Rainwater Harvesting: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

Journal title, series/report no., journal issn, volume title, description, collections.

ncsu libraries snapchat bitmoji

A Systematic Literature Review on Rainwater Quality Influenced by Atmospheric Conditions with a Focus on Bangladesh

  • Conference paper
  • First Online: 15 November 2023
  • Cite this conference paper

literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

  • Md. Arif Hossen   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3635-3011 6 ,
  • M. Salauddin   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0001-5021-9236 7 &
  • Mohammad A. H. Badsha   ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0002-2561-3685 8  

Part of the book series: Environmental Science and Engineering ((ESE))

Included in the following conference series:

  • Asia Conference on Environment and Sustainable Development

95 Accesses

Rainwater quality is often influenced by atmospheric conditions, roofing materials, meteorological parameters, and their interactions. Data and knowledge on rainwater quality are crucial for the sustainable management of water resources and safeguarding public health. Notwithstanding, while several studies investigated the potential application of rainwater harvesting, detailed investigations on rainwater quality are still limited in Bangladesh. This systematic literature review examines the source apportionment of physicochemical parameters and trace elements in pure rainwater, with a detailed focus on Bangladesh. For the reviewed literature, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn were primary heavy metals in rainwater, with their concentrations accounting for around 90% of the total. When examining the association among physicochemical parameters and trace metals, the reviewed works showed that nitrate, sulphate, and acidity of the rainwater samples showed a strong positive correlation with most trace metals, while NH 4 + and Cl – mostly showed negative correlations with the metals. The results of this review study highlighted that further research on the influence of atmospheric conditions on rainwater quality, the presence of heavy metals in rainwater and the relationship between air quality and rainwater composition are still needed to provide a better assessment of the suitability of rainwater as a potable water source for the studied area.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Ali S, Zhang S, Yue T (2020) Environmental and economic assessment of rainwater harvesting systems under five climatic conditions of Pakistan. J Clean Prod 259:120829

Article   Google Scholar  

Khanal G, Thapa A, Devkota N, Paudel UR (2020) A review on harvesting and harnessing rainwater: an alternative strategy to cope with drinking water scarcity. Water Supply 20(8):2951–2963

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Pari L, Suardi A, Stefanoni W, Latterini F, Palmieri N (2021) Economic and environmental assessment of two different rainwater harvesting systems for agriculture. Sustainability 13(7):3871

Hamilton K et al (2019) A global review of the microbiological quality and potential health risks associated with roof-harvested rainwater tanks. NPJ Clean Water 2(1):1–8

Alim MA, Rahman A, Tao Z, Samali B, Khan MM, Shirin S (2020) Suitability of roof harvested rainwater for potential potable water production: a scoping review. J Clean Prod 248:119226

de Lambert JR, Walsh JF, Scher DP, Firnstahl AD, Borchardt MA (2021) Microbial pathogens and contaminants of emerging concern in groundwater at an urban subsurface stormwater infiltration site. Sci Total Environ 775:145738

Al-Batsh N et al (2019) Assessment of rainwater harvesting systems in poor rural communities: a case study from Yatta Area, Pllestine. Water 11(3):585

Hofman-Caris R et al (2019) Rainwater harvesting for drinking water production: a sustainable and cost-effective solution in the Netherlands? Water 11(3):511

Norman M, Shafri HZ, Mansor SB, Yusuf B (2019) Review of remote sensing and geospatial technologies in estimating rooftop rainwater harvesting (RRWH) quality. Int Soil Water Conserv Res 7:266–274

Domènech L, Heijnen H, Saurí D (2012) Rainwater harvesting for human consumption and livelihood improvement in rural Nepal: benefits and risks. Water Environ J 26:465–472

Campisano A et al (2017) Urban rainwater harvesting systems: research, implementation and future perspectives. Water Res 115:195–209

Gao B, Ouyang W, Cheng H, Xu Y, Lin C, Chen J (2019) Interactions between rainfall and fine particulate matter investigated by simultaneous chemical composition measurements in downtown Beijing. Atmos Environ 218:117000

Abdullah SN et al (2021) Estimation of rainwater harvesting by the reflectance of the purity index of rainfall. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:35613–35627

Wang L et al (2021) A long-term chemical characteristics and source apportionment of atmospheric rainfall in a northwest megacity of Xi’an. China Environ Sci Pollut Res 28:31207–31217

Towfiqul Islam AR, Rahman MS, Khatun R, Hu Z (2020) Spatiotemporal trends in the frequency of daily rainfall in Bangladesh during 1975–2017. Theor Appl Climatol 141:869–887

