How To Make Conceptual Framework (With Examples and Templates)

How To Make Conceptual Framework (With Examples and Templates)

We all know that a research paper has plenty of concepts involved. However, a great deal of concepts makes your study confusing.

A conceptual framework ensures that the concepts of your study are organized and presented comprehensively. Let this article guide you on how to make the conceptual framework of your study.

Related: How to Write a Concept Paper for Academic Research

Table of Contents

At a glance: free conceptual framework templates.

Too busy to create a conceptual framework from scratch? No problem. We’ve created templates for each conceptual framework so you can start on the right foot. All you need to do is enter the details of the variables. Feel free to modify the design according to your needs. Please read the main article below to learn more about the conceptual framework.

Conceptual Framework Template #1: Independent-Dependent Variable Model

Conceptual framework template #2: input-process-output (ipo) model, conceptual framework template #3: concept map, what is a conceptual framework.

A conceptual framework shows the relationship between the variables of your study.  It includes a visual diagram or a model that summarizes the concepts of your study and a narrative explanation of the model presented.

Why Should Research Be Given a Conceptual Framework?

Imagine your study as a long journey with the research result as the destination. You don’t want to get lost in your journey because of the complicated concepts. This is why you need to have a guide. The conceptual framework keeps you on track by presenting and simplifying the relationship between the variables. This is usually done through the use of illustrations that are supported by a written interpretation.

Also, people who will read your research must have a clear guide to the variables in your study and where the research is heading. By looking at the conceptual framework, the readers can get the gist of the research concepts without reading the entire study. 

Related: How to Write Significance of the Study (with Examples)

What Is the Difference Between Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Framework?

You can develop this through the researcher’s specific concept in the study.Purely based on existing theories.
The research problem is backed up by existing knowledge regarding things the researcher wants us to discover about the topic.The research problem is supported using past relevant theories from existing literature.
Based on acceptable and logical findings.It is established with the help of the research paradigm.
It emphasizes the historical background and the structure to fill in the knowledge gap.A general set of ideas and theories is essential in writing this area.
It highlights the fundamental concepts characterizing the study variable.It emphasizes the historical background and the structure to fill the knowledge gap.

Both of them show concepts and ideas of your study. The theoretical framework presents the theories, rules, and principles that serve as the basis of the research. Thus, the theoretical framework presents broad concepts related to your study. On the other hand, the conceptual framework shows a specific approach derived from the theoretical framework. It provides particular variables and shows how these variables are related.

Let’s say your research is about the Effects of Social Media on the Political Literacy of College Students. You may include some theories related to political literacy, such as this paper, in your theoretical framework. Based on this paper, political participation and awareness determine political literacy.

For the conceptual framework, you may state that the specific form of political participation and awareness you will use for the study is the engagement of college students on political issues on social media. Then, through a diagram and narrative explanation, you can show that using social media affects the political literacy of college students.

What Are the Different Types of Conceptual Frameworks?

The conceptual framework has different types based on how the research concepts are organized 1 .

1. Taxonomy

In this type of conceptual framework, the phenomena of your study are grouped into categories without presenting the relationship among them. The point of this conceptual framework is to distinguish the categories from one another.

2. Visual Presentation

In this conceptual framework, the relationship between the phenomena and variables of your study is presented. Using this conceptual framework implies that your research provides empirical evidence to prove the relationship between variables. This is the type of conceptual framework that is usually used in research studies.

3. Mathematical Description

In this conceptual framework, the relationship between phenomena and variables of your study is described using mathematical formulas. Also, the extent of the relationship between these variables is presented with specific quantities.

How To Make Conceptual Framework: 4 Steps

1. identify the important variables of your study.

There are two essential variables that you must identify in your study: the independent and the dependent variables.

An independent variable is a variable that you can manipulate. It can affect the dependent variable. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the resulting variable that you are measuring.

You may refer to your research question to determine your research’s independent and dependent variables.

Suppose your research question is: “Is There a Significant Relationship Between the Quantity of Organic Fertilizer Used and the Plant’s Growth Rate?” The independent variable of this study is the quantity of organic fertilizer used, while the dependent variable is the plant’s growth rate.

2. Think About How the Variables Are Related

Usually, the variables of a study have a direct relationship. If a change in one of your variables leads to a corresponding change in another, they might have this kind of relationship.

However, note that having a direct relationship between variables does not mean they already have a cause-and-effect relationship 2 . It takes statistical analysis to prove causation between variables.

Using our example earlier, the quantity of organic fertilizer may directly relate to the plant’s growth rate. However, we are not sure that the quantity of organic fertilizer is the sole reason for the plant’s growth rate changes.

3. Analyze and Determine Other Influencing Variables

Consider analyzing if other variables can affect the relationship between your independent and dependent variables 3 .

4. Create a Visual Diagram or a Model

Now that you’ve identified the variables and their relationship, you may create a visual diagram summarizing them.

Usually, shapes such as rectangles, circles, and arrows are used for the model. You may create a visual diagram or model for your conceptual framework in different ways. The three most common models are the independent-dependent variable model, the input-process-output (IPO) model, and concept maps.

a. Using the Independent-Dependent Variable Model

You may create this model by writing the independent and dependent variables inside rectangles. Then, insert a line segment between them, connecting the rectangles. This line segment indicates the direct relationship between these variables. 

Below is a visual diagram based on our example about the relationship between organic fertilizer and a plant’s growth rate. 

conceptual framework 1

b. Using the Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model

If you want to emphasize your research process, the input-process-output model is the appropriate visual diagram for your conceptual framework.

To create your visual diagram using the IPO model, follow these steps:

  • Determine the inputs of your study . Inputs are the variables you will use to arrive at your research result. Usually, your independent variables are also the inputs of your research. Let’s say your research is about the Level of Satisfaction of College Students Using Google Classroom as an Online Learning Platform. You may include in your inputs the profile of your respondents and the curriculum used in the online learning platform.
  • Outline your research process. Using our example above, the research process should be like this: Data collection of student profiles → Administering questionnaires → Tabulation of students’ responses → Statistical data analysis.
  • State the research output . Indicate what you are expecting after you conduct the research. In our example above, the research output is the assessed level of satisfaction of college students with the use of Google Classroom as an online learning platform.
  • Create the model using the research’s determined input, process, and output.

Presented below is the IPO model for our example above.

conceptual framework 2

c. Using Concept Maps

If you think the two models presented previously are insufficient to summarize your study’s concepts, you may use a concept map for your visual diagram.

A concept map is a helpful visual diagram if multiple variables affect one another. Let’s say your research is about Coping with the Remote Learning System: Anxiety Levels of College Students. Presented below is the concept map for the research’s conceptual framework:

conceptual framework 3

5. Explain Your Conceptual Framework in Narrative Form

Provide a brief explanation of your conceptual framework. State the essential variables, their relationship, and the research outcome.

Using the same example about the relationship between organic fertilizer and the growth rate of the plant, we can come up with the following explanation to accompany the conceptual framework:

Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the study. The quantity of the organic fertilizer used is the independent variable, while the plant’s growth is the research’s dependent variable. These two variables are directly related based on the research’s empirical evidence.

Conceptual Framework in Quantitative Research

You can create your conceptual framework by following the steps discussed in the previous section. Note, however, that quantitative research has statistical analysis. Thus, you may use arrows to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship in your model. An arrow implies that your independent variable caused the changes in your dependent variable.

Usually, for quantitative research, the Input-Process-Output model is used as a visual diagram. Here is an example of a conceptual framework in quantitative research:

Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Corn (Zea mays) Silk Ethanol Extract as an Antioxidant

conceptual framework 4

Conceptual Framework in Qualitative Research

Again, you can follow the same step-by-step guide discussed previously to create a conceptual framework for qualitative research. However, note that you should avoid using one-way arrows as they may indicate causation . Qualitative research cannot prove causation since it uses only descriptive and narrative analysis to relate variables.

Here is an example of a conceptual framework in qualitative research:

Research Topic : Lived Experiences of Medical Health Workers During Community Quarantine

conceptual framework 5

Conceptual Framework Examples

Presented below are some examples of conceptual frameworks.

Research Topic : Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract in the Blood Glucose Level of Swiss Mice (Mus musculus)

conceptual framework 6

Figure 1 presents the Conceptual Framework of the study. The quantity of gabi leaf extract is the independent variable, while the Swiss mice’s blood glucose level is the study’s dependent variable. This study establishes a direct relationship between these variables through empirical evidence and statistical analysis . 

Research Topic : Level of Effectiveness of Using Social Media in the Political Literacy of College Students

conceptual framework 7

Figure 1 shows the Conceptual Framework of the study. The input is the profile of the college students according to sex, year level, and the social media platform being used. The research process includes administering the questionnaires, tabulating students’ responses, and statistical data analysis and interpretation. The output is the effectiveness of using social media in the political literacy of college students.

Research Topic: Factors Affecting the Satisfaction Level of Community Inhabitants

conceptual framework 8

Figure 1 presents a visual illustration of the factors that affect the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. As presented, environmental, societal, and economic factors influence the satisfaction level of community inhabitants. Each factor has its indicators which are considered in this study.

Tips and Warnings

  • Please keep it simple. Avoid using fancy illustrations or designs when creating your conceptual framework. 
  • Allot a lot of space for feedback. This is to show that your research variables or methodology might be revised based on the input from the research panel. Below is an example of a conceptual framework with a spot allotted for feedback.

conceptual framework 9

Frequently Asked Questions

1. how can i create a conceptual framework in microsoft word.

First, click the Insert tab and select Shapes . You’ll see a wide range of shapes to choose from. Usually, rectangles, circles, and arrows are the shapes used for the conceptual framework. 

conceptual framework 10

Next, draw your selected shape in the document.

conceptual framework 11

Insert the name of the variable inside the shape. You can do this by pointing your cursor to the shape, right-clicking your mouse, selecting Add Text , and typing in the text.

conceptual framework 12

Repeat the same process for the remaining variables of your study. If you need arrows to connect the different variables, you can insert one by going to the Insert tab, then Shape, and finally, Lines or Block Arrows, depending on your preferred arrow style.

2. How to explain my conceptual framework in defense?

If you have used the Independent-Dependent Variable Model in creating your conceptual framework, start by telling your research’s variables. Afterward, explain the relationship between these variables. Example: “Using statistical/descriptive analysis of the data we have collected, we are going to show how the <state your independent variable> exhibits a significant relationship to <state your dependent variable>.”

On the other hand, if you have used an Input-Process-Output Model, start by explaining the inputs of your research. Then, tell them about your research process. You may refer to the Research Methodology in Chapter 3 to accurately present your research process. Lastly, explain what your research outcome is.

Meanwhile, if you have used a concept map, ensure you understand the idea behind the illustration. Discuss how the concepts are related and highlight the research outcome.

3. In what stage of research is the conceptual framework written?

The research study’s conceptual framework is in Chapter 2, following the Review of Related Literature.

4. What is the difference between a Conceptual Framework and Literature Review?

The Conceptual Framework is a summary of the concepts of your study where the relationship of the variables is presented. On the other hand, Literature Review is a collection of published studies and literature related to your study. 

Suppose your research concerns the Hypoglycemic Ability of Gabi (Colocasia esculenta) Leaf Extract on Swiss Mice (Mus musculus). In your conceptual framework, you will create a visual diagram and a narrative explanation presenting the quantity of gabi leaf extract and the mice’s blood glucose level as your research variables. On the other hand, for the literature review, you may include this study and explain how this is related to your research topic.

5. When do I use a two-way arrow for my conceptual framework?

You will use a two-way arrow in your conceptual framework if the variables of your study are interdependent. If variable A affects variable B and variable B also affects variable A, you may use a two-way arrow to show that A and B affect each other.

Suppose your research concerns the Relationship Between Students’ Satisfaction Levels and Online Learning Platforms. Since students’ satisfaction level determines the online learning platform the school uses and vice versa, these variables have a direct relationship. Thus, you may use two-way arrows to indicate that the variables directly affect each other.

  • Conceptual Framework – Meaning, Importance and How to Write it. (2020). Retrieved 27 April 2021, from https://afribary.com/knowledge/conceptual-framework/
  • Correlation vs Causation. Retrieved 27 April 2021, from https://www.jmp.com/en_ph/statistics-knowledge-portal/what-is-correlation/correlation-vs-causation.html
  • Swaen, B., & George, T. (2022, August 22). What is a conceptual framework? Tips & Examples. Retrieved December 5, 2022, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/conceptual-framework/

Written by Jewel Kyle Fabula

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Jewel Kyle Fabula

Jewel Kyle Fabula is a Bachelor of Science in Economics student at the University of the Philippines Diliman. His passion for learning mathematics developed as he competed in some mathematics competitions during his Junior High School years. He loves cats, playing video games, and listening to music.

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  • What Is a Conceptual Framework? | Tips & Examples

What Is a Conceptual Framework? | Tips & Examples

Published on August 2, 2022 by Bas Swaen and Tegan George. Revised on September 5, 2024.

Conceptual-Framework-example

A conceptual framework illustrates the expected relationship between your variables. It defines the relevant objectives for your research process and maps out how they come together to draw coherent conclusions.

Keep reading for a step-by-step guide to help you construct your own conceptual framework.

Table of contents

Developing a conceptual framework in research, step 1: choose your research question, step 2: select your independent and dependent variables, step 3: visualize your cause-and-effect relationship, step 4: identify other influencing variables, frequently asked questions about conceptual models.

A conceptual framework is a representation of the relationship you expect to see between your variables, or the characteristics or properties that you want to study.

Conceptual frameworks can be written or visual and are generally developed based on a literature review of existing studies about your topic.

Your research question guides your work by determining exactly what you want to find out, giving your research process a clear focus.

However, before you start collecting your data, consider constructing a conceptual framework. This will help you map out which variables you will measure and how you expect them to relate to one another.

In order to move forward with your research question and test a cause-and-effect relationship, you must first identify at least two key variables: your independent and dependent variables .

  • The expected cause, “hours of study,” is the independent variable (the predictor, or explanatory variable)
  • The expected effect, “exam score,” is the dependent variable (the response, or outcome variable).

Note that causal relationships often involve several independent variables that affect the dependent variable. For the purpose of this example, we’ll work with just one independent variable (“hours of study”).

Now that you’ve figured out your research question and variables, the first step in designing your conceptual framework is visualizing your expected cause-and-effect relationship.

We demonstrate this using basic design components of boxes and arrows. Here, each variable appears in a box. To indicate a causal relationship, each arrow should start from the independent variable (the cause) and point to the dependent variable (the effect).

