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3.4: Cause and Effect Model Essay 3

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Read the following essay, fill in the blanks with suitable cause-effect signal words and phrases. Pay attention to the sentence structure to help you decide. There may be more than one correct sign word or phrase.

First Name Last Name

Professor Name

Course Name and Number

Month Day Year

The Effects of Dropping Out of High School

(1) Every year thousands of teenagers drop out of high school. Some of these teenagers are wage earners who need to contribute to the family income. For them, the immediate need of helping out financially overrides their need for a diploma. Some teenagers did not get a strong academic foundation in elementary and middle school, so the high school curriculum proves to be too challenging, which leads to frustration. They find it easier to leave school and start life as working adults. Still others become involved in illegal activities, which often includes drug use. Such a lifestyle is not compatible with regular attendance and study necessary for high school success. In spite of the efforts of parents, teachers, and counselors, these teens end up leaving school to face whatever “real life” brings them. In their situations, it is difficult for them to see that leaving school will have profound effects on their finances, their ability to function in society, and even their sense of self-worth.

(2) Clearly, leaving high school without a diploma will have a negative (a) ____________on a person’s finances. Though there are jobs that do not require a high school diploma, these are often not suitable for the long term. Most of these are minimum-wage paying jobs, paying hourly wages that barely cover basic living expenses. Such jobs are usually in the service industry and are often physically demanding. They typically do not offer a lot of job satisfaction. Though there are some better-paying jobs that do not require a high school diploma such as utility line installers, heavy equipment operators, and communications installers, these jobs rarely (b)______________ higher-level managerial positions without a high school diploma. (c) _____________, for the rest of his life, the high school dropout is locked in a job with little hope of significant pay increases to keep up with the cost of living or to provide for a family beyond life’s basics.

(3) Dropping out of high school can also negatively (d) ______________a person’s ability to function as a fully participating member of society. High school math skills, which go beyond the basics, are necessary to function as an informed consumer. These skills affect good decision making about everything from home mortgages to retirement plans. The advanced reading and critical thinking skills that are part of the high school curriculum are also necessary to make good choices, whether choosing a cell phone plan or voting in local and national elections. The ability to be a fully participating member of society is severely hindered if a person lacks the skills learned in high school.

(4) Finally, a less obvious (e) ________________ of dropping out of high school concerns the person’s sense of self-worth. A high school diploma is considered a measure of a basic level of learning for citizens in modern societies. The vast majority of people complete this educational milestone. A person who drops out, however, cannot claim this accomplishment. (f) _________________, he may feel that he is not as valuable to society as others or that other people are somehow better than he is. Though this is not necessarily always the case, the lack of a diploma can lead to a lack of confidence. This could affect his interaction with other people, whether during a casual conversation when meeting new people at a party or during a high stakes job interview. A person may even feel he does not belong to a group of people with more education than he has.

(5) In short, the knowledge and skills learned in high school form a foundation for full participation in our society. Without a diploma, a teen has limited opportunities financially and socially. For those who choose not to complete this degree, life will provide a series of unique challenges, so it is important that anyone thinking of dropping out really understands the consequences.

