unemployment summary essay

Unemployment Essay

500+ words essay on unemployment.

Unemployment is a serious problem among young people. There are thousands of people who do not have any work to do and cannot find work for themselves. Unemployment refers to the situation where a person wants to work but cannot find employment in the labour market. One of the major reasons that contribute to unemployment is the large population of India and the limited availability of resources. In this essay on unemployment, we will discuss all these issues responsible for unemployment in India and how we can overcome this problem. Students must go through this unemployment essay to get ideas on how to write an effective essay on the topic related to unemployment. Also, they can practice more CBSE essays on different topics to boost their writing skills.

Unemployment is measured by the unemployment rate, defined as the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. The unemployment rate for the year 2013-14 in rural India was 4.7%, whereas it was 5.5% for urban India. In the short term, unemployment significantly reduces a person’s income and, in the long term, it reduces their ability to save for retirement and other goals. Unemployment is a loss of valuable productive resources to the economy. The impact of job loss in rural and regional areas flows through the local community, damaging businesses.

Reason for Unemployment

An unemployed person is one who is an active member of the labour force and is seeking work but is unable to find any work for himself. There are multiple reasons behind the unemployment of a person. One of them is the slow economic growth, due to which jobs in adequate numbers are not created. Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities also limit employment generation. Unemployment in urban areas is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas. This has also resulted in a labour workforce in cities. The lack of technology and proper machinery has also contributed to unemployment.

The present educational system is based on theoretical knowledge instead of practical work. Thus, it lacks the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers. This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training. This results in unemployment, especially among the youth and educated people with high degrees and qualifications. Apart from it, the lack of investment and infrastructure has led to inadequate employment opportunities in different sectors.

Steps to Eliminate Unemployment

Various strategies and proposals have been implemented to generate employment. Many Employment programmes and policies have been introduced and undertaken to boost self-employment and help unemployed people engage in public works. The Government of India has taken several policy measures to fight the problem of unemployment. Some of the measures are the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), National Skill Development Mission, Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY), Regional Rural Banks (RRBs).

Despite the measures taken by the government, India remains a country experiencing severe unemployment problems. It can be resolved by imparting education in such a way that youth get the necessary skills so as to get employment easily. Setting up various vocational training and vocational courses for undergraduate and postgraduate students will help in finding employment for youth. The government needs to emphasise these courses at the primary level and make them a compulsory part of the curriculum to make students proficient in their early stages of life. Career counselling should be provided within schools and colleges so that students can choose a better career option based on their interests and ability. Government should create more job opportunities for the youth and graduates.

India is a fast-growing economy. There is an enormous scope for improvement in the unemployment sector. The various measures and steps taken by the government to increase the employment rate have succeeded to a great extent. The widespread skill development programmes have gained popularity across the nation. With better enforcement of the strategies, the employment level can be significantly improved. Although, we have to go a long way before we can say that all the people in India will get employment.

We hope this essay on unemployment must have helped students in boosting their essay-writing skills. Keep learning and visiting the BYJU’S website for more study material.

Frequently Asked Questions on Unemployment Essay

Is unemployment still an existing problem in india.

Yes, unemployment is still a serious issue in our country. Steps need to be taken by the government and also by the youngsters in India to improve this situation.

Is it necessary for schoolchildren to be informed about unemployment?

Students at this young age should definitely be informed about this topic as it will motivate them to study and aim for higher scores in exams.

What points are to be added to an essay topic on Unemployment?

Add details about different age groups of people suffering from this state of employment. You can focus on the fact that poverty is an indirect reason for unemployment and vice-versa. Then, suggest steps that can be taken to bring about an improvement in education and increase the percentage of literacy.

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Essays About Unemployment: Top 6 Examples and 5 Prompts

Read our guide to see helpful essay examples and prompts to further your understanding and write essays about unemployment.

Unemployment is an unfortunate circumstance many find themselves in; it is a challenge that civilized society faces today. When people are unemployed, they look for jobs but cannot get them. As a result, they are left without a source of income and cannot adequately provide for themselves and their families. This, in turn, can lead to various issues, including depression.

Unemployment is a social, economic, and political issue. It leaves many people in poverty and prevents people from obtaining a source of income. As a result, politicians capture the eyes of voters by promising to lower the unemployment rate to get elected. 

You can get started by reading these essay examples if you are writing essays about unemployment.

6 Examples of Essays About Unemployment

1. unemployment reflection by christopher haynes, 2. what i learned from nearly a year of unemployment by becca slaughter, 3. why aren’t europe and canada in the same boat as u.s. for unemployment by glen hendrix, 4. a global dilemma: how unemployment creates poverty by tess hinteregger, 5. why has covid-19 been especially harmful for working women by nicole bateman and martha ross, 6. youth day and ordeal of nigerian youth by utomi jerome-mario, essay prompts about unemployment, 1. unemployment during the covid-19 pandemic, 2. the connection between unemployment and crime, 3. unemployment: whose fault is it, 4. the causes of unemployment, 5. the effects of unemployment.

“In order to secure work, we must be prepared to change or upgrade our skills and be willing to relocate if necessary. But some people are not interested in retraining to find work in another field, some people do not have the confidence to go out and look for work, and some refuse to accept a job they feel is below their level. Unless people like this change their attitudes, they will not be able to find work.”

Haynes provides two perspectives on unemployment; first, that the government should do more to address it, and second, that if people want work, they must adjust to make a living. He believes that many are unemployed because they are unwilling to change their skillset or relocate to get a job. Therefore, more should be done to reduce unemployment, but it goes both ways; everyone must put in the effort.  

“I remember feeling embarrassed and powerless. I was angry it wasn’t my decision. I was happy I didn’t have to go back there, yet I was stressed about not having anywhere to go. Ultimately, I felt an overwhelming sadness that left me terrified. While I was overflowing with confusing and contradicting emotions, I somehow felt empty.”

In her essay, Slaughter reflects on her unemployed time and how it changed her. Her previous job was long and stressful, but whenever someone would ask her what she did for a living, she was embarrassed and regretful for not being there anymore. In addition to losing her job, she feels like she lost a part of herself at that time. Thankfully, she got a new job, one less taxing than her previous one. 

“You would think paying all that money year after year to a government whose purpose is to “establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity” would entitle that person to a modicum of “blessings” to insure his “tranquility” and “general welfare” in case of some stupid virus pandemic. It would certainly be the “just” thing to do. And that person’s “posterity” might look a bit less bleak. European governments and Canada did just that. And it’s not even explicitly stated in the preamble to their constitution.”

Hendrix criticizes the United States’ response to the unemployment problem caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, saying that Canada and European nations have done a much better job. He discusses how much better their unemployment benefit system is compared to the U.S. and how it is ironic that the United States, whose constitution says all of these things promoting justice and wellbeing, cannot provide that for its citizens during a global pandemic. 

“While unemployment can create poverty, poverty also reduces the chance of being employed. To ensure that those who are affected by unemployment do not fall into the negative cycle, researchers believe that governments should focus on improving quality education and training all young people so they remain in school.”

Hinteregger, in her essay, explains the link between unemployment and poverty, writing that it leads to the loss of income. People will also have to raise their families in poverty, which perpetuates the cycle of poverty. In addition, the poor may resort to violence to make a living. She points out the sheer irony of this issue, as unemployment causes poverty while poverty may also reduce the chance of being employed. 

“COVID-19 is hard on women because the U.S. economy is hard on women, and this virus excels at taking existing tensions and ratcheting them up. Millions of women were already supporting themselves and their families on meager wages before coronavirus-mitigation lockdowns sent unemployment rates skyrocketing and millions of jobs disappeared. And working mothers were already shouldering the majority of family caregiving responsibilities in the face of a childcare system that is wholly inadequate for a society in which most parents work outside the home.”

Bateman and Ross write about the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on women. Many women are forced to go through so much to provide for their families; however, the lockdowns led to many of them losing their jobs. The unemployment rate for women rose dramatically, by 12 percent, from February to April of 2020. It has been difficult for them to balance work with taking care of their families, women’s primary role as dictated by society. 

“Youth unemployment is potentially dangerous as it sends a signal to all segments of the Nigerian Society. Here in Nigeria, the rate of youth unemployment is high, even at the period of economic normalcy i.e. the oil boom of the 1970s (6.2 per cent); 1980s (9.8 per cent) and the 1990s (11.5 per cent). Youth unemployment therefore is not a recent phenomenon. But if what happened in the 1980s/90s were a challenge of sorts, what is happening presently, going by the latest report by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), is a challenge.”

Jerome-Mario’s essay focuses on several issues affecting the Nigerian youth, including unemployment. The country has a high unemployment rate; over a fourth of the youth population is unemployed. He stresses the importance of the youth using their voice to make a change and to persuade the government to care for its citizens more. 

The pandemic and its lockdown policies have undoubtedly caused many people to lose jobs. Look into the impact of COVID-19 on the unemployment rate, particularly during the early months of the pandemic. Which sectors were most affected? Pull data and statistics to show how the public was affected by the covid-19 pandemic in terms of unemployment.

Many say that unemployment leads to higher crime rates. Do you believe this is true? Research how unemployment is linked to crime; examine the effects of unemployment on mental health; and conclude whether this may contribute to the increased likelihood of committing a crime. 

In Haynes’ essay, he claims that employers/the government, and workers are to blame for unemployment. After reading his essay and both arguments, who do you believe is at fault? Explain your response in detail, and make sure to provide a solid base of evidence.

Unemployment has many contributing causes. Assuming a non-pandemic setting, research what causes unemployment and list them down in your essay. Elaborate on each one and, if you can draw connections, explain them as well. 

As a grave issue, unemployment has many severe effects, notably poverty. For your essay, write about the effects of unemployment on a person, both physical and mental. How are they connected? What secondary effects might they produce? For a compelling and argumentative essay, answer these questions using research material and interview data.

For help with this topic, read our guide explaining what is persuasive writing ?If you are interested in learning more, check out our essay writing tips !

Home — Essay Samples — Economics — Employment — Reasons For Unemployment

Reasons for Unemployment

• Categories: Employment Unemployment

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Published: Mar 14, 2024

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Essay on Unemployment: 100 to 300 Words

• Updated on  
• Mar 30, 2024

Writing an essay on unemployment provides an opportunity to explore a critical issue affecting societies worldwide. Unemployment, a multifaceted problem, has far-reaching consequences that touch upon various aspects of individuals, families, and nations. In this essay, we will delve into the complexities of unemployment, examine its causes and consequences, discuss government initiatives, and shed light on potential solutions.

Table of Contents

• 1 What is Unemployment?
• 2 Essay on Unemployment in 100 words
• 3 Essay on Unemployment in 200 words
• 4 Essay on Unemployment in 300 words
• 5 Tips to Ace in Writing An Essay

Must Read: The Beginner’s Guide to Writing an Essay

What is Unemployment?

Lack of jobs leads to unemployment. It is a very serious economic and social concern that is happening all around the globe leading to many social ills. This issue is a major one and hence many governments are trying to address it. When people of a nation are employed, that leads to the economic and social well-being of that nation. To address it, the education system needs to be modeled differently so as to increase the employability of people. In democracies, political parties use unemployment as a core issue in their election manifestos.

Essay on Unemployment in 100 words

Unemployment refers to the condition when individuals, capable and willing to work, are unable to secure gainful employment. It is a pervasive issue across the globe, with varying degrees of impact on societies. Unemployment results in financial instability, and emotional distress, and hampers individual growth. Governments and organizations must collaborate to create opportunities for employment through skill development and policy implementation.

Essay on Unemployment in 200 words

Unemployment, a pressing concern globally, stems from multiple factors that hinder the workforce’s engagement in productive activities. It affects both developed and developing nations, contributing to economic imbalances and social disparities. The consequences of unemployment include reduced income levels, increased poverty rates, and strained government resources. Moreover, the psychological toll it takes on individuals and families can be severe, leading to stress, depression, and strained relationships.

Essay on Unemployment in 300 words

The intricate web of unemployment is spun from a mix of causes, ranging from economic fluctuations to structural shifts in industries. Cyclical unemployment, driven by economic downturns, and structural unemployment, resulting from a mismatch between skills and job openings, are widespread forms. Additionally, technological advancements lead to technological unemployment as machines replace human labour.

Unemployment has cascading effects on societies. Diminished purchasing power affects market demand, thereby impacting economic growth. As unemployment rates rise, so does the burden on social welfare programs and the healthcare system. The phenomenon also fuels social unrest and political instability, making it a challenge governments cannot ignore.

Governments worldwide have initiated strategies to tackle unemployment. Skill development programs, vocational training, and entrepreneurship initiatives are designed to equip individuals with market-relevant skills. Furthermore, promoting labour-intensive industries and investing in sectors with growth potential can generate employment opportunities.

In conclusion, unemployment is a complex issue that necessitates a multi-pronged approach. Governments, industries, and individuals must collaborate to alleviate its impact. Effective policy implementation, education reforms, and the cultivation of entrepreneurial spirit can pave the way towards reducing unemployment rates and fostering a more stable and prosperous society.

