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Phd biology salary in the united states.

How much does a Phd Biology make in the United States? The salary range for a Phd Biology job is from $25,364 to $39,240 per year in the United States. Click on the filter to check out Phd Biology job salaries by hourly, weekly, biweekly, semimonthly, monthly, and yearly.

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Many PhD programs in Biology are innovative and interactive with students working closely with other students as well as faculty.

PhD in Biology programs usually include gaining a solid foundation in biology knowledge base, as well as such concentrations as ecology, evolutionary biology, molecular, cellular, and developmental biology, and neuroscience.

There are many PhD Biology programs located around the world, each offering unique programs and perspectives, with high quality education and professional faculty.

(as demonstrated by passing the PhD qualifying exam), and has completed 32 credits of graduate-level coursework (not including research), may apply to the Graduate School for a Master of Science in Biology.

All candidates must fulfill the following requirements for successful completion of the Biology PhD program.

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PhD Salaries and Lifetime Earnings

PhDs employed across job sectors show impressive earning potential:

“…[T]here is strong evidence that advanced education levels continue to be associated with higher salaries. A study by the Georgetown Center on Education and the Workforce showed that across the fields examined, individuals with a graduate degree earned an average of 38.3% more than those with a bachelor’s degree in the same field. The expected lifetime earnings for someone without a high school degree is $973,000; with a high school diploma, $1.3 million; with a bachelor’s degree, $2.3 million; with a master’s degree, $2.7 million; and with a doctoral degree (excluding professional degrees), $3.3 million. Other data indicate that the overall unemployment rate for individuals who hold graduate degrees is far lower than for those who hold just an undergraduate degree.” - Pathways Through Graduate School and Into Careers , Council of Graduate Schools (CGS) and Educational Testing Service (ETS), pg. 3.

Average salaries by educational level and degree (data from the US Census Bureau, American Community Survey 2009-2011, courtesy of the Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce):

The Bureau of Labor and Statistics reports higher earnings and lower unemployment rates for doctoral degree holders in comparison to those with master’s and bachelor’s degrees:

According to national studies, more education translates not only to higher earnings, but also higher levels of job success and job satisfaction:

“Educational attainment – the number of years a person spends in school – strongly predicts adult earnings, and also predicts health and civic engagement. Moreover, individuals with higher levels of education appear to gain more knowledge and skills on the job than do those with lower levels of education and they are able, to some extent, to transfer what they learn across occupations.” - Education for Life and Work (2012), National Research Council of the National Academies, pg. 66.

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Top 10 Highest Paying Jobs With A Biology Degree 2024 (Inc Salaries)

Discover the highest-paying jobs with a biology degree in 2024. This article discusses all, from medical doctors to microbiologists. Read more to know everything about having a career in biology!

Biology is the study of life and everything in between—from living organisms, how they interact, and how they affect humans.

It may be overwhelming for most, but it's an excellent opportunity for the chosen few to get firsthand experience of seeing how the world works and take part in protecting humans and preserving the environment.

But more than that, getting a biology degree also means joining the fast-growing science industry.

According to BLS, there are currently 3,328,000 employed biologists in the US, and the available jobs will continue to grow faster than the average in the next few years.

If you wish to pursue a career in biology and be a part of this thriving industry, check out the high paying biology jobs below.

Top 10 Highest Paying Jobs With A Biology Degree (Inc Salaries)

1. medical doctor.

Medical Doctors provide medical support and assistance to patients. They formulate care plans for patients and diagnose and treat them using their in-depth medical knowledge. 

Educational Requirements

On top of obtaining a pre-medical degree or an undergraduate program in health sciences, Medical Doctors also need to pursue a 4-year medical degree, undergo 3 to 9-year internship and residency programs, and take 1 to 30-year sub-specialization fellowship programs.

Job Outlook

The overall employment for medical doctors is expected to increase by 3% or an additional 24,200 job positions annually until 2032.

Potential Earnings

Here are the top-earning medical doctor professions, along with their potential earnings:

Anesthesiologists: USD 270,000

Physician/ Surgeon: USD 246,000

Pediatrician: USD 223,000

Obstetrician- Gynecologist: USD 223,000

Internal Medicine Doctor: USD 212,000

2. Other Healthcare Professionals

Healthcare professionals is the umbrella term for the experts who provide different types of health services and play a significant role in maintaining public health and managing medical conditions.

The highest-paying healthcare jobs you can get with a biology degree include being a Pharmacist, APRN, Therapist, Dentist, Podiatrist, and many more.

To enter the healthcare sector, you must need a bachelor’s in healthcare, biology, or related fields and licensure or certification, depending on the profession you want to pursue.

However, there are certain exceptions.

For example, being an APRN requires more than a bachelor's degree in nursing; you would also need a master's degree and additional training.

The same goes for being a pharmacist, which calls for a doctor of pharmacy degree. 

8 of the 20 occupations in the BLS’ list of the fastest-growing jobs between 2022 and 2032 come from the Medical and Science Industry.

These include Nurse practitioners (45%), Physician Assistants (27%), Medical and Health Service Managers (28%), and many more.

Below are the average annual salaries of the highest-paying medical and healthcare jobs in 2024 :

Podiatrist:

USD 232,000

USD 210,000

Optometrist:

USD 135,000

Pharmacist:

USD 123,000

Advanced Practice Registered Nurse:

USD 106,000

(CNS and Nurse Midwives) to

(Nurse Practitioners)

Cardiovascular Technologist:

USD 106,500

Medical Health and Services Manager:

USD 101,000

Physician Assistant:

USD 100,000

Dental Hygienist:

3.Medical Scientist

A Medical Scientist is a medical doctor who focuses on researching and developing medical breakthroughs instead of working directly on patients.

They are a valuable part of the healthcare industry because they oversee research projects and clinical trials to discover new methods for treating and preventing diseases.

Their main goal is to improve human health by providing the public with better and newer medications, treatment methods, and vaccines. 

Aside from an undergraduate degree in medical science or biology, becoming a medical scientist typically requires a Ph.D. or a medical degree.

You may also need a physician's license to conduct clinical trials.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that the employment of Medical Scientists will increase by 10% between 2022 and 2032. This growth is considered much faster than the average growth of most occupations.

According to Glassdoor, the average salary for a Medical Scientist is around USD 107,000   per year.

4. Biostatistician

Biostatisticians use their comprehensive knowledge of mathematics and statistics to provide the necessary data the medical and health industry needs to make the right public health decisions.

They play an essential role in ensuring that clinical trials are conducted in compliance with regulatory standards by formulating data analysis and collection methodologies. 

By interpreting the data they collect in clinical trials, they can conclude to help the medical industry improve public health strategies and solutions. 

In addition to a bachelor's in biology and statistics, a master's degree in public health or biostatistics is also required to land most biostatistician positions.

Lastly, a PhD is necessary to start research or teach at a university. Since these roles require excellent communication and leadership skills, an MBA would also be valuable to your resume.

The BLS's projected growth for biostatisticians is around 30% between 2022 and 2032.

This is the highest projected growth in this list, equivalent to an average of 3,500 job openings every year in the next decade.

Biostatisticians earn an average wage of USD 98,300 per year.

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5. Food Scientist

Food Scientists study the food's nutritional value and its microbiological, chemical, and physical properties. They then use this data to improve the food's nutritional value and taste, lengthen its shelf life, and revolutionize its transportation and cultivation.

Their other duties include discovering natural substances they can convert into food and developing new products. 

The easiest and fastest way to becoming a food scientist is to earn a Food Science or Agricultural Science degree from an accredited university and program.

An undergraduate biology degree is also a viable option. Still, you need to take master's degree programs in food science and technology to get into the food industry.