Sample-conceptual-framework-using-an-independent-variable-and-a-dependent-variable

It’s crucial to identify other variables that can influence the relationship between your independent and dependent variables early in your research process.

Some common variables to include are moderating, mediating, and control variables.

Moderating variables

Moderating variable (or moderators) alter the effect that an independent variable has on a dependent variable. In other words, moderators change the “effect” component of the cause-and-effect relationship.

Let’s add the moderator “IQ.” Here, a student’s IQ level can change the effect that the variable “hours of study” has on the exam score. The higher the IQ, the fewer hours of study are needed to do well on the exam.

Sample-conceptual-framework-with-a-moderator-variable

Let’s take a look at how this might work. The graph below shows how the number of hours spent studying affects exam score. As expected, the more hours you study, the better your results. Here, a student who studies for 20 hours will get a perfect score.

Figure-effect-without-moderator

But the graph looks different when we add our “IQ” moderator of 120. A student with this IQ will achieve a perfect score after just 15 hours of study.

Figure-effect-with-moderator-iq-120

Below, the value of the “IQ” moderator has been increased to 150. A student with this IQ will only need to invest five hours of study in order to get a perfect score.

Figure-effect-with-moderator-iq-150

Here, we see that a moderating variable does indeed change the cause-and-effect relationship between two variables.

Mediating variables

Now we’ll expand the framework by adding a mediating variable . Mediating variables link the independent and dependent variables, allowing the relationship between them to be better explained.

Here’s how the conceptual framework might look if a mediator variable were involved:

Conceptual-framework-mediator-variable

In this case, the mediator helps explain why studying more hours leads to a higher exam score. The more hours a student studies, the more practice problems they will complete; the more practice problems completed, the higher the student’s exam score will be.

Moderator vs. mediator

It’s important not to confuse moderating and mediating variables. To remember the difference, you can think of them in relation to the independent variable:

  • A moderating variable is not affected by the independent variable, even though it affects the dependent variable. For example, no matter how many hours you study (the independent variable), your IQ will not get higher.
  • A mediating variable is affected by the independent variable. In turn, it also affects the dependent variable. Therefore, it links the two variables and helps explain the relationship between them.

Control variables

Lastly,  control variables must also be taken into account. These are variables that are held constant so that they don’t interfere with the results. Even though you aren’t interested in measuring them for your study, it’s crucial to be aware of as many of them as you can be.

Conceptual-framework-control-variable

A mediator variable explains the process through which two variables are related, while a moderator variable affects the strength and direction of that relationship.

A confounding variable is closely related to both the independent and dependent variables in a study. An independent variable represents the supposed cause , while the dependent variable is the supposed effect . A confounding variable is a third variable that influences both the independent and dependent variables.

Failing to account for confounding variables can cause you to wrongly estimate the relationship between your independent and dependent variables.

Yes, but including more than one of either type requires multiple research questions .

For example, if you are interested in the effect of a diet on health, you can use multiple measures of health: blood sugar, blood pressure, weight, pulse, and many more. Each of these is its own dependent variable with its own research question.

You could also choose to look at the effect of exercise levels as well as diet, or even the additional effect of the two combined. Each of these is a separate independent variable .

To ensure the internal validity of an experiment , you should only change one independent variable at a time.

A control variable is any variable that’s held constant in a research study. It’s not a variable of interest in the study, but it’s controlled because it could influence the outcomes.

A confounding variable , also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship.

A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study. It can be difficult to separate the true effect of the independent variable from the effect of the confounding variable.

In your research design , it’s important to identify potential confounding variables and plan how you will reduce their impact.

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What is a Conceptual Framework and How to Make It (with Examples)

What is a Conceptual Framework and How to Make It (with Examples)

What is a Conceptual Framework and How to Make It (with Examples)

A strong conceptual framework underpins good research. A conceptual framework in research is used to understand a research problem and guide the development and analysis of the research. It serves as a roadmap to conceptualize and structure the work by providing an outline that connects different ideas, concepts, and theories within the field of study. A conceptual framework pictorially or verbally depicts presumed relationships among the study variables.

The purpose of a conceptual framework is to serve as a scheme for organizing and categorizing knowledge and thereby help researchers in developing theories and hypotheses and conducting empirical studies.

In this post, we explain what is a conceptual framework, and provide expert advice on how to make a conceptual framework, along with conceptual framework examples.

Table of Contents

What is a Conceptual Framework in Research

Definition of a conceptual framework.

A conceptual framework includes key concepts, variables, relationships, and assumptions that guide the academic inquiry. It establishes the theoretical underpinnings and provides a lens through which researchers can analyze and interpret data. A conceptual framework draws upon existing theories, models, or established bodies of knowledge to provide a structure for understanding the research problem. It defines the scope of research, identifying relevant variables, establishing research questions, and guiding the selection of appropriate methodologies and data analysis techniques.

Conceptual frameworks can be written or visual. Other types of conceptual framework representations might be taxonomic (verbal description categorizing phenomena into classes without showing relationships between classes) or mathematical descriptions (expression of phenomena in the form of mathematical equations).

conceptual framework in research template

Figure 1: Definition of a conceptual framework explained diagrammatically

Conceptual Framework Origin

The term conceptual framework appears to have originated in philosophy and systems theory, being used for the first time in the 1930s by the philosopher Alfred North Whitehead. He bridged the theological, social, and physical sciences by providing a common conceptual framework. The use of the conceptual framework began early in accountancy and can be traced back to publications by William A. Paton and John B. Canning in the first quarter of the 20 th century. Thus, in the original framework, financial issues were addressed, such as useful features, basic elements, and variables needed to prepare financial statements. Nevertheless, a conceptual framework approach should be considered when starting your research journey in any field, from finance to social sciences to applied sciences.

Purpose and Importance of a Conceptual Framework in Research

The importance of a conceptual framework in research cannot be understated, irrespective of the field of study. It is important for the following reasons:

  • It clarifies the context of the study.
  • It justifies the study to the reader.
  • It helps you check your own understanding of the problem and the need for the study.
  • It illustrates the expected relationship between the variables and defines the objectives for the research.
  • It helps further refine the study objectives and choose the methods appropriate to meet them.

What to Include in a Conceptual Framework

Essential elements that a conceptual framework should include are as follows:

  • Overarching research question(s)
  • Study parameters
  • Study variables
  • Potential relationships between those variables.

The sources for these elements of a conceptual framework are literature, theory, and experience or prior knowledge.

How to Make a Conceptual Framework

Now that you know the essential elements, your next question will be how to make a conceptual framework.

For this, start by identifying the most suitable set of questions that your research aims to answer. Next, categorize the various variables. Finally, perform a rigorous analysis of the collected data and compile the final results to establish connections between the variables.

In short, the steps are as follows:

  • Choose appropriate research questions.
  • Define the different types of variables involved.
  • Determine the cause-and-effect relationships.

Be sure to make use of arrows and lines to depict the presence or absence of correlational linkages among the variables.

Developing a Conceptual Framework

Researchers should be adept at developing a conceptual framework. Here are the steps for developing a conceptual framework:

1. Identify a research question

Your research question guides your entire study, making it imperative to invest time and effort in formulating a question that aligns with your research goals and contributes to the existing body of knowledge. This step involves the following:

  • Choose a broad topic of interest
  • Conduct background research
  • Narrow down the focus
  • Define your goals
  • Make it specific and answerable
  • Consider significance and novelty
  • Seek feedback.

 2. Choose independent and dependent variables

The dependent variable is the main outcome you want to measure, explain, or predict in your study. It should be a variable that can be observed, measured, or assessed quantitatively or qualitatively. Independent variables are the factors or variables that may influence, explain, or predict changes in the dependent variable.

Choose independent and dependent variables for your study according to the research objectives, the nature of the phenomenon being studied, and the specific research design. The identification of variables is rooted in existing literature, theories, or your own observations.

3. Consider cause-and-effect relationships

To better understand and communicate the relationships between variables in your study, cause-and-effect relationships need to be visualized. This can be done by using path diagrams, cause-and-effect matrices, time series plots, scatter plots, bar charts, or heatmaps.

4. Identify other influencing variables

Besides the independent and dependent variables, researchers must understand and consider the following types of variables:

  • Moderating variable: A variable that influences the strength or direction of the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable.
  • Mediating variable: A variable that explains the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable and clarifies how the independent variable affects the dependent variable.
  • Control variable: A variable that is kept constant or controlled to avoid the influence of other factors that may affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
  • Confounding variable: A type of unmeasured variable that is related to both the independent and dependent variables.

Example of a Conceptual Framework

Let us examine the following conceptual framework example. Let’s say your research topic is “ The Impact of Social Media Usage on Academic Performance among College Students .” Here, you want to investigate how social media usage affects academic performance in college students. Social media usage (encompassing frequency of social media use, time spent on social media platforms, and types of social media platforms used) is the independent variable, and academic performance (covering grades, exam scores, and class attendance) is the dependent variable.

This conceptual framework example also includes a mediating variable, study habits, which may explain how social media usage affects academic performance. Study habits (time spent studying, study environment, and use of study aids or resources) can act as a mechanism through which social media usage influences academic outcomes. Additionally, a moderating variable, self-discipline (level of self-control and self-regulation, ability to manage distractions, and prioritization skills), is included to examine how individual differences in self-control and discipline may influence the relationship between social media usage and academic performance.

Confounding variables are also identified (socioeconomic status, prior academic achievement), which are potential factors that may influence both social media usage and academic performance. These variables need to be considered and controlled in the study to ensure that any observed effects are specifically attributed to social media usage. A visual representation of this conceptual framework example is seen in Figure 2.

conceptual framework in research template

Figure 2: Visual representation of a conceptual framework for the topic “The Impact of Social Media Usage on Academic Performance among College Students”

Key Takeaways

Here is a snapshot of the basics of a conceptual framework in research:

  • A conceptual framework is an idea or model representing the subject or phenomena you intend to study.
  • It is primarily a researcher’s perception of the research problem. It can be used to develop hypotheses or testable research questions.
  • It provides a preliminary understanding of the factors at play, their interrelationships, and the underlying reasons.
  • It guides your research by aiding in the formulation of meaningful research questions, selection of appropriate methods, and identification of potential challenges to the validity of your findings.
  • It provides a structure for organizing and understanding data.
  • It allows you to chalk out the relationships between concepts and variables to understand them.
  • Variables besides dependent and independent variables (moderating, mediating, control, and confounding variables) must be considered when developing a conceptual framework.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a moderating variable and a mediating variable.

Moderating and mediating variables are easily confused. A moderating variable affects the direction and strength of this relationship, whereas a mediating explains how two variables relate.

What is the difference between independent variables, dependent variables, and confounding variables?

Independent variables are the variables manipulated to affect the outcome of an experiment (e.g., the dose of a fat-loss drug administered to rats). Dependent variables are variables being measured or observed in an experiment (e.g., changes in rat body weight as a result of the drug). A confounding variable distorts or masks the effects of the variables being studied because it is associated both with dependent variable and with the independent variable. For instance, in this example, pre-existing metabolic dysfunction in some rats could interact differently with the drug being studied and also affect rat body weight.

Should I have more than one dependent or independent variable in a study?

The need for more than one dependent or independent variable in a study depends on the research question, study design, and relationships being investigated. Note the following when making this decision for your research:

  • If your research question involves exploring the relationships between multiple variables or factors, it may be appropriate to have more than one dependent or independent variable.
  • If you have specific hypotheses about the relationships between several variables, it may be necessary to include multiple dependent or independent variables.
  • Adequate resources, sample size, and data collection methods should be considered when determining the number of dependent and independent variables to include.

What is a confounding variable?

A confounding variable is not the main focus of the study but can unintentionally influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Confounding variables can introduce bias and give rise to misleading conclusions. These variables must be controlled to ensure that any observed relationship is genuinely due to the independent variable.

What is a control variable?

A control variable is something not of interest to the study’s objectives but is kept constant because it could influence the outcomes. Control variables can help prevent research biases and allow for a more accurate assessment of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Examples are (i) testing all participants at the same time (e.g., in the morning) to minimize the potential effects of circadian rhythms, (ii) ensuring that instruments are calibrated consistently before each measurement to minimize the influence of measurement errors, and (iii) randomization of participants across study groups.

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Home » Conceptual Framework – Types, Methodology and Examples

Conceptual Framework – Types, Methodology and Examples

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Conceptual Framework

Conceptual Framework

Definition:

A conceptual framework is a structured approach to organizing and understanding complex ideas, theories, or concepts. It provides a systematic and coherent way of thinking about a problem or topic, and helps to guide research or analysis in a particular field.

A conceptual framework typically includes a set of assumptions, concepts, and propositions that form a theoretical framework for understanding a particular phenomenon. It can be used to develop hypotheses, guide empirical research, or provide a framework for evaluating and interpreting data.

Conceptual Framework in Research

In research, a conceptual framework is a theoretical structure that provides a framework for understanding a particular phenomenon or problem. It is a key component of any research project and helps to guide the research process from start to finish.

A conceptual framework provides a clear understanding of the variables, relationships, and assumptions that underpin a research study. It outlines the key concepts that the study is investigating and how they are related to each other. It also defines the scope of the study and sets out the research questions or hypotheses.

Types of Conceptual Framework

Types of Conceptual Framework are as follows:

Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework is an overarching set of concepts, ideas, and assumptions that help to explain and interpret a phenomenon. It provides a theoretical perspective on the phenomenon being studied and helps researchers to identify the relationships between different concepts. For example, a theoretical framework for a study on the impact of social media on mental health might draw on theories of communication, social influence, and psychological well-being.

Conceptual Model

A conceptual model is a visual or written representation of a complex system or phenomenon. It helps to identify the main components of the system and the relationships between them. For example, a conceptual model for a study on the factors that influence employee turnover might include factors such as job satisfaction, salary, work-life balance, and job security, and the relationships between them.

Empirical Framework

An empirical framework is based on empirical data and helps to explain a particular phenomenon. It involves collecting data, analyzing it, and developing a framework to explain the results. For example, an empirical framework for a study on the impact of a new health intervention might involve collecting data on the intervention’s effectiveness, cost, and acceptability to patients.

Descriptive Framework

A descriptive framework is used to describe a particular phenomenon. It helps to identify the main characteristics of the phenomenon and to develop a vocabulary to describe it. For example, a descriptive framework for a study on different types of musical genres might include descriptions of the instruments used, the rhythms and beats, the vocal styles, and the cultural contexts of each genre.