Tips to Ace in Writing An Essay

Before we dive into the specifics of unemployment, let’s briefly discuss some tips to enhance your essay-writing skills:

• Understand the Prompt: Ensure a clear understanding of the essay prompt to address all its components effectively.
• Research Thoroughly: Gather relevant information from credible sources to build a comprehensive and informed essay.
• Organize Your Thoughts: Create an outline to structure your essay logically, allowing your ideas to flow coherently.
• Introduction and Conclusion: Craft a compelling introduction to engage your readers, and a succinct conclusion to summarize your key points.
• Use Clear Language: Express your ideas using clear and concise language, avoiding jargon or overly complex vocabulary.
• Provide Examples: Illustrate your points with real-life examples to enhance understanding and credibility.
• Edit and Proofread: Revise your essay for grammar, punctuation, and coherence to ensure a polished final draft.

Also Read: Unemployment v/s Underemployment – What’s Worse?

Related Reads:-     

Unemployment refers to the state in which individuals who are willing and able to work are without gainful employment opportunities. It is a condition where individuals seek jobs but are unable to secure them, leading to financial instability and societal challenges.

Unemployment, as discussed in the essay, is a multifaceted issue encompassing the lack of employment opportunities for willing and capable individuals. It explores various forms of unemployment, its causes, far-reaching consequences on economies and societies, and the role of governments in implementing solutions to mitigate its impact.

Unemployment is the term used to describe the situation where individuals of working age are actively seeking employment but are unable to find suitable job opportunities. It signifies a gap between the available workforce and available jobs, often leading to economic and social challenges within a society.

Unemployment emerges as a prominent thread, influencing economic, social, and psychological realms. As we’ve explored in this essay, comprehending the causes and consequences of unemployment is pivotal in devising solutions. Governments, institutions, and individuals must strive collectively to unravel this issue’s complexities and weave a fabric of employment opportunities, stability, and progress. We hope that this essay blog on Unemployment helps. For more amazing daily reads related to essay writing , stay tuned with Leverage Edu .

Manasvi Kotwal

Manasvi's flair in writing abilities is derived from her past experience of working with bootstrap start-ups, Advertisement and PR agencies as well as freelancing. She's currently working as a Content Marketing Associate at Leverage Edu to be a part of its thriving ecosystem.

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Essay on Unemployment

Introduction to Unemployment

Unemployment, a pervasive economic challenge, is a complex phenomenon with far-reaching implications for individuals, societies, and nations. As a dynamic force within the labor market, its multifaceted nature encompasses structural, cyclical, and frictional components. Understanding its causes, effects, and potential solutions is crucial in crafting effective policies and strategies to mitigate its impact. This essay delves into the intricacies of unemployment, dissecting its various facets and exploring actionable insights to address this critical issue in the contemporary socio-economic landscape.

Types of Unemployment

Unemployment can manifest in various forms, each with distinct characteristics and causes. Here are the main types of unemployment:

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1. Structural Unemployment

Structural unemployment occurs when there is a discrepancy between the skills and qualifications of workers and the demands of available jobs.

• Causes : Changes in technology, shifts in consumer preferences, and structural changes in industries can render specific skills obsolete, leading to structural unemployment.
• Example : The decline of traditional manufacturing industries due to automation and globalization has left many workers unemployed, as their skills no longer match the demands of the evolving job market.

2. Frictional Unemployment

Frictional unemployment occurs when individuals are temporarily unemployed as they transition between jobs or enter the workforce for the first time.

• Causes : Frictional unemployment is inherent in any dynamic economy, as it takes time for individuals to search for suitable employment opportunities and for employers to find the right candidates.
• Example : Recent graduates entering the job market and individuals relocating to new cities may experience frictional unemployment while they search for suitable positions.

3. Cyclical Unemployment

Cyclical unemployment is caused by economic fluctuations, with joblessness increasing during periods of downturn and decreasing during periods of growth.

• Causes : A decline in aggregate demand primarily drives cyclical unemployment, reducing production and layoffs across industries.
• Example : During the global financial crisis of 2008, many businesses downsized or closed operations, resulting in a significant increase in cyclical unemployment as demand for goods and services plummeted.

4. Seasonal Unemployment

Seasonal unemployment occurs when individuals are unemployed due to fluctuations in labor demand tied to seasonal patterns or specific times of the year.

• Causes : Industries such as agriculture, tourism, and retail experience predictable fluctuations in demand based on seasonal factors.
• Example : During the summer, ski resorts may face seasonal unemployment due to reduced demand for winter sports activities, resulting in temporary layoffs for many workers.

5. Underemployment

Underemployment occurs when individuals work in jobs that do not use their skills, education, or experience or when they work part-time but want full-time employment.

• Causes : Underemployment can result from limited job opportunities, involuntary part-time work, or mismatches between workers’ qualifications and available positions.
• For example, highly educated professionals working in low-skilled jobs or individuals with advanced degrees working part-time due to a lack of full-time opportunities are examples of underemployment.

Unemployment Rates and Trends

Unemployment rates and trends are key indicators of the health of an economy and the labor market. Here’s an overview of unemployment rates and trends:

Unemployment Rate: The unemployment rate is typically expressed as a percentage and represents the number of unemployed individuals as a proportion of the total labor force. Divide the unemployed by the total labor force and multiply by 100 to calculate the unemployment rate.

Trends in Unemployment Rates: Unemployment rates fluctuate in response to changes in economic conditions, policy interventions, and structural shifts in the labor market. During economic downturns or recessions, unemployment rates tend to rise as businesses reduce hiring and lay off workers, and overall demand for labor decreases.

Types of Unemployment Rates

• Overall Unemployment Rate: This rate reflects the total number of unemployed individuals in the labor force.
• Youth Unemployment Rate: Specifically measures the unemployment rate among individuals aged 15 to 24. Youth unemployment is typically higher than overall unemployment rates due to factors such as limited work experience and educational transitions.
• Long-term Unemployment Rate: Measures the proportion of unemployed individuals who have been out of work for an extended period, typically defined as 27 weeks or more. Long-term unemployment can have significant economic and social consequences, including skill depreciation and reduced employability.

Causes of Unemployment

Unemployment is a complex economic phenomenon influenced by various factors. Understanding its causes is essential for devising effective policy responses and interventions. Here are the key causes of unemployment:

• Economic Recession and Cyclical Factors: Economic downturns, characterized by reduced consumer spending, declining business investment, and decreased aggregate demand, often lead to layoffs and job losses. During recessions, businesses may cut costs by reducing their workforce, resulting in increased unemployment rates.
• Technological Advancements and Automation: Technological innovations and automation have increased efficiency in production processes and displaced workers in specific industries. Automation replaces human labor with machines, reducing the demand for specific jobs and leading to structural unemployment.
• Globalization and Outsourcing: Globalization has facilitated the movement of capital, goods, and services across borders, allowing companies to outsource production and services to countries with lower labor costs. Outsourcing can result in job losses in the domestic market as companies seek cheaper alternatives overseas, contributing to structural unemployment in specific industries.
• Structural Changes in Industries: Changes in consumer preferences, technological advancements, and shifts in global markets often result in structural changes within industries. Some industries may decline while others emerge, leading to a mismatch between the skills demanded by employers and those possessed by the workforce, causing structural unemployment.
• Skills Mismatch and Education Disparities: Rapid changes in technology and industry requirements can result in a mismatch between the skills of job seekers and the skills demanded by employers. Inadequate education and training programs may leave individuals ill-equipped to meet the demands of evolving industries, leading to unemployment or underemployment.
• Labor Market Regulations and Policies: Labor market rules, such as minimum wage laws, employment protection policies, and labor market rigidities, may influence employers’ hiring decisions. Excessive regulations may discourage employers from hiring new workers, contributing to unemployment, particularly among vulnerable populations such as youth and low-skilled workers.
• Demographic Factors: Population growth, aging demographics, and changes in labor force participation rates can influence unemployment levels. Demographic shifts may create imbalances between the supply and demand for labor, leading to unemployment, especially among certain age groups or demographic segments.
• Geographical and Regional Disparities: Due to industrial composition, infrastructure development, and economic policies, unemployment rates vary across regions and localities. Regions heavily dependent on specific industries may experience higher unemployment rates during economic downturns or structural shifts in the economy.

Impacts of Unemployment

Unemployment has far-reaching impacts on individuals, families, communities, and the broader economy. Here are the key effects of unemployment:

Economic Consequences:

• Loss of Income: Unemployment leads to a loss of income for individuals and their families, resulting in financial strain and reduced purchasing power.
• Reduced Consumer Spending: Unemployed individuals will likely reduce discretionary spending, affecting businesses and economic activity.
• Lower Tax Revenues: Reduced employment levels result in lower tax revenues for governments, limiting their ability to fund social programs and public services.

Social Repercussions:

• Psychological Stress: Unemployment often leads to feelings of stress, anxiety, and depression among individuals, impacting their mental health and overall well-being.
• Social Isolation: People without jobs may struggle to stay in social circles and participate in community events, leading to feelings of alienation and social isolation.
• Family Strain: Unemployment can strain family relationships and lead to conflicts due to financial pressures and uncertainty about the future.

Human Capital Depreciation:

• Skill Erosion: Prolonged unemployment can result in the depreciation of individuals’ skills and professional qualifications, making it harder for them to re-enter the workforce.
• Loss of Work Experience: Unemployment leads to a loss of valuable work experience, hindering individuals’ career advancement and future job prospects.

Health Impacts:

• Physical Health: Chronic illnesses like diabetes and cardiovascular disease are more common among people without jobs, and unemployment is also associated with worse physical health results. Stress levels have gone up, and there are less healthcare resources available.
• Mental Health: Due to emotions of inadequacy, identity loss, and social shame among jobless people, unemployment can result in illnesses such as anxiety, depression, and substance addiction.

Increased Social Welfare Costs:

• Unemployment Benefits: Governments incur higher expenditures on unemployment benefits and social welfare programs to support unemployed individuals and their families during periods of economic hardship.
• Healthcare Costs: Increased unemployment can strain healthcare systems, leading to higher healthcare costs associated with treating physical and mental health conditions.

Crime and Social Disruption:

• Higher Crime Rates: Unemployment is associated with higher crime rates, as individuals facing financial hardship may turn to illegal activities to survive or out of desperation.
• Social Unrest: Prolonged periods of high unemployment can contribute to social unrest, political instability, and protests as communities demand government action and economic reforms.

Solutions to Unemployment

Addressing unemployment requires a multifaceted approach encompassing various strategies to create employment opportunities, foster economic growth, and enhance the workforce’s skills and employability. Here are some key solutions to unemployment:

• Education and Skills Development: Individuals can acquire the skills and credentials required to fulfill the needs of changing sectors by investing in education and vocational training programs. Promoting STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education and lifelong learning initiatives can enhance workforce readiness and adaptability to technological advancements.
• Job Creation Initiatives: Implement infrastructure projects like transportation networks, renewable energy installations, and urban development initiatives to create jobs and stimulate economic activity. Support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) through access to financing, tax incentives, and business development services to encourage entrepreneurship and job creation.
• Labor Market Reforms: Make hiring and expanding easier by reducing bureaucratic hurdles and streamlining labor market regulations. Foster flexible work arrangements, such as telecommuting, part-time employment, and job-sharing programs, to accommodate diverse needs and preferences in the labor market.
• Investment in Innovation and Technology: To promote technical innovation, high-value job creation, and increased competitiveness in international markets, invest in R&D and innovation: support technology transfer initiatives and industry-academic collaborations to commercialize research findings and promote entrepreneurship.
• Promotion of Sustainable Industries: Promote industries with high growth potential, such as renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, healthcare, and information technology, to create new job opportunities and reduce dependence on declining sectors. Incentivize businesses to adopt environmentally sustainable practices and invest in green technologies to address climate change and create green jobs.
• Targeted Support for Vulnerable Groups: Implement targeted employment programs and support services for vulnerable populations, including youth, women, persons with disabilities, and marginalized communities, to enhance their employability and job opportunities. Provide subsidies, wage incentives, and training subsidies for employers to hire and retain workers from disadvantaged backgrounds.
• Macroeconomic Policies and Stimulus Measures: Implement counter-cyclical fiscal and monetary policies, such as tax cuts, public spending programs, and interest rate adjustments, to stimulate economic growth, boost consumer demand, and reduce unemployment during economic downturns. Prioritize investments in social infrastructure, including healthcare, education, and social protection systems, to enhance human capital development and reduce poverty and inequality.
• International Cooperation and Trade Policies: Foster international cooperation to address global unemployment, migration, and income inequality challenges through multilateral forums and agreements. Promote fair trade practices, labor standards, and social protection mechanisms to ensure inclusive and sustainable economic development for all countries and regions.