The demand for agricultural and food scientists is expected to  grow 6% from 2022 to 2032. This equates to about 3000 new job opportunities for this position every year for almost a decade.

Food scientists make an average pay of USD 85,700 every year.

6. Marine Biologist

A marine biologist is a type of biologist who specializes in understanding and observing the aquatic wildlife's behavior, biology, and ecosystem. They also study how human behavior can impact the plants and animals living in the ocean.

They use this data to explore the best cultivation and conservation practices to protect saltwater organisms.

This position required in-depth knowledge of different health sciences, so you'd need a doctoral degree to get a marine biology position. Most employers for the highest-paying marine biology jobs also require on-the-job training.

Since communication is vital to this job, an MBA or BBA degree will help enhance your marketability.

BLS categorizes Marine Biology positions as part of the wildlife biology sector. This means the projected growth for this type of occupation is around 3% until 2032.

On average, Marine Biologists can earn around USD 80 100 per year.

7. Wildlife Ecologist

A Wildlife ecologist uses their knowledge of wildlife biology to conserve our ecosystem. They often spend the majority of their time in the wild, observing animals in their natural habitat and how they interact with other animals and their surroundings to determine the best possible ways we can protect them.

They also educate the public about different wildlife conservation issues and share the best conservation practices to adhere to.

To be a wildlife ecologist, you need a bachelor's degree in biology and other related fields (environmental science, zoology, and wildlife conservation).

Getting relevant work experience, which you can get by volunteering at a wildlife conservation center, is also a must.

The demand for this occupation is projected to increase by 3% until 2032.

This figure may seem small, but it's already equivalent to about 1,500 job openings for wildlife biologists and zoologists yearly for the next 10 years.

According to Glassdoor, Wildlife Ecologists make an average salary of USD 73, 800 per year.

8. Genetic Counselor

Genetic counselors use their in-depth knowledge of genetics to help individuals or families assess for potential risks of specific illnesses or disorders and educate them about these genetic conditions' medical, societal, and psychological effects.

One of their essential duties is to assist the patients in collaborating with their insurance providers to ensure that the genetic testing will be covered.

The first step to becoming a genetic counselor is to obtain an undergraduate degree in Biology or Biochemistry. After that, you must take a 2-year master's degree in genetic counseling.

The last step is to get certified by passing the American Board of Genetic Counselling (ABGC) National Exam.

As per BLS, the job outlook for Genetic Counselors is a 16% growth in employment until 2032. This expected massive growth is due to the need to replace workers who will retire.

Genetic counselors earn a yearly average pay of USD 72,000 .

9. Pharmaceutical Sales Representative

Also known as drug manufacturing companies employ medical representatives and pharmaceutical sales reps to educate doctors and other medical professionals regarding the benefits of their products, proper use, and potential side effects

Their primary role is to persuade doctors and medical facilities to prescribe and carry their products instead of the competitor's.

The focus of these sales reps is not just limited to medications, and you can choose from four different specialties, including pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, medical devices, and equipment. 

Educational Requirements 

To answer all drug-related questions, these representatives must have a strong understanding of pharmacology or the drug's mechanism of action and how it acts or interacts inside the body, and that's why getting a degree in biology or other health sciences is an excellent first step.

On the other hand, a Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) can equip you with the marketing and interpersonal skills you need to thrive in this industry.

The Bureau of Labor Statistics projects an employment growth of 6.2% between 2022 and 2032, faster than most occupations' average growth.

Medical Sales Reps earn an annual average salary of USD 70 900 . On top of that, they are also given bonuses and commissions once they hit their target quotas.

Thanks to their unique pay structure, being a medical rep with a biology degree is also one of Nigeria's highest-paying jobs .

10. Microbiologist

Microbiologists study the identification, growth, and characteristics of disease-causing microorganisms, including fungi, bacteria, algae, and viruses, and use the data to prevent, treat, and diagnose different illnesses.

Entry-level jobs require a four-year degree in Microbiology or Biology

Obtaining certifications and taking post programs is the way to get higher roles.

According to BLS, the demand for microbiologists will increase by 5% , which will be equal to about 1,700 job openings every year until 2032.

The average annual salary for microbiologists is around USD 64,600 .

Pursuing a biology degree comes with many perks—plenty of jobs, competitive pay, career flexibility, a good working environment, and a chance to promote public health and environmental preservation.

However, it comes with one disadvantage—it's highly competitive. The primary research jobs will have the most competition. Still, even the managerial and leadership jobs won't be easy to land.

Because of this, you must show potential employers that you have a diversified skill set that will make you a valuable employee.

One way to do this is by getting an MBA or BBA degree to help you make relevant connections in the industry, demonstrate exemplary leadership and interpersonal skills, and have a well-rounded business education valuable for managing organizations or putting up your practice.

Nexford offers online-based programs that will allow you to get a business degree that will significantly improve your marketability in the comforts of your own home.

What is the highest-paying biology job in 2024?

Medical doctors and other allied health professionals are the highest-paying biology jobs 2024. These professions receive an annual pay as high as USD 270,000  for Anesthesiologists and as low as USD 100,00 for Dental Hygienists.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, what's the job outlook for biology jobs in 2024 and beyond?

The job outlook for the Biology industry in 2024 varies depending on the type of occupation you’re looking for.

The projected growth is as high as 30% for Biostatisticians and as low as 3% for Ecologists.

Is biology a good career path?

Yes, Biology is a good career path if you're interested in sciences, have good research, investigative, and analytical skills, and have a passion for exploration.

Here are some of the reasons why you should consider a biology career:

Flexible career options

Biology encompasses many scientific disciplines, all with plenty of practical applications.

Because of this, you can choose from a wide range of specializations, including evolutionary biology, developmental biology, cellular biology, molecular biology, and many more.

You can also work in different industries, including manufacturing, law, healthcare, etc.

Exciting work setting

One of the best things about being in the field of biology is the interesting work settings. While they often work in offices, biology graduates can also do laboratory and field work, which makes the job incredibly satisfying.

Above-average Salary

The careers for biology majors are pretty lucrative, with average annual salaries ranging from USD 60,000 to USD 270,000.

What skills or expertise is required for high-paying biology jobs?

Becoming a highly-paid biologist requires a blend of soft and hard skills.

The hard skills employers look for in a biologist are comprehensive lab safety knowledge, strong data analysis skills, cell culture, and assay techniques, excellent research skills, and proper documentation and reporting practices.

On the other hand, the soft skills you need to develop include adaptability, attention to detail, and communication and interpersonal skills.

Above all, unparalleled leadership and management skills are essential in landing a high-paying job.

Explore our free report to discover if you have the hard and soft skills needed to start and maintain a thriving career in biology. Download our Free Report here.

What qualifications are required for high-paying biologist jobs?

The qualifications for high-paying biology degree jobs will vary depending on the industry or sector you're targeting.

All the above jobs require at least a bachelor's degree in biology.

On the other hand, higher positions call for postgraduate programs. Management or leadership positions require a master's degree, while a doctorate is required for a job in the academe.

Lastly, the highest-paying biology jobs, like medical doctors and healthcare professionals, call for a degree in healthcare or a medical degree. 

Why is it beneficial for biologists to gain a BBA/MBA degree?

A BBA degree or MBA degree is a valuable addition to anyone pursuing a degree or career in biology for many good reasons. Here are the top three:

Opportunity to develop excellent management skills to enhance the growth of the organizations they will join.

Provides you with the communication and interpersonal skills you need to work with other health and science industry members and present your research and findings clearly and adequately.

Gives you comprehensive economy and business knowledge that makes you eligible for promotion, especially for leadership and supervisory roles.

Learn how to develop the most in-demand skills for your future career!