Analytical Framework

An analytical framework is used to analyze a particular phenomenon. It involves breaking down the phenomenon into its constituent parts and analyzing them separately. This type of framework is often used in social science research. For example, an analytical framework for a study on the impact of race on police brutality might involve analyzing the historical and cultural factors that contribute to racial bias, the organizational factors that influence police behavior, and the psychological factors that influence individual officers’ behavior.

Conceptual Framework for Policy Analysis

A conceptual framework for policy analysis is used to guide the development of policies or programs. It helps policymakers to identify the key issues and to develop strategies to address them. For example, a conceptual framework for a policy analysis on climate change might involve identifying the key stakeholders, assessing their interests and concerns, and developing policy options to mitigate the impacts of climate change.

Logical Frameworks

Logical frameworks are used to plan and evaluate projects and programs. They provide a structured approach to identifying project goals, objectives, and outcomes, and help to ensure that all stakeholders are aligned and working towards the same objectives.

Conceptual Frameworks for Program Evaluation

These frameworks are used to evaluate the effectiveness of programs or interventions. They provide a structure for identifying program goals, objectives, and outcomes, and help to measure the impact of the program on its intended beneficiaries.

Conceptual Frameworks for Organizational Analysis

These frameworks are used to analyze and evaluate organizational structures, processes, and performance. They provide a structured approach to understanding the relationships between different departments, functions, and stakeholders within an organization.

Conceptual Frameworks for Strategic Planning

These frameworks are used to develop and implement strategic plans for organizations or businesses. They help to identify the key factors and stakeholders that will impact the success of the plan, and provide a structure for setting goals, developing strategies, and monitoring progress.

Components of Conceptual Framework

The components of a conceptual framework typically include:

  • Research question or problem statement : This component defines the problem or question that the conceptual framework seeks to address. It sets the stage for the development of the framework and guides the selection of the relevant concepts and constructs.
  • Concepts : These are the general ideas, principles, or categories that are used to describe and explain the phenomenon or problem under investigation. Concepts provide the building blocks of the framework and help to establish a common language for discussing the issue.
  • Constructs : Constructs are the specific variables or concepts that are used to operationalize the general concepts. They are measurable or observable and serve as indicators of the underlying concept.
  • Propositions or hypotheses : These are statements that describe the relationships between the concepts or constructs in the framework. They provide a basis for testing the validity of the framework and for generating new insights or theories.
  • Assumptions : These are the underlying beliefs or values that shape the framework. They may be explicit or implicit and may influence the selection and interpretation of the concepts and constructs.
  • Boundaries : These are the limits or scope of the framework. They define the focus of the investigation and help to clarify what is included and excluded from the analysis.
  • Context : This component refers to the broader social, cultural, and historical factors that shape the phenomenon or problem under investigation. It helps to situate the framework within a larger theoretical or empirical context and to identify the relevant variables and factors that may affect the phenomenon.
  • Relationships and connections: These are the connections and interrelationships between the different components of the conceptual framework. They describe how the concepts and constructs are linked and how they contribute to the overall understanding of the phenomenon or problem.
  • Variables : These are the factors that are being measured or observed in the study. They are often operationalized as constructs and are used to test the propositions or hypotheses.
  • Methodology : This component describes the research methods and techniques that will be used to collect and analyze data. It includes the sampling strategy, data collection methods, data analysis techniques, and ethical considerations.
  • Literature review : This component provides an overview of the existing research and theories related to the phenomenon or problem under investigation. It helps to identify the gaps in the literature and to situate the framework within the broader theoretical and empirical context.
  • Outcomes and implications: These are the expected outcomes or implications of the study. They describe the potential contributions of the study to the theoretical and empirical knowledge in the field and the practical implications for policy and practice.

Conceptual Framework Methodology

Conceptual Framework Methodology is a research method that is commonly used in academic and scientific research to develop a theoretical framework for a study. It is a systematic approach that helps researchers to organize their thoughts and ideas, identify the variables that are relevant to their study, and establish the relationships between these variables.

Here are the steps involved in the conceptual framework methodology:

Identify the Research Problem

The first step is to identify the research problem or question that the study aims to answer. This involves identifying the gaps in the existing literature and determining what specific issue the study aims to address.

Conduct a Literature Review

The second step involves conducting a thorough literature review to identify the existing theories, models, and frameworks that are relevant to the research question. This will help the researcher to identify the key concepts and variables that need to be considered in the study.

Define key Concepts and Variables

The next step is to define the key concepts and variables that are relevant to the study. This involves clearly defining the terms used in the study, and identifying the factors that will be measured or observed in the study.

Develop a Theoretical Framework

Once the key concepts and variables have been identified, the researcher can develop a theoretical framework. This involves establishing the relationships between the key concepts and variables, and creating a visual representation of these relationships.

Test the Framework

The final step is to test the theoretical framework using empirical data. This involves collecting and analyzing data to determine whether the relationships between the key concepts and variables that were identified in the framework are accurate and valid.

Examples of Conceptual Framework

Some realtime Examples of Conceptual Framework are as follows:

  • In economics , the concept of supply and demand is a well-known conceptual framework. It provides a structure for understanding how prices are set in a market, based on the interplay of the quantity of goods supplied by producers and the quantity of goods demanded by consumers.
  • In psychology , the cognitive-behavioral framework is a widely used conceptual framework for understanding mental health and illness. It emphasizes the role of thoughts and behaviors in shaping emotions and the importance of cognitive restructuring and behavior change in treatment.
  • In sociology , the social determinants of health framework provides a way of understanding how social and economic factors such as income, education, and race influence health outcomes. This framework is widely used in public health research and policy.
  • In environmental science , the ecosystem services framework is a way of understanding the benefits that humans derive from natural ecosystems, such as clean air and water, pollination, and carbon storage. This framework is used to guide conservation and land-use decisions.
  • In education, the constructivist framework is a way of understanding how learners construct knowledge through active engagement with their environment. This framework is used to guide instructional design and teaching strategies.

Applications of Conceptual Framework

Some of the applications of Conceptual Frameworks are as follows:

  • Research : Conceptual frameworks are used in research to guide the design, implementation, and interpretation of studies. Researchers use conceptual frameworks to develop hypotheses, identify research questions, and select appropriate methods for collecting and analyzing data.
  • Policy: Conceptual frameworks are used in policy-making to guide the development of policies and programs. Policymakers use conceptual frameworks to identify key factors that influence a particular problem or issue, and to develop strategies for addressing them.
  • Education : Conceptual frameworks are used in education to guide the design and implementation of instructional strategies and curriculum. Educators use conceptual frameworks to identify learning objectives, select appropriate teaching methods, and assess student learning.
  • Management : Conceptual frameworks are used in management to guide decision-making and strategy development. Managers use conceptual frameworks to understand the internal and external factors that influence their organizations, and to develop strategies for achieving their goals.
  • Evaluation : Conceptual frameworks are used in evaluation to guide the development of evaluation plans and to interpret evaluation results. Evaluators use conceptual frameworks to identify key outcomes, indicators, and measures, and to develop a logic model for their evaluation.

Purpose of Conceptual Framework

The purpose of a conceptual framework is to provide a theoretical foundation for understanding and analyzing complex phenomena. Conceptual frameworks help to:

  • Guide research : Conceptual frameworks provide a framework for researchers to develop hypotheses, identify research questions, and select appropriate methods for collecting and analyzing data. By providing a theoretical foundation for research, conceptual frameworks help to ensure that research is rigorous, systematic, and valid.
  • Provide clarity: Conceptual frameworks help to provide clarity and structure to complex phenomena by identifying key concepts, relationships, and processes. By providing a clear and systematic understanding of a phenomenon, conceptual frameworks help to ensure that researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are all on the same page when it comes to understanding the issue at hand.
  • Inform decision-making : Conceptual frameworks can be used to inform decision-making and strategy development by identifying key factors that influence a particular problem or issue. By understanding the complex interplay of factors that contribute to a particular issue, decision-makers can develop more effective strategies for addressing the problem.
  • Facilitate communication : Conceptual frameworks provide a common language and conceptual framework for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners to communicate and collaborate on complex issues. By providing a shared understanding of a phenomenon, conceptual frameworks help to ensure that everyone is working towards the same goal.

When to use Conceptual Framework

There are several situations when it is appropriate to use a conceptual framework:

  • To guide the research : A conceptual framework can be used to guide the research process by providing a clear roadmap for the research project. It can help researchers identify key variables and relationships, and develop hypotheses or research questions.
  • To clarify concepts : A conceptual framework can be used to clarify and define key concepts and terms used in a research project. It can help ensure that all researchers are using the same language and have a shared understanding of the concepts being studied.
  • To provide a theoretical basis: A conceptual framework can provide a theoretical basis for a research project by linking it to existing theories or conceptual models. This can help researchers build on previous research and contribute to the development of a field.
  • To identify gaps in knowledge : A conceptual framework can help identify gaps in existing knowledge by highlighting areas that require further research or investigation.
  • To communicate findings : A conceptual framework can be used to communicate research findings by providing a clear and concise summary of the key variables, relationships, and assumptions that underpin the research project.

Characteristics of Conceptual Framework

key characteristics of a conceptual framework are:

  • Clear definition of key concepts : A conceptual framework should clearly define the key concepts and terms being used in a research project. This ensures that all researchers have a shared understanding of the concepts being studied.
  • Identification of key variables: A conceptual framework should identify the key variables that are being studied and how they are related to each other. This helps to organize the research project and provides a clear focus for the study.
  • Logical structure: A conceptual framework should have a logical structure that connects the key concepts and variables being studied. This helps to ensure that the research project is coherent and consistent.
  • Based on existing theory : A conceptual framework should be based on existing theory or conceptual models. This helps to ensure that the research project is grounded in existing knowledge and builds on previous research.
  • Testable hypotheses or research questions: A conceptual framework should include testable hypotheses or research questions that can be answered through empirical research. This helps to ensure that the research project is rigorous and scientifically valid.
  • Flexibility : A conceptual framework should be flexible enough to allow for modifications as new information is gathered during the research process. This helps to ensure that the research project is responsive to new findings and is able to adapt to changing circumstances.

Advantages of Conceptual Framework

Advantages of the Conceptual Framework are as follows:

  • Clarity : A conceptual framework provides clarity to researchers by outlining the key concepts and variables that are relevant to the research project. This clarity helps researchers to focus on the most important aspects of the research problem and develop a clear plan for investigating it.
  • Direction : A conceptual framework provides direction to researchers by helping them to develop hypotheses or research questions that are grounded in existing theory or conceptual models. This direction ensures that the research project is relevant and contributes to the development of the field.
  • Efficiency : A conceptual framework can increase efficiency in the research process by providing a structure for organizing ideas and data. This structure can help researchers to avoid redundancies and inconsistencies in their work, saving time and effort.
  • Rigor : A conceptual framework can help to ensure the rigor of a research project by providing a theoretical basis for the investigation. This rigor is essential for ensuring that the research project is scientifically valid and produces meaningful results.
  • Communication : A conceptual framework can facilitate communication between researchers by providing a shared language and understanding of the key concepts and variables being studied. This communication is essential for collaboration and the advancement of knowledge in the field.
  • Generalization : A conceptual framework can help to generalize research findings beyond the specific study by providing a theoretical basis for the investigation. This generalization is essential for the development of knowledge in the field and for informing future research.

Limitations of Conceptual Framework

Limitations of Conceptual Framework are as follows:

  • Limited applicability: Conceptual frameworks are often based on existing theory or conceptual models, which may not be applicable to all research problems or contexts. This can limit the usefulness of a conceptual framework in certain situations.
  • Lack of empirical support : While a conceptual framework can provide a theoretical basis for a research project, it may not be supported by empirical evidence. This can limit the usefulness of a conceptual framework in guiding empirical research.
  • Narrow focus: A conceptual framework can provide a clear focus for a research project, but it may also limit the scope of the investigation. This can make it difficult to address broader research questions or to consider alternative perspectives.
  • Over-simplification: A conceptual framework can help to organize and structure research ideas, but it may also over-simplify complex phenomena. This can limit the depth of the investigation and the richness of the data collected.
  • Inflexibility : A conceptual framework can provide a structure for organizing research ideas, but it may also be inflexible in the face of new data or unexpected findings. This can limit the ability of researchers to adapt their research project to new information or changing circumstances.
  • Difficulty in development : Developing a conceptual framework can be a challenging and time-consuming process. It requires a thorough understanding of existing theory or conceptual models, and may require collaboration with other researchers.

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What is a Conceptual Framework?

Conceptual frameworks are used in the process of conducting research to illustrate the theories that the research intends to present. It is a visual representation of relationships between dependent and independent variables. The conceptual framework is developed based on the findings of the literature review of the topic.

How to Make a Conceptual Framework?

  • Select a topic for your research and develop the literature review based on the existing theories and literature relating to the topic.
  • When writing the literature review, be mindful to select reliable sources to gather information, such as scholarly journals, recognised electronic sources and critically acclaimed books.
  • Identify specific variables pertaining to the topic or the theory you intend to present. Examine the relationships between these variables and study their implications on each other.
  • Determine how the theory you are posing can add new information to the topic and refine your arguments with survey findings and evidence from the literature review.
  • The conceptual framework can be created in the form of a flowchart, mind map, concept map or process diagram to display your Hypothesis and the chain of variables. Use shape data to store in-depth information about each variable and their influence.
  • When presenting the conceptual framework, include a section to display your research methodology.
  • When conducting the research if you come across any evidence that may disprove your theory, return to the conceptual framework and revise it accordingly.
  • Conceptual frameworks visualised with Creately can be shared easily by embedding it in a website, via viewable or editable links or by exporting in PDF, JPEG, PNG or SVG formats.
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How to Make a Conceptual Framework

How to Make a Conceptual Framework

6-minute read

  • 2nd January 2022

What is a conceptual framework? And why is it important?

A conceptual framework illustrates the relationship between the variables of a research question. It’s an outline of what you’d expect to find in a research project.

Conceptual frameworks should be constructed before data collection and are vital because they map out the actions needed in the study. This should be the first step of an undergraduate or graduate research project.

What Is In a Conceptual Framework?

In a conceptual framework, you’ll find a visual representation of the key concepts and relationships that are central to a research study or project . This can be in form of a diagram, flow chart, or any other visual representation. Overall, a conceptual framework serves as a guide for understanding the problem being studied and the methods being used to investigate it.