Initiatives taken by Government

Governments play a crucial role in addressing unemployment through various initiatives and policies to stimulate economic growth, create job opportunities, and support the workforce. Here are some key initiatives taken by governments to tackle unemployment:

• Fiscal Stimulus Packages: During economic downturns or recessions, governments often implement fiscal stimulus packages to boost aggregate demand and spur economic growth. These packages may include increased government spending on infrastructure projects, tax cuts for businesses and individuals, and direct financial assistance to households.
• Investment in Infrastructure: Governments invest in infrastructure projects such as transportation networks, energy facilities, and public utilities to create jobs and stimulate economic activity. These investments create employment opportunities and contribute to long-term economic development and competitiveness.
• Support for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs): Governments support SMEs through access to financing, technical assistance, and business development services. Initiatives may include loan guarantees, tax incentives, and capacity-building programs to help SMEs grow, innovate, and create jobs.
• Education and Skills Development Programs: To provide people with the abilities and credentials required to succeed in the job market, governments fund programs for education and vocational training. Initiatives may include scholarships, grants, and apprenticeship programs to facilitate access to education and training opportunities.
• Labor Market Reforms: Governments undertake labor market reforms to promote flexibility, reduce barriers to employment, and improve the functioning of labor markets. Reforms may include changes to labor regulations, unemployment benefits systems, and social protection mechanisms to enhance job creation and facilitate workforce mobility.
• Job Creation Incentives: Governments incentivize businesses to create new jobs and hire unemployed individuals. Incentives may include wage subsidies, tax credits, and grants for hiring and training workers, particularly for disadvantaged and underrepresented groups.
• Public Employment Programs: Governments implement public employment programs to provide temporary job opportunities for unemployed individuals. These programs may involve projects in areas such as infrastructure maintenance, environmental conservation, and community development.
• Unemployment Benefits and Social Safety Nets: Governments provide unemployment benefits and social safety nets to support individuals and families during unemployment. Benefits may include financial assistance, healthcare coverage, housing support, and job placement services to help unemployed individuals transition into the workforce.
• Support for Innovation and Entrepreneurship: Governments support innovation and entrepreneurship through funding, research grants, and incubator programs to foster the development of new industries and technologies. Initiatives may include tax incentives, regulatory reforms, and access to venture capital to encourage entrepreneurship and job creation.

Case Studies

Here are case studies that highlight successful approaches to addressing unemployment:

1. Germany’s Dual Education System:

Praise for Germany’s low unemployment rate and skilled workforce has been longstanding. One of the key factors contributing to the country’s success is its dual education system that combines classroom learning with on-the-job training.

Initiative: The dual education system involves collaboration between schools and businesses. Typically starting in their mid-teens, students alternate between academic coursework and practical training in a company.

• Skill Development: The program ensures students acquire relevant, practical skills aligned with industry needs.
• Smooth Transition to Workforce: Graduates are well-prepared for the workforce, leading to lower youth unemployment rates.
• Strong Employer Engagement: Companies benefit from a pool of skilled workers and have a hand in shaping the curriculum to meet their specific needs.

Lesson Learned: Integrating education with practical training can create a pipeline of skilled workers and address the skills gap, reducing unemployment.

2. South Korea’s Economic Planning and Industrial Policies:

South Korea transformed from a war-torn country in the 1950s to an economic powerhouse in a relatively short period. Central to this transformation were comprehensive financial planning and industrial policies.

Initiative: The South Korean Government played a central role in economic planning, directing resources toward key industries such as steel, shipbuilding, and electronics. It also focused on education and skill development.

• Industrial Growth: Strategic planning and targeted investments led to the growth of key industries, creating jobs and driving economic expansion.
• Export-Led Growth: A focus on exports helped South Korea become a significant player in the global market, further boosting economic growth and employment.
• Education Emphasis: Investments in education and research contributed to a skilled workforce, supporting the growth of technology-intensive industries.

Lesson Learned: Coordinated economic planning and targeted industrial policies can drive economic growth, job creation, and global competitiveness.

3. Singapore’s Adaptation to Economic Changes:

Singapore, a small island nation with limited natural resources, has transformed into a global economic hub over the past few decades. Despite economic challenges, Singapore maintains a relatively low unemployment rate.

Initiative:   Singapore’s success in managing unemployment stems from its proactive economic adaptation and diversification approach. The Government invests heavily in education, technology, and infrastructure to stay competitive.

• Investment in Education: Singapore prioritizes education and skills training to ensure its workforce remains adaptable and relevant in a rapidly evolving global economy.
• Promotion of Innovation: The Government actively supports innovation and entrepreneurship, fostering an environment conducive to the growth of new industries and job creation.
• Attracting Foreign Investment: Singapore’s business-friendly policies and strategic location have attracted foreign investment, created job opportunities, and fueled economic growth.

Lesson Learned: Continuous investment in education, innovation, and infrastructure is crucial for maintaining low unemployment rates and sustaining economic growth in the face of global challenges.

4. United States’ Response to the Great Recession (2007-2009):

The United States saw massive job losses and high unemployment rates due to the Great Recession, a severe economic crisis.

Initiative: In response to the crisis, the U.S. government implemented several initiatives aimed at stimulating the economy, creating jobs, and supporting unemployed workers.

• Fiscal Stimulus Packages: The Government enacted stimulus packages, including the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which allocated funds for infrastructure projects, tax cuts, and unemployment benefits extensions.
• Investment in Green Jobs: The Obama administration invested in renewable energy and green technology initiatives to create jobs while addressing environmental challenges.
• Training and Reemployment Assistance: Programs like the Trade Adjustment Assistance (TAA) provided training and reemployment services to workers displaced by trade-related layoffs.

Lesson Learned: During times of economic crisis, targeted fiscal stimulus measures, investment in emerging industries, and support for displaced workers can help mitigate the impact of unemployment and accelerate economic recovery.

Addressing unemployment requires a multifaceted approach integrating education, innovation, and targeted policy interventions. By investing in skills development, promoting entrepreneurship, and fostering economic diversification, governments can create sustainable job opportunities and mitigate the adverse effects of unemployment on individuals and communities. Collaboration between public and private sectors and proactive measures to adapt to changing economic landscapes are essential for building resilient labor markets and achieving inclusive growth in a rapidly evolving global economy.

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Unemployment Essay for Students and Children

500+ words essay on unemployment.

Unemployment is a very serious issue not only in India but in the whole world. There are hundreds and thousands of people out there who do not have employment . Besides, the problems of unemployment are very severe in India because of the growing population and demand for jobs. Moreover, if we neglect this problem then it will be going to become the reason for the doom of the nation.

What is Unemployment?

Unemployment refers to a situation in which a skilled and talented people wanted to do a job. But cannot find a proper job due to several reasons.

Types of Unemployment

Now we know what is unemployment but unemployment does not only mean that the person does not have a job. Likewise, unemployment also includes people working in areas out of their expertise.

The various types of unemployment include disguised unemployment, seasonal unemployment, open unemployment, technological unemployment, structural unemployment. Besides, some other unemployment is cyclic unemployment, educated unemployment, underemployment, frictional unemployment, chronic unemployment, and casual unemployment.

Above all, seasonal unemployment, under unemployment, and disguised unemployment are the most common unemployment that is found in India.

Reasons for Unemployment

In a country like India, there is much reason for a large section of the population for being unemployed. Some of these factors are population growth, slow economic growth , seasonal occupation, slow growth of the economic sector, and fall in the cottage industry.

Moreover, these are the major reason for unemployment in India. Also, the situation has become so drastic that highly educated people are ready to do the job of a sweeper. Besides, the government is not doing his work seriously.

Apart from all these, a large portion of the population is engaged in the agricultural sector and the sector only provides employment in harvest or plantation time.

In addition, the biggest reason of unemployment in India is its vast population which demands a large number of jobs every year which the government and authorities are unable to provide.

Consequences of Unemployment

If things will go on like the current scenario then unemployment will become a major issue. Apart from this, the following things happen in an economy which is an increase in poverty, an increase in crime rate, exploitation of labor, political instability, mental health, and loss of skills. As a result, all this will eventually lead to the demise of the nation.

Get the huge list of more than 500 Essay Topics and Ideas

Initiative by Government

The government has taken the problem very seriously and have taken measures to slowly reduce unemployment. Some of these schemes includes IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme), DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme), Jawahar Rozgar Yojana, Employment Assurance Scheme, NRY (Nehru Rozgar Yojana), Training for self-Employment, PMIUPEP (Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program), employment exchange, Employment Guarantee Scheme, development of organized sector, small and cottage industries, employment in forging countries, and Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana and few more.

Besides, these schemes the government also make some rules flexible, so that employment can be created in the private sector also.

To conclude, we can say that the problem of unemployment in India has reached a critical stage. But, now the government and local authorities have taken the problem seriously and working on it to reduce unemployment. Also, to completely solve the issue of unemployment we have to tackle the main issue of unemployment that is the vast population of India.

FAQs about Unemployment

Q.1 Why there is a problem of unemployment in India? A.1 Due to overpopulation and lack of proper skills there is a problem of unemployment in India.

Q.2 Define Disguised unemployment? A.2 Disguised unemployment refers to a form of employment in which more than the required numbers of people work in industry or factory. And removing some employee will not affect productivity.

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AP®︎/College Macroeconomics

Course: ap®︎/college macroeconomics   >   unit 2.

• Unemployment rate primer
• Natural, cyclical, structural, and frictional unemployment rates
• Worked free response question on unemployment

Lesson summary: Unemployment

• Unemployment
• Types of unemployment and the natural rate of unemployment

Lesson overview

Key takeaways

The labor force participation rate (lfpr), limitations of the unemployment rate, three types of unemployment, the natural rate of unemployment, changes in the natural rate of unemployment (nru), key equations, the labor force:, the unemployment rate (ur).

Common Misperceptions

• Not everyone who is out of work is unemployed. In order to be counted as unemployed you have to be out of work, looking for work, and able to accept a job if one is offered to you. If you are out of work and not looking, then you are considered “not in the labor force” rather than unemployed.
• We tend to think of unemployment as an undesirable thing, but a certain amount of unemployment is actually part of a healthy economy. Structural unemployment occurs when new industries are created and old industries become obsolete. For example, when we moved from using horses and buggies to using cars to get around, this put a lot of buggy makers in the structurally unemployed category.
• Frictional unemployment might not seem very fun, but consider what it means to have zero unemployment—nobody ever looks for a job, they just remain in whatever job they are given! In fact, a number of dystopian novels have been written in which everyone in a society is automatically assigned a fixed career (such as the Divergent series). Those societies have zero frictional unemployment, but they are also quite unpleasant if you are unhappy with that career!
• A decrease in the unemployment rate isn’t necessarily a sign of an improving economy. When people stop looking for jobs and drop out of the labor force as discouraged workers, the unemployment rate will decrease even though the true employment situation hasn’t gotten any better. This is why it is important to look at both changes in the unemployment rate and changes in the labor force participation rate. Looking at both changes let’s you get a more complete idea about changes in the employment situation.

Discussion Questions:

• An inventor in Burginville developed a fantastic new dictation machine that perfectly records speech and turns it into a typed document. Unfortunately, that meant that unemployment increased among typists working in offices. Which type of unemployment is this? Explain. Solution, please. This is structural unemployment because typists skills are no longer desired. The changing structure of office work has resulted in people losing their jobs.
• The nation of Fitlandia has 120 , 000 ‍   people. Of these, 20 , 000 ‍   are children under the age of 16, 72,000 ‍   have jobs, 8,000 ‍   don’t have jobs and are looking for work, and 20,000 ‍   people are retired. Assuming that these are all noninstitutionalized civilians, calculate the labor force participation rate and the unemployment rate. I think I got it. Can I check my work? L F = # Employed + # Unemployed = 72,000 + 8,000 = 80,000 L F P R = L F Eligible Population × 100 % = 80,000 100,000 × 100 % = 80 % U R = # Unemployed # Labor Force × 100 % = 8,000 80,000 × 100 % = 10 % ‍  
• Explain why a decrease in the unemployment rate can actually signal a tough job market.

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• Unemployment Essay

Essay on Unemployment

The three basic needs of human beings are - food, home and clothing. All these needs can be properly fulfilled only if a person has money. And to earn this money, the person must be employed, that is, he or she must have a paid occupation. However, there are many people in the world and our country too who have failed to secure a job. As a result, they have an insignificant source of income. This state of joblessness is called unemployment.

Why Unemployment is a Serious Issue?

To live a dignified life, people need to earn money and fulfil their basic needs. Unemployment snatches this right from them and their standard of life gets degraded. 

The lack of money due to unemployment leads to the lack of nutritious food. The health of the unemployed is bound to deteriorate. The children of unemployed people cannot get the proper diet. Hence, they suffer from various illnesses. Their quality of life reduces drastically over time.

An unemployed parent cannot give proper education to his child. As a result, the child too will not be able to get a good job once he grows up. Thus, unemployment breeds unemployment.

Unemployment and Social Instability

An unemployed person is open to doing socially unacceptable work to get money. Thus, very often in a society where there are a huge number of unemployed people, there will be a great proliferation of thieves, snatchers, bank-robbers and much more serious anti-social elements. 

Covid-19 & Unemployment in India and the World

In March 2020, India entered into lockdown to stop the spread of Coronavirus. While the lockdown was effective, hundreds of people got jobless because of the prolonged shutdown of the offices. The unemployment rate has climbed up to 27.1% in April. Sure, once the offices are opened, this rate will come down. However, this grim scenario will haunt us for at least one year.