Discover how you can acquire the most in-demand skills with our free report, and open the doors to a successful career. 

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Top 10 Highest Paying PhD Degrees in 2024

The highest possible degree you can get in any field is a doctorate or a PhD. Obtaining a doctoral degree can help to greatly further your career, but unfortunately, PhDs aren’t always that easy to earn. The average time a doctoral candidate spends to receive their PhD is anywhere from seven to ten years, and during this time, it also becomes a balancing act.

However, if you manage to earn your PhD, you stand to increase your salary by a significant amount. Chances are, you might also find more opportunities in the future.

The best doctorate degrees are always the ones that you’re passionate about. But, if you find yourself asking, “what should I get my PhD in?,” this list of the highest paying PhDs might just help you out if you’re looking to have a lucrative career.

Looking to get a master’s instead? Check out: Highest Paying Master’s Degrees You Can Get in 2024

Table of Contents

What’s the Best PhD to Get?

If you’re trying to figure out the best-paid PhD, we’ve compiled a list of the top 10 fields with the highest earning potential.

Here are some quick facts:

• The PhD with the highest mid-career salary is in Chemical Engineering , with an average salary of $146,000 . This field also has a pretty good early career, with the average salary sitting at $96,100 .
• When it comes to the highest early career earnings, a PhD in Computer Science  is your best bet since the average salary is $118,000 . This field also has one of the highest $145,000 .

It’s worth noting that your earning potential in any given field can also depend on your location. For example, a doctorate in computer science might earn you more money in San Francisco or other similar tech hubs. The best PhD degrees, at least for earning potential, can depend on where you intend to work.

Here are the best PhD degrees by salary, ranked from lowest to highest.

Of course, the best doctorate degree for you depends on your particular situation. When answering the question “what should I get my PhD in?,” consider your preferences and interests as well as what you want to do in the future.

Top 10 Highest Paying PhD Degrees

The salary figures of the highest-paid PhD degrees depicted in this article were taken from PayScale and BLS.gov , based on data of those with PhDs.

10) Statistics

Salary in Early Career: $105,000

Salary in Mid Career: $131,000

BLS 2020-2030 Job Growth Outlook: 33%, much faster than average

Statisticians collect and analyze data via various statistical methods. They help various businesses, organizations, and even the healthcare industry collect and interpret data so they can solve problems, strategize, and plan ahead.

If you want a career as a statistician, you’ll need to have an undergraduate degree and a master’s degree at a minimum. Having a PhD in Statistics can help increase your earning potential by giving you an advantage over your peers.

The Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS) has the job outlook for mathematicians and statisticians growing by a projected 33% rate throughout 2020-2030. According to their website , this is a much faster growth rate than the average growth other fields are experiencing. It appears that statistics  qualifies for the most in-demand PhD degree — on this list, at least. Therefore we can suggest it as the best PhD for jobs, since it’ll be pretty easy to find one once you graduate.

9) Biomedical Engineering

Salary in Early Career: $88,100

Salary in Mid Career: $133,000

BLS 2020-2030 Job Growth Outlook: 6%, on the low end of average

In simple terms, biomedical engineering is the fusion of engineering, medicine, and biology. In particular, in this field, problem-solving techniques and principles used by engineering are applied to the fields of biology and medicine for healthcare. It’s an interdisciplinary field that is growing in popularity over time.

Biomedical engineering is continually evolving thanks to the constant pursuit of knowledge. Because of this, the field continues to grow and can always use people who know theory and are well versed in the life sciences.

Getting a PhD in this field can open up opportunities for you in a variety of areas. You can work in research, at universities, in manufacturing, and even in hospitals. A doctorate is required if you want to work in research or at universities.

The BLS  states that jobs in the biomedical engineering field are projected to grow at a 6% rate over the following seven years.

Salary in Early Career: $93,700

BLS 2020-2030 Job Growth Outlook: 7%, about average

If you’re interested in becoming a physicist, you’ll definitely need a PhD . Most careers for physicists, particularly in research and academia, require you to have a doctoral degree in the field. You can become a research advisor, a physics professor, a (lead) physicist, or a researcher.

According to the BLS , the job outlook for physicists is looking good. The projections are positive, sitting at a 7% increase until 2024, and this rate is on par with the average national growth rate for most occupations.

7) Engineering

Salary in Early Career: $93,600

Salary in Mid Career: $137,000

The world always needs engineers. However, a doctoral degree is not always necessary if you want to work as an engineer — unless, of course, you want to work in research. Research opportunities in the engineering field are only given to PhD candidates or graduates.

You can choose to go for a general track or a specialty such as materials science, mechanical engineering, computer engineering, and chemical engineering. If you have a PhD in engineering , you can take positions like project manager, engineering director, and specialty positions like aerospace engineer or chemical engineer.

6) Physical Chemistry

Salary in Early Career: $73,600

Salary in Mid Career: $138,000

Although the early career salary for PhD graduates of physical chemistry is one of the lowest on this list, it ramps up and is one of the highest-earning on this list in the mid-career.

But what exactly is physical chemistry?

Physical chemistry is a branch of chemistry that applies the theories and techniques of physics to chemical systems (or the study thereof). It’s the study of the behavior of matter on the atomic and molecular levels. Alongside this, physical chemistry is also the study of chemical reactions.

As a physical chemist, you’ll most likely work in labs and research facilities. These research opportunities are awarded only to those with PhDs, and a PhD can also open the door for even more lucrative careers in high-tech or materials science.

The job growth and outlook for physical chemists are below average. However, the average annual wage makes it one of the most profitable ones.

5) Pharmacology

Salary in Early Career: $75,400

Salary in Mid Career: $141,000

BLS 2020-2030 Job Growth Outlook: -2% decline

Pharmacology is the study of drugs and drug actions, or how drugs work within the body. It’s a branch of biology, medicine, and the pharmaceutical sciences. Having a PhD in pharmacology can help you find careers in research.

PhD programs  in this field often build upon other areas, such as biochemistry, molecular bio, cell bio, physiology, and neuroscience. Depending on the track you choose, you can become a researcher in a particular field.

Pharmacology can also lead you to a career as a pharmacist.

The average early career wages for pharmacists are low because it can depend on location or position. For example, pharmacists who work at grocery stores or drug stores often earn less than their entry-level researcher counterparts.

Unfortunately, the current rate of growth for this field is -2%  from 2020-2030. So while there will still be opportunities, it may be harder to find a job.

4) Electrical Engineering

Salary in Early Career: $103,000

Salary in Mid Career: $144,000

If you have a PhD in electrical engineering, you stand to earn quite a good amount of money. Electrical engineering has one of the highest average early-career salaries and one of the highest mid-career to boot.

Electrical Engineering is the application and study of mathematics  and physics combined with electromagnetism, electronics, and electricity. This discipline deals with the research and design of systems, equipment, and devices that use electricity. The results of electrical engineering are seen in day-to-day life. The advances humanity has made in the field have resulted in modern-day staples like the radio and the television.

A doctorate in engineering can help you go into research. If you are more of an idea generator, you can pursue a career in invention and product development. This discipline had plenty of opportunities in various fields such as transportation, computing, manufacturing, and aviation.

3) Computer Science

Salary in Early Career: $118,000

Salary in Mid Career: $145,000

BLS 2020-2030 Job Growth Outlook: 22%, much faster than average

Computer Science is one of the highest-paying fields, both in early and mid-career salary averages. A doctorate in this field allows graduates to become experts in certain computer science subfields. If you want to get a PhD in this field, you’ll need a bachelor’s degree or a master’s in computer science .