Questions about the Model 3

1. Highlight the thesis statement of this essay.

2. Does the writer focus on causes or effects?

3. Does the writer give any causes? If so, where? What are they?

4. Can you think of any additional effects?

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Lately, I am feeling very demotivated to study but I don’t know how to overcome this problem. Should I talk to my parents, ask for help from my teachers or just keep my feelings to myself? Do you have any other suggestions for me? Regards, Samantha In about 80 words, write an email to Samantha to give her some advice. Model Answer To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Do not bottle up your feelings! Hi Samantha, First of all, I want you to know that it is completely normal to feel demotivated. However, you should try to talk to your parents about your feelings. It is important for us to share our feelings with other people so that they can help us find a solution to our problem. If you find it hard to talk about your feelings, you can write down the things that you want to say on a piece of paper. The most important thing is not to keep your feelings bottled up. I hope you will enjoy your online classes. Regards, Samuel USEFUL TIP When you offer a suggestion, you can give some ideas on how your suggestion can be carried out. 4 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 4 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Emails Model 2 Family Outing Model Question Read the following email from your cousin, Mei Ling. To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Family Outing Hi Jun Hong, My family and I would like to go for an outing this weekend. Where should we go? Should we go to the zoo, the beach or the Science Centre? Do you know any other place that is suitable for families to spend time? Regards, Mei Ling In about 80 words, write an email to Mei Ling to give her some advice. Model Answer To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Family Outing Hi Mei Ling, A family outing during the weekend is a great idea! I wish to go on a trip too. I think you and your family should go to the beach. At the beach, there are many activities that you can do. You can go swimming with your siblings. You can also build sandcastles or collect seashells. Once you are tired from all the excitement, you can have a relaxing picnic with your family. I think you and your family will have a blast at the beach! Regards, Jun Hong USEFUL TIP The subject of an email should briefly summarise what the email is mainly about. 5 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 5 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Emails Model 3 Class Party Model Question Read the following email from your class monitor, Fikri. To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Class Party Hi Cindy, Friday is the last day of school. We are having a party to celebrate. Should I prepare pizzas, sandwiches or fried chicken for the party? What other food and drinks do you think I should prepare? From, Fikri In about 80 words, write an email to Fikri to give him some advice. Model Answer To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: Let’s have a pizza party! Hi Fikri, I am so excited for our class party! I can’t wait to play games and take pictures with everyone. I think you should prepare pizzas for the party. Pizzas come with many types of toppings so we can have a variety of flavours. It is also a lot of fun to share a pizza with friends. Besides, pizzas are more convenient as we can hold it with our hands. We do not need to prepare any plates or cutlery. From, Cindy REMEMBER! Your answer should be approximately 80 words long. Plan your essay before you start writing to avoid going over the word limit. 6 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 6 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Emails Model 4 I am Coming Home Model Question Read the following email from your brother, Ashrul. To: [email protected] From: [email protected] Subject: I am coming home this weekend. Hi Ashraf, I am coming home from the university this weekend. But I don’t know if I should take the bus, the train or take a flight back. What do you think? Your brother, Ashrul In about 80 words, write an email to Ashrul to give him some advice. Model Answer To [email protected] From [email protected] Subject Trains are the best! Hi Ashrul, I am glad you are coming home. Let’s catch a movie together when you are back. I think you should take the train. The train is fast and comfortable. It will save you a lot of time as it only takes 2 hours to reach our town from your university. It is also much cheaper compared to taking the plane. The train station is only a stone’s throw from our house so we can meet you there when you arrive. Your brother, Ashraf REMEMBER! Arrange your points carefully. You can offer a suggestion in the first paragraph and provide the justification for your choice in the second paragraph. 7 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 7 14/09/2021 2:47 PM B Messages/ Notes Introduction 8 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 8 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Messages/ Notes Model 5 Note – Stay Safe Model Question Read the following note from your mother. Lucas, I hope your first day back in school after the Movement Control Order (MCO) went well. Don’t forget to sanitise your school bag once you are home. There is a sanitising spray and sanitising wipes in the cupboard next to the door. Please let me know which type of sanitiser you prefer as I will be to the supermarket after work. Mom In about 80 words, write a note to your mother to tell her your choice. Model Answer Mom, I think I prefer to use a sanitising spray to sanitise my school bag and shoes after school. As my school bag is quite bulky, it is easier to use a spray. It is also more economical since a single bottle of spray can last for a few weeks. On the other hand, sanitising wipes have to be replaced regularly and they create a lot of rubbish since we have to throw them away afterwards. Please buy more sanitising sprays when you go to the supermarket later. I also need a bottle of hand sanitiser to bring to school. Lucas USEFUL TIP You can add extra examples of your own as long as they are related to the main topic to make your answer more interesting. 9 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 9 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Messages/ Notes Model 6 Note – Movie Time Model Question Read the following note from your mother. Tasha, We are going out for a movie tonight. Would you like to watch a comedy, a horror film or an action movie? Or would you like to watch something else? Please let your Dad know so he can book the tickets. Mom In about 80 words, write a note to your Dad to tell him your choice. Model Answer Dad, Please book the tickets for our movie date tonight. I would like to watch the new action movie, Ending Game. The movie is about a police officer whose children were kidnapped. I think it will be full of action and very exciting. The main actor is also a very talented actor. The movie was shot in Switzerland so it will be very scenic and different from what we have seen before. I think you and Mom will really enjoy this action movie. Tasha REMEMBER! You must choose from one of the options given in the question or suggest an idea of your own. 10 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 10 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Messages/ Notes Model 7 Message – Spend Time Together Model Question Read the following message from your friend, Suzy. Lily, I will come over at 11 a.m. tomorrow. Should we play board games, read magazines or make some desserts? Or do you have something else in mind? Let me know what you think so I can bring the things we need. Suzy In about 80 words, write a message to Suzy to tell her your choice. Model Answer Suzy, Why don’t you come over at 10 a.m. instead? That way we can spend more time together. I think we should make some desserts. I recently found a new recipe for chocolate cupcakes. It is made from dark chocolate instead of milk chocolate. I think it will be really delicious. We can decorate the cupcakes with some sprinkles and give it to our parents as a surprise. Don’t forget to bring your apron when you come over. I am sure our dessert will be delicious! Lily USEFUL TIP At the end of your answer, you can restate your choice to give it more emphasis. 11 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 11 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Messages/ Notes Model 8 Note – Family Dinner Model Question Read the following note from your sister, Melissa. Zachary, Mom and Dad want to bring us out for dinner. Would you like to have Western food, seafood or Chinese food? Or do you have another suggestion? I want to make a reservation at the restaurant. Melissa In about 80 words, write a note to your sister to tell her your choice. Model Answer Melissa, Let’s have an early dinner tonight. I have a test tomorrow and I need to study for it. I would like to have Western food. We just had seafood last weekend so I want to try something else. Besides, my favourite food is pasta. The new restaurant is famous for their pasta dishes so I really want to check it out. They are also having a promotion right now. They have set meals for families which will be suitable for us. Zachary REMEMBER! Provide a few reasons to support your answer. You can also talk about why the other options are not suitable. 12 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 12 14/09/2021 2:47 PM C Informal Letters Introduction 13 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 13 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Informal Letters Model 9 My Penpal Model Question Read the following letter from your penpal, Justin. 22 March 202_ Dear Darren, As you know, the All England Open finals took place yesterday. Fortunately, I managed to catch the live broadcast on TV. It was such an exciting match! As an avid badminton player yourself, what do you think about the two finalists: our national representative, Lee Zii Jia and the famous player from Denmark, Viktor Axelsen? From, Justin In about 80 words, write a letter to Justin to share with him your thoughts. Model Answer 23 March 202_ Dear Justin, Yes, I agree that it was indeed an exciting match especially during the final set! Although they are both very talented players, my personal favourite is definitely our very own, Lee Zii Jia! His badminton skills are very good and he is only 23 years old. His young age makes his achievements even more impressive. Did you know that he is from Kedah? As a fellow Kedahan, I feel very proud that we have an international athlete from our state. I look forward to his performance in the badminton world after this. From, Darren USEFUL TIP If you run out of ideas for your essay, you can try to relate the topic to your personal life or feelings. 