar dain plz

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AIOU Solved Assignments For Spring & Autumn 2024 | Download PDF

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AIOU Solved Assignments for Spring & Autumn 2024. Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) is a well-known institution in Pakistan. It helps students learn without having to go to classes. AIOU has many different programs and classes. When students study here, they often have to do assignments. These assignments are important for learning. AIOU gives students assignments to help them learn better. This article will show you how to get the solved assignments for 2024.

Structural, Institutional, and Spatial Factors of Operation of Enterprises in Novosibirsk Oblast

• REGIONAL STUDIES
• Published: 07 April 2024
• Volume 14 , pages 86–90, ( 2024 )

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• E. A. Kolomak 1 , 2  

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The article examines the influence of structural, institutional, and spatial factors on business performance in Novosibirsk oblast, Russia, based on information about enterprises in the region for 2019–2020 available in the SPARK-Interfax database. An empirical analysis was carried out using regression models; an approach based on an extended production function was used, within which, along with assets and wages, the impact on the revenue and profit of enterprises for such factors as industry, age of company, form of ownership, and distance to regional capital was assessed. Assessments found higher productivity and profitability among private enterprises and young businesses, which argues for support of entrepreneurship and new firms in the region. Higher productivity and profitability of businesses in industry and services compared to agriculture indicate the advisability of assistance to the agricultural sector. The results of the analysis showed the significant contribution of agglomeration effects to the results of the operation of firms in Novosibirsk oblast, which is comparable to the average Russian estimates, and this speaks to the request for implementation of transport and infrastructure projects that reduce the costs of business interaction.

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Abel, J. and Deitz, R., Agglomeration and job matching among college graduates, Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. , 2015, vol. 51, pp. 14–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2014.12.001

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Bekes, G. and Harasztosi, P., Agglomeration premium and trading activity of firms, Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. , 2013, no. 1, vol. 43, pp. 51–64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.11.004

Breschia, S. and Lenzi, C., Co-invention networks and inventive productivity in US cities, J. Urban Econ. , 2016, vol. 92, pp. 66–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2015.12.003

Buehler, S., Kaiser, C., and Jaeger, F., The geographic determinants of bankruptcy: Evidence from Switzerland, Small Business Econ. , 2012, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 231–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-010-9301-8

Burchfield, M., Overman, H.G., Puga, D., and Turner, M.A., Causes of sprawl: A portrait from space, Quart. J. Econ. , 2006, vol. 121, no. 2, pp. 587–633. https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2006.121.2.587

Charlot, S. and Duranton, G., Communication externalities in cities, J. Urban Econ. , 2004, vol. 56, no. 3, pp. 581–613. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2004.08.001

Combes, P.-P., Duranton, G., Gobillon, L., and Roux, S., Sorting and local wage and skill distributions in France, Reg. Sci. Urban Econ. , 2012, vol. 42, pp. 913–930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2012.11.003

Costa, D.L. and Kahn, M.E., Power couples: Changes in the locational choice of the college educated, 1940–1990, Quart. J. Econ. , 2000, vol. 115, no. 4, pp. 1287–1315. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300555079

De La Roca and J., Puga, D., Learning by working in big cities, Rev. Econ. Stud. , 2017, vol. 84, no. 1, pp. 106–142. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rdw031

Dumais, G., Ellison, G., and Glaeser, E.L., Geographical concentration as a dynamic process, Rev. Econ. Statist. , 2002, vol. 84, no. 2, pp. 193–204. https://doi.org/10.1162/003465302317411479

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The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (agreement no. 23-28-10007, https://rscf.ru/project/23-28-10007/ ) and the Government of Novosibirsk oblast (agreement no. 0000005406995998235120662/Nor-54).

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Institute of Economics and Industrial Engineering, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

E. A. Kolomak

Novosibirsk State University, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia

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Kolomak, E.A. Structural, Institutional, and Spatial Factors of Operation of Enterprises in Novosibirsk Oblast. Reg. Res. Russ. 14 , 86–90 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970523600397

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Received : 22 June 2023

Revised : 23 June 2023

Accepted : 19 October 2023

Published : 07 April 2024

Issue Date : March 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1134/S2079970523600397

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