If you choose to research in this field, you’ll need a doctorate to qualify for research opportunities. You can also find non-academic careers as an information research scientist, a hardware engineer, programming, and even robotics. It truly comes as no surprise that Computer Science is one of the best-paid PhD programs considering technology continues to progress over the years.

The job outlook for this field is expected to grow by 22%  until 2030, making it one of the best and most in-demand PhDs on this list

2) Organic Chemistry

Salary in Early Career: $83,400

Salary in Mid Career: $146,000

Organic chemistry shares a spot with #1 for the highest-paying PhD, at least for mid-career salaries. However, early wages are lower, which earns this field its #2 spot on this list.

If you want to pursue a career in organic chemistry, earning a PhD in this field can get you a research position, and you may even find yourself leading a research team. However, to qualify for advanced research positions, you’ll need a PhD in the field from an accredited institution whose programs are approved by the ACS or the American Chemical Society.

You may also find jobs in academia as a professor.

1) Chemical Engineering

Salary in Early Career: $96,100

BLS 2020-2030 Job Growth Outlook: 9%, on the high end of average

Sitting at number one on this list is chemical engineering. This branch of engineering combines various fields into one, and you’ll see physics, chemistry, microbiology, biochemistry, and math . This interdisciplinary field helps solve problems related to fuel, food, chemicals, or drugs.

If you earn a PhD in chemical engineering, you may find yourself prepared with expert-level knowledge of the current research findings, practices, and the core fundamentals of the field. After you graduate, you may find opportunities in research and academia and find jobs in areas like biotechnology.

Paying for Your PhD

One obstacle that many doctoral candidates run into is the cost of earning a PhD. If you find yourself wondering how you can afford to pay for your PhD, there are a few common ways you can ease the financial load.

• Student loans  – Many PhD candidates take out student loans to help them afford the tuition and living expenses while working on their doctorate full (or even part) time. You can choose to take out a loan for the full tuition plus living costs, or you can take a smaller loan to cover only a part of the expenses.
• Scholarships, grants, and fellowships  – Savvy PhD candidates seek out scholarships, grants, and fellowship opportunities to help them pay off their tuition and living expenses more easily.

Related: Graduate School Scholarships Guide

• Seek financial support from your employer – Some employers help support their employees’ education by offering partial or full scholarships as they seek higher education. This option may not always be possible, of course, as it depends on the field you are pursuing and whether it has any relation to your current place of employment.
• Teach where you are studying  – One of the most common ways doctoral students earn extra financial support for their studies is through teaching — particularly at the school in which they are studying. Teaching can help students cut down on tuition costs as many educational institutions may offer lower rates for their studies. Some colleges and universities will even offer teaching assistant positions that offer flexibility and enough compensation to cover part of the tuition costs.

Already decided on going to grad school? Here’s everything you need to apply .

Frequently Asked Questions

Which phd has the highest salary.

According to this list of the highest paying PhD degrees, the current most lucrative PhD is Organic Chemistry.

Can PhDs make a lot of money?

Yes, but the road there can be long and winding. There are also many factors that can affect how much you earn, such as your location, industry, position, and even your employer. Additionally, “a lot of money” is relative — what do you consider a lot of money? It may benefit you to check out salary information on the Bureau of Labor Statistics website or on websites like PayScale or Salary.com. Check if the average earnings meet your expectations before making your decision on your PhD.

Is a PhD worth it for salary increases?

The BLS says that in 2020, those with a PhD earned median weekly salaries more than 20%  more than those with just a bachelor’s degree. It can depend on the field and the position, but this does appear to be the case generally. Data also shows that doctorate holders can earn significantly more over their lifetimes. For example, male PhDs earn as much as $1.5 million more  compared to high school graduates. Female PhDs earn $1.1 million more on average.

Do PhDs get paid more than master’s degree holders?

Yes. According to the World Education Services ( WES ), doctorate holders do earn more than those with master’s degrees. However, how much more they earn depends on their field. For example, engineering PhDs only earn 7% more than master’s degree holders in the field. However, in the field of psychology, you can earn up to 33% more if you have a PhD rather than a master’s.

Does job location matter when considering the highest paying doctorate degrees?

In any form of employment, your location matters. In fact, aside from your field or line of work, your location may be the next biggest determinant of your salary. The same is true even if you don’t have a PhD. For example, if you work in the field of information technology or computer science, you’ll most likely have a higher salary in places like San Francisco or Seattle.

You’ll likely find plenty of PhDs in some of the most lucrative industries in a certain city or state. IT and Computer Science PhD holders will often find the highest-paying opportunities in tech hubs  around the country. Geologists will find the highest-paying work in areas rich in natural resources. Researchers, on the other hand, will likely find the best-paying work in areas with research universities and institutions.

Many of the highest-earning jobs for PhDs are located in cities or states where their specific industry is highly supported.

Are there any degrees higher than a PhD?

Nope! The PhD, also known as the doctorate or doctoral degree, is the highest possible academic degree you can earn. PhDs are specialized degrees often earned through research. They demonstrate an extremely high level of understanding of the subject and expertise in your field. A lot of people who earn their PhD usually go on to stay in academia to teach or continue their research.

Choosing the Best Doctoral Degrees

It’s not always about answering the question, “What’s the highest paying PhD?” In the end, choosing the best doctoral degree for you comes down to a matter of preference and interest.

Earning a PhD is seldom easy — but with hard work, you can set yourself up for a bright future ahead with a lucrative yet fulfilling career.

Chriselle Sy

Chriselle has been a passionate professional content writer for over 10 years. She writes educational content for The Grad Cafe, Productivity Spot, The College Monk, and other digital publications.  When she isn't busy writing, she spends her time streaming video games and learning new skills.

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Financial support includes:

• health insurance for you, spouse and dependents.

Students in good standing are fully supported until they finish their degrees. 

Students in the Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology PhD program receive up to five years of financial support that includes tuition, a full stipend, and health and dental insurance. This financial support remains in place through the entire program as long as the student continues to make good progress toward the degree (including timely advancement to candidacy). 

The main types of financial assistance for graduate students are:

•   Fellowships
•  Research funding: Graduate Student Research Assistantship (GSRA)
•  Teaching: Graduate Student Instructorship (GSI)

Appointments Compared

Differences among Graduate Research Assistant, and Graduate Instructor, Fellowship Support,

Fellowships

Fellowships provide valuable additional support for some students. Some types of fellowships:

MCDB First Year Fellowships : These fellowships are offered to students during their first year in the program (fall and winter terms only).

PIBS: Students admitted through the PIBS program are supported via a PIBS fellowship their first year.

Rackham Merit Fellowship :  offers a special funding package to promote the values of diversity and inclusion by encouraging the admission and funding of students who represent a broad array of life experiences and perspectives. Graduate students do not apply for this fellowship, but are nominated by faculty upon admission into the program. Only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible for this award.

Research Funding

The availability of research funding varies between research groups. Some funding sources are given to very specific projects, while other research grants are much more flexible. Because of this and other factors, there is no strict rule for how much research funding students receive. Students are therefore encouraged to discuss funding expectations with prospective advisors. 

Other than direct payment funds of tuition, fees, and benefits, all income is subject to taxation and must be reported on federal and Michigan state tax forms, as well as any other forms according to your individual situation. This includes stipends, debit funds, and any other funding you receive from the University that isn’t considered a qualified scholarship.