14 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 14 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Informal Letters Model 10 Join the Club Model Question Read the following letter from your friend, Sarah. 12 April 202_ Dear Iqbal, I want to take part in some co-curricular activities. I am thinking of joining either the Reading Club, Music Club or Nature Club. Which club should I join? Or do you have any other suggestion for me? From, Sarah In about 80 words, write a letter to Sarah to give her some advice. Model Answer 13 April 202_ Dear Sarah, How are you? It’s good that you want to take part in co-curricular activities. I think you should join the Reading Club. Reading is a very beneficial pastime. You can gain a lot of general knowledge from reading. You can also improve your writing skills. By joining the Reading Club, you can get to know other people who love reading too and meet people who share the same interests as you. For example, you can share your favourite books and discuss what you have read. I think you will really enjoy the Reading Club. Take care. Regards, Iqbal USEFUL TIP Elaborate on your main points by providing some relevant examples. 15 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 15 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Informal Letters Model 11 Mom’s Birthday Model Question Read the following letter from your friend, Johan. 3 June 202_ Dear Hanif, I want to buy a present for my mother for her birthday. I am thinking of getting her either a book, a purse or a watch. Which present do you think is the best? Or should I get her something else? From, Johan In about 80 words, write a letter to Johan to give him some advice. Model Answer 4 June 202_ Dear Johan, I hope you are doing well. When is your mom’s birthday? Please convey my heartfelt birthday wishes to her. I think you should get her a watch. Your mom is a very punctual person. She will definitely appreciate having a watch to tell the time. Besides, a watch is very practical as she can use it every day. Whenever she looks at it, it will remind her of you. I think she would love to receive a watch from you. Let me know how it goes. From, Hanif USEFUL TIP When writing to a friend, you can extend your well wishes to their family members as well. 16 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 16 14/09/2021 2:47 PM D Postcards Introduction 17 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 17 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Postcards Model 12 Lockdown Period Model Question Read the following postcard from your sister, Alia who lives in another state . Hi Yana, Stamp I am writing to let you know that I will not be coming home for Hari Raya Aidilfitri this year. Please inform Dad and Mom for me. As you know, due to the lockdown, I To: am not allowed to travel interstate. Nevertheless, I hope Yana, you will have a good celebration with our parents. Will No. 13, Lorong Asoka, you visit our Grandpa and Grandma or just stay at home 34555 Muar, Johor. for the holidays? From, Alia In about 80 words, write a postcard to reply Alia. Model Answer Hi Alia, Stamp Don’t worry, our parents will understand why you cannot come home during the festive season. We must adhere to the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) set up by the government so that everyone can stay safe during the pandemic. To: We are also planning to spend the holidays at home Alia, this year. Even though Grandpa and Grandma live in the Lot 24, Jalan Indah, same district as us, we want to avoid any unnecessary 78999 Seremban, gatherings. This is because elderly folks and young Negeri Sembilan. children are especially at risk of contracting the virus. Take care and I hope we can see each other soon! From, Yana REMEMBER! If you use any abbreviations (shortforms) in your essay such as SOP or MCO, always include the full phrase to avoid confusion 18 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 18 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Postcards Model 13 Pen pal Model Question Read the following postcard from your pen pal, Linda. Dear Diana, Stamp I just arrived in Seoul, South Korea. It is my first To: time here. Should I go shopping for souvenirs, try the Diana, local food or visit historical buildings first? Can you No. 46, Jalan Kasturi, give me some suggestions? I really want to have a good 22344 Kuantan, holiday. Help! Pahang. Linda In about 80 words, write a postcard to Linda to give her some advice. Model Answer 1 Dear Linda, Stamp 2 I am glad you have arrived in Seoul safely. How is the weather like over there? 3 I think you should visit the historical buildings first. By visiting these ancient places, you can learn To: more about the country and its culture. This will help Linda Hashim, you to enjoy your trip more. Apart from that, you can Seoulmates Guesthouse, 4 Seoul, South Korea. also take a lot of beautiful pictures at these places. Then, you can upload the pictures onto your social media and show them to your friends and family. 7 5 See you soon. 6 Diana 1 Greet your friend 5 Provide a simple closing statement 2 Start by referring to the information 6 Sign your name given in the question 7 Write your friend’s name and address 3 Recommend a place to visit 4 Give good reasons to support your recommendation 19 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 19 14/09/2021 2:47 PM English PT3 Part 1 – Postcards Model 14 Thank You Model Question Read the following postcard from your neighbour, Daniel. Dear Shafiq, Stamp I am coming back from the village tomorrow. Would To: you like some fresh fruits, traditional handicrafts or some local snacks? Is there anything else that you want? Let Shafiq Farhain, me know. I want to thank you for taking care of my cats Lot 80, Lorong Manggis, while I was away. 66788 Ipoh, Hope to hear from you soon. Perak. Daniel In about 80 words, write a postcard to Daniel to let him know what you want. Model Answer 1 Dear Daniel, Stamp 2 It is my pleasure to take care of your cats. They are so adorable and fun to play with. 3 Thank you for offering to bring me a gift from your village. If it is not too much trouble, I would like to have To: some fresh fruits. As you know, I love to eat local fruits Daniel Shah, 4 such as mangosteen and rambutan. I heard that your Kampung Delima, village is famous for its big and sweet mangoes. Please Teluk Intan, 36000, bring me some fresh fruits when you come back. I can Perak. share them with my parents as they love to eat fruits as well. 7 5 Well, take care and have a great time. 6 Daniel 1 Greet your friend 5 Provide a simple closing statement 2 Start by referring to the information 6 Sign your name given in the question 7 Write your friend’s name and address 3 Suggest a souvenir REMEMBER! 4 Give good reasons to support your recommendation A postcard is a short letter, so the rules for writing letters also apply here. 20 PART 01 SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 20 14/09/2021 2:47 PM D Theme: Environment Model 110 Report on Students Model Question Report As the Head Prefect, you noticed that some students in your school did not follow the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) set by the Ministry of Education. In about 120 words, write a report to your principal about the situation. You may use the notes below to help you. Current situation in school Students did not Effects of follow SOP the current situation Report on students Role played by Suggestions Prefect Board to overcome problem Write your report. 223 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 223 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Introduction • State the purpose of the report Body • Current situation in school – students dispose their used masks carelessly • Effects of the current situation – unhygienic – troublesome for cleaners • Suggestions to overcome problem – put up posters Conclusion • Explain the actions that will be taken by the Prefect Board Model Answer Report on Students’ Adherence to Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) This is a report on the students of SMK Seri Harum who did not follow the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) set by the Ministry of Education. As we all know, one of the most important SOP is wearing a face mask at all times when in school. Recently, a survey was carried out by the Prefect Board to see if students are following the SOP. It was found that some students have not been disposing their used masks properly. Students have been carelessly leaving their used masks on the ground or in their desk drawers. The situation is especially bad after recess and right before school ends. It is important to not simply discard our used masks. Firstly, it pollutes the environment. It is also very unhygienic. If the mask is contaminated, it will expose other people to harmful bacteria and viruses. Moreover, it troubles the cleaning workers who will have to pick up after these irresponsible students. According to the SOP, used masks must be folded and tied with the earloops so that they do not unravel. Then, they should be wrapped with a layer of tissue paper before they are thrown into the dustbin. The school should put up posters about this matter around the school. This will remind students to follow the SOP at all times. Finally, the Prefect Board will also keep an eye on the students. Anyone who does not follow the SOP will be directly reported to the Discipline Master. This will ensure that the school remains safe during the pandemic. WORDBank adherence – following rules discard – throw away contaminated – not safe to be used anymore unravel – become loose 224 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 224 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model 111 Imported Waste Model Question Article Recently, the issue of imported waste has been making waves in our country. In about 120 words, write an article for your school magazine to talk about your opinion on the issue. You may use the notes below to help you. Downside of recycling Concept of Imported waste recycling Imported waste Proper waste Illegal recycling management factories Write your article. Introduction • Explain the concept of recycling 225 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 225 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Body • Downside of recycling – incorrect way of recycling – risk of pollution • Imported waste – from other countries – earn money • Illegal recycling factories – not monitored – bigger chance of pollution Conclusion • Stress on the importance of proper waste management Model Answer Imported Waste Recycling is the process of turning old unwanted materials into new materials that can be reused. This way we will use less of the earth’s natural resources that are depleting at a fast pace. Many types of materials can be recycled such as paper, metals, glass and plastic. However, there is also a downside