The situation in other countries is the same. 30 million people in the US have filed unemployment claims. The unemployment rate, there, is 14.7%. In the UK the number of unemployment claims has shot up by 70%.

How Can We Come Out of The Muck?

1. Self-Dependence

As the Prime Minister of India proclaimed, the Indians need to be self-dependent. We need more vocational training. Gone are the days when being employed meant being an engineer or a doctor. A farmer is an employed person. He produces his food and that of the others. There is no shame in being a farmer. We have to stop depending on foreign countries for IT work - Let us open more startups. Why do we depend on China for Diwali firecrackers or Holi colors - We can make them ourselves. Self-help is the best help.

2. Shifting The Manufacturing To India

To create more jobs, India needs to make more manufacturing hubs in the country. Let us not just assemble the Smartphone parts, let us scour the mineral-rich country and take out silicon to make circuit boards.

3. Educating The Women 

There is a real connection between the lack of education and unemployment. To educate the children of the country, we first need to educate the women of the country. Only then can the children be educated properly.

4. Stopping Politics Based On Religion And Region

Stopping petty politics is the need of the hour. The politicians need to work in a concerted way to make Indians employed.

As Charlie Chaplin said, there is no glory in poverty. Let us not pride ourselves on being compromising. Let us remain hungry for a better life. Let’s get employed.

FAQs on Unemployment Essay

1. What are the types of unemployment prevalent in the world?

Unemployment is a serious issue across the globe and is of four major different types, that is, demand deficient unemployment, frictional unemployment, structural unemployment, and voluntary unemployment.

Demand deficient unemployment: it is the biggest form of unemployment occurring generally during a recession. A recession is a period when the demand for a certain product in the market decreases, and in reaction to that company reduces its production and cuts down on the workforce.

Frictional unemployment: it is a stage of unemployment where the worker by his own will is searching for a job that is more suitable for his/ her skills and also pays him equal to or more than what he was getting in his previous workplace.

Structural unemployment: In this particular unemployment, geographical location acts as a barrier or the skill set of a worker is not following the skills desired by the jobs available in the market.

Voluntary unemployment: this type of unemployment is by the will of the worker because the worker leaves his/ her job on his own because the pay he is getting is less than his cost of living.

2. What are the causes of unemployment?

Unemployment is a global concern across the globe. Unemployment can be due to any possible reason. Unemployment doesn’t need to be from the employer side only, it can even be from the demand side, that is the demand of the product is low, therefore production is reduced due to which the workforce is also cut down. Unemployment is also from the worker side, that is, the current job doesn't pay him well according to his skill set or the current job is not much of his desired skills. In both these cases, the worker himself leaves his job.

3. What is meant by long-term unemployment and short-term unemployment?

Long-term unemployment refers to the phase of unemployment that lasts for more than 27 weeks, that is 189 days. Short-term unemployment refers to a state where the individual is not unemployed for more than a month and gets a new job very quickly. Long-term unemployment is very dangerous as compared to short-term unemployment and has adverse effects on the economic condition of an individual because of obvious reasons. The main effects of long-term unemployment on an employee are:

There is a significant decrease in the net worth reported in almost 56% of the long-term unemployment cases.

Unemployment not only affects the financial status but family relations as well, 46% of the cases of unemployment experienced strained family relationships.

Unemployment also poses an adverse effect on the career growth of individuals. Almost 43% of the long-term unemployed have observed a drastic effect on their ability to achieve their desired career goals.

Apart from financial and effect on career, long-term unemployment also affects the self-respect of individuals that was reported among approximately 38% of cases of long-term unemployment. Out of these 38% cases, 24% cases required professional help to come back to normal.

4. What are the major reasons that cause unemployment?

Unemployment can persist in a country due to many different reasons. 

One of the main reasons for unemployment is population growth because an exponential increase in population has given rise to higher rates of unemployment. After all, the number of people looking for a job is increasing but the jobs available in the market are constant or are not increasing significantly as compared to the rate of population growth. 

Due to the rapid growth of technology on a global scale, most of the work that was done through human interference is now carried out through machines and technologies. The advancement in technology has completely replaced the unskilled and low-skilled labourers in factories and companies. All factories now prefer technology over labour simply because technologies are more accurate and fast. 

Lack of education and desired skills is another major cause of unemployment. Currently, with technologies driving the world, the demand for skilled and educated workers has increased and the employment opportunities for people without adequate education have decreased, raising the unemployment rate of the country. 

Also, the rising pay scale sometimes makes it difficult for companies to hire employees and pay them the optimum salary.

5. What are the initiatives taken by the government to deal with increasing rates of unemployment?

The government has taken the issue of unemployment very seriously. There are various programs, schemes, and initiatives taken by the government to deal with this situation efficiently. Some of the schemes started by the government to reduce unemployment are Integrated Rural Development Program (IRDP), Drought Prone Area Program (DPAP), Employment Assurance Scheme, Jawahar Rozgar Yojna, Nehru Rozgar Yojna (NRY), Prime Minister’s Integrated Urban Poverty Eradication Program (PMIUPEP), Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojna, employment guarantee scheme, employment exchange, promoting small and cottage industries and development of the organized sector. There are many more schemes launched by the government apart from the ones mentioned here. Also, apart from schemes, the government has launched training for self-employment and skill India program, to help individuals learn skills which can help them in finding a satisfactory job for themselves and their families.

Unemployment Essay Sample

Unemployment is the state of being jobless and seeking employment, or not having a job. It’s one of the most terrifying things that can happen to an individual. The number of unemployed people in the US is increasing and it’s time we took a closer look at what this means for our society. This essay will explore its causes and inferences.

Here is a sample essay on unemployment given by the experts to students. It could be used as a standard essay to write such other essays for the assignments.

Essay Example on Unemployment

• Thesis Statement of Unemployment Essay
• Introduction of Unemployment Essay
• Cause of Unemployment in the World
• Inferences of the Unemployment in a society of Nation
• How to deter the Problem of Unemployment at Global Scale

Thesis Statement of Unemployment Essay Unemployment gives rise to anarchy, terrorism, and a threat to the internal security of a nation. I ntroduction of Unemployment Essay Today the most fundamental problem that is engulfing society is the issue of unemployment. People are not able to manage two squares of meals per day. This issue cannot be ignored by us at any point as it is eating the structure of our society like a termite thus making it hollow from the inside. There are many problems that arise due to unemployment like terrorism in society which is dangerous for humankind. The issue could be addressed at the most be getting solutions on the problem of unemployment in society, which acts as the causing effect of terrorism and other problems. Main Body of Unemployment Essay Cause of Unemployment in the World The major cause of unemployment in society is the improper management of resources and giving unequal status to the people of society. Here are some major causes of unemployment given below. Unequal Distribution of resources The economic resources are unequally distributed among the people in a society of the nation at large. As a consequence of which some sections get mighty wealth as compared to others. Excessive deflation Another biggest cause that lies behind the cause of unemployment in society is the excessive deflation in the country. When people have to sell their products below the manufacturing cost they find no profit in the business. There comes a time when this business is closed by the businessmen due to lack of profit in the work. Many people lose their employment due to this reason. Mismanagement of the Banking and Financial Institution Loan and other Financial Help are given to the businessmen easily as compared to the common masses. As a result of which there is not a development of the poor people as they cannot invest money for any innovative purpose by owing a loan from the bank. This corruption is the cause of unemployment in a poor section of society. Get Non-Plagiarized Custom Essay on Unemployment in USA Order Now Inferences of the Unemployment in a society of Nation Here are the main results of unemployment in a given nation of a particular society. Students become the enemy of other’s lives in these states. Terrorism –  In the scarcity of jobs youth people join many terrorist groups for the sake of earning livelihood for their families. Thus the rise of terrorism could be backed by the unemployment problem. Human Trafficking –  The biggest issue of human trafficking is unemployment; many women and men are being transferred across the national and international boundaries for this reason. People do not have enough money to rare their families and thus get involved in such anti-social practices to earn money. Social Riots –  Social riots are also the conclusion of unemployment as communities get irritated when other people from a different community get employment. This emotion of wrath and jealously is very strong which even kills the lives of many innocent. Communal Issues –  Many times it also gives rise to the communal issue when social riots take their final destination. It could be the most serious result of unemployment in any society. How to deter the Problem of Unemployment at Global Scale The issue of unemployment is not a small problem that could be easily uprooted by society. Its roots had gone very deep into society and it is very difficult to eradicate them. It could be done by making certain efforts by every person in the world. Here are some points that could be considered by the people to eradicate the unemployment problem from society or the world at large. Equal Distribution of Economic Resources The economic resources must be equally distributed among the people so that this issue of unemployment and accumulation of wealth could be solved. Though it is a difficult thing to do but still if we make some plans for it, success could be achieved in it. Reduction in Corruption Corruption is a major issue that causes a huge part of the unemployment problems. This could be reduced by the efficient bureaucrats of the nation. Skill Oriented study The education should be skilled oriented so that people can work easily to save their livelihood. The education system should also encourage students to create new jobs and employment generation. Buy Customized Essay on Unemployment At Cheapest Price Order Now Conclusion The above discussions and arguments about unemployment draw a conclusion that though the issue is very big it could be solved by making efforts. Certain plans and strategies are needed to achieve the dream of eradicating the unemployment issue from society. Intelligentsia of the society needs to pay big attention towards this field of unemployment. Thus we can save our world from ill practices like terrorism and riots.

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This essay has attempted to provide an overview of the causes and consequences of unemployment.

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Unemployment Essay in English

The most pressing problem in India today is the problem of unemployment. Though this problem is a common feature in almost all capital economies, yet its scar is particularly well writ on the social life of India.

There are many types of unemployment in India. First of all there is rural unemployment. Some of the villagers do not possess any land. Some have very small area of land. Thus all the villagers do not get employment Agriculture happens to be the only occupation in the rural areas of India.

Big machines have taken the place of cottage industries. The machines have thrown a large number of people out of employment in cities and towns. Unemployment among the educated class of people is also a cause for concern.

Thousands and thousands of graduates and postgraduates come out of colleges and universities every year. Most of them are unable to find a job after the completion of their studies. Even engineers and doctors fail to get jobs easily.

The problem of unemployment, in fact, is more keenly felt in India than anywhere else. But it is not due to any single factor. It is the cumulative result of many factors. The root cause of this problem is the rapid growth of population.

Another cause of the problem of unemployment is the faulty educational system in the country. Education is not job-oriented. It is mainly theoretical. Most of the educated youths are unfit for any job. They do not have any practical knowledge. The system of technical education in our country is out of date.

Moreover, people in our country do not recognise the dignity of labour. They look down upon physical work Educated persons to search for jobs search in offices. Even educated people drawn from villages do not want to work on their farms. This is also one of the main causes of unemployment. This problem is causing anxiety and worry to the well-meaning people of India.

Previous post-independence governments did frame different Plans with The high objective to solve the hard problem of unemployment. The said Plans failed to yield the desired results. Rather the problem got aggravated with the passage of time-period of every Plan.

It will not be right or fair to draw the conclusion that the problem is untamable. We must remember that determination disarms difficulties. The present government must be determined to create a welfare State.

Every effort should be made to ensure rapid economic development so that the problem is tackled effectively. This economic development will create new avenues of employment for the young Indians.

Cottage industries should be revived because these industries can provide employment to millions and millions of people. Large-scale industries and cottage industries should work to their mutual benefit. The government and the people should cooperate with each other in checking the growing population.

Different types of technical institutions should be opened both in the urban and rural areas. some physical work should be made compulsory in schools and colleges for every boy and girl.

It is really good that the government has started giving loans to the educated youth to set up their own industries and business under the Self-employment Scheme.

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7 Rising Unemployment and Coping Strategies: The Case of the Novosibirsk Oblast in Russia

• Published: August 2000
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This chapter deals with how the people of Russia, particularly in Novosibirsk, were able to cope with the rising unemployment rate brought about by the emergence of the labour market in Russia. The people of Russia — in order to counter the debilitating effects of unemployment — penetrated all the levels of informal economy while trying to intensify and strengthen their home economy. By doing this, they were able to acquire professional skills other than those related to their past works. The data used in this chapter was provided by the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics, The Goskomstat Division for the Novosibirsk Oblast and supplemented by the polls conducted by the Russian Centre for Public Opinion Research.

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Book Chapter Rising Unemployment and Coping Strategies

The case of the novosibirsk oblast in russia.

This chapter deals with how the people of Russia, particularly in Novosibirsk, were able to cope with the rising unemployment rate brought about by the emergence of the labour market in Russia. The people of Russia — in order to counter the debilitating effects of unemployment — penetrated all the levels of informal economy while trying to intensify and strengthen their home economy. By doing this, they were able to acquire professional skills other than those related to their past works. The data used in this chapter was provided by the State Committee of the Russian Federation on Statistics, The Goskomstat Division for the Novosibirsk Oblast and supplemented by the polls conducted by the Russian Centre for Public Opinion Research.