Steps to Developing the Perfect Conceptual Framework

  • Pick a question
  • Conduct a literature review
  • Identify your variables
  • Create your conceptual framework

1. Pick a Question

You should already have some idea of the broad area of your research project. Try to narrow down your research field to a manageable topic in terms of time and resources. From there, you need to formulate your research question. A research question answers the researcher’s query: “What do I want to know about my topic?” Research questions should be focused, concise, arguable and, ideally, should address a topic of importance within your field of research.

An example of a simple research question is: “What is the relationship between sunny days and ice cream sales?”

2. Conduct a Literature Review

A literature review is an analysis of the scholarly publications on a chosen topic. To undertake a literature review, search for articles with the same theme as your research question. Choose updated and relevant articles to analyze and use peer-reviewed and well-respected journals whenever possible.

For the above example, the literature review would investigate publications that discuss how ice cream sales are affected by the weather. The literature review should reveal the variables involved and any current hypotheses about this relationship.

3. Identify Your Variables

There are two key variables in every experiment: independent and dependent variables.

Independent Variables

The independent variable (otherwise known as the predictor or explanatory variable) is the expected cause of the experiment: what the scientist changes or changes on its own. In our example, the independent variable would be “the number of sunny days.”

Dependent Variables

The dependent variable (otherwise known as the response or outcome variable) is the expected effect of the experiment: what is being studied or measured. In our example, the dependent variable would be “the quantity of ice cream sold.”

Next, there are control variables.

Control Variables

A control variable is a variable that may impact the dependent variable but whose effects are not going to be measured in the research project. In our example, a control variable could be “the socioeconomic status of participants.” Control variables should be kept constant to isolate the effects of the other variables in the experiment.

Finally, there are intervening and extraneous variables.

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Intervening Variables

Intervening variables link the independent and dependent variables and clarify their connection. In our example, an intervening variable could be “temperature.”

Extraneous Variables

Extraneous variables are any variables that are not being investigated but could impact the outcomes of the study. Some instances of extraneous variables for our example would be “the average price of ice cream” or “the number of varieties of ice cream available.” If you control an extraneous variable, it becomes a control variable.

4. Create Your Conceptual Framework

Having picked your research question, undertaken a literature review, and identified the relevant variables, it’s now time to construct your conceptual framework. Conceptual frameworks are clear and often visual representations of the relationships between variables.

We’ll start with the basics: the independent and dependent variables.

Our hypothesis is that the quantity of ice cream sold directly depends on the number of sunny days; hence, there is a cause-and-effect relationship between the independent variable (the number of sunny days) and the dependent and independent variable (the quantity of ice cream sold).

Next, introduce a control variable. Remember, this is anything that might directly affect the dependent variable but is not being measured in the experiment:

Finally, introduce the intervening and extraneous variables. 

The intervening variable (temperature) clarifies the relationship between the independent variable (the number of sunny days) and the dependent variable (the quantity of ice cream sold). Extraneous variables, such as the average price of ice cream, are variables that are not controlled and can potentially impact the dependent variable.

Are Conceptual Frameworks and Research Paradigms the Same?

In simple terms, the research paradigm is what informs your conceptual framework. In defining our research paradigm we ask the big questions—Is there an objective truth and how can we understand it? If we decide the answer is yes, we may be working with a positivist research paradigm and will choose to build a conceptual framework that displays the relationship between fixed variables. If not, we may be working with a constructivist research paradigm, and thus our conceptual framework will be more of a loose amalgamation of ideas, theories, and themes (a qualitative study). If this is confusing–don’t worry! We have an excellent blog post explaining research paradigms in more detail.

Where is the Conceptual Framework Located in a Thesis?

This will depend on your discipline, research type, and school’s guidelines, but most papers will include a section presenting the conceptual framework in the introduction, literature review, or opening chapter. It’s best to present your conceptual framework after presenting your research question, but before outlining your methodology.

Can a Conceptual Framework be Used in a Qualitative Study?

Yes. Despite being less clear-cut than a quantitative study, all studies should present some form of a conceptual framework. Let’s say you were doing a study on care home practices and happiness, and you came across a “happiness model” constructed by a relevant theorist in your literature review. Your conceptual framework could be an outline or a visual depiction of how you will use this model to collect and interpret qualitative data for your own study (such as interview responses). Check out this useful resource showing other examples of conceptual frameworks for qualitative studies .

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What is a good example of a conceptual framework?

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  • The importance of a conceptual framework

The main purpose of a conceptual framework is to improve the quality of a research study. A conceptual framework achieves this by identifying important information about the topic and providing a clear roadmap for researchers to study it.

Through the process of developing this information, researchers will be able to improve the quality of their studies in a few key ways.

Clarify research goals and objectives

A conceptual framework helps researchers create a clear research goal. Research projects often become vague and lose their focus, which makes them less useful. However, a well-designed conceptual framework helps researchers maintain focus. It reinforces the project’s scope, ensuring it stays on track and produces meaningful results.

Provide a theoretical basis for the study

Forming a hypothesis requires knowledge of the key variables and their relationship to each other. Researchers need to identify these variables early on to create a conceptual framework. This ensures researchers have developed a strong understanding of the topic before finalizing the study design. It also helps them select the most appropriate research and analysis methods.

Guide the research design

As they develop their conceptual framework, researchers often uncover information that can help them further refine their work.

Here are some examples:

Confounding variables they hadn’t previously considered

Sources of bias they will have to take into account when designing the project

Whether or not the information they were going to study has already been covered—this allows them to pivot to a more meaningful goal that brings new and relevant information to their field

  • Steps to develop a conceptual framework

There are four major steps researchers will follow to develop a conceptual framework. Each step will be described in detail in the sections that follow. You’ll also find examples of how each might be applied in a range of fields.

Step 1: Choose the research question

The first step in creating a conceptual framework is choosing a research question . The goal of this step is to create a question that’s specific and focused.

By developing a clear question, researchers can more easily identify the variables they will need to account for and keep their research focused. Without it, the next steps will be more difficult and less effective.

Here are some examples of good research questions in a few common fields:

Natural sciences: How does exposure to ultraviolet radiation affect the growth rate of a particular type of algae?

Health sciences: What is the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy for treating depression in adolescents?

Business: What factors contribute to the success of small businesses in a particular industry?

Education: How does implementing technology in the classroom impact student learning outcomes?

Step 2: Select the independent and dependent variables

Once the research question has been chosen, it’s time to identify the dependent and independent variables .

The independent variable is the variable researchers think will affect the dependent variable . Without this information, researchers cannot develop a meaningful hypothesis or design a way to test it.

The dependent and independent variables for our example questions above are:

Natural sciences

Independent variable: exposure to ultraviolet radiation

Dependent variable: the growth rate of a particular type of algae

Health sciences

Independent variable: cognitive-behavioral therapy

Dependent variable: depression in adolescents

Independent variables: factors contributing to the business’s success

Dependent variable: sales, return on investment (ROI), or another concrete metric

Independent variable: implementation of technology in the classroom

Dependent variable: student learning outcomes, such as test scores, GPAs, or exam results

Step 3: Visualize the cause-and-effect relationship

This step is where researchers actually develop their hypothesis. They will predict how the independent variable will impact the dependent variable based on their knowledge of the field and their intuition.

With a hypothesis formed, researchers can more accurately determine what data to collect and how to analyze it. They will then visualize their hypothesis by creating a diagram. This visualization will serve as a framework to help guide their research.

The diagrams for our examples might be used as follows:

Natural sciences : how exposure to radiation affects the biological processes in the algae that contribute to its growth rate

Health sciences : how different aspects of cognitive behavioral therapy can affect how patients experience symptoms of depression

Business : how factors such as market demand, managerial expertise, and financial resources influence a business’s success

Education : how different types of technology interact with different aspects of the learning process and alter student learning outcomes

Step 4: Identify other influencing variables

The independent and dependent variables are only part of the equation. Moderating, mediating, and control variables are also important parts of a well-designed study. These variables can impact the relationship between the two main variables and must be accounted for.

A moderating variable is one that can change how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. A mediating variable explains the relationship between the two. Control variables are kept the same to eliminate their impact on the results. Examples of each are given below:

Moderating variable: water temperature (might impact how algae respond to radiation exposure)

Mediating variable: chlorophyll production (might explain how radiation exposure affects algae growth rate)

Control variable: nutrient levels in the water

Moderating variable: the severity of depression symptoms at baseline might impact how effective the therapy is for different adolescents

Mediating variable: social support might explain how cognitive-behavioral therapy leads to improvements in depression

Control variable: other forms of treatment received before or during the study

Moderating variable: the size of the business (might impact how different factors contribute to market share, sales, ROI, and other key success metrics)

Mediating variable: customer satisfaction (might explain how different factors impact business success)

Control variable: industry competition

Moderating variable: student age (might impact how effective technology is for different students)

Mediating variable: teacher training (might explain how technology leads to improvements in learning outcomes)

Control variable: student learning style

  • Conceptual versus theoretical frameworks

Although they sound similar, conceptual and theoretical frameworks have different goals and are used in different contexts. Understanding which to use will help researchers craft better studies.

Conceptual frameworks describe a broad overview of the subject and outline key concepts, variables, and the relationships between them. They provide structure to studies that are more exploratory in nature, where the relationships between the variables are still being established. They are particularly helpful in studies that are complex or interdisciplinary because they help researchers better organize the factors involved in the study.

Theoretical frameworks, on the other hand, are used when the research question is more clearly defined and there’s an existing body of work to draw upon. They define the relationships between the variables and help researchers predict outcomes. They are particularly helpful when researchers want to refine the existing body of knowledge rather than establish it.

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conceptual framework in research template

Developing a Conceptual Framework: A Step-by-Step Guide for Researchers

  • July 5, 2024

Dr. Marvin L. Smith

In academic research, conceptual frameworks serve as essential blueprints, guiding scholars through the complex landscape of their studies. This article will explore how to construct powerful conceptual frameworks that elevate research design and execution. 

Whether a seasoned researcher or new to academia, you’ll learn to craft frameworks that clarify objectives, map relationships between variables, and provide a solid foundation for data collection and analysis.

Ready to transform your approach to research design?

Let’s explore the critical role of conceptual frameworks in shaping successful research projects!

Definition of a conceptual framework

A conceptual framework is a structured approach to organizing and presenting the key ideas, theories, and relationships that underpin a research study or academic argument. 

It serves as a roadmap for the researcher, guiding the investigation and helping to connect various concepts logically and coherently.

For example, in a study examining the factors influencing student academic performance, a conceptual framework might include concepts such as socioeconomic status, parental involvement, teacher quality, and school resources. The framework would illustrate how these factors are thought to interact and influence the outcome of academic performance.

Developing conceptual framework in research

Developing a conceptual framework is a crucial step in the research process that helps researchers organize their thoughts, identify key variables, and visualize the relationships between different concepts in their study. 

This process involves synthesizing existing literature, personal observations, and theoretical knowledge to create a structured representation of the research problem and its potential solutions.

A well-crafted conceptual framework serves as a roadmap for the entire research project, guiding the researcher through data collection, analysis, and interpretation.

It also helps in communicating complex ideas to readers, making the research more accessible and understandable. 

By clearly defining the key concepts and their interconnections, researchers can ensure that their study remains focused and coherent throughout its execution.

Developing a conceptual framework is an iterative process that often evolves as the research progresses. It requires critical thinking, creativity, and a deep understanding of the subject matter. Researchers must be prepared to revise and refine their framework as they gain new insights or encounter unexpected findings during their study.

Creating a conceptual framework not only benefits the researcher but also adds credibility to the research by demonstrating a thoughtful and systematic approach to addressing the research question. It helps in identifying potential gaps in existing knowledge and can highlight areas where the study may contribute to the broader field of research.

Here’s a step-by-step guide can create a conceptual framework.

Related reading: How to write a research proposal

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Step#1: Select your research question

Selecting a research question is the crucial first step in developing a conceptual framework. This step lays the foundation for your entire research project and guides the development of your conceptual framework. 

Here’s a detailed explanation of this step:

The research question is the central inquiry that your study aims to answer. It should be clear, focused, and relevant to your field of study. When selecting your research question:

1. Identify your area of interest:

Begin by considering topics that genuinely interest you within your field. This ensures that you’ll remain motivated throughout the research process.

2. Review existing literature:

Conduct a preliminary literature review to understand what’s already known about your topic and identify gaps in current knowledge.

3. Consider relevance and significance:

Ensure that your question addresses a meaningful issue or problem in your field. It should contribute to existing knowledge or have practical implications.

 4. Assess feasibility:

Consider whether you have access to the necessary resources, data, and time to answer the question effectively.

5. Be specific:

Narrow down your question to make it manageable. Avoid overly broad or vague questions that could lead to unfocused research.

6. Formulate the question:

Craft your question using clear, concise language. It should be open-ended enough to allow for in-depth exploration but specific enough to guide your research.

7. Test your question:

Ask yourself if the question can be researched, analyzed, and potentially answered within the scope of your study.

For example, instead of a broad question like “How does social media affect teenagers?”, you might refine it to “How does daily Instagram use impact self-esteem in female high school students aged 14-18 in urban areas?”

Step#2: Select and define your independent and dependent variables  

This step is crucial in developing your conceptual framework as it helps clarify the relationships you’ll be exploring in your research. Let’s break down each component:

Independent Variables:

These are the factors you manipulate or control in your study. They are presumed to cause or influence the dependent variable. In your conceptual framework, independent variables are typically positioned on the left or at the beginning of your model.

For example, in a study on academic performance, independent variables might include:

  • Study hours per week
  • Teaching methods

Dependent Variables:

These are the outcomes or effects you’re measuring in your study. They are influenced by the independent variables. In your conceptual framework, dependent variables are usually positioned on the right or at the end of your model.

Using the same example, the dependent variable might be:

  • Student grades
  • Test scores

Moderator Variables:

These are variables that affect the strength or direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables. They can amplify or diminish the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

For instance, a moderator in our academic performance study could be:

  • Student motivation level

Mediator Variables:

These variables explain how or why an independent variable affects the dependent variable. They serve as a link in the causal chain between the independent and dependent variables.

An example of a mediator in our study might be:

  • Student engagement level

Moderator vs. Mediator:

The key difference is that moderators affect the strength of the relationship, while mediators explain the process through which the independent variable influences the dependent variable.

Control Variables:

These are variables that you hold constant or control for in your study to ensure that they don’t interfere with the relationship between your main variables of interest. They help isolate the effects of your independent variables on the dependent variables.