Nashwan MS, Shahid S, Wang X (2019) Uncertainty in estimated trends using gridded rainfall data: a case study of Bangladesh. Water 11:349

Das S, Islam AR (2021) Assessment of mapping of annual average rainfall in a tropical country like Bangladesh: remotely sensed output vs. kriging estimate. Theor Appl Climatol 146:111–23

Google Scholar  

Mullick MR, Nur RM, Alam MJ, Islam KA (2019) Observed trends in temperature and rainfall in Bangladesh using pre-whitening approach. Glob Planet Change 172:104–113

Ayers JC et al (2016) Sources of salinity and arsenic in groundwater in southwest Bangladesh. Geochem Trans 17(1):1–22

Shamsudduha M, Joseph G, Haque SS, Khan MR, Zahid A, Ahmed KM (2020) Multi-hazard groundwater risks to water supply from shallow depths: challenges to achieving the sustainable development goals in Bangladesh. Expos Health 12:657–670

Uddin MJ, Jeong YK (2021) Urban River pollution in Bangladesh during last 40 years: potential public health and ecological risk, present policy, and future prospects toward smart water management. Heliyon 7:e06107

Rahman S, Khan MT, Akib S, Din NB, Biswas SK, Shirazi SM (2014) Sustainability of rainwater harvesting system in terms of water quality. Sci World J 721357

Akter A, Ahmed S (2015) Potentiality of rainwater harvesting for an urban community in Bangladesh. J Hydrol 528:84–93

Islam MM, Afrin S, Tarek MH, Rahman MM (2021) Reliability and financial feasibility assessment of a community rainwater harvesting system considering precipitation variability due to climate change. J Environ Manage 289:112507

Aghaloo K, Chiu YR (2020) Identifying optimal sites for a rainwater-harvesting agricultural scheme in Iran using the Best-Worst Method and fuzzy logic in a GIS-based decision support system. Water 12:1913

Akter A, Ahmed S (2021) Rainwater harvesting potentials for a water-scarce city in Bangladesh. Proc Inst Civ Eng-Water Manag 174:84–98

Hashim HQ, Sayl KN (2021) Detection of suitable sites for rainwater harvesting planning in an arid region using geographic information system. Appl Geomat 13:235–248

Yannopoulos S, Giannopoulou I, Kaiafa-Saropoulou M (2019) Investigation of the current situation and prospects for the development of rainwater harvesting as a tool to confront water scarcity worldwide. Water 11:2168

Benneyworth L et al (2016) Drinking water insecurity: water quality and access in coastal south-western Bangladesh. Int J Environ Health Res 26(5–6):508–524

Rakib MA, Sasaki J, Matsuda H, Fukunaga M (2019) Severe salinity contamination in drinking water and associated human health hazards increase migration risk in the southwestern coastal part of Bangladesh. J Environ Manage 240:238–248

Tripathee L et al (2020) Measurement of mercury, other trace elements and major ions in wet deposition at Jomsom: the semi-arid mountain valley of the Central Himalaya. Atmos Res 234:104691

Garaga R, Chakraborty S, Zhang H, Gokhale S, Xue Q, Kota SH (2020) Influence of anthropogenic emissions on wet deposition of pollutants and rainwater acidity in Guwahati, a UNESCO heritage city in Northeast India. Atmos Res 232:104683

Liyandeniya AB, Deeyamulla MP, Priyantha N (2020) Source apportionment of rainwater chemical composition in wet precipitation at Kelaniya in Sri Lanka. Air Qual Atmos Health 13(12):1497–1504

Paul S, Ghosh S, Mathew M, Devanand A, Karmakar S, Niyogi D (2018) Increased spatial variability and intensification of extreme monsoon rainfall due to urbanization. Sci Rep 8(1):1–10

Veremchuk LV, Yankova VI, Vitkina TI, Nazarenko AV, Golokhvast KS (2016) Urban air pollution, climate and its impact on asthma morbidity. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 6(1):76–79

Sarkar S, Chauhan A, Kumar R, Singh RP (2019) Impact of deadly dust storms (May 2018) on air quality, meteorological, and atmospheric parameters over the northern parts of India. GeoHealth 3:67–80

Martinson B, Thomas T (2003) Improving water quality by design. In: 11th international conference on rainwater catchment systems. Mexico City, Mexico

Abbasi T, Abbasi SA (2011) Sources of pollution in rooftop rainwater harvesting systems and their control. Crit Rev Environ Sci Technol 41(23):2097–2167

Xiao HW, Xiao HY, Long AM, Wang YL, Liu CQ (2013) Chemical composition and source apportionment of rainwater at Guiyang, SW China. J Atmos Chem 70(3):269–281