Natalia Tchernina

Part of Book

Russian Federation

Europe & Central Asia

• Informal sector
• Labour market
• Post-communism
• Professional employees
• Unemployment

Economic Stability

About This Literature Summary

This summary of the literature on Employment as a social determinant of health is a narrowly defined examination that is not intended to be exhaustive and may not address all dimensions of the issue. Please note: The terminology used in each summary is consistent with the respective references. For additional information on cross-cutting topics, please see the High School Graduation , Housing Instability , and Poverty literature summaries. 

Related Objectives (3)

Here's a snapshot of the objectives related to topics covered in this literature summary. Browse all objectives .

• Reduce the proportion of adolescents and young adults who aren't in school or working — AH‑09
• Increase employment in working-age people — SDOH‑02
• Increase the proportion of children living with at least 1 parent who works full time — SDOH‑03

Related Evidence-Based Resources (2)

Here's a snapshot of the evidence-based resources related to topics covered in this literature summary. Browse all evidence-based resources .

• New Perspectives on Creating Jobs: Final Impacts of the Next Generation of Subsidized Employment Programs
• Strengthening TANF Outcomes By Developing Two-Generation Approaches To Build Economic Security

Literature Summary

Every day, many people are either working or looking for work. 1 , 2 , 3 Multiple aspects of employment — including job security, the work environment, financial compensation, and job demands — may affect health. This summary describes how several of these aspects of employment influence health.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) defines the labor force as individuals who are either employed (i.e., those who are working for pay or profit) or unemployed (i.e., those who are jobless but are available to work and have actively looked for work in the past 4 weeks). 2 , 4 People who are neither employed nor unemployed are not part of the labor force. 2 , 4 As of December 2019, approximately 260 million people in the United States were eligible for the labor force. Of those eligible, 63 percent participated (i.e., were employed or unemployed), and the remaining 37 percent were out of the labor force (e.g., retired). 5

In addition, some workforce participants are underemployed, a term that indicates “involuntary part-time employment, poverty-wage employment, and insecure employment (i.e., intermittent unemployment).” 6 Underemployment includes situations where the social status and income of a job does not match an employee’s education, abilities, and skills. 7 , 8 , 9

Harmful workplace conditions, including psychosocial stress, can increase the risk for negative health outcomes. 1 , 10 , 11 In 2019, there were 2.8 million nonfatal and 5,333 fatal injuries at work. 12 , 13 Workers are prone to injuries and illness if their job includes repetitive lifting, pulling or pushing heavy loads; 1 , 14 poor-quality office equipment (e.g., keyboards and chairs); 1 , 15 long-term exposure to harmful chemicals such as lead, pesticides, aerosols, and asbestos; 1 , 16 , 17 or a noisy work environment. 1 , 18 , 19 In addition, highly demanding jobs and lack of control over day-to-day work activities are sources of psychosocial stress at work. 10 Other sources of workplace stress include high levels of interpersonal conflict, 20 working evening shifts, working more than 8 hours a day, and having multiple jobs. 1 , 21 These stressors put people at risk for mortality 22 and depression, 23 and they may be correlated with increased parent-child conflict and parental withdrawal. 24 People in highly stressful jobs may also exhibit unhealthy coping skills such as smoking or alcohol abuse. 25  

Level of educational attainment is linked to disparities in employment because it affects the type of work people do, the working conditions they experience, and the income they earn. Workforce participants have different skill levels and educational backgrounds, which creates inequalities in wages, opportunities for advancement, job security, and other work benefits. 26 Individuals with less education have fewer employment choices, which may force them into positions with low levels of control, job insecurity, and low wages. 9 Individuals with less education are also more likely to have jobs that are physically demanding or include exposure to toxins. 9

Gender i is also an influential source of workplace disparities. Men are more likely to work longer hours, hold higher-status jobs, and have more physically demanding jobs. However, women report more work-related physical and mental health problems. 27 Men tend to receive less support from coworkers and supervisors, 27 while women are more likely to experience sexual harassment 28 , 29 and related alcohol abuse. 28 , 30

Racial and ethnic disparities also exist in the workforce. White people are more likely to work in white-collar clerical jobs and to assume managerial positions, while Black people are more likely to work in blue-collar service jobs. 26 Some racial/ethnic minority groups are also more likely to be unemployed. 31 In October 2019, the unemployment rate for Black people was 5.4 percent, compared to 3.2 percent for White people. 31 Additionally, Black people are more likely than White people to work in jobs that have a higher exposure to environmental risk factors and a higher risk for injury or illness. 32 Workplace inequalities among racial/ethnic minority groups may cause anxiety, depression, and physical pain. 30  

Unemployment can also have negative health consequences. Those who are unemployed report feelings of depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, demoralization, 6 , 8 worry, and physical pain. 33 Unemployed individuals tend to suffer more from stress-related illnesses such as high blood pressure, 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 stroke, heart attack, heart disease, and arthritis. 8 , 38 , 39 In addition, experiences such as perceived job insecurity, downsizing or workplace closure, and underemployment also have implications for physical and mental health. 8

Some strategies have been implemented to mitigate the negative health effects of unemployment and improve employee health and well-being. The Federal-State Unemployment Insurance Program provides temporary financial assistance to eligible workers who lost a job for reasons beyond their own control. 40 Although unemployment benefits vary by state laws, some research indicates that larger state unemployment benefits may alleviate poor health outcomes associated with unemployment. 41 A federal agency that supports workers is the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), which helps regulate safe work environments. OSHA outlines the rights of workers and offers opportunities for workers to request a workplace inspection or file a safety complaint. 42 Finally, employers may offer a range of resources and benefits to improve the well-being of their employees, including health insurance, paid sick leave, and parental leave. Employer health insurance provides access to affordable medical care and financial protection from unexpected health care costs. 43 , 44 In 2019, 71 percent of civilian workers and 69 percent of private industry workers had access to health insurance, while 89 percent of state and local government employees had access. 45 Additionally, paid sick leave allows employees to seek medical care for themselves or dependent family members without losing wages. 46 Some employers also offer parental leave after the birth of a child, which is frequently unpaid. Maternity leave has been associated with a number of positive health outcomes for both women and children. 47

Additional research is needed to better understand the beneficial effects of employment on health and to promote interventions that address disparities in employment and health. This additional evidence will facilitate public health efforts to address employment as a social determinant of health.

i The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) define gender as “the cultural roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes expected of people based on their sex.”

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. (2008). Work matters for health . http://www.commissiononhealth.org/PDF/0e8ca13d-6fb8-451d-bac8-7d15343aacff/Issue%20Brief%204%20Dec%2008%20-%20Work%20and%20Health.pdf

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). The employment situation: October 2017. News Release . https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_11032017.pdf

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2017). American time use survey — 2016 results. News Release . https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/atus_06272017.pdf

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2015). Labor force statistics from the current population survey: How the government measures unemployment . http://www.bls.gov/cps/cps_htgm.htm

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2020). Employment situation news release . https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/empsit_01102020.htm#cps_empsit_annual_c.f.1

Dooley, D., Fielding, J., & Levi, L. (1996). Health and unemployment. Annual Review of Public Health, 17 , 449–465.

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Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis

• To find inspiration for your paper and overcome writer’s block
• As a source of information (ensure proper referencing)
• As a template for you assignment

Introduction

Causes of unemployment, effects of unemployment, works cited.

Unemployment causes and effects are vital to recognize in order to solve the problem. Analyzing them can also allow people to realize what consequences are to expect. Yet, first of all, all the essential terminology should be defined.

Unemployment refers to a state of not having a job. It entails individuals with the ability to work, a resolve to find employment, available and in the hunt for employment (Stone 25). Categories of unemployment include classical, structural, frictional, cyclical, and hidden types.

Classical unemployment entails a situation in which earnings received for a job go beyond ordinary levels. This results in limited job vacancies for people. The structural type refers to a situation in which unemployed individuals fail to meet job requirements in terms of skills needed (Stone 29). Frictional unemployment concerns the changeover phase between jobs, while the cyclical one refers to a state in which claims in the economy fail to offer jobs to people. When the claim for goods and services lowers, there is a limited production that requires few workers (Stone 29). Finally, the hidden type refers to the unemployment of prospective workers due to errors made in generating statistics on the subject (Stone 30).

The causes and effects of unemployment impact individuals, society and the economy in general. The overall problem issue results from various factors relating to social, economic, environmental, political and individual elements in an economy. So, to gather both consequences and causes of unemployment, this essay attempts to consider and analyze them separately.

Unemployment results from several causes and factors related to an economy. Some causes are due to personal choices while others are beyond individual control (Stone 31). People invest many resources in gaining reputable education and eligibility for jobs, but often find themselves with no employment (Stone 34). Unemployment results from factors and causes discussed below.

The first cause is inflation. Inflation refers to the progressive increase in prices of commodities and services in the economy. Economic inflation is one of the major causes of unemployment (Stone 37). Inflation results in a limited market activity by economies that cannot match efforts by others due to escalating prices. The economy experiences trouble, and progressively employers fire some workers to reduce the cost of production. This result in unemployment among the individuals fired.

The second cause is recession. Recession refers to decline Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of an economy, employment rate and market activity (Dawson 75). Economic recession links directly with economic inflation. Recession results from inflation where people are not able to afford goods and services offered by the economy (Stone 41).

A decline in production and more imports than exports characterize a recession. These elements influence negatively on GDP of an economy. This results in increased rates of unemployment because many employers refuse to hire while others fire some of their employees (Stone 43).

Another cause is change in technology. Rapid change in technology is driving many employers into diversifying and improving the effectiveness of their workforce (Dawson 78). Some of technology applied replaces individuals in the production process as some process executed manually apply through technology.

This leads to several people losing their jobs. Job dissatisfaction is also another leading cause of unemployment (Dawson 78). New technology results in some employees being involved partially in production activities, which leads to frustration. Frustrations may lead to employee resignation (Dawson 80). This causes unemployment.

Another cause is employee worth (Dawson 85). Employees put a lot of effort and dedication in their activities but often end up unappreciated by their employers. This may result to lack of motivation among employees, which may compel them to stop working for their employers (Dawson 85).

This leads to individuals being unemployed until they find employers who appreciate their efforts. Discrimination in places of work is another cause of unemployment. Discrimination could be because of age, gender, social class, race, religion or ethnic background. Securing a job in such a working environment is extremely difficult and may discourage people from looking for jobs as well as forcing those already in jobs to quit (Dawson 87).

Other causes of unemployment relate to an individual and include disability, attitude towards potential employers, negative perceptions about jobs and employees as well as an individual’s ability to look for a job (Dawson 93). Welfare payments should be discouraged as they reduce the will of unemployed people to look for jobs. People develop dependency on grants and lack any meaning in employment since they are able to meet their basic needs (Dawson 98).

Unemployment has both positive and negative effects. However, negative effects of unemployment surpass positive effects (Stone 65). Unemployed individuals experience difficulties meeting their basic needs as well as contributing to economic prosperity of their countries (Stone 66). In recessions, many people lose their jobs, but companies usually develop mechanisms to produce more goods with limited workforce. Unemployment leads to effects discussed below.

The first effect is loss of income. Unemployment results in individuals losing their source of income and livelihood. Most people in employment use their incomes to get mortgages and other forms of financing (Stone 69). Loss of income leads to poor living standards and increased risk on health.

Another effect of unemployment is social exclusion. A work place provides a platform for socialization. When people lose their jobs, their social circle reduces considerably and end up excluded from the social environment. Other social problems associated with unemployment include crime, bribery and gambling (Stone 70).

Unemployment causes political instability (Stone 75). When majority of a country’s population is unemployed, life becomes hard, and people develop hostile characters. They consider their government as ineffective and incapable of providing the needs of its people (Stone 76). Such individuals participate in movements that oppose government policies through riots that result in political instability.

effects of unemployment include over exploitation of available labor, reduced rate of economic growth, reduced human capacity, loss of human resources and increase in poverty levels (Dawson 101). One positive effect of unemployment is the availability of adequate labor at reduced market prices. When many people are unemployed, labor is available at competitive prices because people are always eager to have some income (Stone 80).

Unemployment has various categories that include classical, structural, frictional, cyclical and hidden unemployment (Stone 26). Unemployment results from several factors that vary in terms of the supporting conditions. Some causes are due to personal choices while others are beyond individual control. Unemployment has both positive and negative effects, although negative effects surpass positive effects. Welfare payments should be discouraged as they reduce the will of unemployed people to look for jobs (Stone 50).

People should be encouraged to look for a job instead of waiting on grants because they may not achieve financial freedom to satisfactory levels. In order to reduce the effects of unemployment, governments should develop and implement policies that regulate circumstances in which an employer can fire an employee (Dawson 90). This will prevent victimization of employees by employers who take advantage of weak policies on labor regulation and employee protection.

Dawson, Graham. Inflation and Unemployment: Causes, Consequences and Cures . California: University of California, 2008. Print.

Stone, Jack. Unemployment: The Shocking Truth of Its Causes, Its Outrageous Consequences and What Can Be Done About It . New York: Trafford on Demand Pub, 2007. Print.