In our academic performance example, control variables might include:

  • Socioeconomic status
  • Prior academic achievement

When selecting and defining these variables:

  • Ensure they are related to your research question.
  • Choose variables that can be measured or observed.
  • Consider how these variables interact with each other.
  • Be precise in your definitions to avoid ambiguity. 

Related reading: How to find research articles

Step#3: Determine your cause-and-effect relationship  

Determining the cause-and-effect relationship is a critical step in developing your conceptual framework. This step involves identifying and clarifying how your independent variables (causes) are expected to influence your dependent variables (effects). 

1. Identify potential causal relationships:

Based on your research question and the variables you’ve selected, hypothesize how your independent variables might affect your dependent variables. Consider both direct and indirect relationships.

2. Review existing theories and literature:

Examine established theories and previous research in your field to support your hypothesized relationships. This helps ground your framework in existing knowledge and can provide insights into potential causal mechanisms.

3. Consider the direction of relationships:

Determine whether the relationships are positive (as one variable increases, the other increases) or negative (as one variable increases, the other decreases).

 4. Account for complexity:

Recognize that cause-and-effect relationships in social sciences are often complex. Multiple causes might lead to a single effect, or a single cause might have multiple effects.

5. Consider time factors:

Think about whether the effects are immediate or if there’s a time lag between the cause and the effect. This is particularly important in longitudinal studies. 

6. Examine potential mediators and moderators:

Consider how mediator variables might explain the mechanism of the cause-effect relationship, and how moderator variables might influence the strength or direction of these relationships.

7. Be aware of spurious relationships:

Consider whether any apparent cause-effect relationships might be due to other, unmeasured variables. This is where your control variables become important.

8. Use logical reasoning:

Ensure that your proposed cause-effect relationships make logical sense and can be explained theoretically.

9. Consider alternative explanations:

Think critically about other possible explanations for the relationships you’re proposing. This helps in developing a more robust framework.

10. Visualize the relationships:

Start sketching out how these cause-and-effect relationships might look in a diagram. This can help you see potential gaps or inconsistencies in your logic.

  • In our academic performance study, we might hypothesize that:
  • Increased study hours (independent variable) lead to improved grades (dependent variable).
  • This relationship might be mediated by an improved understanding of the subject matter.
  • The relationship might be moderated by student motivation, where highly motivated students see a stronger effect of study hours on grades.
  • Teaching methods (another independent variable) might also influence grades, possibly through increased student engagement.

Remember, at this stage, you’re proposing these relationships based on theory and prior research. Your actual study will test these proposed cause-and-effect relationships. Be prepared to revise your framework if your findings don’t support your initial hypotheses.

Example of a conceptual framework

An example of a conceptual framework can help illustrate how all the elements we’ve discussed come together. 

Let’s use our academic performance study to create a sample conceptual framework.

Research Question:

“How do study hours and teaching methods affect high school students’ academic performance, and what role does student motivation play in this relationship?”

Conceptual Framework Example:

Example of Conceptual Framework

Explanation of the framework:

1. Independent Variables:

  • Study Hours per Week
  • Teaching Methods (Traditional vs. Interactive)

2. Dependent Variable:

  • Academic Performance (measured by GPA and Standardized Test Scores)

3. Mediator:

  • Understanding of Subject Matter (explains how study hours and teaching methods affect performance)

4. Moderator:

  • Student Motivation (affects the strength of the relationship between independent and dependent variables)

 5. Control Variables:

  • Socioeconomic Status
  • Prior Academic Achievement

Proposed Relationships:

  • Increased study hours are expected to lead to better academic performance.
  • Interactive teaching methods are hypothesized to result in higher academic performance compared to traditional methods.
  • The effect of study hours and teaching methods on academic performance is mediated by the student’s understanding of the subject matter.
  • Student motivation moderates these relationships. For highly motivated students, the positive effects of study hours and interactive teaching methods on academic performance are expected to be stronger.
  • The control variables are held constant to isolate the effects of the main variables of interest.

This conceptual framework visually represents the hypothesized relationships between variables. 

It shows how study hours and teaching methods (independent variables) are expected to influence academic performance (dependent variable), with the understanding of the subject matter as a mediator. 

Student motivation serves as a moderator, potentially affecting the strength of these relationships.

The framework also acknowledges the presence of control variables, which are important for the study but not the primary focus of the research question.

Conclusion  

Developing a conceptual framework is a critical step in research, providing structure and clarity to complex investigations. This article has outlined key steps in creating robust frameworks, emphasizing variable selection, relationship determination, and visual representation. 

A well-constructed framework, as illustrated in our academic performance example, integrates various elements into a comprehensive model. 

It’s important to remember that conceptual frameworks are dynamic, evolving with new insights. 

Ultimately, they serve as invaluable tools, guiding research processes and effectively communicating ideas, thus forming a solid foundation for knowledge advancement in any field.

Frequently asked questions  

What is a conceptual framework in research.

A conceptual framework in research is a structured approach to organizing and presenting the theoretical and conceptual underpinnings of a study. It visually or narratively explains the main variables, concepts, or constructs in a research project and how they are expected to relate to one another. Essentially, it’s a researcher’s map of the territory they plan to explore, showing the anticipated relationships between key elements of their study.

What are the 3 components of conceptual framework in research?

The three main components of a conceptual framework in research are:

  • Variables: These include independent variables (factors that influence outcomes), dependent variables (outcomes being studied), and potentially mediating or moderating variables.
  • Relationships: This component describes how the variables are expected to interact or influence each other, often based on existing theories or previous research.
  • Context: This includes the broader theoretical background, assumptions, and limitations that frame the study and help explain why certain variables and relationships are being examined.

What are the three main types of conceptual frameworks for research?

The three main types of conceptual frameworks in research are:

  • Descriptive Frameworks: These aim to identify, define, and describe the key concepts or variables in a study without necessarily proposing specific relationships between them.
  • Explanatory Frameworks: These go beyond description to propose and explain relationships between variables, often drawing on existing theories to predict how and why certain factors influence outcomes.
  • Predictive Frameworks: These frameworks not only describe and explain relationships but also aim to predict outcomes based on specific conditions or interventions.

What is the difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks?

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks serve different roles in research. A theoretical framework focuses on existing theories relevant to the research topic , providing a broader context for understanding the problem. It draws from multiple theories to explain phenomena and positions the study within the larger body of knowledge in the field.

A conceptual framework, however , is specific to the particular study being conducted. It identifies and defines the key variables and concepts in the study, showing how these variables are expected to relate to each other. While it often incorporates elements from the theoretical framework, it applies them to the specific research context.

The conceptual framework is more practical, serving as a roadmap for the study by guiding data collection, analysis, and interpretation. It helps researchers visualize relationships between variables and clarify their hypotheses, bridging the gap between broad theories and the practical aspects of the research.

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A conceptual framework is a hierarchical representation of the relationships between variables under study. It can be created in a number of ways, but is most commonly displayed as a tree. The nodes at the top of the tree represent the variables being studied and may include terms such as “Condition”, “Variable”, and “Main Effect”. Each node further down the tree represents a specific relationship between the variables being studied and may include terms such as “Correlation”, “Association”, and “Time Effect”. The leaves at the bottom of the tree represent the outcomes (usually measurements) that are expected to be associated with each variable under study.

The main benefit of having a conceptual framework is that it allows researchers to think through all possible relationships between variables in order to gain a better understanding of how they might influence each other. It also helps to clarify which variables are most important to measure when designing research projects. For instance, if one variable is found to have an effect on another variable, this can help researchers better understand how to best measure both variables in future studies. However, conceptual frameworks are not always necessary in all research projects. Some may only be needed for longer-term research projects or those that involve multiple groups of participants or data collection methods (e.g., qualitative versus quantitative). 

Creating a Conceptual Framework

Researchers use a conceptual framework to provide a visual or written representation of key variables, factors or concepts and their relationship with each other that will be studied in the present research. 

  • Selecting a suitable research topic is critical in creating a conceptual framework. Before you begin your research, you must determine your topic. You must choose a research topic that interests you. Remember to check for available resources before you choose a topic. It may be beneficial to look for possible research resources before choosing a subject. It is also important to determine how much time it will take to research the case and whether you will have enough time to finish your work by the deadline.
  • Your research question determines exactly what you want to find out, helping to focus your research process. This is a crucial component of your conceptual framework, since this research question will determine how you will proceed throughout the course of your research.
  • A literature review focuses on the evaluation of current and relevant literature in a particular subject area to assess one’s knowledge and understanding of the literature. It involves the exploration and assessment of available literature on a specific topic.
  • The proper selection of variables is critical to the development of a research framework. Your independent and dependent variables should be determined initially after you have completed the literature review, you must find these variables relevant to your research topic and establish key relationships between them. 
  •  You can also proceed to establishing other influencing variables like the moderating variables that can affect the association between independent and dependent variables by strengthening or diminishing the relationship between them. 
  • The mediating variable that explains the relationship between the independent and dependent variables and is affected by changes in the independent variable and resultantly affects the dependent variable. 
  • The researcher can also establish certain control variables in this graphical representation which are presumed to be constant so that they don’t interfere with the results. They are defined in most research studies because the possibility of them occurring is high but are not studied or accounted for in the particular research. 

The ‘Six Rs’ model of (Waller, 2022) is quite useful as a general guideline to develop a conceptual framework for your research. 

  • Review – literature/themes/theory
  • Reflect – what are the main concepts/issues?
  • Relationships – what are their relationships?
  • Reflect – does the diagram represent it sufficiently?
  • Review – check it with theory, colleagues, stakeholders, etc
  • Repeat – review and revise it to see if something better occurs

The main idea espoused here is directly related to the elaborated steps of development as explained previously. A framework of concepts, assumptions, expectations, and beliefs is used to guide a research study when generalising from specific instances, these instances are demarcated from the literature review that the researcher carries out in pursuit of establishing connections to the research topic selected. A framework may be conceived of as a system of concepts, assumptions, expectations, and beliefs that link broad ideas or models that are created by reflecting on the main concepts or issues your research is trying to investigate. This would be an effective guide for a research study in order to establish a systematic order to the flow or logic of the study. 

The researcher utilises literature to link real-world experiences or events to shape future research thoughts or methods in their research study which is used to derive the various necessary variables and establish relationships between them  in order to construct a conceptual framework. The conceptual framework is then diagrammatically presented and assessed to understand if it espouses the core area the researcher is investigating with his or her research and with a feedback or reflection on this specific question, the framework can be further amended to satisfaction. 

Wrapping Up

The conceptual framework acts as a link between literature, methodology, and results and mostly is used in qualitative research in the social and behavioural sciences. The framework helps the researcher visualise the research and understand the key variables that will dictate the course of the study and how the relationship between the variables must be accurately applied when investigating the phenomena under study. The conceptual framework also helps the researcher in formulating the best data collection and developing suitable tests to analyse the data to find effective results. 

References:

  • Waller, D. (2022) Chart your research with a graphical conceptual framework, LX at UTS. Available at: https://lx.uts.edu.au/blog/2022/04/12/chart-your-research-with-a-graphical-conceptual-framework/ (Accessed: 2022).
  • Miles, M. B. & Huberman, M.A. (1994) Qualitative data analysis: An expanded sourcebook. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. 

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What is a Conceptual Framework?

A conceptual framework sets forth the standards to define a research question and find appropriate, meaningful answers for the same. It connects the theories, assumptions, beliefs, and concepts behind your research and presents them in a pictorial, graphical, or narrative format.

Updated on August 28, 2023

a researcher putting together their conceptual framework for a manuscript

What are frameworks in research?

Both theoretical and conceptual frameworks have a significant role in research.  Frameworks are essential to bridge the gaps in research. They aid in clearly setting the goals, priorities, relationship between variables. Frameworks in research particularly help in chalking clear process details.

Theoretical frameworks largely work at the time when a theoretical roadmap has been laid about a certain topic and the research being undertaken by the researcher, carefully analyzes it, and works on similar lines to attain successful results. 

It varies from a conceptual framework in terms of the preliminary work required to construct it. Though a conceptual framework is part of the theoretical framework in a larger sense, yet there are variations between them.

The following sections delve deeper into the characteristics of conceptual frameworks. This article will provide insight into constructing a concise, complete, and research-friendly conceptual framework for your project.

Definition of a conceptual framework

True research begins with setting empirical goals. Goals aid in presenting successful answers to the research questions at hand. It delineates a process wherein different aspects of the research are reflected upon, and coherence is established among them. 

A conceptual framework is an underrated methodological approach that should be paid attention to before embarking on a research journey in any field, be it science, finance, history, psychology, etc. 

A conceptual framework sets forth the standards to define a research question and find appropriate, meaningful answers for the same. It connects the theories, assumptions, beliefs, and concepts behind your research and presents them in a pictorial, graphical, or narrative format. Your conceptual framework establishes a link between the dependent and independent variables, factors, and other ideologies affecting the structure of your research.

A critical facet a conceptual framework unveils is the relationship the researchers have with their research. It closely highlights the factors that play an instrumental role in decision-making, variable selection, data collection, assessment of results, and formulation of new theories.

Consequently, if you, the researcher, are at the forefront of your research battlefield, your conceptual framework is the most powerful arsenal in your pocket.

What should be included in a conceptual framework?

A conceptual framework includes the key process parameters, defining variables, and cause-and-effect relationships. To add to this, the primary focus while developing a conceptual framework should remain on the quality of questions being raised and addressed through the framework. This will not only ease the process of initiation, but also enable you to draw meaningful conclusions from the same. 

A practical and advantageous approach involves selecting models and analyzing literature that is unconventional and not directly related to the topic. This helps the researcher design an illustrative framework that is multidisciplinary and simultaneously looks at a diverse range of phenomena. It also emboldens the roots of exploratory research. 

the components of a conceptual framework

Fig. 1: Components of a conceptual framework

How to make a conceptual framework

The successful design of a conceptual framework includes:

  • Selecting the appropriate research questions
  • Defining the process variables (dependent, independent, and others)
  • Determining the cause-and-effect relationships

This analytical tool begins with defining the most suitable set of questions that the research wishes to answer upon its conclusion. Following this, the different variety of variables is categorized. Lastly, the collected data is subjected to rigorous data analysis. Final results are compiled to establish links between the variables. 

The variables drawn inside frames impact the overall quality of the research. If the framework involves arrows, it suggests correlational linkages among the variables. Lines, on the other hand, suggest that no significant correlation exists among them. Henceforth, the utilization of lines and arrows should be done taking into cognizance the meaning they both imply.

Example of a conceptual framework

To provide an idea about a conceptual framework, let’s examine the example of drug development research. 