Ma CJ, Kang GU (2019) The chemical nature of individual size-resolved raindrops and their residual particles collected during high atmospheric loading for PM 2.5. In: Rainfall-Extremes, Distribution and Properties, IntechOpen

Tao WK, Chen JP, Li Z, Wang C, Zhang C (2012) Impact of aerosols on convective clouds and precipitation. Rev Geophys 50:1–62

Yang L, Mukherjee S, Pandithurai G, Waghmare V, Safai PD (2019) Influence of dust and sea-salt sandwich effect on precipitation chemistry over the Western Ghats during summer monsoon. Sci Rep 9(1):1–13

Charlson RJ, Rodhe H (1982) Factors controlling the acidity of natural rainwater. Nature 295:683–685

González CM, Aristizábal BH (2012) Acid rain and particulate matter dynamics in a mid-sized Andean city: The effect of rain intensity on ion scavenging. Atmos Environ 60:164–171

Parworth C et al (2015) Long-term measurements of sub-micrometer aerosol chemistry at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) using an Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). Atmos Environ 106:43–55

Vieira-Filho MS, Pedrotti JJ, Fornaro A (2013) Contribution of long and mid-range transport on the sodium and potassium concentrations in rainwater samples, São Paulo megacity, Brazil. Atmos Environ 79:299–307

Bhuyan P, Ahmed MS, Hopke PK, Hoque RR (2020) Understanding the chemistry and sources of precipitation ions in the mid-Brahmaputra valley of Northeastern India. Aerosol Air Qual Res 20:2690–2704

Bisht DS et al (2017) Chemical characterization of rainwater at a high-altitude site “Nainital” in the central Himalayas. India Environ Sci Pollut Res 24(4):3959–3969

Kumar P, Yadav S, Kumar A (2014) Sources and processes governing rainwater chemistry in New Delhi, India. Nat Hazards 74:2147–2162

Mouli PC, Mohan SV, Reddy SJ (2005) Rainwater chemistry at a regional representative urban site: influence of terrestrial sources on ionic composition. Atmos Environ 39(6):999–1008

Al Obaidy AH, Joshi H (2006) Chemical composition of rainwater in a tropical urban area of northern India. Atmos Environ 40(35):6886–6891

Meng Y et al (2019) Characterization of inorganic ions in rainwater in the megacity of Shanghai: spatiotemporal variations and source apportionment. Atmos Res 222:12–24

Li YC et al (2016) Chemical characteristics of rainwater in Sichuan basin, a case study of Ya’an. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23(13):13088–13099

Zhang N, He Y, Cao J, Ho K, Shen Z (2012) Long-term trends in chemical composition of precipitation at Lijiang, southeast Tibetan Plateau, southwestern China. Atmos Res 106:50–60

Lu X, Li LY, Li N, Yang G, Luo D, Chen J (2011) Chemical characteristics of spring rainwater of Xi’an city. NW China Atmos Environ 45:5058–5063

Hu GP, Balasubramanian R (2003) Wet deposition of trace metals in Singapore. Water Air Soil Pollut 144(1):285–300

Cao YZ, Wang S, Zhang G, Luo J, Lu S (2009) Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou. South China Atmos Res 94(3):462–469

Cheng MC, You CF (2010) Sources of major ions and heavy metals in rainwater associated with typhoon events in southwestern Taiwan. J Geochem Explor 105(3):106–116

Tay JH, Jaafar S, Tahir NM (2014) Ionic composition of rainwater at selected sites of Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia: a preliminary study. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 92:329–333

Mehr MR, Keshavarzi B, Sorooshian A (2019) Influence of natural and urban emissions on rainwater chemistry at a southwestern Iran coastal site. Sci Total Environ 668:1213–1221

Al-Khashman OA (2009) Chemical characteristics of rainwater collected at a western site of Jordan. Atmos Res 91(1):53–61

Al-Khashman OA (2005) Study of chemical composition in wet atmospheric precipitation in Eshidiya area, Jordan. Atmos Environ 39:6175–6183

Moreda-Piñeiro J et al (2014) Influence of marine, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources on ionic and metallic composition of rainwater at a suburban site (northwest coast of Spain). Atmos Environ 88:30–38

Calvo AI et al (2010) Chemical composition of wet precipitation at the background EMEP station in Víznar (Granada, Spain) (2002–2006). Atmos Res 96(2–3):408–420

Báez A, Belmont R, García R, Padilla H, Torres MD (2007) Chemical composition of rainwater collected at a southwest site of Mexico City, Mexico. Atmos Res 86:61–75