Depending on the type of appointment you have, the university may or may not deduct taxes from your paycheck, but your stipend is always taxable . If taxes are not withheld from your paycheck, you still must pay taxes on that income. Note that while domestic students may not have taxes deducted, international students may. Learn about more quarterly estimated tax procedures . Please refer to Rackham Graduate School's Tax Information for Fellowship Recipients . [ https://rackham.umich.edu/rackham-life/finances/#tax-information]

Each student is required to serve as a Graduate Student Instructor (Teaching Assistant) for two terms prior to receipt of a Ph.D. degree. Typically, students serve as a GSI for one term in year 2 and then another term after the second year. Graduate student instructors who are teaching for the first time are required to take MCDB 801-Supervised Teaching. Students who are awarded internal or external fellowships delay their teaching until they come off their fellowship. 

Other Funding Opportunities

All graduate students in the department are highly encouraged to apply for other sources of support for which they are eligible. Graduate students should work closely with their faculty advisor to identify appropriate funding sources, and to prepare strong funding applications.

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Ph.D. Program

The training for a Ph.D. in Biology is focused on helping students achieve their goals of being a successful research scientist and teacher, at the highest level. Students work closely with an established advisor and meet regularly with a committee of faculty members to facilitate their progress. The Biology Ph.D. program is part of the larger Biosciences community at Stanford, which includes doctorate programs in the basic science departments at Stanford Medical School. 

There are two tracks within the Biology Ph.D. program:

• Cell, Molecular and Organismal Biology
• Ecology and Evolution

(Previously a part of the Department of Biology Hopkins Marine Station is now a part of the Oceans Department within  Stanford Doerr School of Sustainability )

All  tracks are focused on excellence in research and teaching in their respective areas; where there are differences between the tracks, they are indicated in the links below. 

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PhD Biology Salary, Jobs, Colleges, Eligibility, Program, Duration 2024

Sushil Pandey

Senior Content Specialist

Ph.D. (Biology) - Latest Notifications

• 24 June, 2024 : IIT JAM 2024 Round 5 Counselling dates released, Check here.

PhD Biology is a minimum three-year doctorate level programme. The course deals with the study of microorganisms and their surroundings. It is the highest level of educational degree that one can achieve in Biology. 

To be able to pursue the programme, one needs to have a master’s degree in the same field of study, from a recognized university. A minimum aggregate score of at least 50% is needed to apply for PhD Biology.

Admissions are held through entrance examinations and a round of personal interview. Each institute holds its own entrance examination that tests the candidates research methodology and basics of research along with general knowledge.

A number of institutes in India offer a doctorate level programme in Biology. Universities like Jawaharlal Nehru University, Indian Institute of Science, University of Hyderabad etc. The average course fee charged is between INR 2,000 to INR 5 Lakhs. The aim of the programme is to gain new information about the chosen field of study and submit a thesis at the end of the study. Some topics that a candidate studies are Genetics, Microbiology, Biochemistry etc. 

Upon graduation, one can choose to get admitted into higher studies programmes or seek employment. The top job profiles most PhD Biology graduates are hired as are Microbiologist, Product Manager, Natural Science Manager, Professor etc. The average placement package is between INR 25,000 to INR 85,000 monthly. 

PhD Biology Course Highlights

PhD Biology is about studying and researching the various aspects of microorganism such as their genes, surroundings, etc. Here is a quick highlights of the course tabulated below that will help you to understand what the course is about. 

Check out the best PhD science colleges in India to pursue a PhD Degree. 

PhD Biology: What is it about?

Students eager to learn about the millions of microorganisms surrounding us pursue PhD Biology. It helps to learn about life from the start. The details of the PhD programme in Biology has been described in details below. 

• This is a three-years to five-years duration doctorate level programme in Biology and other related areas of study.
• The eligibility criteria for admission is to have a master degree in the same area of specialization. A minimum aggregate score of 50% is sufficient from a recognized university for admissions.
• Admissions is done through entrance examinations and personal interviews. Candidates need to prepare a research proposal stating an outline of the research.
• Some areas of study that a PhD Biology candidate covers during the programme are cell and molecular Biology, Ecology, Evolution, Computational Biology etc.
• Candidates get to gain information about report writing, research methods, data clean up and presentation, thesis preparation etc. as part of the programme. 

Why Study PhD Biology?

To study a doctorate level programme in any stream requires a lot of effort from a candidate. Reasons to pursue the degree will differ from each individual’s goals and aims. The top reasons why it should be pursued are as below. 

• Career options : The career options after earning a degree in PhD Biology is unlimited. One can work as Research Associate, Research Biologist, Environmental Staff Scientist, Clinical Lab Scientist, Sr. Microbiologist, Product Manager, Natural Science Manager and more. The career choices also differ as per the chosen area of specialization. 
• Pay range : For a doctorate candidate, the pay range is high. Job experience and the skill set of the candidate also come into play with deciding the final pay rate. Pay will also differ from industry to industry. If one is lucky to secure a job in an international organization, the pay will be higher.
• Contribute to Biological advancements : Biologists contribute a lot to humanity in terms of the work they do. They study viruses, bacteria in human beings and animals to understand how they spread and how to control them. Their work is also significant to environmental protection.
•  Educate future students : Among the plethora of career options available, one can choose to also work as teachers or professors to college level students. There is no greater work than to educate the next generation of Biologists who will go on to contribute more to the field. 

What is the PhD Biology Admission Process?

Most institutes admit students through an entrance examination score and a round of personal interview. Candidates need to submit a research proposal that states the research objective, methodology, aim, proposal etc. which is used during the interview. A guide to get admitted into a PhD Biology programme are as follows. 

• Online registration: Registration portal opens up only during a specific date and it is advertised by the institute. The application form and all documents need to be uploaded through the portal.
• Fill up application form: Fill up the application form with all basic details like email id, phone number, past educational achievements, job experience, entrance exam score etc. Correctness is needed while filling the form.
• Upload documents: Upload mark sheets and all other required documents to the portal. Documents must be in a specific format and size as specified by the portal.
• Application fee: Pay a minimal application fee to process the application. Payment can be done using all major online payment methods.
• Examination: If the candidate passes the eligibility criteria, they can sit for the entrance exam. Download admit cards, prepare for the exams and sit for it. Results are announced in a couple of weeks.
• Personal Interview: If candidates are successful in qualifying the entrance exams, they are invited for a round of personal interview. They are required to bring their research proposals for the interview.
• Admission: Post the interview round, the list of candidates who have qualified will be informed. They can then take admission in the college by paying a small admission fee. 

What is the PhD Biology Minimum Eligibility Criteria?

For a candidate to gain admission into the PhD Biology programme, certain eligibility criteria have to be fulfilled. The following general criteria can be applied to most colleges. 

• Candidates must have a master degree in Biology from a recognized institute or university.
• A minimum aggregate score of 50% must have been scored.
• Entrance examination scores like IIS, BITS Pilani or UGC Net is required
• Candidates need to have a research proposal ready stating the research objective, process, methodology etc. This proposal will be used during a personal interview round. 

Which are the Various PhD Biology Entrance Exams Held in India?

The universities in India accept national level and state level examinations during admissions. The following are the most commonly accepted exams scores.

Also, check the entire list of the colleges providing PhD Biology in India .  

PhD Biology: How to Prepare for entrance exams?

The entrance exam syllabus is different from exam to exam. However, a general syllabus can be drawn. To prepare properly for the PhD entrance examinations, the following tips will be helpful.

• Brush up on all basic subject matter taught at the bachelors and masters level. Basics of the chosen area of research can be revised.
• Research basics, methodology, techniques etc. must be studied thoroughly. The more complicated topics need not be studied.
• Prepare a research proposal that states the research aim, objective, methodology etc. which will be used during the personal interview round.
• Read daily news, affairs of the nation and the world daily. Questions will be asked in most entrance exams.
• Download and print past exam papers. Practice the exams in a timed manner and understand the syllabus and the questions pattern. 

How to get admission in a good PhD Biology College?