Say a new drug moiety A has to be launched in the market. For that, the baseline research begins with selecting the appropriate drug molecule. This is important because it:

  • Provides the data for molecular docking studies to identify suitable target proteins
  • Performs in vitro (a process taking place outside a living organism) and in vivo (a process taking place inside a living organism) analyzes

This assists in the screening of the molecules and a final selection leading to the most suitable target molecule. In this case, the choice of the drug molecule is an independent variable whereas, all the others, targets from molecular docking studies, and results from in vitro and in vivo analyses are dependent variables.

The outcomes revealed by the studies might be coherent or incoherent with the literature. In any case, an accurately designed conceptual framework will efficiently establish the cause-and-effect relationship and explain both perspectives satisfactorily.

If A has been chosen to be launched in the market, the conceptual framework will point towards the factors that have led to its selection. If A does not make it to the market, the key elements which did not work in its favor can be pinpointed by an accurate analysis of the conceptual framework.

an example of a conceptual framework

Fig. 2: Concise example of a conceptual framework

Important takeaways

While conceptual frameworks are a great way of designing the research protocol, they might consist of some unforeseen loopholes. A review of the literature can sometimes provide a false impression of the collection of work done worldwide while in actuality, there might be research that is being undertaken on the same topic but is still under publication or review. Strong conceptual frameworks, therefore, are designed when all these aspects are taken into consideration and the researchers indulge in discussions with others working on similar grounds of research.

Conceptual frameworks may also sometimes lead to collecting and reviewing data that is not so relevant to the current research topic. The researchers must always be on the lookout for studies that are highly relevant to their topic of work and will be of impact if taken into consideration. 

Another common practice associated with conceptual frameworks is their classification as merely descriptive qualitative tools and not actually a concrete build-up of ideas and critically analyzed literature and data which it is, in reality. Ideal conceptual frameworks always bring out their own set of new ideas after analysis of literature rather than simply depending on facts being already reported by other research groups.

So, the next time you set out to construct your conceptual framework or improvise on your previous one, be wary that concepts for your research are ideas that need to be worked upon. They are not simply a collection of literature from the previous research.

Final thoughts

Research is witnessing a boom in the methodical approaches being applied to it nowadays. In contrast to conventional research, researchers today are always looking for better techniques and methods to improve the quality of their research. 

We strongly believe in the ideals of research that are not merely academic, but all-inclusive. We strongly encourage all our readers and researchers to do work that impacts society. Designing strong conceptual frameworks is an integral part of the process. It gives headway for systematic, empirical, and fruitful research.

Vridhi Sachdeva, MPharm Bachelor of PharmacyGuru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar

Vridhi Sachdeva, MPharm

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Conceptual Models

A conceptual framework can guide research by providing a visual representation of theoretical constructs (and variables) of interest.

Designing a conceptual model begins with conducting a thorough review of the literature. Search peer-reviewed journal articles, books/monographs, conference papers, and other relevant references.

Next, organize the literature around the topic. Begin to develop research questions or objectives based on theory.

“Theories present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables using a set of interrelated constructs/variables, definitions and propositions (Kerlinger, 1979).” - From Creswell (1994, p. 82)

Templates for Conceptual Models

If you decide to use a diagram, place the dependent variable on the right side and the independent variables toward the left. Insert arrows to represent the hypothesized relationships between variables – use one-way arrows leading from each determining variable to each variable dependent on it.

The following models are not meant to exhaust the possibilities of connecting independent and dependent variables; more complicated models employ multiple independent and dependent variables. For example, two-headed arrows connected by a curved line can be used to show unanalyzed correlations between variables.

Figure 1: Conceptual Model – Template

Figure 2: Conceptual Model – Measurement Considerations

Develop survey questions and objectives based upon the theory you used to construct the model. It may be useful to add individual variables to your visual picture.

Asher, H.B. (1984). Causal modeling . Sage University Paper series on quantitative applications in the social sciences, 07-003. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.

Creswell, J.W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative and quantitative approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

Kerlinger, F.N. (1979). Behavioral research: A conceptual approach . New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

Resources on this Page Templates for Conceptual Models Resources

conceptual framework in research template

Theoretical vs Conceptual Framework

What they are & how they’re different (with examples)

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By: Eunice Rautenbach (DTech) | March 2023

If you’re new to academic research, sooner or later you’re bound to run into the terms theoretical framework and conceptual framework . These are closely related but distinctly different things (despite some people using them interchangeably) and it’s important to understand what each means. In this post, we’ll unpack both theoretical and conceptual frameworks in plain language along with practical examples , so that you can approach your research with confidence.

Overview: Theoretical vs Conceptual

What is a theoretical framework, example of a theoretical framework, what is a conceptual framework, example of a conceptual framework.

  • Theoretical vs conceptual: which one should I use?

A theoretical framework (also sometimes referred to as a foundation of theory) is essentially a set of concepts, definitions, and propositions that together form a structured, comprehensive view of a specific phenomenon.

In other words, a theoretical framework is a collection of existing theories, models and frameworks that provides a foundation of core knowledge – a “lay of the land”, so to speak, from which you can build a research study. For this reason, it’s usually presented fairly early within the literature review section of a dissertation, thesis or research paper .

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Let’s look at an example to make the theoretical framework a little more tangible.

If your research aims involve understanding what factors contributed toward people trusting investment brokers, you’d need to first lay down some theory so that it’s crystal clear what exactly you mean by this. For example, you would need to define what you mean by “trust”, as there are many potential definitions of this concept. The same would be true for any other constructs or variables of interest.

You’d also need to identify what existing theories have to say in relation to your research aim. In this case, you could discuss some of the key literature in relation to organisational trust. A quick search on Google Scholar using some well-considered keywords generally provides a good starting point.

foundation of theory

Typically, you’ll present your theoretical framework in written form , although sometimes it will make sense to utilise some visuals to show how different theories relate to each other. Your theoretical framework may revolve around just one major theory , or it could comprise a collection of different interrelated theories and models. In some cases, there will be a lot to cover and in some cases, not. Regardless of size, the theoretical framework is a critical ingredient in any study.

Simply put, the theoretical framework is the core foundation of theory that you’ll build your research upon. As we’ve mentioned many times on the blog, good research is developed by standing on the shoulders of giants . It’s extremely unlikely that your research topic will be completely novel and that there’ll be absolutely no existing theory that relates to it. If that’s the case, the most likely explanation is that you just haven’t reviewed enough literature yet! So, make sure that you take the time to review and digest the seminal sources.

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conceptual framework in research template

A conceptual framework is typically a visual representation (although it can also be written out) of the expected relationships and connections between various concepts, constructs or variables. In other words, a conceptual framework visualises how the researcher views and organises the various concepts and variables within their study. This is typically based on aspects drawn from the theoretical framework, so there is a relationship between the two.

Quite commonly, conceptual frameworks are used to visualise the potential causal relationships and pathways that the researcher expects to find, based on their understanding of both the theoretical literature and the existing empirical research . Therefore, the conceptual framework is often used to develop research questions and hypotheses .

Let’s look at an example of a conceptual framework to make it a little more tangible. You’ll notice that in this specific conceptual framework, the hypotheses are integrated into the visual, helping to connect the rest of the document to the framework.

example of a conceptual framework

As you can see, conceptual frameworks often make use of different shapes , lines and arrows to visualise the connections and relationships between different components and/or variables. Ultimately, the conceptual framework provides an opportunity for you to make explicit your understanding of how everything is connected . So, be sure to make use of all the visual aids you can – clean design, well-considered colours and concise text are your friends.

Theoretical framework vs conceptual framework

As you can see, the theoretical framework and the conceptual framework are closely related concepts, but they differ in terms of focus and purpose. The theoretical framework is used to lay down a foundation of theory on which your study will be built, whereas the conceptual framework visualises what you anticipate the relationships between concepts, constructs and variables may be, based on your understanding of the existing literature and the specific context and focus of your research. In other words, they’re different tools for different jobs , but they’re neighbours in the toolbox.

Naturally, the theoretical framework and the conceptual framework are not mutually exclusive . In fact, it’s quite likely that you’ll include both in your dissertation or thesis, especially if your research aims involve investigating relationships between variables. Of course, every research project is different and universities differ in terms of their expectations for dissertations and theses, so it’s always a good idea to have a look at past projects to get a feel for what the norms and expectations are at your specific institution.

Want to learn more about research terminology, methods and techniques? Be sure to check out the rest of the Grad Coach blog . Alternatively, if you’re looking for hands-on help, have a look at our private coaching service , where we hold your hand through the research process, step by step.

conceptual framework in research template

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This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

23 Comments

CIPTA PRAMANA

Thank you for giving a valuable lesson

Muhammed Ebrahim Feto

good thanks!

Elias

VERY INSIGHTFUL

olawale rasaq

thanks for given very interested understand about both theoritical and conceptual framework

Tracey

I am researching teacher beliefs about inclusive education but not using a theoretical framework just conceptual frame using teacher beliefs, inclusive education and inclusive practices as my concepts

joshua

good, fantastic

Melese Takele

great! thanks for the clarification. I am planning to use both for my implementation evaluation of EmONC service at primary health care facility level. its theoretical foundation rooted from the principles of implementation science.

Dorcas

This is a good one…now have a better understanding of Theoretical and Conceptual frameworks. Highly grateful

Ahmed Adumani

Very educating and fantastic,good to be part of you guys,I appreciate your enlightened concern.

Lorna

Thanks for shedding light on these two t opics. Much clearer in my head now.

Cor

Simple and clear!

Alemayehu Wolde Oljira

The differences between the two topics was well explained, thank you very much!

Ntoks

Thank you great insight

Maria Glenda O. De Lara

Superb. Thank you so much.

Sebona

Hello Gradcoach! I’m excited with your fantastic educational videos which mainly focused on all over research process. I’m a student, I kindly ask and need your support. So, if it’s possible please send me the PDF format of all topic provided here, I put my email below, thank you!

Pauline

I am really grateful I found this website. This is very helpful for an MPA student like myself.

Adams Yusif

I’m clear with these two terminologies now. Useful information. I appreciate it. Thank you

Ushenese Roger Egin

I’m well inform about these two concepts in research. Thanks

Omotola

I found this really helpful. It is well explained. Thank you.

olufolake olumogba

very clear and useful. information important at start of research!!

Chris Omira

Wow, great information, clear and concise review of the differences between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Thank you! keep up the good work.

science

thank you so much. Educative and realistic.

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Conceptual Framework: Complete Guide With Definition, Tips, & Examples

Conceptual framework

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A conceptual framework is a structure that guides the research process and provides a basis for interpreting and analyzing data. It helps researchers to understand how various factors and variables interact with each other in a study. The conceptual framework allows to identify the most important aspects of a research topic and figure out how to go about investigating it. It's usually presented as a diagram or flowchart that shows how the different variables influence fit together.

If you are reading this, chances are you are engaged in serious research and wondering what a conceptual framework means and why it matters. One of the requirements when conducting a study or preparing a research proposal , whether you are a novice or experienced scholar, is writing a conceptual framework. Therefore, it is essential to have a clear understanding of what a conceptual framework is and how to develop it. This guide offers a detailed conceptual framework definition, describes a step-by-step process of creating it, highlights its importance in qualitative research, and identifies which types you can use. The article also provides conceptual framework examples and additional tips to enhance your research skills and help you grasp ways of presenting a scientific paper.  Alternatively, you can simply reach out to our professional dissertation writers and get your study finished for you effort-free.

What Is a Conceptual Framework: Definition

Conducting research is an integral part of life because it serves as a source of knowledge, innovation, and reliable information. It is also a demanding activity requiring one to assess information about specific issues. This is normally realized through formulating research questions or writing a hypothesis , investigating and analyzing data critically, and identifying solutions to a problem.  To ensure the study is presented coherently to readers, a conceptual framework must be created. It allows you to explain the elements of the work, provide a detailed and logical view of concepts, and highlight how the various components of a project are interrelated. Conceptual frameworks are usually used as visual depictions that help in clarifying and organizing ideas or identifying relationships that will be used in framing your work. They are considered a way of synthesizing existing knowledge and helping readers understand the issues a study is focusing on. Conceptual frameworks can be built around new ideas, existing viewpoints, or new interpretations of preexisting problems. The purpose of a conceptual framework is to create a structure that maps out interconnected concepts across the investigation.

Conceptual framework definition

Conceptual Framework in Research

The conceptual framework can be a confusing component of qualitative research . This term is often incorrectly used interchangeably with a theoretical model . However, the two differ in their basis and extent.  A conceptual framework is a broad representation of key concepts and their relationships that researchers develop based on their own experiences, observations, or ideas. It is used to organize and clarify ideas and variables within a study. On the other hand, a theoretical framework is based on established theories or models from prior research studies or academic literature. It provides a lens or perspective through which to view the research problem and guides the selection of research methods, data collection , and analysis. In essence, a conceptual framework is more subjective and developed by the researcher, while a theoretical framework is more objective and grounded in established theories or models.  Think of a conceptual framework in research as a bridge that connects the context, theory, and structure of your work. Specifically, you use it to integrate your knowledge of different aspects of an investigation and create a logical tool that shows how various distinct parts are interlinked. Ideally, you will reflect on this part when deliberating on the implications of your results.

Importance of Conceptual Frameworks

Now that you have a clear understanding of what a conceptual framework is in research and its role, it is essential to highlight the significance of conceptual frameworks. Here are some additional points to consider:

  • Offer a structure to organize your ideas about the research problem and look into your work’s objectives
  • Help address questions comprehensively by providing a basis for refining your research design and methodology
  • Function as a frame for choosing suitable techniques to assist in collecting and analyzing data, which directs your focus to relevant information
  • Act as a system that you use to identify, select, engage with, and integrate appropriate theories and studies
  • Make your findings understandable and relatable to other works
  • Keep you on track by simplifying and presenting the association between complex variables
  • Help conceptualize your position, reflect on how you approach an inquiry, and select relevant methodological direction
  • Serve as a mechanism for considering and thinking about the significance of your dissertation or thesis and further research in the field.