Martins EH, Nogarotto DC, Mortatti J, Pozza SA (2019) Chemical composition of rainwater in an urban area of the southeast of Brazil. Atmos Pollut Res 10:520–530

Honório BA, Horbe AM, Seyler P (2010) Chemical composition of rainwater in western Amazonia—Brazil. Atmos Res 98(2–4):416–425

Keresztesi Á et al (2020) Assessing the variations in the chemical composition of rainwater and air masses using the zonal and meridional index. Atmos Res 237:104846

Arsene C, Olariu RI, Mihalopoulos N (2007) Chemical composition of rainwater in the northeastern Romania, Iasi region (2003–2006). Atmos Environ 41(40):9452–9467

Efe SI (2010) Spatial variation in acid and some heavy metal composition of rainwater harvesting in the oil-producing region of Nigeria. Nat Hazards 55(2):307–319

ECR (1997) Environmental Conservation Rules, Department of Environment. Ministry of Environment and Forest. People’s Republic of Bangladesh

WHO (2008) World Health Organization guidelines for drinking water quality, 197–209. World Health Organisation Publication, New York

Badsha MA, Khan M, Wu B, Kumar A, Lo IM (2021) Role of surface functional groups of hydrogels in metal adsorption: from performance to mechanism. J Hazard Mater 408:124463

Al-Khatib IA et al (2019) Health risk associated with some trace and some heavy metals content of harvested rainwater in Yatta area. Palestine. Water 11(2):238

CAS   Google Scholar  

Cheng MC, You CF, Lin FJ, Huang KF, Chung CH (2011) Sources of Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in rainwater at a subtropical islet offshore northern Taiwan. Atmos Environ 45(11):1919–1928

Huston R, Chan YC, Chapman H, Gardner T, Shaw G (2012) Source apportionment of heavy metals and ionic contaminants in rainwater tanks in a subtropical urban area in Australia. Water Res 46(4):1121–1132

Kamani H, Hoseini M, Safari GH, Jaafari J, Mahvi AH (2014) Study of trace elements in wet atmospheric precipitation in Tehran, Iran. Environ Monit Assess 186(8):5059–5067

Sharma P, Rai V (2018) Assessment of rainwater chemistry in the Lucknow metropolitan city. App Water Sci 8(2):1–14

Hossen MA, Hoque A, Salauddin M, Pal SK, Muktadir MG, Jahan H (2021) Evaluation of physicochemical and trace metal qualities of rainwater in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. J Water Supply Res Technol Aqua 70(5):757–772

Valappil NK, Viswanathan PM, Hamza V (2020) Chemical characteristics of rainwater in the tropical rainforest region in northwestern Borneo. Environ Sci Pollut Res 27(29):36994–7010

Lee JY, Yang JS, Han M, Choi J (2010) Comparison of the microbiological and chemical characterization of harvested rainwater and reservoir water as alternative water resources. Sci Total Environ 408:896–905

Rivera-Rivera DM, Escobedo-Urías DC, Jonathan MP, Sujitha SB, Chidambaram S (2020) Evidence of natural and anthropogenic impacts on rainwater trace metal geochemistry in central Mexico: a statistical approach. Water 12:192

García R, Belmont R, Padilla H, Torres MC, Báez A (2009) Trace metals and inorganic ion measurements in rain from Mexico City and a nearby rural area. Chem Ecol 25(2):71–86

Al-Momani IF (2003) Trace elements in atmospheric precipitation at Northern Jordan measured by ICP-MS: acidity and possible sources. Atmos Environ 37(32):4507–4515

Montoya-Mayor R, Fernández-Espinosa AJ, Seijo-Delgado I, Ternero-Rodríguez M (2013) Determination of soluble ultra-trace metals and metalloids in rainwater and atmospheric deposition fluxes: a 2-year survey and assessment. Chemosphere 92:882–891

Sabin LD, Lim JH, Stolzenbach KD, Schiff KC (2005) Contribution of trace metals from atmospheric deposition to stormwater runoff in a small impervious urban catchment. Water Res 39(16):3929–3937

Lo AG, Gould J (2015) Rainwater harvesting: global overview. Rainwater Harvest Agric Water Supply 213–33

Pal SK, Masum MMH, Salauddin M, Hossen MA, Ruva IJ, Akhie AA (2023) Appraisal of stormwater-induced runoff quality influenced by site-specific land use patterns in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(13):36112–36126. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24806-8

Hossen A, Salauddin M, Hoque A, Pal SK (2021) Assessment of source apportionment and composition of trace elements in rainwater in the south-eastern region of Bangladesh. In EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts 2021 Apr (pp. EGU21-635)

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Center for Environmental Science and Engineering Research (CESER), Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology (CUET), Chattogram, Bangladesh

Md. Arif Hossen

UCD Dooge Centre for Water Resources Research, UCD School of Civil Engineering, and, UCD Earth Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland

M. Salauddin

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly), San Luis Obispo, CA, USA

Mohammad A. H. Badsha

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Salauddin .