There are a number of institutes in the nation that offer PhD Biology programmes. To help understand how to secure a seat in a top ranked college, the following tips can be read through. 

• Keeping track of application dates, examination dates etc. is necessary. It is easy to miss any changes in the dates. Access the university’s website for all updates.
• Read through all knowledge taught at the master level and the basics of the chosen area of research.
• The research proposal must be revised and prepared with care. The material must be known inside and out.
• Get help from a mentor or a friend for mock interviews. Look through videos of interview tips and get help from seniors in the same field. 

What is the PhD Biology Syllabus?

The structure of a PhD Biology programme is a mix of classes and research work. Research work and preparation of the thesis takes up most of the course work. The syllabus for a PhD Biology will be dependent on the chosen specialization. Some areas that candidates can choose as the area of research are in the table below.

Also, check out the top PhD courses to pursue in India in 2024.

Which are the Top PhD Biology Colleges in India?

The top ten colleges in India, that offer PhD Biology programme, as per NIRF’s 2020 ranking list for top universities, are as below: 

PhD Biology College Comparison

Among professional goals, candidates also wish to be admitted in the top college offering the programme of their choice. To help candidates choose between the best PhD college in the country, a comparison of the top three colleges, as per NIRF’s ranking list for 2020 has been put in the table below. 

M.Phil. Biotechnology vs PhD Biology, which is Better?

The nearest course to PhD Biology is M.Phil. Biotechnology which can be confused between by most candidates. To help students get a clear idea of what each programme offers, a comparison between both is needed. A side by side look between both is as follows.

What are the PhD Biology Job Prospects and Career Options?

PhD Biology candidates are hired in both Government organizations and private laboratories alike. The industries where one can look into to be hired are Educational Institutes, Medical Research Centers, Zoos and National Parks, National Conservation Centers etc. 

The starting salary range for candidates is on the higher range. The final pay will depend on the candidate’s potential, skills, job experience etc. One can expect a pay range of INR 25,000 to up to INR 85,000 monthly initially. The job positions or profiles candidates are hired into are Microbiologist, Environmental Lab Scientist, Natural Science Manager, Professor, Research Associate etc.

PhD Biology: Future Scope

A PhD is the highest degree one can earn in India. Most candidates are hired to work immediately on completion of the degree or are already working while completing the degree. The employability chances are high for a doctorate degree holder and finding a suitable job will be easy for most. Nevertheless, if one chooses to explore alternative options of studies, the following can be looked into.

PhD Biology FAQs

Ques. What is the minimum duration of the programme?

Ans . The minimum duration is three years. 

Ques. What is the eligibility criteria for the programme?

Ans . Candidates need to have a master degree in the same field of study with at least 50% aggregate score. An entrance exam score is also needed. 

Ques. What are the entrance exams that are accepted?

Ans . The accepted entrance exams are JAM, JEST, UGC NET etc. 

Ques. What is the difference between MPhil and PhD?

Ans . MPhil is based on the study of other’s research work while PhD is about researching new work and data.

Ques. What is the admission process for the programme?

Ans . An entrance exam score and a personal interview round is held where candidates are required to bring in their research proposals. 

Ques. What are some job profiles one can get hired into with a PhD Biology?

Ans . Some of the common job profiles one gets hired into are Research Associate, Research Biologist, Environmental Staff Scientist, Clinical Lab Scientist etc.

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6 Reviews found

Review on National Centre for Biological Sciences - [NCBS]

Campus life :.

Sports activities and cultural events are celebrated throughout the year. The Swimming pool is the central highlight and joy of this campus, supervised by lifeguards and treated to maintain the very highest standards of cleanliness and safety. A climbing fence decorates the east side of the Southern lab complex.

Most of the faculty is very much supportive, especially my mentor. They guided us throughout the process, aiding us in the exhaustive process of research work and writing an acceptable research paper. Now when I look back I feel it would have been impossible it weren?t from them.

The institute made me what I always wished to be!

Admission :.

After getting an M.B.B.S. degree I desired to pursue a doctorate in biology. I appeared for the TIFR GS exam, surprisingly I was one of the top 1.5% candidates in the merit list who was called for the interview and got selected too.

Fee Structure And Facilities :

Financed by the Government of India, the institute charges a minimal fee as of 4k per year from the students pursuing any course. Other than this exclusive liberty, an impressive amount of accommodation is awarded to the students.

My college's review

Course curriculum overview :.

Our course cover a wide range of theories and concepts of molecules to eco system.We are also enriched by number of workshops and seminars based on our daily learnings. Basically we are taught and also visualized with the theories of plant pathology, endocrinology and animal physiology.

Our faculties are scholars from top universities. our professors conduct seminars to brief us about the research works and opportunities we hold in future. They motivate and boost our confidence to reach at a level where we can be independent and work for improving our eco system.

One of my best college experience

admission process in this college is very similar to the other colleges at is having the same process as the other colleges follows like you have to give your marksheets and all and you have to give interview so that you can take admission in this college

55000 is the the fees for a year and it is a three years course you have to give it three times and ID there are some options like scholarships and all so you can add on this and if you want to live in a hostel then hostel facilities is also available

How I got my interest in my passion

The fee structure was 55000 rupees per year so we have to give it for 3 years and I guess it is very feasible and it will be feasible for your family and you also and there are facilities of scholarships and easy payment options so that will helpful for you

In my opinion the course structure is very nice it is very well structured and very manageable other than that the course is very focused on what I am studying and what I am researching on so it is very focus on that so that is a very good thing

College with a lot of potential to help improvise students

Sports activities and cultural events are celebrated throughout the year. The Swimming pool is the main highlight and joy of this campus, supervised by lifeguards and treated to maintain the very highest standards of cleanliness and safety. A climbing wall adorns the east side of the Southern lab complex.

Most of the faculty is very much supportive, especially my mentor. They guided us throughout the process, aiding us in the exhaustive process of research work and writing an acceptable research paper. Now when I look back I feel it would have been impossible it weren’t from them.

Ph.D. (Chemistry)

Ph.d. (physics), ph.d. (mathematics), ph.d. (biotechnology), ph.d. (zoology), ph.d. (biology) colleges in india.

Banaras Hindu University - [BHU]

Seth GS Medical College - [GSMC]

Indian Institute of Information Technology - [IIIT]

Mangalayatan University - [MU]

Ashoka University

OPJS University

SRM University

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research - [IISER]

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Doctoral Programs

Department doctoral programs.

The School of Biological Sciences offers graduate training in a collaborative environment with several schools and graduate programs. This provides excellent research training and professional development for graduate students pursuing the doctorate. Training opportunities include broad areas of Biological, Biomedical and Environmental Sciences including Neuroscience, Immunology and Pathogenesis, Cancer Biology, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Systems and Computational Biology, Genomics, Structural Biology, Ecology, and Evolutionary Biology.

Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, PhD

Research in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology uses a range of methodologies spanning field studies, experimental approaches, and computational approaches. Students and faculty have easy access to field sites that include marine, desert, and California chaparral communities. The faculty have diverse interests including evolutionary biology, population genetics, genomics, behavioral ecology, physiology, and global change biology. Faculty in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology have extensive collaborations with scientists in neuroscience, molecular biology, genomics and microbiomes, global climate biology, systems biology, mathematics, as well as with faculty at other institutions.

The Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology offers admission directly to a departmental graduate program with full financial support. Students initiate research with a faculty thesis advisor while they take required coursework and complete other degree requirements. 

Learning Outcomes by Department

The Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology is the only department that offers direct admission to a PhD Program. The other Dunlop Dunlop School departments offer admission to their PhD programs through a gateway disciplinary program such as CMB or INP. Click below to learn more about learning outcomes by department.