Types of Conceptual Framework

The different types of conceptual frameworks arise mainly because studies are unique and have various purposes. Scholars usually select the most suitable model based on their hypothesis and objectives. Note that no particular structure is superior to another since each fulfills a specific aim. Here is a list of conceptual framework styles you may be interested in:

  • Taxonomy Apply this in organizing your concepts logically or classifying relevant elements of a framework.
  • Conceptual model Is used as the basis for developing a conceptual framework by helping you establish a solid understanding of vital ideas.
  • Visual representation You can also create a visual map to illustrate how different thoughts are linked together in your work. Consider this as a mind map.
  • Mathematical description If your focus is on technical subjects such as computer science or mathematics, this one is for you. It allows to explain and gain insights into how mathematical objects or notations are related.
  • Working hypothesis Used for testing new ideas by focusing your study on specific details.
  • Descriptive categories Suitable for creating, organizing, and understanding complex systems/problems by dividing them into small units/parts.
  • Pillar questions Focuses on exploring factors influencing success within organizations.
  • Practical type Applicable to programming where it helps in developing, managing, and manipulating types such as their hierarchies, how they are related, or safety issues.
  • Models of operations research Emphasizes the scientific method when approaching research in which facts are established objectively through experimentation and testing.
  • Formal hypothesis Requires identifying an issue, relevant dependent and independent variables, and controls.

Conceptual Framework Example Diagram

Various sample illustrations can help you in developing your understanding if you need to learn more about how to write a conceptual framework. For instance, you can use a conceptual framework template and fill in your project’s details. This is a quick and effective way of presenting your underlying variables and elements, as well as demonstrating how they are related. Below is an example of a conceptual framework diagram.

How to Create a Conceptual Framework?

After learning the basics of creating a conceptual framework, it is necessary to start developing your own. This should be a straightforward undertaking if you follow the process described here below. Remember that it does not have to look exactly like others because factors such as amount of ideas to be incorporated, your research phenomenon, and the extent of your model must be considered. In this section, we offer a deeper description of how to develop a conceptual framework through a step-by-step process. 

1. Determine Key Concepts in Existing Literature

Commence developing a conceptual framework by examining the existing body of literature on your research topic to find key ideas that other researchers have used. Focus on specific factors described in publications that are important for your work or dissertation proposal , what the literature says about them, and how they are related. Also, you should attend to what you read by looking at section’s titles as this helps orient you in a direction of the most essential information. Besides, consider the beginning and end of a study because most authors respectively introduce and summarize important issues in these sections. Additionally, take note of recurring phrases or words in documents because the frequency with which some variables occur demonstrates their relative value and will point you toward that main concept.

2. Come Up With a Research Question

After conducting the literature review, you have insights into the main ideas surrounding your topic. A vital phase of developing your conceptual frame work that follows involves formulating a research question to guide the exploration. You need to be specific here by laying out specific details about the what, who, where, when, how , and why of your theme. Keep in mind that providing concise and defined answers to anything you come up with is essential at this stage. If you cannot address an issue wholly and accurately, create another one. This is important because a problem forms a foundation of the conceptual framework as it influences the selection of appropriate designs and approaches to be used in your work. For example, you can formulate a question such as: 

“What is the influence of service quality on service loyalty ?”

 Potential methods for a study here may include surveys, questionnaires, and an experiment.

3. Identify Your Independent and Dependent Variables

The next step, as you continue creating a conceptual framework, necessitates identifying your independent and dependent variables . This is usually done after you have explored other studies thoroughly and identified essential concepts for your work.  An independent variable is that which you can control, such as “ service quality ” from our previous example.  A dependent variable is what you will measure, e.g. “ service loyalty ”.  While the two differ, they are related directly because if one changes, the other acts correspondingly. As can be seen, the question formulated earlier determines the ideas selected in this part of developing a research paper , thesis, or dissertation conceptual framework.

4. Create a Model Representing Causal Relationship

Now that you have your essential variables, you must establish how they relate to each other. Note that any direct connection between them does not automatically mean that there is already a cause-and-effect type of association. You should still demonstrate how they affect each other. An effective technique here entails creating a visual representation with an arrow indicating how your ideas interact. This acts as the framework and conceptual map for a study that clarifies how an independent variable causes changes in your dependent variable.  A pictorial example of conceptual framework demonstrating a cause-and-effect relationship between service quality and service loyalty is provided below.

Causal relationship between variables in a conceptual framework

5. Include Other Variables

You also need to define other variables and include them in your conceptual framework. After reviewing other studies, you must have encountered numerous concepts that affect your topic. However, since you cannot select all the existing ideas for your research, it is important to focus on the most relevant ones. Additional variables that you should consider include:

Moderating Variables

Moderating variables are those that influence the relationship between your two main variables in the research conceptual framework by altering their strength or direction. They are represented by illustrating when or based on which conditions a certain effect is anticipated.  You can use them to reinforce, refute, or influence how your independent construct relates to the dependent one. This helps in determining your findings’ external validity.  Using moderating variables is beneficial as they demonstrate the association between different ideas in your topic, enhance your study design, and offer an explanation of why a specific outcome happened.  In turn, this provides more accurate and realistic findings by presenting insights into connotations that could otherwise not have been achieved. In our sample of conceptual framework in the research paper, the customer’s income is an example of a moderator variable .

Moderating variable in a conceptual model

Mediating Variables

Mediating variables are also essential in a conceptual framework because they help you understand the mechanism by which your two primary variables are connected. You can either include them in your research design, in which case the study will focus on changing the mediator, or in your findings to explain how a specific effect happened.  Mediating variables are usually caused by an independent variable and affect your dependent variable . This enables you to describe the kind of linkage between them. In turn, this contributes to determining the nature of your work more functionally and accurately.  Based on our previous question, an example of a mediator in a conceptual framework would be customer satisfaction .

Conceptual framework with a mediating variable

Control variables

You should also consider control variables in your conceptual framework. They allow you to define the factors under your control . These elements may potentially affect your project’s findings. However, they are not very important when developing your model, meaning that you will not be studying them.  Control variables have an ability to decrease the impact of other elements outside your work’s scope. This enhances your study’s validity by ensuring that nothing affects the relationship you are examining. As you continue learning about how to make a conceptual framework, remember that these variables are generally kept constant throughout the investigation.  You can depict them directly by altering only an independent construct, indirectly through random selection to lessen their influence, or statistically to isolate their effects.  An example of a control variable in a conceptual model is a health condition requiring a special diet.

Conceptual framework with a control variable

6. Revise Your Conceptual Framework

Now that you have followed all previous steps, the final phase is to edit and revise your conceptual framework and make any necessary changes. Regardless of how you demonstrate your model, ensure that all variables, including their names, are laid out. Also, make sure that your diagram illustrates connections between concepts using arrows, lines, and boxes. Remember that you should reflect on your research question at this stage as this makes the framework relevant to your topic.

Conceptual Framework Examples

At this point, you have what it takes to prepare your framework. However, you must examine numerous samples concerning your topic since this makes the creation process more accurate and significant. If you still need a better understanding of the entire process of developing a model, look at the following concrete examples of conceptual framework. Example of conceptual framework in research paper

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Tips on Developing a Conceptual Framework

Here are extra tips to help you make a conceptual framework:

  • Keep things simple by avoiding fancy designs during the development process.
  • Seek feedback and suggestions by sharing your model with the research panel or peers in your field. This leaves room for revisions and improvements based on the response you will get.
  • Always double-check whether you clearly understand your model’s objective.
  • Focus on your comprehension of different variables and how they relate to each other during the creation process.
  • Ensure that all the included concepts are aligned with your work’s aims.

Bottom Line on Conceptual Framework

In this article, you have learned what a conceptual framework is. Defining this term should not be troublesome now. It is a key part of any research study because it helps you articulate your main ideas, their relationship, and why your work is important.  The guide also offered an extensive description of this model’s role in research, its structure, and how to write a conceptual framework for your project. You can now start writing to practically secure grasping all the stated points. If you face any difficulties, look at the examples of conceptual framework templates offered here to reinforce your understanding.

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If you face any difficulties with creating a conceptual framework for dissertation or any other kind of research, don’t hesitate and ask for help from a team of professional academic writers. Buy dissertations written from scratch and have your study completed by an expert. 

FAQ on Conceptual Frameworks

1. what is the purpose of having a conceptual framework.

Use a conceptual framework as:

  • An analytical tool to examine the state of concepts or variables through research and how they interact.
  • A guide for identifying your study methodology and hypotheses.
  • An illustration of your research approach.
  • A way of generating new interpretations of a topic or concept.
  • A means for revealing gaps in knowledge.

2. Is a conceptual framework used in qualitative research?

The basic building blocks of a conceptual framework are concepts, not theories, as used in most quantitative studies. Thus, it is common for scholars to use a conceptual framework in qualitative research because of the exploratory nature of these kinds of investigations. Another reason is that a single concept often cannot address a topic fully in these types of inquiries. Therefore, several ideas and empirical evidence must be extracted, relationships among them highlighted, and their relevance to your investigation mentioned.

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conceptual framework in research template

The conceptual framework of your study is the system of concepts, assumptions, expectations, beliefs, and theories that supports and informs your research. It is a formulation of what you think is going on with what you are studying—a tentative theory of what is happening and why.

Theory provides a model or map of why the world is the way it is (Strauss & Corbin, 1990) The function of theory in your design is to inform the rest of the design. The “research problem” is a part of your conceptual framework, and formulating the research problem is often seen as a key task in designing your study. Ravitch & Riggan (2016) define a conceptual framework as an argument about why the topic one wishes to study matters, and why the means proposed to study it are appropriate and rigorous. By argument, they mean that a conceptual framework is a series of sequenced, logical propositions the purpose of which is to ground the study and convince readers of the study’s importance and rigor. Arguments for why a study “matters” vary greatly in scale, depending on the audience.

In some scholarly work, the study may only matter to a small, esoteric community, but that does not change the fact that its conceptual framework should argue for its relevance within that community. By appropriate and rigorous, they mean that a conceptual framework should argue convincingly that: (a) the research questions are an outgrowth of the argument for relevance; (b) the research design maps onto the study goals, questions, and context(s); (c) the data to be collected provide the researcher with the raw material needed to explore the research questions; and (d) the analytic approach allows the researcher(s) to effectively address (if not always answer) those questions. In order to start building the conceptual framework for your research project we truly recommend the following book: 

Ravitch, S. M., & Riggan, M. (2016). Reason & rigor : how conceptual frameworks guide research. Thousand Oaks : Sage Publications. The following figure represents and briefly explains the main components a conceptual framework should have. 

The following are questions that Ravitch & Riggan (2016) encourage you to explore in order to engage in a process of self-examination at the outset of your research and then iteratively throughout the research process. 

What is interesting to me and why? (In terms of my research topic) What personal and professional motivations do I have for engaging in this research? How might these motivations influence how I think about and approach the topic? What are my beliefs about the people, places, and ideas involved in and related to my study? Where do these beliefs come from? What assumptions underlie these beliefs? What orientations to the topic, setting, and concepts do I have? Where do these ideas come from? What is my sense of the relationship between the macro and micro sociopolitical circumstances in which people make meaning and choices in their lives? With respect to the participants in my study specifically? What is my "agenda" for taking up this topic in this setting at this time? (Having an agenda is not necessarily a bad thing. This may be the foundation of your argument!) What influences this agenda? What biases shape this agenda? How might my guiding agenda contribute, both positively and negatively, to my research design? Implementation? Analysis? Findings? What hunches do I have about what I might find and discover? What informs these hunches? What concerns, hopes, and expectations do I have for this research?

In addition to the responses to these questions, you can also take advantage of the goals defined in the second stage of the Hopscotch.  There are three types of goals for doing a study (Maxwell, 2008) that could help you shape your personal connection with the selected research topic:

  • Personal goals: those that motivate you to do this study; they can include a desire to change some existing situation, a curiosity about a specific phenomenon or event, or simply the need to advance your career.
  • Practical goals: are focused on accomplishing something—meeting some need, changing some situation, or achieving some goal.
  • Intellectual goals: re focused on understanding something, gaining some insight into what is going on and why this is happening

This second step is deeply related to the paradigmatic view or worldview that you will be bringing to the study as a researcher. Please have a look at information provided within the first step of Hopscotch ( Step 1: Paradigmatic View of the Researcher ) in order to understand the particularities of the main worldviews you might bring to your study.

The third and main component of your conceptual framework will be the review of literature.  The following  guides that have been generated by Dr. Olga Koz , Graduate Librarian at the Bagwell College of Education (Kennesaw State University) could be a great resource when working in the topical research and theoretical frameworks you will use to justify the relevance of your research topic and the need for the study you are proposing:  

  • Literature Review for a Dissertation: a step-by-step guide
  • Databases in education
  • How to identify scholarly articles  
  • Searching for education literature
  • Finding Sources

Ravitch & Riggan (2016)  propose two different sub-components in your literature review: a) Topical Research and; b) Theoretical Frameworks. 

"Topical research refers to previous work (most often empirical) that has focused on the topic in which you are interested. While much of this work resides within academic journals and books, it may also be found in policy or government research, or in reports produced through foundations, nonprofits, and advocacy organizations." 

They understand  a theoretical framework "as a set of formal theories and their relationships, that helps you to fill the intellectual bins that make up your conceptual framework." 

The following resource will be of help to identify topical research and theoretical frameworks to justify the relevance of your research topic, its pertinence and its theoretical roots.

will help you build a visual representation of the topics emerging from 10 key readings that are deeply related with your research topic. The generated visual will also help you differentiate between the topical research and theoretical frameworks that will serve you to start building the conceptual framework for your research project. After filling out the form you will receive an email including a pdf document with a visual representation of the work done, as well as a link for you to modify your answers as many times as needed. In the following link you can see an example of the type of document you will get after filling out the form: The visual representation generated will help you build the literature review for your research project. To identify the 10 articles which are most related to your research topic, or that inform your conceptual framework, you will have to read many more than 10. All articles must be primary sources and from peer-reviewed/refereed journals. To do so you can use any of the resources that we have included in the tables below (Resource to identify key topics in your field of research: Open Knowledge Map; Resource to graphically build your conceptual framework; Research guides; Science of Science (Sci2)). You don´t have to use all of the resources provided, just the ones you believe could help you the most based on your previous knowledge. For instance, if you already know how to conduct a literature review, or how to identify scholarly articles, you might not have to use the "Research Guides." On the contrary, if you want to identify existing publications regarding your research topic, you might want to use the "Databases in Education," and "Open Knowledge Maps." The following figure shows an example of the type of visual representation you will get after
With " " you will be able to search for key concepts related to your research topic in order to generate a visual representation that will help you identify publications addressing that particular key concept.
The is a modular toolset specifically designed for the study of science. It supports the temporal, geospatial, topical, and network analysis and visualization of scholarly datasets at the micro (individual), meso (local), and macro (global) levels. This tool can be used to conduct thorough literature reviews. 
The following  guides that have been generated by , Graduate Librarian at the (Kennesaw State University) could be a great resource when working in the topical research and theoretical frameworks you will use to justify the relevance of your research topic and the need for the study you are proposing:    
One key component of your conceptual framework will be the "Problem Statement." You can use to define it after having conducted your review of literature.
You can use to create a visual representation of the main components that should be included in the conceptual framework of your research project. In order to be able to use the template, you will have to log in your Google account so the system can ask you to make a copy of it. 

conceptual framework in research template

The following AI tools can assist you in step 9 of the process of generating your design:

Google Bard can be used to identify potential ethical principles a researcher could define to ethically conduct a given study.