• Negative Opinion towards Immigrants is not Justified
• Stress and Burnout in the Workplace
• Meta-Analysis: Advantages and Disadvantages
• Meta-Analysis: The Critical Links of Success
• Meta-Analysis Research Methodology
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• Teamwork as the Primary Determinant of Success
• Three Major Theories of Motivation
• Impression management
• Americans’ Workaholism as the Pursuit of “Happyness”
• Chicago (A-D)
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IvyPanda. (2018, November 30). Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-effects-of-unemployment/

"Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis." IvyPanda , 30 Nov. 2018, ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-effects-of-unemployment/.

IvyPanda . (2018) 'Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis'. 30 November.

IvyPanda . 2018. "Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis." November 30, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-effects-of-unemployment/.

1. IvyPanda . "Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis." November 30, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-effects-of-unemployment/.

Bibliography

IvyPanda . "Scarring Effects of Unemployment: A Meta-analysis." November 30, 2018. https://ivypanda.com/essays/causes-and-effects-of-unemployment/.

LIVE UPDATES | CONCLUDED

U.S. Added Fewer-Than-Expected 114,000 Jobs, Unemployment Jumped

Follow live coverage and analysis of the july employment numbers today..

Last Updated: 

The Numbers

The Bureau of Labor Statistics released the July jobs report this morning.

Here are the key data points:

Payrolls : An increase of 114,000 vs. 175,000 expected in July.

Revisions: June's gain was revised lower to 179,000 from 206,000; May's gain was revised lower to 216,000 from 218,000.

Unemployment rate: 4.3%, up from 4.1% last month.

Market reaction : Stocks sank , Treasury yields fell on worries about an economic slowdown.

Follow live coverage of the release below.

Weak Jobs Report Raises Recession Worries, and Pressure on the Fed

Markets price in more aggressive fed rate cuts this year, the jobs report was a dud. we can't blame the weather., labor-force participation holds steady, july hiring narrows to healthcare, construction, and hospitality sectors, wage growth eased in july, may and june jobs growth revised lower, further tempering recent hiring, rising unemployment rate triggers sahm rule recession indicator, u.s. economy added 114,000 jobs in july, far below expectations, july jobs report: what to expect, latest updates.

Nicholas Jasinski

A weaker-than-expected July jobs report with few silver linings has commentators worrying about a snowballing economic slowdown.

Government data on Friday showed a smaller-than-expected gain of 114,000 nonfarm payrolls last month, as the unemployment rate ticked up to 4.3%—a nearly three-year high. The figure likely puts more pressure on the Federal Reserve: The central bank has kept interest rates elevated to bring down inflation, but also must manage the other side of its dual mandate, which is to pursue maximum employment.

“The Fed was late to recognize the inflation problem,” wrote Ronald Temple, Chief Market Strategist at Lazard, on Friday. “Let’s hope it doesn’t make the same mistake in the opposite direction.”

The U.S. economy added more than 250,000 jobs per month, on average, in 2023. The pace of hiring briefly ticked up in the first quarter of this year, then has softened materially since April. July was an acceleration in the job-market cooling from its most overheated levels of the postpandemic period.

In a more-welcome development for the Fed, that softening is taking some of the pressure off services inflation, which is closely tied to wages. Workers’ average hourly earnings were up 0.2% in July, to $35.07, which was slower growth than expected and slower than in June. The average workweek was 34.2 hours, down by 0.3% from June.

“What that means, from a holistic total-labor-input standpoint, is that payrolls de facto plunged -350k on the month!” wrote Rosenberg Research's David Rosenberg on Friday. “When combining the hours and bodies together, so far in Q3 we see that the index of aggregate hours worked is running negative at a -0.6% annual rate. In other words, absent another substantial productivity gain, we could be in for a GDP contraction for the current quarter.”

Others were less concerned by the July deceleration in hiring, characterizing it as more evidence of normalization in the labor market rather than a descent into an economic downturn.

“The July employment report was substantially softer than expected but it hardly qualifies as evidence of a recession,” wrote Stephen Stanley, chief U.S. economist at Santander U.S. Capital Markets, on Friday. “There is no question that the [Fed] will cut rates in September if the data continue to be as supportive to such a move as they were today.”

The August jobs report will come out on September 6. For inflation data, the next two dates to circle are August 14 and 30, when the July consumer price index and personal consumption expenditures price index, respectively, will be published. Officials will also get a look at the August CPI on September 11, before the Federal Open Market Committee meets the following week, on September 17-18. August PCE data won’t be available until September 27.

Markets reacted strongly to Friday’s jobs data, pricing in significantly more interest-rate cuts by the Fed in the coming months. Interest-rate futures market pricing called for the Fed to lower rates by a cumulative percentage point over its next three meetings before the end of 2024.

“If cuts are due to cooling inflation, we expect a gradual decline in rates,” wrote Mike Sanders, head of fixed income at Madison Investments. “However, this weak jobs report heightens the risk of cuts in response to labor market conditions, potentially leading to a more aggressive Fed stance.”

Traders ramped up their bets Friday that the Federal Reserve will lower interest rates more quickly before the end of 2024.

Interest-rate futures market pricing moved aggressively to price in significant cutting by the Fed in the coming months. It was in reaction to Friday's significantly weaker-than-expected July jobs report , which raised fears about an economic slowdown that could force the Fed’s hand.

The Federal Open Market Committee—the Fed’s policy making body—next meets on September 17-18. Futures market pricing Friday morning implied a roughly 42% likelihood that the committee would lower its federal-funds rate target by a quarter of a percentage point at that meeting, and about 58% odds that it would cut it by half a percentage point.

The FOMC, which concluded its latest rate-setting meeting earlier this week, has held the fed-funds rate at a target range of 5.25% to 5.5% since July 2023.

Futures pricing also implied the greatest odds—around 43%—of another quarter-point cut at each of the FOMC’s November and December meetings. That would put the fed-funds rate a full percentage point lower by the end of the year than it is today. A week ago—before the July FOMC meeting and latest economic data—pricing implied only 7% odds of that scenario occurring.

Bond yields fell in concert with the shifting odds in the futures market. The yield on the 10-year U.S. Treasury note was down 0.13 percentage point on Friday morning, to 3.85%, its lowest level since December.

Weather-related economic impacts didn’t play a significant role in the July hiring slowdown , the Bureau of Labor Statistics said Friday.

Hurricane Beryl struck the U.S. Gulf Coast early in the month, causing power outages and other disruptions during the period when the BLS conducted its monthly survey. Initial unemployment insurance claims in Texas spiked in the aftermath of the hurricane, leading some economists to consider whether the storm would dent monthly hiring totals as well.

“Hurricane Beryl had no discernible effect on the national employment and unemployment data for July, and the response rates for the two surveys were within normal ranges,” the BLS said in a news release Friday.

The U.S. economy added a lower-than-expected 114,000 nonfarm payrolls in July, as the unemployment rate rose to 4.3%. State-by-state jobs data for July will be released on August 16.

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37 Facts About Novosibirsk

Written by Adelice Lindemann

Modified & Updated: 25 Jun 2024

Reviewed by Sherman Smith

Novosibirsk, often referred to as the “Capital of Siberia,” is a vibrant and dynamic city located in southwestern Russia. With a population exceeding 1.5 million residents, it is the third most populous city in Russia and serves as the administrative center of the Novosibirsk Oblast.

Nestled along the banks of the Ob River, Novosibirsk is renowned for its rich cultural heritage, scientific advancements, and picturesque landscapes. As the largest city in Siberia, it offers a perfect blend of modern and traditional attractions, making it a fascinating destination for both locals and tourists .

In this article, we will delve into 37 interesting facts about Novosibirsk, shedding light on its history, architecture, natural wonders, and cultural significance. Whether you are planning a visit or simply curious about this intriguing city, these facts will give you a deeper understanding of what Novosibirsk has to offer.

Key Takeaways:

• Novosibirsk, the “Capital of Siberia,” is a vibrant city with a rich cultural scene, stunning natural landscapes, and a strong sense of community, offering a high quality of life for its residents.
• From being a major industrial and transportation hub to hosting world-class cultural institutions and scientific research centers, Novosibirsk is a dynamic city with a diverse culinary scene and a thriving IT and tech industry.

Novosibirsk is the third-largest city in Russia.

Situated in southwestern Siberia, Novosibirsk has a population of over 1.6 million people, making it one of the largest and most vibrant cities in the country.

The city was founded in 1893.

Novosibirsk was established as a railway junction on the Trans-Siberian Railway, playing a significant role in the development of Siberia.

It is known as the “Capital of Siberia”.

Due to its economic and cultural significance, Novosibirsk is often referred to as the capital of Siberia.

Novosibirsk is a major industrial center.

The city is home to a wide range of industries, including machinery manufacturing, chemical production, energy, and metallurgy .

It is famous for its scientific and research institutions.

Novosibirsk hosts several renowned scientific and research institutions, contributing to advancements in various fields including nuclear physics, chemistry, and biotechnology.

The Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre is one of the largest in Russia.

This iconic cultural institution showcases world-class ballet and opera performances and is a must-visit for art enthusiasts visiting the city .

The city has a vibrant theater scene.

Novosibirsk boasts numerous theaters, showcasing a wide variety of performances from traditional plays to experimental productions.

Novosibirsk is a major transportation hub.

Thanks to its strategic location on the Trans-Siberian Railway, the city serves as a crucial transportation hub connecting Siberia with other regions of Russia .

The Ob River flows through Novosibirsk.

The majestic Ob River adds to the city’s natural beauty and provides opportunities for recreational activities such as boating and fishing.

Novosibirsk is known for its harsh winter climate.

With temperatures dropping well below freezing in winter, the city experiences a true Siberian winter with snowy landscapes.

The Novosibirsk Zoo is one of the largest and oldest in Russia.

Home to a wide variety of animal species, including rare and endangered ones, the Novosibirsk Zoo attracts visitors from near and far.

Novosibirsk is a center for academic excellence.

The city is home to Novosibirsk State University, one of the top universities in Russia, renowned for its research and education programs.

The Novosibirsk Metro is the newest metro system in Russia.

Opened in 1985, the Novosibirsk Metro provides efficient transportation for residents and visitors alike.

Novosibirsk is surrounded by picturesque nature.

Surrounded by stunning landscapes, including the Altai Mountains and the Novosibirsk Reservoir, the city offers numerous opportunities for outdoor activities.

The Novosibirsk State Circus is famous for its performances.

Showcasing talented acrobats , clowns, and animal acts, the Novosibirsk State Circus offers entertaining shows for all ages.

Novosibirsk is home to a thriving art scene.

The city is dotted with art galleries, showcasing the works of local and international artists .

Novosibirsk has a diverse culinary scene.

From traditional Russian cuisine to international flavors, the city offers a wide range of dining options to satisfy all taste buds.

The Novosibirsk State Museum of Local History is a treasure trove of historical artifacts.

Exploring the museum gives visitors an insight into the rich history and culture of the region.

Novosibirsk is known for its vibrant nightlife.

The city is home to numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues, ensuring a lively atmosphere after dark .

Novosibirsk has a strong ice hockey tradition.

Ice hockey is a popular sport in the city, with local teams competing in national and international tournaments .

The Novosibirsk State Philharmonic Hall hosts world-class musical performances.

Music lovers can enjoy classical concerts and symphony orchestra performances in this renowned venue.

Novosibirsk is home to the Akademgorodok, a scientific research town.

Akademgorodok is a unique scientific community located near Novosibirsk, housing numerous research institutes and academic organizations.

Novosibirsk has a unique blend of architectural styles.

The city features a mix of Soviet-era buildings, modern skyscrapers, and historic structures, creating an eclectic cityscape.

Novosibirsk is an important center for ballet training and education.

The city’s ballet schools and academies attract aspiring dancers from across Russia and abroad.

Novosibirsk is a gateway to the stunning Altai Mountains.

Located nearby, the Altai Mountains offer breathtaking landscapes, hiking trails, and opportunities for outdoor adventures.

Novosibirsk hosts various cultural festivals throughout the year.

From music and theater festivals to art exhibitions, the city’s cultural calendar is always packed with exciting events .

Novosibirsk is a green city with numerous parks and gardens.

Residents and visitors can enjoy the beauty of nature in the city’s well-maintained parks and botanical gardens.

Novosibirsk is a center for technology and innovation.

The city is home to several technology parks and innovation centers, fostering the development of cutting-edge technologies.

Novosibirsk has a strong sense of community.

The residents of Novosibirsk are known for their hospitality and friendly nature, making visitors feel welcome.

Novosibirsk is a paradise for shopping enthusiasts.

The city is dotted with shopping malls, boutiques, and markets, offering a wide range of shopping options.

Novosibirsk has a rich literary heritage.

The city has been home to many famous Russian writers and poets, and their works are celebrated in literary circles.

Novosibirsk is a popular destination for medical tourism.

The city is known for its advanced medical facilities and expertise, attracting patients from around the world.

Novosibirsk has a well-developed public transportation system.

With buses, trams, trolleybuses, and the metro, getting around the city is convenient and efficient.

Novosibirsk is a city of sport.

The city has a strong sports culture, with numerous sports facilities and opportunities for athletic activities .

Novosibirsk has a thriving IT and tech industry.