Editor information

Editors and affiliations.

Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan

Keiji Ujikawa

Japan International Cooperation Agency, Tokyo, Japan

Mikio Ishiwatari

Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris, University of Paris, Paris, France

Eric van Hullebusch

Ethics declarations

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this paper

Cite this paper.

Hossen, M.A., Salauddin, M., Badsha, M.A.H. (2023). A Systematic Literature Review on Rainwater Quality Influenced by Atmospheric Conditions with a Focus on Bangladesh. In: Ujikawa, K., Ishiwatari, M., Hullebusch, E.v. (eds) Environment and Sustainable Development. ACESD 2022. Environmental Science and Engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4101-8_5

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-4101-8_5

Published : 15 November 2023

Publisher Name : Springer, Singapore

Print ISBN : 978-981-99-4100-1

Online ISBN : 978-981-99-4101-8

eBook Packages : Earth and Environmental Science Earth and Environmental Science (R0)

Share this paper

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

  • Publish with us

Policies and ethics

  • Find a journal
  • Track your research

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to  upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

  • We're Hiring!
  • Help Center

paper cover thumbnail

Issues and Challenges in Rainwater Harvesting for Potential Potable and Non-Potable Water Production

Profile image of Aziman Madun

This article reviews recent literatures on issues and challenges in rainwater harvesting and its potential application for potable and non-potable uses. Vast articles published between 1982 and 2019 were found, which some of them revealing concerns on various issues regarding the factors affecting the implementation of rainwater harvesting, in fulfilling the needs for rainwater as the alternative water resource. More research should be conducted in the future, in addressing the issues. While the practice of rainwater harvesting is back to track, the degree of its modern implementation varies greatly across the globe, and often relates with problems in maximizing the potential benefits and system efficacy. Future research should be more devoted to the understanding of technological and non-technological issues, as well as the factors effecting the quantity and quality of rainwater, to improve the rainwater harvesting system, therefore increase the system efficacy and community accept...

Related Papers

Yannopoulos Stavros , Giannopoulou Io.

Nowadays, available water resources face severe pressures due to demographic, economic, social causes, environmental degradation, climate change, and technological changes on a global scale. It is well known that rainwater harvesting, a simple and old method, has the potential to supplement surface and groundwater resources in areas that have inadequate water supply. In recent decades, many countries have supported the updated implementation of such a practice to confront the water demand increase and to reduce the frequency, peak, and volume of urban runoff. These considerations motivate interest in examining the current situation and the prospect of further development of this method worldwide. The present paper aims at the investigation of the current situation of rainwater harvesting (RWH) as an alternative water source to confront water scarcity in various countries around the world. In particular, the paper presents the following: (a) the causes of water shortage; (b) a concise historical overview of the temporal development of the RWH method; (c) the evolution of the concept of RWH; (d) the efforts to renew interest in RWH; and (e) incentives and perspectives for the spreading of the RWH method in various countries worldwide.

literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

Dr Jeremy Gibberd

South African is a water scarce country and studies indicate that 98% of available water supplies are already exploited. In addition, a number of South African cities, such as Johannesburg, are vulnerable to water shortages if a severe drought occurs (Department of Environmental Affairs, 2011). Therefore, it is important to understand how water can be used as efficiently as possible and to explore alternatives to municipal piped water supplies. Rainwater harvesting provides a simple way of capturing and storing water which can be used to supplement, or replace, municipal water supplies. It can be used to reduce the pressure on municipal systems and provides a valuable buffer for households and businesses against drought and local water shortages. This chapter describes how rainwater harvesting can play a valuable role in increasing the resilience and sustainability of water supply. The different types of rainwater harvesting systems are described and advantages and disadvantages of the technology listed. Some of the key design and operational principles are presented to enable the practicality and applicability of systems to be understood. Finally, conclusions are drawn and policy, and other, recommendations are made to support the increased adoption of rainwater harvesting systems in South Africa.