For instance, we could use the following prompt: What principles could a researcher define to ethically conduct a qualitative case study regarding the long-term impact of competency-based assessment on secondary education students in a secondary school in Marietta (Georgia)?

conceptual framework in research template

The following AI tools can assist you in step 8 of the process of generating your design:

Google Bard can be used to identify potential strategies we could implement as researchers to ensure the trustworthiness/validity of a given study.

For instance, we could use the following prompt: What strategies could a researcher use to ensure the trustworthiness qualitative case study regarding the long-term impact of competency-based assessment on secondary education students in a secondary school in Marietta (Georgia).

conceptual framework in research template

The following AI tools can assist you in step 7 of the process of generating your design:

AI data analysis is on the rise. For instance,  the AI module of Atlas.ti can be used to analyze qualitative data.

The following AI tools can assist you in step 5 of the process of generating your design:

Consensus could be used to identify research questions that have been used in previously published studies. Consensus is an AI-powered search engine designed to take in research questions, find relevant insights within research papers, and synthesize the results using large language models. It is not a chatbot. Consensus only searches through peer-reviewed scientific research articles to find the most credible insights to your queries.

AI: Google Bard could be used to identify potential questions for a particular research tradition or design.

For instance, we could use the following prompt: Generate examples of research questions that could be used to drive a qualitative case study regarding the long-term impact of competency-based assessment on secondary education students in a secondary school in Marietta (Georgia).

The following AI tools can assist you in step 4 of the process of generating your design:

Google Bard could be used to help users of Hopscotch understand the differences between research traditions for a certain topic.

For instance, we could use the following prompt:   Generate a brief description of the key elements of a qualitative case study research design regarding the long-term impact of competency-based assessment on secondary education students in a secondary school in Marietta (Georgia). To do this, use the following nine steps proposed by the Hopscotch Model:

Step 1: Paradigmatic View of the Researcher

Step 2: Topics & Goals of the Study

Step 3: Conceptual framework of the study

Step 4: Research Design/tradition

Step 5: Research Questions

Step 6: Data Gathering Methods

Step 7: Data Analysis

Step 8: Trustworthiness/Validity

Step 9: Ethics driving the study

The following AI tools can assist you in step 3 of the process of generating your design:

AI: ResearchRabbit is a scholarly publication discovery tool supported by artificial intelligence (AI). The tool is designed to support your research without you switching between searching modes and databases, a process that is time-consuming and often escalates into further citation mining; a truly unpleasant rabbit hole (and that’s what inspired the name ResearchRabbit)

AI: 2Dsearch  is a radical alternative to conventional ‘advanced search’. Instead of entering Boolean strings into one-dimensional search boxes, queries are formulated by manipulating objects on a two-dimensional canvas. This eliminates syntax errors, makes the query semantics more transparent, and offers new ways to collaborate, share, and optimize search strategies and best practices.

Welcome to ResearchRabbit from ResearchRabbit on Vimeo .

The following AI tools can assist you in step 2 of the process of generating your design:

AI: Consensus could be used to assist users in the identification of relevant topics that have been published in peer-reviewed articles. Consensus is an AI-powered search engine designed to take in research questions, find relevant insights within research papers, and synthesize the results using large language models. It is not a chatbot. Consensus only searches through peer-reviewed scientific research articles to find the most credible insights to your queries.

AI: Carrot2 could be used to identify potential research topics. Carrot2  organizes your search results into topics. With an instant overview of what’s available, you will quickly find what you’re looking for.

The following AI tools can assist you in step 1 of the process of generating your design:

You could use Google Bard , Perplexity , or ChatGPT , to ask for the differences between the key wordlviews that a researcher can bring to a given study.

For instance, we could use the following prompt:   What are the defining characteristics of the main worldviews or paradigmatic positioning (positivistic worldviews, post-positivistic worldview; constructivistic worldview; transformative worldview, and; pragmatic worldview) a researcher can bring to a given study?

conceptual framework in research template

The following AI tools can assist you in step 6 of the process of generating your design:

We could use Google Bard to develop a draft of a data collection protocol for a given study.

For instance, we could use the following prompt: Generate an interview protocol for students involved in a qualitative case study regarding the long-term impact of competency-based assessment on secondary education students in a secondary school in Marietta (Georgia).

conceptual framework in research template

You can use the following AI tools to assist you in the process of generating your design:

Step 1: Paradigmatic View of the Researcher 

AI: You could use Google Bard , Perplexity , or ChatGPT , to ask for the differences between the key wordlviews that a researcher can bring to a given study.  

Step 2: Topics & Goals of the Study

AI: Google Bard could be used to help users of Hopscotch understand the differences between research traditions for a certain topic.  

AI: Consensus could be used to identify research questions that have been used in previously published studies. Consensus is an AI-powered search engine designed to take in research questions, find relevant insights within research papers, and synthesize the results using large language models. It is not a chatbot. Consensus only searches through peer-reviewed scientific research articles to find the most credible insights to your queries.

AI: We could use Google Bard to develop a draft of a data collection protocol for a given study.

AI: We could use the AI module of Atlas.ti to analyze qualitative data

AI: Google Bard could be used to identify potential strategies we could implement as researchers to ensure the trustworthiness/validity of a given study.

AI: Google Bard   could be used to identify potential ethical principles a researcher could define to ethically conduct a given study.

Consensus uses AI to find answers in research papers. You can search for previous research in your field of study that might be helpful to better support the relevance of your research topic and the need to conduct the study that you are proposing. The best way to search is to ask a question.

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  • Narrowing Your Topic
  • Problem Statement
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Defining The Conceptual Framework

Making a conceptual framework, conceptual framework for dmft students, conceptual framework guide, example frameworks, additional framework resources.

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What is it?

  • The researcher’s understanding/hypothesis/exploration of either an existing framework/model or how existing concepts come together to inform a particular problem. Shows the reader how different elements come together to facilitate research and a clear understanding of results.
  • Informs the research questions/methodology (problem statement drives framework drives RQs drives methodology)
  • A tool (linked concepts) to help facilitate the understanding of the relationship among concepts or variables in relation to the real-world. Each concept is linked to frame the project in question.
  • Falls inside of a larger theoretical framework (theoretical framework = explains the why and how of a particular phenomenon within a particular body of literature).
  • Can be a graphic or a narrative – but should always be explained and cited
  • Can be made up of theories and concepts

What does it do?

  • Explains or predicts the way key concepts/variables will come together to inform the problem/phenomenon
  • Gives the study direction/parameters
  • Helps the researcher organize ideas and clarify concepts
  • Introduces your research and how it will advance your field of practice. A conceptual framework should include concepts applicable to the field of study. These can be in the field or neighboring fields – as long as important details are captured and the framework is relevant to the problem. (alignment)

What should be in it?

  • Variables, concepts, theories, and/or parts of other existing frameworks

How to make a conceptual framework

  • With a topic in mind, go to the body of literature and start identifying the key concepts used by other studies. Figure out what’s been done by other researchers, and what needs to be done (either find a specific call to action outlined in the literature or make sure your proposed problem has yet to be studied in your specific setting). Use what you find needs to be done to either support a pre-identified problem or craft a general problem for study. Only rely on scholarly sources for this part of your research.
  • Begin to pull out variables, concepts, theories, and existing frameworks explained in the relevant literature.
  • If you’re building a framework, start thinking about how some of those variables, concepts, theories, and facets of existing frameworks come together to shape your problem. The problem could be a situational condition that requires a scholar-practitioner approach, the result of a practical need, or an opportunity to further an applicational study, project, or research. Remember, if the answer to your specific problem exists, you don’t need to conduct the study.
  • The actionable research you’d like to conduct will help shape what you include in your framework. Sketch the flow of your Applied Doctoral Project from start to finish and decide which variables are truly the best fit for your research.
  • Create a graphic representation of your framework (this part is optional, but often helps readers understand the flow of your research) Even if you do a graphic, first write out how the variables could influence your Applied Doctoral Project and introduce your methodology. Remember to use APA formatting in separating the sections of your framework to create a clear understanding of the framework for your reader.
  • As you move through your study, you may need to revise your framework.
  • Note for qualitative/quantitative research: If doing qualitative, make sure your framework doesn’t include arrow lines, which could imply causal or correlational linkages.
  • Conceptural and Theoretical Framework for DMFT Students This document is specific to DMFT students working on a conceptual or theoretical framework for their applied project.
  • Conceptual Framework Guide Use this guide to determine the guiding framework for your applied dissertation research.

Let’s say I’ve just taken a job as manager of a failing restaurant. Throughout the first week, I notice the few customers they have are leaving unsatisfied. I need to figure out why and turn the establishment into a thriving restaurant. I get permission from the owner to do a study to figure out exactly what we need to do to raise levels of customer satisfaction. Since I have a specific problem and want to make sure my research produces valid results, I go to the literature to find out what others are finding about customer satisfaction in the food service industry. This particular restaurant is vegan focused – and my search of the literature doesn’t say anything specific about how to increase customer service in a vegan atmosphere, so I know this research needs to be done.

I find out there are different types of satisfaction across other genres of the food service industry, and the one I’m interested in is cumulative customer satisfaction. I then decide based on what I’m seeing in the literature that my definition of customer satisfaction is the way perception, evaluation, and psychological reaction to perception and evaluation of both tangible and intangible elements of the dining experience come together to inform customer expectations. Essentially, customer expectations inform customer satisfaction.

I then find across the literature many variables could be significant in determining customer satisfaction. Because the following keep appearing, they are the ones I choose to include in my framework: price, service, branding (branched out to include physical environment and promotion), and taste. I also learn by reading the literature, satisfaction can vary between genders – so I want to make sure to also collect demographic information in my survey. Gender, age, profession, and number of children are a few demographic variables I understand would be helpful to include based on my extensive literature review.

Note: this is a quantitative study. I’m including all variables in this study, and the variables I am testing are my independent variables. Here I’m working to see how each of the independent variables influences (or not) my dependent variable, customer satisfaction. If you are interested in qualitative study, read on for an example of how to make the same framework qualitative in nature.

Also note: when you create your framework, you’ll need to cite each facet of your framework. Tell the reader where you got everything you’re including. Not only is it in compliance with APA formatting, but also it raises your credibility as a researcher. Once you’ve built the narrative around your framework, you may also want to create a visual for your reader.

See below for one example of how to illustrate your framework:

conceptual framework in research template

If you’re interested in a qualitative study, be sure to omit arrows and other notations inferring statistical analysis. The only time it would be inappropriate to include a framework in qualitative study is in a grounded theory study, which is not something you’ll do in an applied doctoral study.

A visual example of a qualitative framework is below:

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Some additional helpful resources in constructing a conceptual framework for study:

  • Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework, and Research Question. McGaghie, W. C.; Bordage, G.; and J. A. Shea (2001). Problem Statement, Conceptual Framework, and Research Question. Retrieved on January 5, 2015 from http://goo.gl/qLIUFg
  • Building a Conceptual Framework: Philosophy, Definitions, and Procedure
  • https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/conceptual-framework/
  • https://www.projectguru.in/developing-conceptual-framework-in-a-research-paper/

Conceptual Framework Research

A conceptual framework is a synthetization of interrelated components and variables which help in solving a real-world problem. It is the final lens used for viewing the deductive resolution of an identified issue (Imenda, 2014). The development of a conceptual framework begins with a deductive assumption that a problem exists, and the application of processes, procedures, functional approach, models, or theory may be used for problem resolution (Zackoff et al., 2019). The application of theory in traditional theoretical research is to understand, explain, and predict phenomena (Swanson, 2013). In applied research the application of theory in problem solving focuses on how theory in conjunction with practice (applied action) and procedures (functional approach) frames vision, thinking, and action towards problem resolution. The inclusion of theory in a conceptual framework is not focused on validation or devaluation of applied theories. A concise way of viewing the conceptual framework is a list of understood fact-based conditions that presents the researcher’s prescribed thinking for solving the identified problem. These conditions provide a methodological rationale of interrelated ideas and approaches for beginning, executing, and defining the outcome of problem resolution efforts (Leshem & Trafford, 2007).

The term conceptual framework and theoretical framework are often and erroneously used interchangeably (Grant & Osanloo, 2014). Just as with traditional research, a theory does not or cannot be expected to explain all phenomenal conditions, a conceptual framework is not a random identification of disparate ideas meant to incase a problem. Instead it is a means of identifying and constructing for the researcher and reader alike an epistemological mindset and a functional worldview approach to the identified problem.

Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your “House. ” Administrative Issues Journal: Connecting Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12–26

Imenda, S. (2014). Is There a Conceptual Difference between Theoretical and Conceptual Frameworks? Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi/Journal of Social Sciences, 38(2), 185.

Leshem, S., & Trafford, V. (2007). Overlooking the conceptual framework. Innovations in Education & Teaching International, 44(1), 93–105. https://doi-org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1080/14703290601081407

Swanson, R. (2013). Theory building in applied disciplines . San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.

Zackoff, M. W., Real, F. J., Klein, M. D., Abramson, E. L., Li, S.-T. T., & Gusic, M. E. (2019). Enhancing Educational Scholarship Through Conceptual Frameworks: A Challenge and Roadmap for Medical Educators . Academic Pediatrics, 19(2), 135–141. https://doi-org.proxy1.ncu.edu/10.1016/j.acap.2018.08.003

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Conceptual Framework in Research Template

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    Download. This conceptual framework in research is commonly used to refer to the overall structure that shapes a research project. A conceptual framework in research is similar to a road map for your study, assisting you in visualizing and carrying out your research project. It defines the variables for your analysis and shows how they may be ...

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    Published on 2022-09-22. Download. Download EdrawMax. Edit Online. For any scientific or research study, it is important to establish a clear, comprehensive conceptual framework. This outlines the key concepts of the research, such as topics and objectives, as well as how they are related and the algorithms used to gather data. A good template ...