to recycling. When it is not done correctly, recycling can lead to pollution. For example, some materials are not suitable to be recycled. These materials are often burned or buried in the ground. If they are burned, the burning process will release dangerous chemicals into the air. If they are buried into the ground, they will contaminate the soil. Apart from that, there is the issue of imported waste. Imported waste is when a country imports waste from another country for recycling. This is mostly done to earn money from the recycling process. Malaysia is also involved in the business of imported waste. In 2018, Malaysia imported more than 1 million tonnes of waste from countries such as the US, the UK and South Korea. However, much of the waste were imported through illegal means. The recycling factories are operating without permission from the authorities. In other words, the recycling process is not monitored. As a result, there is an even bigger chance of air and soil pollution as well as other environmental damage. In conclusion, proper waste management and recycling are important for Malaysia to become a truly well-developed country. This includes the issue of imported waste as we also do not want to become the rubbish bin of the world. WORDBank resources – materials that can be used depleting – becoming less damage – harm 226 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 226 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model 112 Earth Day Celebration Model Question Speech You have been asked to deliver a speech in conjunction with Earth Day celebration in your school. In about 120 words, write a speech. You may use the notes below to help you. Earth Day – to make people aware of the importance of keeping our planet healthy and clean Learn more about an Cook a healthy Give away items that environmental issue meal are no longer in use Write your speech. Introduction • Brief history of Earth Day • Purpose of speech – three activities to save the earth Body • Learn more about an environmental issue – share knowledge with classmates • Cook a healthy meal – vegetables and beans – organic meat • Give away items that are no longer of use – reuse and recycle Conclusion • Everyone can play a part in saving the earth Model Answer The very first Earth Day was celebrated on 22 April 1970. This day was created by American Senator, Gaylord Nelson, to make people aware of the importance of keeping our planet healthy and clean. Earth Day is a perfect time to reflect about what you are doing to help protect the environment. Today, I would like to suggest three simple activities that we can carry out to save the earth. 227 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 227 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment The first activity is to learn more about the environment. Earth Day is a good time to make a commitment to learn more about the environment and how we can help to protect it. Read up on an issue such as pollution, endangered species, water shortages, recycling and climate change. Alternatively, learn about a region you have never encountered before, like the Arctic, the desert or the rainforest. Then give a short presentation to your class to share what you have learnt. The next activity is to cook a special Earth Day meal. Plan a menu that introduces locally produced food which is healthy and has minimal impact on the environment. Use vegetable and bean products as these use less resources to grow. If you would like to eat meat, look for locally-produced organic meat. Lastly, look into your closets and cupboards, and remove the things that are no longer useful to you. By giving away your old toys to younger children, you will learn two lessons. One is about giving to others and the second is about reusing and recycling instead of discarding things. Encourage your parents to do the same with their clothes, electrical appliances and books. Every one of us can do something to help the planet on Earth Day. Although our individual efforts may seem like a drop in the ocean, everything we do to help the planet counts, such as opting to walk to school or helping to clean up litter from our neighbourhood park! Thank you. WORDBank IDIOMS encountered – discovered or experienced a drop in the ocean – having a small impact – the effect of something impact on an important issue discarding – throwing away INFO CORNER Recycling one aluminium can saves enough energy to listen to a full album on your Ipod. Recycling 100 cans could light your bedroom for two weeks. Model 113 Replying to a Cousin Who Wishes to Visit Model Question Informal letters Your cousin has written to ask if she can visit you during the school holidays. In about 120 words, write her a reply to let her know that she is welcome to stay with you. You may use the notes below to help you. 228 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 228 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment • Mention the places of interest that you will be taking her to visit • Ask if she would like other arrangements to be made • Request that she forward her flight details so that you can greet her at the airport • Express your delight that she will be visiting Write your letter. Introduction • Express your pleasure that she is coming to visit • Let her know that she is welcome to stay with you Body • She is coming at the right time – to witness the Harvest Festival • Mention the places that you will be taking her to visit – Mount Kinabalu foothills, Poring Hotsprings, island-hopping, etc • Request that she forward her flight details so that you can greet her at the airport • Ask if she would like other arrangements to be made Conclusion • Look forward to welcoming her to Kota Kinabalu Model Answer 38 Jalan Penampang, 88300 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. 2 May 202_ Dear Cousin Meera, How wonderful to hear that you are planning to come to Kota Kinabalu for a visit. Of course you are most welcome to stay with me. You are coming at the right time indeed. The month of May is very festive and colourful as Sabahans celebrate the Harvest festival, or Pesta Kaamatan. The month- long celebration culminates in a grand ceremony at the end of May. You will be just in time to witness it. 229 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 229 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment I would also like to show you around Kota Kinabalu. We must take a drive up to the foothills of the majestic Mount Kinabalu. The Poring Hotsprings is nearby and we can stop to take a dip in the water. I will also arrange for us to go on an island-hopping trip. There are three islands off the coast which are absolutely fabulous for snorkelling. I am sure you will enjoy the clear blue water and the beautiful beaches. Do let me know if you would like other arrangements to be made. Please forward your flight details to me so that I can be at the airport to greet you. I am delighted that you will be visiting and I look forward to welcoming you to the Land Below the Wind. Your cousin, Vanessa WORDBank culminates – to bring something to a dramatic end witness – to experience an important event majestic – impressive and grand island-hopping – going from one island to another quickly Model 114 Newspaper Report on Floods Model Question Report You are a reporter working for a newspaper. In about 120 words, write a report on the flood situation in East Malaysia. You may use the notes below to help you. Include the following details: • Number of people affected • Road closures • Buildings affected • Cause of floods – heavy and continuous rain, water overflow from river • Report from Meteorological Department Write your report. 230 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 230 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Introduction • 800 evacuees – shelter at relief centres – flood situation worsened Body • Rising water level – many residents – low-lying areas – trapped at home • Main roads submerged, buildings and offices affected • Heavy rain and flood waters from Upper Rejang River – above alert level • Sibu outskirts – roads inaccessible to small vehicles Conclusion • Meteorological department – maintained orange-alert warning – rain clouds hovering above affected areas Model Answer KUCHING, Mon. – Some 800 evacuees sought shelter at relief centres as the flood situation in Sibu in central Sarawak worsened. Many residents in the low-lying areas were trapped at home due to the rising water level. Several main roads, including Jalan Nyabor and Jalan Central were submerged. Among the affected buildings were the Sarawak House shopping complex, two hotels and a petrol station. Heavy rain and flood waters overflowing from the Upper Rejang River have worsened the situation. An official at the state flood operations room said that the river had remained above the alert level for the past three days. She said that five roads in Sibu outskirts were under 0.5 metres of water and inaccessible to small vehicles. These roads include Jalan Salim, Jalan Stabau and Jalan Bawang Assan. The Meteorological Department has maintained an orange-alert warning for all surrounding areas due to rain clouds hovering above the affected areas. WORDBank evacuees – people who are taken from a dangerous place and sent to safety submerged – to be under the surface of water outskirts – areas far away from the town centre inaccessible – difficult or impossible to travel to hovering – floating in the air in the same spot 231 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 231 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model 115 Report on Abandoned House Model Question Report You are a journalist working for a newspaper. In about 120 words, write a report about an abandoned house in a housing area for the newspaper. You may use the notes below to help you. • Abandoned house in Taman Orkid – eyesore to residents • Overgrown with weeds and strewn with rubbish • House in filthy condition – stench of rubbish • Hideout for drug addicts • Petty thefts on the rise • Home for stray dogs and cats • Residents want authorities to take action against owner • Statement from councillor – notice to the owner Write your report. Introduction • Abandoned house in Taman Orkid – eyesore to residents Body • Corner lot – overgrown with weeds and strewn with rubbish • House in filthy condition – past two years • Hideout for drug addicts • Petty thefts on the rise • Home for stray dogs and cats – endure stench • Residents want authorities to take action against owner Conclusion • Statement from councillor – notice to the owner – clean up within seven days – otherwise – council will clean up – bill owner for costs 232 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 232 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model Answer An abandoned house at Jalan Anggerik 2/4, Taman Orkid, Shah Alam, has become an eyesore to the residents of the area. The house, which is situated