Megat Johari Megat Mohd Noor

Water demand is increasing due to population growth, development and global weather change. Also, there is growing interest on applying sustainable solutions and green technology. Rainwater harvesting is a sustainable technique for using rainwater to meet the growing demand on water at both urban and rural areas. It is essential to assess the suitability of the rainwater for both potable and non-potable uses. In this study, a rainwater harvesting system was installed at the Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia in order to conduct qualitative and quantitative and qualitative analysis for the system. Quantitative analysis showed that on average, about 85% of the total daily demand can be obtained from the rainwear harvesting system. Also, the qualitative analysis show that the rainwater was slightly acidic (average pH=6.15). So, it is recommended to use the rainwater for non-potable purposes such as watering gardens, washing floors and flushing toilets.

Sandy Novryanto

Background Water demand is expected to increase in all sectors. Rainwater can be a solution to the lack of the clean water crisis. The quality of rainwater harvested is highly dependent on the rainwater harvesting system. Methods This literature review is a narrative review using sources from the Scopus and Pubmed databases. The keywords used were utilization, rainwater, and rainwater harvesting methods. Of the 30 references identified in the search phase, ten were eligible for inclusion in this review. Results Harvested rainwater can be used for multiple purposes such as watering plants, washing, bathing, and even cooking if the water quality meets health standards. There are three fundamental components that should be present within the rainwater harvesting system: 1) a rainwater pipe that traps water, e.g., utilizing the shape of the roof surface, 2) a water distribution system, i.e., a system that transports water from the roof to the superficies through a gutter, and 3) a reservoir that stores rainwater such as barrels, tubs, or ponds. Conclusions Water conservation efforts are needed to meet the demand for water in the face of increasingly limited supply. Harvesting rainwater is one of the methods of water conservation that can be carried out by each household of the community to collect raw rainwater for consumption and use. If rainwater harvesting is practiced in a sustainable manner, it will help maintain water and environmental sustainability, thus supporting the livelihood of present and future generations. Keywords: utilization, rainwater, consumable, harvesting, water quality

Water research

Eran Friedler

While the practice of rainwater harvesting (RWH) can be traced back millennia, the degree of its modern implementation varies greatly across the world, often with systems that do not maximize potential benefits. With a global focus, the pertinent practical, theoretical and social aspects of RWH are reviewed in order to ascertain the state of the art. Avenues for future research are also identified. A major finding is that the degree of RWH systems implementation and the technology selection are strongly influenced by economic constraints and local regulations. Moreover, despite design protocols having been set up in many countries, recommendations are still often organized only with the objective of conserving water without considering other potential benefits associated with the multiple-purpose nature of RWH. It is suggested that future work on RWH addresses three priority challenges. Firstly, more empirical data on system operation is needed to allow improved modelling by taking ...

Scientific Research and Essays

University Putra Malaysia

International Journal of Hydrology Science and Technology

Maria Hernández

Water Supply

Miguel Ángel López Zavala

In this study, the reliability of using rainwater harvesting to cover the water demand of a transportation logistics company located in Mexico City was assessed. Water consumption in facilities and buildings of the company was determined. Rainwater potentially harvestable from the roofs and maneuvering yard of the company was estimated based on a statistical analysis of the rainfall. Based on these data, potential water saving was determined. Characterization of rainwater was carried out to determine the treatment necessities for each water source. Additionally, the capacity of water storage tanks was estimated. For the selected treatment systems, an economic assessment was conducted to determine the viability of the alternative proposed. Results showed that current water demand of the company can be totally covered by using rainwater. The scenario where roof and maneuvering yard rainwater was collected and treated together resulted in being more economic than the scenarios where ro...

Agricultural water management

Maharam Dakua

We apologize for the inconvenience...

To ensure we keep this website safe, please can you confirm you are a human by ticking the box below.

If you are unable to complete the above request please contact us using the below link, providing a screenshot of your experience.

https://ioppublishing.org/contacts/

U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( Lock A locked padlock ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. Please click here to see any active alerts .

Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation, Credit, Codes, and Cost Literature Review and Case Studies

Rainwater harvesting has been used throughout history as a water conservation measure, particularly in regions where other water resources are scarce or difficult to access.

  • Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation, Credit, Codes, and Cost Literature Review and Case Studies (pdf) (516.6 KB)
  • About NPDES
  • Animal Feeding Operations
  • Aquaculture
  • Forest Roads
  • Industrial Wastewater
  • Municipal Wastewater
  • National Pretreatment Program
  • Pesticide Permitting
  • Water Quality Trading
  • NPDES Technical Resources