Neurobiology and Behavior, PhD

Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences   PLOs

Neurobiology and Behavior M.S./Ph.D.

PLO1: Core Knowledge

• Demonstrate a basic knowledge of central concepts in the biological sciences
• Understand the current concepts in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biomedical sciences
• Demonstrate specialized knowledge of cellular and molecular biology sufficient to carry out substantive independent research

PLO2: Research Methods and Analysis

• Read and critically evaluate the scientific literature
• Formulate hypotheses based on current concepts in the field
• Design, conduct, and interpret their independent research projects
• Understand the range of tools appropriate for research in their sub-field
• Understand and follow research ethics

PLO3: Pedagogy:

• Communicate effectively to large and small groups in pedagogical settings including teaching, research seminars, and other formats
• Identify and effectively deploy suitable technologies for use in all aspects of instruction

PLO4: Scholarly Communication:

• Review and discuss relevant literature and their significance
• Publish research results in peer-reviewed publications and in a dissertation
• Communicate research results effectively through oral presentations at scientific seminars, conferences, and other venues
• Make clear and cogent oral presentations, including effective use of technology

PLO5: Professionalism

• Write compelling abstracts describing their research for consideration at research conferences
• Prepare oral presentations suitable for presentation at a research conference
• Make effective contributions to research teams and learning seminars
• Make effective contributions to department, university, community, and professional service
• Mentor junior researchers (e.g., undergraduates, beginning graduate students)

PLO6: Independent Research

• Develop their own research projects that meet high standards of theoretical and methodological rigor with lasting impact
• Produce scholarship that is comparable in scope and format to articles that appear in leading peer-reviewed journals in molecular and biomedical sciences
• Supervise junior researchers (e.g., high school students, undergraduates, beginning graduate students) effectively

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, PhD

Molecular Biology and Biochemistry M.S./Ph.D.

• Master current concepts in molecular biology, biochemistry, and biomedical sciences
• Acquire specialized knowledge of cellular and molecular biology sufficient to carry out substantive independent research

PLO2: Research Methods and Analysis 

• Design, conduct, and interpret experiments to complete an original research project
• Understand the range of tools appropriate for research in the specific sub-field
• Appreciate and adhere to research ethics

PLO3: Pedagogy: 

• Communicate effectively to small and large groups in pedagogical settings such as teaching and research seminars

PLO4: Scholarly Communication: 

• Review and discuss relevant literature and its significance
• Complete an individual development plan (IDP) at the time of entering the MBB program (Fall quarter of the 2 nd year) and update it annually
• Submit fellowship proposals to private and governmental agencies to solicit independent funding for graduate research
• Anticipate and meet the needs for professional transitions in a timely fashion (prior to degree completion)
• Write compelling abstracts describing research for consideration at research conferences

PLO6: Independent Research 

• Effectively supervise junior researchers (e.g., high school students, undergraduates, beginning graduate students)

Interdepartmental Doctoral Gateway Programs

Gateway programs offer admission to the doctoral programs affiliated with the Charlie Dunlop School of Biological Sciences, School of Medicine, School of Physical Sciences, Engineering and Information & Computer Science. Students enroll for the first academic year while they do lab rotations and take required coursework. Then, students select a thesis advisor and transfer to a department and complete remaining degree requirements. Gateway programs offer students excellent opportunities to perform laboratory rotations with any of a large number of faculty participants in that program, and in many areas of biological sciences.

Cellular Molecular Dunlop Schoolences

The PhD program in Cellular & Molecular Biosciences (CMB) at UC Irvine provides ideal training to launch the careers of talented researchers in diverse fields of biological and biomedical sciences. With five different study focuses, the CMB PhD program gears future scientists to be ready for a diverse field.  The program offers a rigorous but flexible curriculum with an extensive choice of laboratories and allows students to tailor their training to individual interests and goals. Outstanding facilities, a collaborative culture, a commitment to diversity, and guaranteed on-campus housing all contribute to a productive graduate experience. 

Interdepartamental Neuroscience Program

The Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program (INP) provides a vehicle for meeting the diversity and challenges of graduate training in such a broad discipline. Neuroscience is an inherently broad and multidisciplinary area of scientific pursuit and scholarship. It has intellectual links to fields as diverse as developmental and cell biology, molecular biology, physiology, pharmacology, anatomy, psychology, computer science, and physics. The substantial breadth of Neuroscience is one of its strengths as a discipline, and one of the features that makes it an attractive and important area for graduate study. Students may train with any participating faculty member and are exposed to a variety of approaches before deciding on a research area for focused dissertation work. After the initial year of academic coursework and laboratory rotations, students join the more specialized graduate program of their chosen thesis advisor.

Mathematical, Computational, and System Biology

The goal of UCI’s program in Mathematical, Computational and Systems Biology (MCSB) is to provide students from a variety of academic backgrounds with doctoral training suitable for research careers in the nascent field of Systems Biology. The program emphasizes in-depth classroom study, interdisciplinary research rotations, and individualized advising. The MCSB Program is supported by funding from UCI’s Graduate Division, by a National Institute of General Medical Sciences grant to the UCI Center for Complex Biological Systems, and an NIH Training Grant.

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• PhD applications in Biomedical Science and Biochemistry

Are you a high-achieving student interested in pursuing a PhD in molecular and biomedical sciences? Do you want to work with top researchers, in a world-class research facility, in a beautiful city at the bottom of the world? Then check out the Division of Biomedical Science and Biochemistry at the Australian National University.

Our Science : We provide an outstanding research environment with a world-class reputation. We are an interdisciplinary division, with highly integrated labs that work at the forefront of membrane transport processes, host-pathogen biology, drug and vaccine development, immune processes, cancer biology and evolutionary genomics. We research a wide range of topics – from the physiology of intracellular parasites to the assembly of bacterial nanomachines; from the structure and biophysics of membrane transporters to the early evolution of animals. If you are interested in doing a PhD with us check out our Research Groups below, and contact prospective supervisors.

• Adamska Group - Genomic and evolutionary basis of animal development
• Altin Group - Tumour immunology and liposome targeting group
• Behm Group - Nematode molecular biology
• Brock Group - Membrane structural biology, biochemistry and biophysics
• Broer Group - Membrane transport and nutrition
• Casarotto Group - Biomolecular interactions  
• Corry Group - Transport proteins and computational biophysics
• Fahrer Group - Immunology
• Furlong Group - Bacterial structural defence
• Jackson Group - SynBio
• Lehane Group - Antimalarial drug action and resistance
• Leyton Group - Assembly, function, and applications of nanoscale bacterial surface structures
• Maier Group - Molecular mechanisms of malaria pathogenesis
• Saliba Group - Physiology and biochemistry of the malaria parasite
• Spry Group - Drug discovery for infectious diseases
• Tham Group - Understanding chytrid infection biology
• van Dooren Group - Cell biology and metabolism of apicomplexan parasites
• Verma Group - Bacterial and bacteriophage genetics, and vaccine development.  

Our Values : Our division includes award-winning supervisors and teachers, and we pride ourselves on providing high-quality supervision to our students. Our PhD students are well supported through internal funding, including for conference travel and computational resources, and our labs are located in a well-equipped, modern research facility. We have a thriving community of PhD students, and our graduates go on to productive careers in many areas of science and beyond. We value diversity and inclusivity in science and have active policies to prevent discrimination. Our faculty and their research teams are comprised of people from all over the globe and from all walks of life.