at a corner lot, is overgrown with weeds and strewn with rubbish. The house has been in this filthy condition for the past two years. The Chairman of the Residents’ Association, Encik Rashid Abdullah, who lives opposite the house, said that the house is a good hideout for drug addicts. Coincidentally, the occurrences of petty thefts around the neighbourhood have also been on the rise recently. His house has already been broken into twice and he says that he fears for the safety of his family. The house has also become home to stray dogs and cats which are a nuisance in the area. Residents living nearby have to endure the stench emanating from the house. A resident, who wished to remain anonymous, said the windows are so dirty that even if he stands close to them, he will not be able to see the inside of the house. He urged the Shah Alam City Council to take action against the owner. Shah Alam Councillor Puan Ana Razak said that the council would send a notice to the house owner, ordering him to clear the rubbish within seven days. ‘If the owner fails to do so, the council will clean up the house and bill the owner for the costs of the clean-up,’ she added. WORDBank hideout – a place where somebody goes when they do not want anybody to find them stench – a very strong, unpleasant smell emanating from – coming from anonymous – (of a person) with a name that is not known or made public Model 116 Report on Fire in National Park Model Question Report You are a reporter working for a tabloid, The Penang News. In about 120 words, write a report about a fire which broke out in the Penang National Park. You may use the notes below to help you. 233 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 233 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Include the following details in your report: • Eight hectares of forest affected • Fire started at 3.00 p.m. – spread quickly • Dry spell and strong winds • Rescue personnel and fire engines – Teluk Bahang Fire Station • Rescue efforts hampered by lack of water supply • Firemen forced to use water from nearby lake • Took four hours to bring blaze under control • No reports of property damage • Cause of fire unknown Write your report. Introduction • Fire raged across eight hectares of forest – Penang National Park Body • Fire started at 3.00 p.m. – thick smoke – spread quickly – due to dry spell and strong winds • Twelve firemen and two fire engines – Teluk Bahang Fire Station – brought blaze under control • Statement from fire chief – rescue efforts hampered by lack of water supply • Firemen forced to use water from nearby lake • Took four hours to bring blaze under control • No reports of property damage Conclusion • Park officials unable to identify cause of fire – declined further comment pending investigations Model Answer PENANG, Tues. – Fire raged across eight hectares of forest in the Penang National Park yesterday. The fire brigade was called in at around 3.00 p.m. Thick smoke billowed as the fire spread quickly due to the current dry spell and strong winds. 234 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 234 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Twelve firemen in two fire engines from the Teluk Bahang Fire Station brought the blaze under control by 7.00 p.m. Teluk Bahang Fire and Rescue Department Chief Samsul bin Zakaria said a lack of water supply had hampered the firemen’s efforts to extinguish the blaze. Firemen were forced to utilise water from a nearby lake to supplement the water supply. As a result, he said, the firemen took close to four hours to bring the raging flames under control in the hilly area. There were no reports of property damage in the area. Park officials were unable to identify the cause of the fire. The officials declined further comment pending investigations. WORDBank billowed – the movement of smoke spiralling upwards spell – a short period of time during which something lasts hampered – made more difficult or complicated supplement – adding to the existing supply pending – until something happens Model Report on Improvement Needed in 117 Residential Area Model Question Report You are the Chairman of the residents’ committee of your neighbourhood. In about 120 words, prepare a report for the town council on the improvements that are needed in your neighbourhood. You may use the notes below to help you. • Only one access road – flooded during heavy downpour • Lack of public transport – nearest bus stop – 2 km away • No telephone lines for six months – most people have their own mobile phones – feeble excuse given by telephone company • Traffic congestion caused by night market – dedicated space needed Write your report. 235 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 235 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Introduction • Improvements needed in Sunnyvale Park, PJ Body • Only one access road – flooded during heavy downpour • Problem highlighted in newspaper – require an alternative road • Lack of public transport – nearest bus stop – two kilometres away – inconvenient, especially for senior citizens – extending bus route • No telephone lines – own mobile phones – feeble excuse given by telephone company – no Internet connection • Traffic congestion caused by night market – require dedicated space for traders Conclusion • Hope town council will take action to remedy the problems immediately Model Answer IMPROVEMENTS NEEDED IN SUNNYVALE PARK, PETALING JAYA The residents of Sunnyvale Park would like to highlight a few areas that require improvement and upgrading in the neighbourhood and victiny. The first problem concerns the access road to Sunnyvale Park. At present, there is only one main road servicing six residential areas, including Sunnyvale Park. When it rains heavily, the road gets flooded, thus blocking off the only means of access for residents. The problem has been highlighted in the newspaper many times, but nothing has been done to solve the problem. The residents want another road to be built as an alternative. The second problem is the lack of public transportation servicing Sunnyvale Park. The nearest bus stop is located some two kilometres from the entrance to our neighbourhood. Not all residents have private vehicles and it is inconvenient and taxing for residents, especially senior citizens, to walk that far. We would like the authorities to consider extending the bus route to cover our area. The residents have also been without telephone lines since we moved in six months ago. When we contacted the service provider, we were told that there was no urgency to install telephone lines as most people had their own mobile phones. We feel that this is a feeble excuse. It has caused a lot of inconvenience to those who cannot afford mobile phones. 236 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 236 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Lastly, we need a dedicated space for the night market, which is currently in an inconvenient area and causes traffic congestion. The situation is worsening as the number of stalls is on the increase. There are many improvements that need to be carried out in Sunnyvale Park. It is hoped that the town council will take the necessary steps to remedy the problems as soon as possible. Prepared by, Rahman Yahya (RAHMAN YAHYA) Chairman Sunnyvale Park Residents’ Association WORDBank taxing – needing a great amount of physical or mental effort extending – making something longer or larger urgency – the state of being important and needing to be dealt with immediately feeble – not good or effective dedicated – set aside for a specific purpose remedy – a means of correcting or improving something Model 118 Report on Discovery of Rare Python Model Question Report You are a reporter for a local daily. In about 120 words, write a report on the discovery of a rare python. You may use the notes below to help you. 30kg python – also known as batik python – caught and released back into the wild – caused a scare in village – villagers alerted Civil Defence Unit – personnel saw snake heading towards thick bush – had to wait an hour – professionals managed to capture snake – dangerous – can swallow goat or child – villagers relieved – no casualties or property damage – Officer advised villagers – not to attempt to catch snakes – call for professional help Write your report. 237 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 237 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Introduction • A rare four-metre long python discovered – Kampung Becah Keranji, Pasir Putih Body • 30-kilogramme python – also known as batik python • Caught and released back into the wild • Python caused a scare in village – villagers alerted Civil Defence Unit • Personnel saw snake heading towards thick bush – had to wait an hour – professionals managed to capture snake • Professionals said snake had to be caught – dangerous – can swallow goat or child • Villagers relieved – no casualties or property damage Conclusion • Officer advised villagers not to attempt to catch snakes on their own • They should call for professionals and wait for help to arrive Model Answer KOTA BHARU, Mon. – A rare four-metre long python was caught by Civil Defence personnel at Kampung Becah Keranji, Pasir Putih. The 30-kg reticulated python, also known as the batik python because of its body patterns, was later released back into the wild. Civil Defence officer, Lt. Muda Karim Hussin said the villagers alerted the unit after the snake caused a scare in the village on Sunday night. He said it took about an hour for the personnel to capture the python. ‘When we arrived here, we saw the snake heading towards the thick bush. We had to wait for an hour before our professionals managed to capture it,’ he added. According to the professionals, the snake had to be captured as it was dangerous and could swallow a goat or even a little child. The villagers were relieved that the snake had been caught and that there were no casualties or reports of property damage in the village. Lt. Muda Karim advised local villagers who encounter such snakes not to try and catch them on their own. They should instead call the professionals and monitor the whereabouts of the snake while waiting for help to arrive. WORDBank reticulated – built, arranged or marked like a net, with many small squares the wild – a natural environment that is not controlled by people casualties – people who are killed or injured in a war or an accident monitor – to check on something regularly 238 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 238 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model 119 Report on Illegal Logging Activities Model Question Report You are a reporter working with a local daily. In about 120 words, write a report on the illegal logging activities being carried out in a nearby area. You may use the notes below to help you. • Illegal logging still a rampant problem • Based on tip-off from resident – news crew visited site in Selayang • Saw evidence of logging tracks on hill • Loggers adept at dodging the authorities – move to another site when one is raided • Timber transported at night through residential areas • Lorries using a different route – evade the authorities • Residents want the authorities to put a stop to illegal logging activities in the area Write your report. Introduction • Illegal logging is still a rampant problem Body • Tip-off received from resident – news crew visited site in Selayang • Saw many logging tracks on hill • Resident – claims illegal loggers very adept at dodging law enforcers – move to another site when raided • Timber transported at night through residential areas • Another resident used to see timber lorries at night – emerging from jungle – now all quiet – suspects lorries using a different route – evading the authorities Conclusion • Residents want authorities to put a stop to illegal logging activities in the area Model Answer REPORT ON ILLEGAL LOGGING ACTIVITIES IN SELAYANG Although there have been concerted crackdowns on illegal logging over the past few years, the problem is still rampant. 