The city is home to numerous IT companies and startups, contributing to the development of the digital economy.

Novosibirsk celebrates its anniversary every year on July 12th.

The city comes alive with festivities, including concerts, fireworks, and cultural events, to commemorate its foundation.

Novosibirsk offers a high quality of life.

With its excellent educational and healthcare systems, cultural amenities, and vibrant community, Novosibirsk provides a great living environment for its residents.

Novosibirsk is a fascinating city filled with rich history, stunning architecture, and a vibrant cultural scene. From its origins as a small village to becoming the third-largest city in Russia, Novosibirsk has emerged as a major economic and cultural hub in Siberia . With its world-class universities, theaters, museums, and natural attractions, Novosibirsk offers a myriad of experiences for visitors.

Whether you’re exploring the impressive Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theater, strolling along the picturesque banks of the Ob River, or immersing yourself in the city’s scientific and technological achievements at the Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk has something for everyone.

From its iconic landmarks such as the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral to its vibrant festivals like the International Jazz Festival , Novosibirsk has a unique charm that will captivate any traveler. So, make sure to include Novosibirsk in your travel itinerary and discover the hidden gems of this remarkable city.

Q: What is the population of Novosibirsk?

A: As of 2021, the estimated population of Novosibirsk is around 1.6 million people.

Q: Is Novosibirsk a safe city to visit?

A: Novosibirsk is generally considered a safe city for tourists. However, it is always recommended to take standard precautions such as avoiding unfamiliar areas at night and keeping your belongings secure.

Q: What is the best time to visit Novosibirsk?

A: The best time to visit Novosibirsk is during the summer months of June to September when the weather is pleasant and suitable for outdoor activities. However, if you enjoy the winter chill and snow, visiting during the winter season can also be a unique experience.

Q: Are there any interesting cultural events in Novosibirsk?

A: Yes, Novosibirsk is known for its vibrant cultural scene. The city hosts various festivals throughout the year, including the International Jazz Festival, Novosibirsk International Film Festival, and the Siberian Ice March Festival.

Q: Can I visit Novosibirsk without knowing Russian?

A: While knowing some basic Russian phrases can be helpful, many establishments in Novosibirsk, especially tourist areas, have English signage and staff who can communicate in English. However, learning a few essential Russian phrases can enhance your travel experience.

Novosibirsk's captivating history and vibrant culture make it a must-visit destination for any traveler. From its humble beginnings as a small settlement to its current status as Russia's third-largest city, Novosibirsk has a story worth exploring. If you're a sports enthusiast, don't miss the opportunity to learn more about the city's beloved football club , FC Sibir Novosibirsk. With its rich heritage and passionate fan base, the club has become an integral part of Novosibirsk's identity.

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Britain’s Violent Riots: What We Know

Officials had braced for more unrest on Wednesday, but the night’s anti-immigration protests were smaller, with counterprotesters dominating the streets instead.

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By Lynsey Chutel

After days of violent rioting set off by disinformation around a deadly stabbing rampage, the authorities in Britain had been bracing for more unrest on Wednesday. But by nightfall, large-scale anti-immigration demonstrations had not materialized, and only a few arrests had been made nationwide.

Instead, streets in cities across the country were filled with thousands of antiracism protesters, including in Liverpool, where by late evening, the counterdemonstration had taken on an almost celebratory tone.

Over the weekend, the anti-immigration protests, organized by far-right groups, had devolved into violence in more than a dozen towns and cities. And with messages on social media calling for wider protests and counterprotests on Wednesday, the British authorities were on high alert.

With tensions running high, Prime Minister Keir Starmer’s cabinet held emergency meetings to discuss what has become the first crisis of his recently elected government. Some 6,000 specialist public-order police officers were mobilized nationwide to respond to any disorder, and the authorities in several cities and towns stepped up patrols.

Wednesday was not trouble-free, however.

In Bristol, the police said there was one arrest after a brick was thrown at a police vehicle and a bottle was thrown. In the southern city of Portsmouth, police officers dispersed a small group of anti-immigration protesters who had blocked a roadway. And in Belfast, Northern Ireland, where there have been at least four nights of unrest, disorder continued, and the police service said it would bring in additional officers.

But overall, many expressed relief that the fears of wide-scale violence had not been realized.

Here’s what we know about the turmoil in Britain.

Where arrests have been reported

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• Housing, local and community
• Housing and communities
• Homelessness and rough sleeping

Statutory homelessness in England: January to March 2024

• Ministry of Housing, Communities & Local Government

Published 8 August 2024

Applies to England

© Crown copyright 2024

This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: [email protected] .

Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned.

This publication is available at https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/statutory-homelessness-in-england-january-to-march-2024/statutory-homelessness-in-england-january-to-march-2024

This is the quarterly statistics release for statutory homelessness assessments and activities in England between 1 January and 31 March 2024. It also reports on stock households in temporary accommodation under the statutory homelessness duty in England on 31 March 2024.

Alongside this statistics release, the department also publishes an accompanying technical note, detailed local-authority level data tables, a data dashboard that provides spatial and time-series representation of the data in the data-tables, a performance dashboard that provides a high-level summary of homeless figures by local authority and an infographic summarising the key headlines from this release. These publications are available on the statutory homelessness in England webpage .

1. In this release:

Between January to March 2024:

• 94,560 households had initial assessments, up 10.8% from January to March 2023. Our quarterly publication now includes the households who withdrew an application before assessment (3,330) and those that were not eligible or no longer eligible (710) in total number of initial assessments. Some of the increase in assessments compared to the same quarter last year is these new categories now being included in our total figures. Without these, there has been a 6.1% increase in overall assessments compared to the same quarter last year.
• From these initial assessments, 86,520 were assessed as owed a duty to prevent or relieve homelessness.
• 38,440 households were assessed as being threatened with homelessness, and therefore owed a prevention duty which is down 0.6% from the same quarter last year. This includes 6,630 households threatened with homelessness due to service of a Section 21 notice to end an Assured Shorthold Tenancy – an increase of 1.2% from the same quarter last year.
• 48,080 households were initially assessed as homeless and therefore owed a relief duty, up 11.4% from the same quarter last year. Households with children owed a relief duty increased 6.9% from the same quarter last year to 12,370 households in January to March 2024.
• 17,120 households were accepted as owed a main homelessness duty, up 19.8% from January to March 2023. This reflects the increase in households with children owed a relief duty this quarter (6.9%) and last quarter (11.9%) compared to previous year.
• On 31 March 2024, 117,450 households were in temporary accommodation, which is an increase of 12.3% from 31 March 2023. Households with children increased by 14.7% to 74,530, and single households increased by 8.5% to 42,920. Compared to the previous quarter, the number of households in temporary accommodation had increased by 4.3%.

We would welcome any feedback to help shape future publications by completing this  user engagement survey .

Release date: 8 August 2024

Date of next release: Autumn 2024

Contact: 0303 444 8433 / [email protected] (Responsible Statistician: Madeha Asim)

Media enquiries: 0303 444 1209 / [email protected]

2. Initial assessments

Prevention duty: Local authorities may deliver their prevention duty through any activities aimed at preventing a household threatened with homelessness within 56 days from becoming homeless. This would involve activities to enable an applicant to remain in their current home or find alternative accommodation in order to prevent them from becoming homeless. The duty lasts for up to 56 days but may be extended if the local authority is continuing with efforts to prevent homelessness.

Relief duty: The relief duty is owed to households that are already homeless on approaching a local authority, and so require help to secure settled accommodation. The duty lasts 56 days and can only be extended by a local authority if the household is not owed the main homelessness duty.

Section 21 notice: A Section 21 notice is the form a landlord must give a tenant to start the process to end an Assured Shorthold Tenancy. This is recorded alongside initial assessments.

Chart 1  shows the time series for the number of households owed a prevention or relief duty since Q2 2019.

3. Household composition

3.1 tables a5p and a5r.

Single households: A term used for households without children, which will include couples and households with 2 or more adults.

Single adult households: Single adult households are a subset of single households, where the household comprises just one individual adult.

In January to March 2024, 57,460 single households were owed a prevention or relief duty, up 7.5% from January to March 2023. The number of households with children owed a prevention or relief duty increased 0.6% from January to March 2023 to 28,560.

During this quarter, single households were more likely to have homeless applications taken when already homeless and so are owed a relief duty (61.8%), whereas households with children are more likely to have an application taken when threatened with homelessness (56.7%).

4. Reasons for homelessness

4.1 tables a2p and a2r.

End of private rented Assured Shorthold Tenancy was the most common reason for households being owed a prevention duty, accounting for 14,570 or 37.9% of households. This is a decrease of 1.6% from the same quarter last year. The most common recorded reasons households were owed a prevention duty due to the end of an AST were related to: landlord wishing to sell the property (6,700), followed by landlord wishing to re-let the property (2,670).

A breakdown of households owed a prevention duty due to the end of an AST shows the biggest increase was due to rent arrears from an increase in rent, which rose by 27.6% from the same quarter last year. Despite the large relative increase, end of AST from rent arrears due to an increase in rent, still only represent a relatively small number of households (370 households).

The second most common reason for those owed a prevention duty was family or friends no longer willing or able to accommodate, accounting for 8,790 or 22.9% of households owed a prevention duty, down 9.8% from the same quarter last year.

Other notable change(s) for households owed a prevention duty include:

• an increase of 108.2% in requirement to leave accommodation provided by the Home Office as asylum support to 1,270 households
• an increase of 48.6% in departure from institution with no accommodation available to 1,040 households
• a decrease of 34.5% in other violence or harassment to 380 households

For those owed a relief duty, family or friends no longer willing or able to accommodate was the most common reason for homelessness, accounting for 13,900 or 28.9% of households owed a relief duty, down 0.8% from the same quarter last year. The second most common reason for those owed a relief duty was Households owed a relief duty due to domestic abuse, accounting for 6,980 or 14.5% of households owed a relief duty. This had decreased 1.7% from the same quarter last year.

Other notable change(s) from the same quarter last year for households owed a relief duty were:

• an increase of 348.1% in requirement to leave accommodation provided by the Home Office as asylum support to 4,840 households
• an increase of 23.0% in departure from institution with no accommodation available to 2,670 households
• a decrease of 16.4% in other violence or harassment to 1,330 households.

5. Current accommodation

5.1 tables a4p and a4r.

Rough sleeping: People sleeping in the open air (such as on the streets, in tents, doorways, parks, bus shelters or encampments) or other places not designed for habitation (such as stairwells, barns, sheds, car parks, cars, derelict boats, stations, or ‘bashes’ which are makeshift shelters, often comprised of cardboard boxes). Rough sleepers in this publication may have slept rough one night or across several nights.

Rough sleeping at the time of Local Authority Approach: Rough sleepers are defined as those who were, in the judgement of the assessor, rough sleeping when they approached a local authority for help.

History of Rough Sleeping: This is a support need based on a history of sleeping rough and does not mean that the household was sleeping rough at the time of approach to the local authority.

The most common type of accommodation at the time of application for those owed a prevention duty was in the private rented sector (45.5%), down 2.0% from January to March 2023 to 17,480 households.

This is consistent with the reasons for threat of homelessness for those owed prevention duties (described above). For those owed relief duty, those in the private rented sector at the time of application accounted for 13.2% of households, down 3.5% from the same quarter last year to 6,350 households.

The most common type of accommodation for households owed a relief duty was living with family (22.6%), which fell by 0.5% from January to March 2023 to 10,860 households. For those owed a prevention duty, households living with family at the time of application had decreased 1.0% to 9,180 households.

The number of households owed a relief duty who were rough sleeping on approach increased by 23.0% from January to March 2023 to 4,760 households, while those reporting no fixed abode rose 0.2% to 5,660 households.

It is worth noting that the percentage reported as ‘Other/not known’ accommodation at the time of application has risen by 58.3% for prevention duties and risen by 73.5% for relief duties.

6. Duty to refer

6.1 table a7.

Duty to Refer : Since 1 October 2018, duty to refer has required specified public bodies to refer, with consent, users of their service who they think may be homeless or threatened with homelessness to a local housing authority of the individual’s choice.

7.8% or 7,420 of the 94,560 assessments made were as a result of referrals from public bodies under the duty to refer. Of the assessments carried out from a duty to refer referral, 92% resulted in a homelessness duty. The largest number of assessments made under duty to refer resulted from referrals by Criminal Justice System Agencies, with 3,320 such assessments (44.7% of total assessments from a duty to refer referral), an increase of 10.3% from January to March 2023.

7. Other demographics

7.1 tables a3, a6, a8, and a10.

Support needs : areas of additional needs that mean the household requires support to acquire and sustain accommodation, giving an indication of the additional services local authorities need to provide to prevent an individual becoming homeless or to stop the cycle of repeat homelessness. Local authorities report as many support needs that apply to each household.

Support Needs

Of all households owed either a prevention or relief duty, 46,430 or 53.7% of households identified as having one or more support needs. The most common support need was for those with history of mental health problems, accounting for 22,500 or 26.0% of households owed a homelessness duty. The second most common was for those with physical ill health and disability accounting for 16,580 or 19.2% of households owed a duty. Other notable groups include those at risk of or with experience of domestic abuse (11.1%), those with offending history (7.9%), those with a history of repeat homelessness (6.5%) and those with learning disability (5.9%).