Location : The ANU is situated in Canberra, Australia’s capital city. Canberra is a well-resourced regional city, set amongst beautiful mountains and surrounded by eucalypt forests. Bike riding and hiking are everyday activities, and we are a two-hour drive away from both winter snowfields and some of the most beautiful beaches on Earth. Canberra’s birdlife is stunning, and we regularly have to brake for kangaroos on our daily commute. Despite its regional setting, Canberra is a vibrant, multicultural city. There are frequent cultural evenings, festivals, art exhibits, music events, and world-class restaurant and coffee scenes.

The Australian National University: We are a research-intensive university and have an international reputation for research excellence. The ANU is frequently ranked as Australia’s top university, and one of the top 50 universities in the world.

Candidate eligibility : Domestic applicants must be Australian citizens or permanent residents, or New Zealand citizens, and must have previously completed a 1 st  class Honours or Masters thesis in a relevant field. Fully funded International PhD scholarships are highly competitive at the ANU. To be a viable candidate you need: (1) excellent undergraduate marks; (2) a Masters by Research with a high mark; or (rarely) equivalent proof of research experience. (3) While not essential, having published research papers in the past is an advantage.

What do I do? First, contact potential supervisors from the list of staff on the Research Groups above (include your CV and grades, and some details about what it is that attracts you to their field of research). If they are interested in supervising you, you can submit an application to commence a PhD via the online link below. Your application should include a detailed CV, full academic transcripts, the name of your potential supervisor, and a brief description of a research project that you and your potential supervisor have discussed. Entry to the PhD program is open to applicants with a Bachelor degree that have also completed (or are in the process of completing) an Honours or Masters research degree that comprises at least a half year, full time research component and a thesis (5,000-10,000 words). Applicants with significant research experience and publications may be deemed eligible if their achievements can be justified as equivalent to completing an Honours/Masters degree. As part of your application for undertaking a PhD, you will automatically be considered for a stipend scholarship if you tick the scholarship box in the application. Your potential supervisor or the Biomedical Science and Biochemistry graduate convenor, Dr Giel van Dooren, can advise you on how competitive your application is likely to be for obtaining a stipend scholarship. If you have questions about any aspect of the PhD application process, you can contact Giel van Dooren ( [email protected] )

The application form is here , along with general information on how to apply and the details about the Doctor of Philosophy program . PhD applications are due by 15 April (the mid-year round for both international and domestic students),  31 August (international students), or 31 October (domestic students). Your application will require:

• Academic transcripts and graduation/completion certificates from your Bachelor and Honours/MSc degree (in its original language and, if needed, a translation), with grading scale information.
• A current CV, including scholarships or prizes, publications and conference presentations.
• A research proposal (this is quite short and your potential supervisor can help you with it).
• Proficiency in English: For international students from many countries, a current IELTS or TOEFL certificate is required. 
• Three referee reports. You need to enter your referee details on the application form. The system then automatically sends them a link to complete an online form. NB: You need to ensure your referees are willing and able to write recommendation letters and do so promptly. Plan ahead and alert them.

* If you are an international student and have the possibility of PhD funding from your home country or elsewhere, let a potential supervisor know.

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Integrated Physiology

Graduate program.

Integrated Physiology faculty are associated with multiple departments, representing diverse research interests and scientific approaches, but sharing common interests in understanding how complex physiological systems are regulated. In addition, the faculty all share a deep commitment to quality graduate education and are actively engaged in mentoring and supporting students as they progress toward their PhD. 

Faculty research fall into one of more of the research tracks below:

Major Research Tracks

Reproductive biology.

Reproductive Biology was founded in 2004 as an interdepartmental Graduate Program. The basic science and clinical faculty are drawn from 10 different Departments and Divisions, allowing students to take an integrated, translational, multidisciplinary approach to the study of reproductive biology and pathophysiology. Students in the Reproductive Biology Track have opportunities to investigate research areas including:

• Signal transduction and transcriptional regulation
• Reproductive Endocrinology and Metabolism
• Neuroendocrinology
• Breast, Ovarian and Uterine cancers
• Epidemiology
• Complications of Pregnancy
• Development and function of the reproductive system
• Mammary gland development and lactation
• Placental development and function
• Obesity and fetal developmental programming

Cellular Physiology

Training in Cellular Physiology prepares graduate PhD students for independent careers in biomedical research through grounding in the fundamental principles of physiology and biophysics, and their application to important problems of cellular systems regulation. Students in the Cellular Physiology track have a broad array of research projects from which to choose, and access to an equally broad assortment of cutting edge techniques and instrumentation for their projects, including advanced electrophysiology, high-resolution imaging, and novel biochemical (including photochemical) tools.

Research projects in Cellular Physiology cover problems such as recycling of synaptic vesicles, transduction and modulation of signals in the olfactory bulb, mechanisms of sound localization in mammals, the role of glia and spontaneous secretion of transmitter in the brain, characterization of sodium channel isoforms in excitable cells, regulation of potassium channel expression during development, excitation-contraction coupling, molecular physiology of cardiac pacemaking, processing of sound information in the auditory brainstem, neurophysiology of making decision and initiating actions, and neurophysiology of the cerebellum.

Molecular Nutrition and Metabolic Systems

Research in molecular nutrition and metabolic systems underpins advances in many areas of medicine and physiology, and is essential for understanding complex diseases and disorders of human biology, such as obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Students in the Molecular Nutrition and Metabolic Systems (MNMS) track have opportunities to investigate how nutrients are metabolized by cells, organs and higher systems, and how defects in metabolic systems contribute to human disease.

Research projects in the MNMS track employ state of the art techniques in metabolism, cell and molecular biology, imaging, genomics and proteomics that provide students with capabilities of generating sophisticated mechanistic insight into metabolic disorders and disease processes. Students that successfully complete MNMS training and research programs are prepared for independent careers in biomedical research in academic, industry and government laboratories.

Cardiovascular/Pulmonary/Renal/GI Physiology

Cardiovascular/Pulmonary/Renal/GI Physiology research seeks to uncover mechanisms, and integrating principals, regulating fundamental cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and GI systems. Investigators in this track pursue mechanistic research related to how hormones, metabolism, ion channel properties, exercise, and diseases, regulate, or disrupt, multiple physiological systems.

Research projects in this track focus on serious human health problems related to cardiac function, pulmonary disorders, renal abnormalities, endothelial biology, obesity, and diabetes. These projects employs cutting-edge molecular biology, imaging, genomics, ion channel and modeling approaches in cellular, organ, and higher-order experimental systems. Students in this track will have opportunities to integrate many of these experimental approaches in the pursuit of understanding cardiac, pulmonary, renal, and GI systems biology.

Curtis Henry PhD

• Immunology Microbiology (SOM)

Email Address: [email protected]

C. Henry Faculty Profile

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Interdisciplinarity through internationality: results from a US-Mexico graduate course bridging computational and plant science

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Interdisciplinarity is used to integrate and synthesize new research directions between scientific domains, but it is not the only means by which to generate novelty by bringing diverse perspectives together. Internationality draws upon cultural and linguistic diversity that can potentially impact interdisciplinarity as well. We created an interdisciplinary class originally intended to bridge computational and plant science that eventually became international in scope, including students from the US and Mexico. We administered a survey over four years designed to evaluate student expertise. The first year of the survey included only US students and demonstrated that biology and computational student groups have distinct expertise but can learn the skills of the other group over the course of a semester. Modeling of survey responses shows that biological and computational science expertise is equally distributed between US and Mexico student groups, but that nonetheless these groups can be predicted based on survey responses due to sub-specialization within each domain. Unlike interdisciplinarity, differences arising from internationality are mostly static and do not change with educational intervention and include unique skills such as working across languages. We end by discussing a distinct form of interdisciplinarity that arises through internationality and the implications of globalizing research and education efforts.

Competing Interest Statement

The authors have declared no competing interest.

https://github.com/DanChitwood/interdisciplinary_international_education

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