239 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 239 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Based on a tip-off from a resident, a team from the Daily News visited the site in Selayang. We saw many logging tracks on the hill near Empangan Batu in Ulu Yam, which can only be seen from the top of a hill in Taman Selayang Mulia. According to a resident, illegal loggers seem very adept at dodging law enforcers and they move to another site when one is raided. For example, lorries carrying timber from an illegal logging area in Selayang Utara are sneaking out at night through the residential areas to evade the authorities. Another resident, who lives near the site, said he used to see huge 16-wheeler lorries laden with timber emerging from the jungle at night opposite his house. However, he said that now all is quiet. He suspects that the lorries are using a different route and, as evidence, he pointed to the logging track visible on the hill. The residents hope the Selangor Forestry Department and the Selayang Municipal Council will put an immediate stop to the illegal logging activities in the area. WORDBank crackdowns – actions taken against an undesirable or illegal activity rampant – happening frequently adept – highly skilled dodging – avoiding somebody or something, especially in a dishonest way Model 120 Report on Excursion for School Newsletter Model Question Report The members of the Recreation Club of your school recently went on a three-day excursion. In about 120 words, write a report on the trip for the school newsletter. You may use the notes below to help you. Include the following details in your report: • 24 members participated • Packed camping gear, food, first-aid kit, water • 8.00 a.m. bus to Lumut, ferry to island • Arrived 3.00 p.m., set up camp, swimming, built a campfire • Next day – jungle trekking, picnic, swimming and beach volleyball • Third day – packed – cleaned up campsite – headed home Write your report. 240 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 240 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Introduction • Merdeka weekend – Recreation Club – excursion to Pulau Pangkor Body • 24 members participated • Packed camping gear, food, first-aid kit, plenty of water • Left KL at 8.00 a.m., boarded bus to Lumut, boarded ferry to island arrived at 3.00 p.m. • Set up camp – swimming in sea, campfire at night • Next day – jungle trekking, picnic at waterfalls, evening – swimming and beach volleyball • Third day – packed – cleaned up campsite – returned home Conclusion • Enjoyable trip – hope more members will participate in the next excursion Model Answer EXCURSION TO PULAU PANGKOR During the Merdeka weekend, the members of the Recreation Club went on a three-day excursion to Pulau Pangkor. There were altogether 24 members who participated in the excursion. We left Kuala Lumpur at 8.00 a.m., armed with our camping gear, food, a first- aid kit and plenty of water. We took a bus to Lumut and then took the ferry across to the island. We arrived at the island at 3.00 p.m. Our team leader, Halim Radzi, instructed us to locate a suitable spot on the beach to set up our camp. We spent two hours getting settled in and then spent the rest of the evening swimming. In the evening we built a campfire and cooked dinner. The next day, we all went jungle trekking and explored the island. We located a waterfall where we decided to have a picnic. In the afternoon we slowly made our way back to camp and spent the rest of the evening swimming and playing beach volleyball. The next day, we woke up early and began packing. We made sure that we cleaned up the campsite before leaving. We headed to the jetty and boarded the ferry to Lumut. We then took the bus back to Kuala Lumpur. It was indeed an enjoyable trip. It is hoped that more members will participate in the next excursion organised by the club. 241 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 241 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment WORDBank excursion – a short journey or trip gear – the equipment or clothing needed for a particular activity locate – to find the exact position of something jetty – a platform for boats to pick up and drop off passengers Model 121 Newspaper Report on Bee Attack Model Question Report You are a journalist working for a local daily. In about 120 words, write a newspaper report based on the following notes you made about a bee attack. You may use the notes below to help you. Victim in lorry with grandson – suddenly swarm of bees entered lorry – both alighted – grandfather pushed grandson back into lorry – wound up windows – grandson powerless to help – nearby residents heard shouts – man removed shirt – set it on fire – bees flew away – victims rushed to hospital – died from allergic reaction to bee venom Write your report. Introduction • Sixty-year-old man died protecting grandson from swarm of bees Body • Victim in lorry with grandson • Suddenly swarm of bees entered lorry • Stopped lorry – both alighted • Grandfather pushed grandson back into lorry – wound up windows • Grandson powerless to help grandfather • Nearby residents heard shouts – man removed shirt – set it on fire – bees flew away • Victims rushed to hospital – dead on arrival – died from allergic reaction to bee venom Conclusion • Grandson – very sad – never forget grandfather’s sacrifice 242 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 242 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model Answer KLANG, Mon. – A sixty-year-old man died protecting his grandson from being attacked by a swarm of bees in Hulu Langat. V. Lingam, 60, and his grandson, M. Gunaseelan, 12, were in a lorry heading to a temple in Section 2, South Estate, Carey Island, when the bees attacked them at 5.30 p.m. yesterday. Gunaseelan said the windows of the lorry were wound down and the bees suddenly flew in. ‘When we saw the swarm of bees enter the lorry, my grandfather stopped the lorry and we both hastily got out.’ ‘My grandfather grabbed me and shoved me back into the lorry, and I wound up the windows,’ he added. Gunaseelan said he saw the bees attacking his grandfather, but he was powerless to do anything. He said that some nearby residents heard their shouts and a man took off his shirt and set it on fire, causing the bees to fly away. Both Lingam and Gunaseelan suffered stings on their bodies and were rushed to the Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Hospital in Klang. Lingam was pronounced dead on arrival. He died from allergic reaction to bee venom. Gunaseelan is reported to be in stable condition after treatment. When interviewed, Gunaseelan expressed great sadness at the loss of his grandfather. ‘I will never forget how he sacrificed his life for me,’ he said. WORDBank pronounced – said something officially or publicly allergic – caused by a medical condition that makes you react badly or feel ill when you eat or touch a particular substance venom – a poisonous liquid that some snakes, spiders, etc. release when biting or stinging 243 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 243 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Model 122 How to Make an Ornament with Seashells Model Question Processes and Procedures Your cousin has just returned from a seaside holiday with an impressive collection of seashells. In about 120 words, explain to her how a decorative ornament can be made with seashells. You may use the notes and pictures below to help you. 1. 2. Glue Cut cardboard into shape of a Use a brush – spread glue all over heart – punch a hole at the top cardboard 3. 4. Glue Glue Glue on seashells one by one – Use coloured beads or sand to fill avoid the punched hole gaps – allow to dry 5. 6. Glue Repeat process on other side Slip a ribbon through the hole 7. Hang ornament in a suitable place 244 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 244 14/09/2021 3:27 PM English PT3 Part 2 – Theme: Environment Write your essay. Introduction • Many decorative ornaments can be made with seashells – a simple one – heart-shaped hanging ornament • Items needed – heavy cardboard, strong glue, coloured beads and seashells Body • Cut cardboard into shape of a heart – punch a hole at the top of cardboard – use a brush and spread glue all over cardboard • Glue on seashells one by one – arrange carefully – minimal gaps in between seashells – avoid the punched hole on the cardboard • Use coloured beads or sand to fill gaps – allow to dry – repeat process on other side of cardboard Conclusion • Once ornament is completely dry – slip a ribbon through hole – hang in a suitable place Model Answer There are many decorative ornaments that can be made with seashells. A simple one would be a heart-shaped hanging ornament. The items you will need are heavy cardboard, strong glue, coloured beads and of course your collection of seashells. First, cut the cardboard into the shape of a heart. Then, punch a hole at the top of the cardboard. Next, use a brush and spread glue all over the cardboard. Allow the cardboard to dry completely. Next, glue on your seashells one by one on the cardboard. Arrange them carefully to ensure that there are minimal gaps in between the seashells. Take care not to cover the punched hole on the cardboard. Once you have covered the entire cardboard with seashells, use the coloured beads to fill in the gaps in between the seashells so that the cardboard is completely covered. You may also use sand to give it a more natural look. Allow your ornament to dry for at least a day. You may choose to repeat the process on the other side of the cardboard. Once the ornament is completely dry, slip a ribbon through the hole and hang it on a suitable place. WORDBank minimal – the very least possible slip – to put something somewhere quickly 245 PART 02D SUCCES ESSAY PT3 1P.indd 245 14/09/2021 3:27 PM