IMAGES

  1. (PDF) understanding green Rain Water infrastructure Harvesting Water

    literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

  2. (PDF) A review of rainwater harvesting in the UK

    literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

  3. (PDF) Rainwater Harvesting for Agricultural Irrigation: An Analysis of

    literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

  4. (PDF) Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting

    literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

  5. (PDF) Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation, Credit, Codes, and ... · PDF

    literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

  6. (PDF) Rainwater harvesting in India: Some critical issues for basin

    literature review on rainwater harvesting pdf

VIDEO

  1. how to harvesting honey

  2. Groundwater and rainwater harvesting- Part 2

  3. Rainwater Harvesting

  4. Dragon Nest SEA November 2023 Update Review : Rainwater Box , Kathy Shop & Mori Mouthwatering Box

  5. EVS project of class 11th and 12th

  6. Relevance of Rain Water harvesting:മഴവെള്ള സംഭരണം

COMMENTS

  1. PDF Rainwater Harvesting: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

    A Comprehensive Review of Literature Prepared By: Kathy DeBusk, PE and Dr. William F. Hunt, III, PE Biological & Agricultural Engineering ... Rainwater harvesting is the method by which rainwater that falls upon a roof surface is collected and routed to a storage facility for later use. As shown in Figure 1, rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems are a

  2. PDF Harvesting Systems: A Literature Review

    By using rainwater-harvesting systems in homes, it would be possible to achieve a potential for potable water savings between 15.5% and 19.1%. In Palmares and Caruaru, Brazil, the potential for potable water savings by using rainwater collected from roofs was 51.1% and 44.4%, respectively [116].

  3. (PDF) Rainwater harvesting LITERATURE REVIEW

    LITERATURE REVIEW. Dawod Rasooli Keya. Ph.D. Soil and Water Conservation. Assist. Prof. and Lecturer at Erbil Polytechnic University. 2.1. General. Water harvesting for dryland agriculture is a ...

  4. Rainwater harvesting for domestic use: A systematic review and outlook

    2.1. Planning the review. RWH is defined as the process of collection and storage of rainwater using a storage tank from catchment areas under rainfall events to facilitate rainwater as an alternative to tap water, which can be later used for potable and non-potable purposes (Ali et al., 2020).RWH is recognized as a process of capturing, storing, and using rainwater as an alternative to ...

  5. PDF Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation, Credit, Codes, and Cost Literature

    This report summarizes the results of a literature review of the research and policy documents representing the current state of the practice in rainwater harvesting in the areas of water conservation, stormwater volume and pollutant load reduction, code, and administration and cost factors.

  6. (PDF) Rainwater harvesting system as a strategy for adaptation on

    Abstract and Figures. In the face of increasing water scarcity aggravated by climate change, the rainwater harvesting system is a technique that increases the water supply for various purposes ...

  7. PDF The Importance of Rainwater Harvesting and Its Usage Possibilities

    Water collected through rain harvesting can be utilized in many different areas, such as agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation and domestic use. Among agricultural activities, the idea of water harvesting in greenhouse areas comes to the fore. Due to the gutters on the greenhouse roofs, water can be stored.

  8. PDF Maximizing the Benefits of Rainwater Harvesting Systems: Review and

    available literature to identify key features such as frequency and consistency of water use and appropriate tank sizing that maximize the potable water use reduc-tion, financial savings, and environmental benefits of rainwater harvesting systems. Case studies of rainwater harvesting systems, such as a commercial system where

  9. Rainwater harvesting for domestic use: A systematic review and outlook

    Section snippets Review methodology. Our review of RWH literature is guided by the systemic review approach recommended by Tranfield et al. (2003) and refined further using some of the recent, highly cited articles in water management and environmental sustainability disciplines (e.g., Govindan and Hasanagic, 2018; Meherishi et al., 2019; Barbosa et al., 2021).

  10. The Potential of RainWater Harvesting Systems in Europe

    Water scarcity and climate change led to changes in water management, especially in urban areas. RainWater Harvesting (RWH) is a promising technique that allows the collection and reuse of rainwater, as well as protecting sewage systems from overload. This article reviews the current state of RWH in Europe, including advantages, implementation, potential efficiency, usage requirements, quality ...

  11. Rainwater Harvesting: A Comprehensive Review of Literature

    Rainwater Harvesting: A Comprehensive Review of Literature ... A Comprehensive Review of Literature. No Thumbnail Available . Files. NC-WRRI-425.pdf (2.94 MB) 1_NC-WRRI-425.pdf (2.81 MB) Date. 2014-02. Authors. DeBusk, Kathy . Hunt, William . Advisors. Journal Title. Series/Report No. Report (Water Resources Research Institute of the University ...

  12. Concept and Technology of Rainwater Harvesting

    The chapter addresses both domestic and agricultural techniques of rainwater harvesting. A rainwater harvesting system consists of six basic components: a collection area (roof), a conveyance system, and a cistern or storage tank, with filtration, delivery system, and treatment. The chapter also shows a schematic of a rooftop catchment system.