The overall increase in the number of households owed a prevention or relief duty in January to March 2024 compared to the previous year was driven by increases in lead applicants aged 35 and over. The largest increases were for the age groups 65-74 up 9.8% to 2,700, 55-64 up 7.8% to 7,050 and 75+ up 5.3% to 990. On the other hand, those aged 16-17 fell by 15.5% respectively.

The majority of households owed a prevention or relief duty were where the lead applicant was White (61.0%), followed by households where the lead applicant was Black (11.0%) or Asian (8.0%). The number of households owed a prevention or relief duty where the lead applicant was:

• Asian / Asian British increased by 31.6% to 6,620 households
• Black / African / Caribbean / black British increased by 16.3% to 9,470
• of mixed / multiple ethnic groups increased by 18.7% to 3,110
• White fell by 4.1% to 53,140
• from an other ethnic group [footnote 1] increased by 74.3% to 5,630
• of  an unknown ethnic group increased by 15.4% to 8,550

Employment Status

The employment status that saw the largest increases in lead applicants who were:

• not registered but seeking work up 14.2% to 3,290 households
• registered unemployed up 11.4% to 31,210
• retired up 8.7% to 2,620
• not working due to long-term illness/disability up 6.3% to 12,010
• students or in training up 4.9% to 1,280
• in part-time work up 1.2% to 8,670

Whilst those who were in full-time work fell 1.6% to 11,210 and those not seeking work / at home fell 0.9% to 5,550.

We have now begun reporting on several other employment status options. These are:

• Registered employed, but off work due to ill health/disability (1,340 households)
• Registered employed, but off work on maternity/paternity/adoption leave (810)
• Working irregular hours (1,910)

Those with an ‘Other’ employment status classification fell by 58.5% to 2,770, while lead applicants where employment status was ‘Not known’ increased by 2.4% to 3,860.

8. Outcomes

8.1 tables p1 and r1.

In January to March 2024, the prevention duty ended for 34,550 households, up 3.8% from the same quarter last year; and 53,210 households also saw their relief duty end, which is up 14.2% from the same quarter last year.

Over half of the prevention duties which ended between January to March 2024 (17,720 or 51.3%) ended because the household secured accommodation for 6 months or more and their homelessness had been prevented, the same proportion compared to last year. Of these households who secured accommodation at the end of their prevention duty, 6,560 or 37.0%, were able to remain in their existing home, up 2 percentage points from this time last year. This outcome was followed by 9,080 or 26.3% of households whose prevention duty ended and were homeless at the end of the prevention duty and were subsequently owed relief duty, up 0.2 percentage points from the same quarter last year.

Of the 53,210 relief duties ended this quarter, 16,160 or 30.4% of households had accommodation secured for at least 6 months, down 4.1 percentage points from the same quarter last year. Of households that had their duties end successfully, 75.4% (12,180) were single households, up 1.6 percentage points from the same quarter last year.  27,090 households, or 50.9% of households whose relief duty ended, had their duty end because their homelessness had not been relieved within 56 days, meaning their local authority would need to assess whether a main duty would have to be owed, this is up 5.3 percentage points from the same quarter last year.

9. Main homelessness duty

9.1 tables md1, md2 and md3.

Main Duty : The ‘main’ homelessness duty describes the duty a local authority has towards an applicant who is unintentionally homeless, eligible for assistance and has priority need. These households are only owed a main duty if they did not secure accommodation in the prevention or relief stage, and so main duty  not owed to those ‘threatened with homelessness’. In addition a minimum of 56 days of assistance must have elapsed from a household approaching the local authority to being owed a main duty.

In January to March 2024, local authorities made 26,210 main duty decisions for eligible households.

• 17,120 main duties were accepted, as the household was judged to be homeless, with priority need, and unintentionally homeless. This is an increase of 19.8% in the absolute number of households with a main duty accepted compared to January to March 2023. Main duties accepted represented 65.3% of all main duty decisions in the quarter. This is down 3.5 percentage points reflecting that a lower proportion of households are being accepted as owed a main duty compared to the same period last year.
• 1,030 decisions were that a main duty was not owed as the household was assessed to be homeless and have priority need, but judged as intentionally homeless. This is an increase of 8.4% in the absolute number of households compared to January to March 2023. These decisions represented 3.9% of all main duty decisions in the quarter. This proportion is largely the same compared to the same quarter last year (down 0.6 percentage points).
• 7,780 were not owed a main duty as the household was assessed as homeless but with no priority need. This is a an increase of 49.6% in the absolute number of households compared to January to March 2023. These decisions represented 29.7% of all main duty decisions in the quarter. This is up 4.6 percentage points, reflecting that a higher proportion of households are being assessed as homeless with no priority need compared to the same period last year.
• 270 were not owed a main duty as the household was assessed as not homeless. This is an a decrease of 12.9% in the absolute number of households compared to January to March 2023. These decisions represented 1.0% of all main duty decisions in the quarter. This proportion is largely the same compared to the same quarter last year (down 0.5 percentage points).

Other points to note:

The number of households with children owed a main duty increased by 15.5% from the same quarter last year to 8,770 households. This reflects the increase in households with children owed a relief duty (9.3%) in October 2023 to March 2024 compared to the same two quarters in the previous year.

The number of households owed a main duty who were homeless and have priority need due to domestic abuse had increased by 22.3% to 1,260 from January to March 2023, reflecting an increase in households who were homeless or threatened with homelessness due to domestic abuse over the last year.

Chart 2 shows the number of households by outcome of main duty assessment for Q4 2022 and Q1 2024.

In January to March 2024, 11,470 households had their main homelessness duty come to an end, up 12.6% from January to March 2023. Of these households, 9,080 households accepted an offer of settled accommodation, up 12.1% from the same quarter last year. Households accepting an accommodation offer represented 79.2% of all main duties ending in the quarter. This is down 0.3 percentage points, reflecting that a lower proportion of households are securing settled accommodation at the end of a main duty compared to the same period last year.

10. Temporary accommodation

10.1 table ta1.

Temporary Accommodation : Temporary Accommodation is the term used to describe accommodation secured by a local housing authority under their statutory homelessness functions. The majority of households in temporary accommodation have been placed under the main homelessness duty, but temporary accommodation is also provided during the relief stage to households who the local authority has reason to believe may have priority need, or on an interim basis in other circumstances such as pending the outcome of a review on a homelessness decision.

117,450 households were in temporary accommodation on 31 March 2024, up 4.3% from the previous quarter and up 12.3% from the same time last year. The number of single households in temporary accommodation rose 3.8% from the previous quarter and rose 8.5% from the same time last year to 42,920. Households with children increased 4.6% from the previous quarter and increased 14.7% from 31 March 2023 to 74,530.

On 31 March 2024, there were 17.8 households living in temporary accommodation per 1,000 households in London, compared with 2.5 households per 1,000 in the Rest of England. Newham London Borough had the highest rate of temporary accommodation in London with 53.1 households per 1,000 households. Slough Borough Council had the highest rate outside London with 18.2 households per 1,000 households.

36,360 or 31.0% of households in temporary accommodation were in accommodation in a different local authority district. 78.9% of these out of district placements were from London authorities.

Chart 3  shows the time series for the number of households in temporary accommodation since Q2 2019 by household type.

Of the households in temporary accommodation, 17,750 were living in bed and breakfast (B&B) accommodation, up 30.0% from the same time last year. Of these households in B&B, 12,200 (68.7%) were single households, up 24.5% from the same time last year. The number of households in B&B with dependent children increased 44.2% to 5,550 households in 31 March 2024. Of the households with children in B&B, 3,250 had been resident for more than the statutory limit of 6 weeks. This is up 79.6% from 1,810 on 31 March 2023, and up 9.8% from 2,960 in the previous quarter. Overall, 74,530 households or 63.5% of households in temporary accommodation included dependent children, with 151,630 dependent children living in temporary accommodation.

Chart 4  shows the number of households in temporary accommodation by temporary accommodation and household type.

11. Assessment of compliance with the Code of Practice for Statistics

Between October and December 2021, these Statutory Homelessness statistics underwent an assessment by the Office for Statistics Regulation. A report detailing the findings of this assessment was published in December 2021.

The Homelessness Statistics Team in MHCLG developed an action plan detailing how and when the requirements identified in the  assessment report  would be met.

These statistics have now been labelled Accredited Official Statistics. See information on Accredited Official Statistics is available via the  UK Statistics Authority website .

These accredited official statistics were independently reviewed by the Office for Statistics Regulation in October 2023 (see  confirmation of accreditation ). They comply with the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics and should be labelled ‘accredited official statistics’

Please note that Accredited official statistics are called National Statistics in the Statistics and Registration Service Act 2007.

Our statistical practice is regulated by the Office for Statistics Regulation (OSR). OSR sets the standards of trustworthiness, quality and value in the Code of Practice for Statistics that all producers of official statistics should adhere to.

You are welcome to contact us directly with any comments about how we meet these standards. Alternatively, you can contact OSR by emailing  [email protected]  or via the OSR website.

More information on the UK statistical system is available via the  UK Statistics Authority website . Information about statistics at MHCLG is available via the  Department’s website .

12. Notes on usage

• Statutory homelessness concerns duties placed on local authorities to take reasonable steps to prevent and relieve homelessness to eligible houses.
• Each case included in this report is representative of a household, which includes households with children as well as single adult houses.
• This report only covers those owed a duty between 1 January and 31 March 2024.
• All figures except for temporary accommodation is a cumulative count over the period of the reported quarter, temporary accommodation is a snapshot of the last day of the quarter.
• Data is collected via the Homelessness Case Level Information Collection, submitted quarterly by local authorities. This method of collection was introduced in 2018 alongside significant homelessness legislation; before this statutory homelessness was recorded in the P1E.
• Definitions and a comprehensive breakdown of the quality assurance process can be found in the technical notes . Further information about official statistics is also available on the UK Statistics Authority and the Department’s statistics page .

13. Uses and limitations

These statistics can be used:

• To count the number of homelessness duties accepted by local authorities for this quarter and to compare local authorities and regions in England
• To assess changes in the number of homelessness duties since 2018
• To understand the causes, circumstances, and characteristics of households owed a duty for this quarter
• To understand the number of households and the characteristics of Temporary Accommodation

These statistics are not suitable:

• To estimate the total number of people sleeping rough
• To estimate the total number of people sofa surfing, those in recreational or organised protest, those in squats, or traveller campsites
• To estimate the households that have yet to make a homelessness application and those who aren’t eligible
• To compare with other countries in the UK
• To compare to figures recorded via the P1E

14. Accompanying tables

The live tables are available to download alongside this release. References to previously published tables are included where comparisons are possible.

Initial assessments of statutory homelessness duties owed

• A1: Number of households assessed and owed a prevention or relief duty
• A2P: Reason for loss of last settled home for households assessed as owed a prevention duty
• A2R: Reason for loss of last settled home for households assessed as owed a relief duty
• A3: Support needs of households assessed as owed a prevention or relief duty
• A4P: Accommodation at time of application for households assessed as owed a prevention duty
• A4R: Accommodation at time of application for households assessed as owed a relief duty
• A5P: Household type at time of application for households assessed as owed a prevention duty
• A5R: Household type at time of application for households assessed as owed a relief duty
• A6: Age of main applicants assessed as owed a prevention or relief duty
• A7: Households referred to a local authority prior to being assessed
• A8: Ethnicity of main applicants assessed as owed a prevention of relief duty
• A9: Nationality of main applicants assessed as owed a prevention or relief duty *
• A10: Employment status of main applicants assessed as owed a prevention or relief duty
• A11: Reason for eligibility of main applicants assessed as owed a prevention or relief duty *
• A12: Sexual Identity of main applicants assess as owed a prevention or relief duty

Statutory homelessness prevention duty outcomes

• P1: Reason for households’ prevention duty ending
• P2: Type of accommodation secured for households at end of prevention duty
• P3: Main prevention activity that resulted in accommodation secured for households at end of prevention duty
• P4: Destination of households with alternative accommodation secured at end of prevention duty*
• P5: Household type of households with accommodation secured at end of prevention duty

Statutory homelessness main duty decisions & outcomes

• MD1: Outcome of main duty decision for eligible households
• MD2: Outcome of households no longer owed a main duty
• MD3: Priority need category of households owed a main duty Households in temporary accommodation

Households in temporary accommodation

• TA1: Number of households in temporary accommodation at end of quarter by temporary accommodation type
• TA2: Number of households in temporary accommodation at end of quarter by household type

TA3: Number of households in temporary accommodation at end of quarter by duty provide

• These tables will now only be published as part of the expanded annual release at end of financial year. The latest published figures can be found in the 2022-23 Detailed local authority level tables .

15. Technical information

Please see the technical notes for further details on the data used for this release. Further information about official statistics is also available on the UK Statistics Authority and Department’s statistics page .

Other ethnic group is defined as Arab or any other ethnic group that is not white, Asian, black or mixed ethnic group.  ↩

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