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Abstract: We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs. While less capable than humans in many real-world scenarios, GPT-4 exhibits human-level performance on various professional and academic benchmarks, including passing a simulated bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. GPT-4 is a Transformer-based model pre-trained to predict the next token in a document. The post-training alignment process results in improved performance on measures of factuality and adherence to desired behavior. A core component of this project was developing infrastructure and optimization methods that behave predictably across a wide range of scales. This allowed us to accurately predict some aspects of GPT-4's performance based on models trained with no more than 1/1,000th the compute of GPT-4.

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ChatGPT Goes to Law School

71 Journal of Legal Education 387 (2022)

16 Pages Posted: 25 Jan 2023 Last revised: 20 Oct 2023

Jonathan H. Choi

University of Southern California; University of Southern California Gould School of Law

Kristin E. Hickman

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities - School of Law

Amy Monahan

University of Minnesota Law School

Daniel Schwarcz

Date Written: January 23, 2023

How well can AI models write law school exams without human assistance? To find out, we used the widely publicized AI model ChatGPT to generate answers on four real exams at the University of Minnesota Law School. We then blindly graded these exams as part of our regular grading processes for each class. Over 95 multiple choice questions and 12 essay questions, ChatGPT performed on average at the level of a C+ student, achieving a low but passing grade in all four courses. After detailing these results, we discuss their implications for legal education and lawyering. We also provide example prompts and advice on how ChatGPT can assist with legal writing.

Keywords: ChatGPT, law school, AI, natural language processing, Legal Data, NLP, Legal NLP, Legal Analytics, natural language understanding, evaluation, machine learning, artificial intelligence, artificial intelligence and law

Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation

Jonathan H. Choi (Contact Author)

University of southern california ( email ).