  13. A Systematic Literature Review on Rainwater Quality Influenced by

    Water scarcity is one of several important issues facing the world today. Recent studies have highlighted the significant economic, social, and environmental benefits of harvesting rainwater as an alternative water resource in regions struggling with potable water supply [1,2,3].While rainwater is commonly considered a pure potable water source compared to surface and groundwater, its quality ...

  14. (PDF) Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting

    Harvesting Systems: A Literature Review. Andr éa Teston, Taylana Piccinini Scolaro * , Jéssica Kuntz Maykot and Enedir Ghisi. Laboratory of Energy Efficiency in Buildings, Department of Civil ...

  15. Review of Rainwater Harvesting Research by a Bibliometric Analysis

    This study presents a review of recent rainwater harvesting (RWH) research by a bibliometric analysis (based on performance analysis and science mapping method). Following the inclusion/exclusion criteria, a total of 3226 publications were selected for this bibliometric analysis. From the selected publications, the top journals were identified according to number of publications and number of ...

  16. PDF Rainwater Harvesting (Rwh)

    Rainwater harvesting is an old practice that is being adopted by many nations as a viable decentralized. water source. This paper reviews the methods, design of rainwater harvesting systems, and its impacts adopted in all parts of the world. Keywords: Rainwater harvesting (RWH), Literature review. 1.

  17. (PDF) Rainwater harvesting

    Download full-text PDF Read ... number of publications (128). Based on the literature considered in this review, the top five authors are found as Ghisi, E., Han, M., Rahman, A., Butler, D. and ...

  18. (PDF) Issues and Challenges in Rainwater Harvesting for Potential

    The literature review was based on the issues as well as the challenges in sustaining the practice of rainwater harvesting across the country. The most relevant studies governing the issues related to quantity and quality of rainwater, technical and nontechnical, with possible solutions to the pointed issues.

  19. A Systematic Literature Review on Rainwater Harvesting Implementation

    Abstract. Rainwater harvesting has long been introduced as a green approach, followed by numerous established guidelines and policies to encourage its implementation. Policy implementation can be explored by assessing fidelity by utilizing a consensus reporting format and model/ framework. This paper exhibits a systematic review of the ...

  20. Comprehensive Environmental Assessment of Rainwater Harvesting ...

    The feasibility of installing rainwater harvesting systems in buildings is usually defined based primarily on economic analysis. In this perspective, we reviewed the literature related to water consumption in buildings, rainwater use, and environmental assessment tools to evaluate the impact of rainwater harvesting on the environment. Identifying water end uses in buildings showed a high ...

  21. Full article: Review: Rainwater harvesting technology practices and

    The objective of this manuscript is to review the status of rainwater harvesting (RWH) technology and practices in sustaining agricultural production in Ethiopia. The in-situ and ex-situ RWH techniques have shown a significant impact on improved soil moisture, runoff and ground water recharge and increased agricultural production, which, in ...

  22. Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation, Credit, Codes, and Cost Literature

    Rainwater harvesting has been used throughout history as a water conservation measure, particularly in regions where other water resources are scarce or difficult to access. Rainwater Harvesting: Conservation, Credit, Codes, and Cost Literature Review and Case Studies (pdf) (516.6 KB)

  23. (PDF) Rainfall data used for rainwater harvesting systems: a

    One of the input variables for the. dimensioning of rainwater tanks is the pluviometric regime 's characteristics in the region where the rainwater harvesting system (RWHS) is to be installed ...

  24. (PDF) A Review of Rainwater Harvesting System

    12.4% for toilet flushing because the function is replaced by rain water. In Australia, the application of RWH sy stems in the scope of households has increased fro m 17.2% in 2004 to 19.3% or ...

  25. Water Quality and the First-Flush Effect in Roof-Based Rainwater ...

    Rainfall runoff may be captured and stored for later use, but the quality of this water can be detrimental in some uses without the use of appropriately designed first-flush diverters. The rainfall runoff water quality was measured on nineteen new small-scale and two aged commercial roofs located near high traffic highways. Roof coverings included asphalt shingles, sheet metal, clay tiles, and ...

  26. Proposal of coefficients for performance analysis of reservoirs for

    DOI: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2024.131288 Corpus ID: 269656195; Proposal of coefficients for performance analysis of reservoirs for rainwater storage @article{daSilva2024ProposalOC, title={Proposal of coefficients for performance analysis of reservoirs for rainwater storage}, author={Cinthya Santos da Silva and Gilson Barbosa Athayde J{\'u}nior and Cristiano das Neves Almeida}, journal={Journal of ...