2250 Alcazar Street Los Angeles, CA 90089 United States

University of Southern California Gould School of Law ( email )

699 Exposition Blvd. Los Angeles, CA 90089 United States

University of Minnesota - Twin Cities - School of Law ( email )

229 19th Avenue South Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States 612-624-2915 (Phone)

University of Minnesota Law School ( email )

229 19th Avenue South Minneapolis, MN 55455 United States

HOME PAGE: http://www.law.umn.edu/profiles/daniel-schwarcz

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「50mm」から使える、クラス最軽量* 望遠ズームレンズ50-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model A069) ソニー Eマウント用 2024年6月27日より発売

総合光学機器メーカーの株式会社タムロン(代表取締役社長：桜庭省吾、本社：さいたま市)は、フルサイズミラーレス一眼カメラ対応のソニー Eマウント用望遠ズームレンズ、「50-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model A069)」(以下50-300mm F4.5-6.3)を2024年6月27日に発売します。

商品名	50-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model A069)
発売日	ソニー Eマウント用 2024年6月27日
希望小売価格	154,000円（税込）

50-300mm F4.5-6.3は、70-300mm使用時の「広角側が少し物足りない」の声に応え、広角側を50mm始まりに。望遠域300mmまでカバーしながらも、長さは150mm、質量はクラス最軽量*の665gと非常にコンパクトなサイズを実現しています。また、効果的に配置した特殊硝材によって諸収差を良好に抑制し、50-300mm全域で高画質を達成。静粛性・俊敏性に優れたリニアモーターフォーカス機構VXD (Voice-coil eXtreme-torque Drive)や手ブレ補正機構VC (Vibration Compensation)の搭載により、あらゆる撮影を強力にサポートします。さらに、広角端50mmでは最短撮影距離0.22m、最大撮影倍率1:2の高い近接撮影能力で、存分にハーフマクロの世界を楽しめます。フィルター径は弊社ミラーレス用レンズシリーズの多くと共通のφ67mmとし、複数のレンズを同時に持ち歩く際の利便性を高めています。簡易防滴構造・防汚コートの採用や、タムロン独自開発の専用ソフトウェアTAMRON Lens Utility TM 用コネクターポートを搭載するなど、快適な撮影をサポートする機能も充実しています。何気ない日常を心に残る作品に。気軽に本格的な撮影が楽しめるこの万能ズームレンズが、作品づくりの可能性を広げます。

1. 広角側「50mm」をカバーしながらも、質量665gのクラス最軽量を実現

2. 50-300mmのズーム全域で妥協のない光学性能, 3. 高い動体追従性能を持ち、高速・高精度afを実現するvxd, 4. 広角端50mmで最短撮影距離0.22m、最大撮影倍率1:2のハーフマクロ撮影を実現, 5. 優れた補正効果を発揮するタムロン独自の手ブレ補正機構vc, 6. 写真・動画撮影の可能性を広げる、タムロン独自開発ソフトウェアtamron lens utilityに対応, 7. 高い利便性・操作性, 8. 快適な撮影をサポートする簡易防滴構造・防汚コート, 9. ソニー製カメラに搭載されている「ファストハイブリッドaf」「瞳af」など各種カメラ機能に対応.

モデル名	A069
焦点距離	50-300mm＜35mmフルサイズミラーレス一眼カメラ使用時＞
明るさ	F4.5-6.3
画角(対角画角)	46゜48′- 8゜15′＜35mmフルサイズミラーレス一眼カメラ使用時＞
レンズ構成	14群 19枚
最短撮影距離	0.22m (WIDE) /0.9m (TELE)
最大撮影倍率	1:2 (WIDE) /1:3.1 (TELE)
手ブレ補正機構	〇
フィルター径	φ67mm
最大径	φ78mm
長さ*	150mm
質量	665g
絞り羽根**	9枚 (円形絞り)
最小絞り	F22-32
標準付属品	花型フード、フロントキャップ、リアキャップ
対応マウント	ソニー Eマウント用

*長さ＝レンズ先端からマウント面まで。
**絞り開放から 2 段絞り込んだ状態まで、ほぼ円形の絞り形状を保ちます。
仕様、外観、性能等はお断りなく変更する場合があります。
本製品は、ソニー株式会社とのライセンス契約の下で、ライセンスを受けたEマウント仕様書に基づき開発・製造・販売されています。

50-300mm F4.5-6.3 (Model A069) 製品詳細ページはこちら

50-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model A069)

A069 MTF (50mm F4.5)

A069 MTF (300mm F6.3)

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MODEL ESSAY 3.pdf
View MODEL ESSAY 3.pdf from ENGL 114W at Simon Fraser University. MODEL ESSAY 3 Evaluative Response The following example is a critical, or evaluative response to Betty Rollin's "Motherhood Who Needs
Trọn bộ Model Essay 1,2,3 PDF (Free Download)
Trọn bộ Model Essay 1,2,3 PDF (Free Download) Quang Cường tốt nghiệp khoa Ngôn ngữ Anh trường Đại học Tài chính - Marketing.
Essay 3
Essay 3 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. ssays are generally scholarly pieces of writing giving the author's own argument, but the definition is vague, overlapping with those of an article, a pamphlet and a short story. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including ...
APA Sample Paper
Media Files: APA Sample Student Paper , APA Sample Professional Paper This resource is enhanced by Acrobat PDF files. Download the free Acrobat Reader. Note: The APA Publication Manual, 7 th Edition specifies different formatting conventions for student and professional papers (i.e., papers written for credit in a course and papers intended for scholarly publication).
Model Essay 2 PDF
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Model Essays 3
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Model Essays 2 [PDF] [5dk68br75np0]
This is a series of 3 books designed to demonstrate to students how well-written essays are structured. In reading and studying the model essays, students will acquire ideas and facts related to the topics.
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Download PDF - Model Essays 2 [PDF] [5dk68br75np0]. Learners Publishing Pte Ltd, 2005. — 165 p.: — ISBN 978 981 4133 91 3.This is a series of 3 books designed to demonstrat...
[2303.08774] GPT-4 Technical Report
We report the development of GPT-4, a large-scale, multimodal model which can accept image and text inputs and produce text outputs. While less capable than humans in many real-world scenarios, GPT-4 exhibits human-level performance on various professional and academic benchmarks, including passing a simulated bar exam with a score around the top 10% of test takers. GPT-4 is a Transformer ...
Model Essays 3
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ChatGPT Goes to Law School
Abstract. How well can AI models write law school exams without human assistance? To find out, we used the widely publicized AI model ChatGPT to generate answers on four real exams at the University of Minnesota Law School.
「50mm」から使える、クラス最軽量* 望遠ズームレンズ50-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model
タムロン写真用レンズのニュース「「50mm」から使える、クラス最軽量* 望遠ズームレンズ50-300mm F/4.5-6.3 Di III VC VXD (Model A069) ソニー Eマウント用 2024年6月27日より発売」です。タムのロンのニュースではトピックやお知らせ、新製品情報、イベント、キャンペーンなどのニュースを掲載しています。
5 Machine Learning Papers to Read in 2024
There are many machine learning papers to read in 2024, and here are my recommendation papers to read: HyperFast: Instant Classification for Tabular Data. EasyRL4Rec: A User-Friendly Code Library for Reinforcement Learning Based Recommender Systems. Label Propagation for Zero-shot Classification with Vision-Language Models.