assignment topics on indian constitution

20 Indian Constitution Related Research Topics India

20 Indian Constitution Related Research Topics India- The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the land that outlines the fundamental principles, values, and rules for governing the country. It is a living document that has undergone several amendments and interpretations since its adoption in 1950. Over the years, researchers have explored various aspects of the Indian Constitution to understand its implications and impact on the Indian society and polity. Here are 20 research topics related to the Indian Constitution that can contribute to a better understanding of its complexities and challenges:

1. The origins and evolution of the Indian Constitution: This topic explores the historical context, debates, and influences that shaped the drafting of the Indian Constitution.

2. The Preamble to the Constitution: This topic examines the significance and meaning of the Preamble, which outlines the core values and objectives of the Constitution.

3. Fundamental Rights and Duties: This topic explores the provisions related to the Fundamental Rights and Duties, their enforcement, and limitations.

4. Directive Principles of State Policy: This topic examines the Directive Principles of State Policy, which provide guidance to the government in formulating policies for social and economic development.

5. Federalism and Centre-State relation s: This topic explores the nature and scope of federalism in India, the distribution of powers between the Centre and the States, and the challenges to its implementation.

6.The Judiciary and Constitutional interpretation: This topic examines the role of the judiciary in interpreting and enforcing the Constitution, including landmark judgments and judicial activism.

7. The Constitution and Social Justice: This topic explores the provisions related to social justice, including reservations, affirmative action, and inclusive development.

8. The Constitution and Gender Justice: This topic examines the provisions related to gender justice, including women’s rights, gender-based violence, and discrimination.

9. The Constitution and Religious Freedom: This topic explores the provisions related to religious freedom, including the right to practice and propagate religion, and the challenges of religious diversity and communalism.

10. The Constitution and Minority Rights: This topic examines the provisions related to minority rights, including linguistic and cultural rights, and the challenges of diversity and assimilation.

11. The Constitution and Environmental Protection: This topic explores the provisions related to environmental protection, including the right to a clean environment, sustainable development, and climate change.

12. The Constitution and Education: This topic examines the provisions related to education, including the right to education, educational policies, and challenges of access and quality.

13. The Constitution and Healthcare: This topic explores the provisions related to healthcare, including the right to health, public health policies, and challenges of access and affordability.

14. The Constitution and Economic Development: This topic examines the provisions related to economic development, including the right to livelihood, economic policies, and challenges of inequality and poverty.

15. The Constitution and Democracy: This topic explores the provisions related to democracy, including the right to vote, electoral reforms, and challenges of political representation and accountability.

16.The Constitution and Media Freedom: This topic examines the provisions related to media freedom, including the right to free speech and expression, media regulation, and challenges of fake news and propaganda.

17.The Constitution and National Security: This topic explores the provisions related to national security, including emergency powers, the role of the military, and challenges of terrorism and insurgency.

18. The Constitution and International Relations: This topic examines the provisions related to international relations, including foreign policy, treaties and agreements, and challenges of globalization and diplomacy.

19. The Constitution and Technology: This topic explores the provisions related to technology, including the right to privacy, data protection, and challenges of digital divide and cybercrime.

20. The Constitution and Constitutional Amendments: This topic examines the process and implications of constitutional amendments, including debates, controversies, and challenges of constitutionalism and democracy.

Important Topics: Indian Polity and Constitution - (Features of The Constitution)

Indian polity and constitution, (features of the constitution ), a. lengthiest written constitution of the world.

The constitution of India is the lengthiest of all the written constitutions of the world. Initially, it contained a Preamble, 395 Articles, 22 parts & 8 schedules. As of now, it has a Preamble, about 450 Articles, 24 parts and 12 schedules. Some of the factors leading to the elephantine nature of our constitution can be summarised as follows: i) Since Government of India Act 1935 was adopted as a model for the Indian Constitution and it was a very voluminous document in itself. Thus it naturally made the constitution a lengthy document. ii) The Indian constitution has elaborated provisional for Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Election Commission, Controller and Auditor General of India etc. Which also makes it voluminous as compared to other constitutions. iii) The Indian constitution has provisions regarding the administration of states. This is unlike the U.S. constitution where the state from their constitution separately. Since the federal constitutions is supposed to describe in details the rights and jurisdictions of the centre and the states. Thus making it more bulky in nature. iv) The diversity and the vastness of the country with a pluralist tradition and variety of problems demanded varied solution. Thus it became the utmost priority for the constitution framers to tackle these issues with detailed solution and various provision, for example Part XVI of the constitution is related to Schedule Caste, and Schedule Tribe and Backward Classes separately, While the Fifth and Sixth Schedule are related to tackle the issues related to Scheduled Areas and Tribes separately. v) In order to meet the growing region demand from several state such as Nagaland, Assam, Manipur, Andhra Pradeh, Maharashtra, Sikkim etc. Some specific articles have been inserted for example article 371, 371 A to 371-I, Thus making the constitution lengthier.

B. Parliamentary form of Government

In order to represent the pluralist tradition and interest of country, the framers of the Indian constitution have adopted the British Parliamentary System of Government rather than the American Presidential System of Government. This Parliamentary form of government ensures participation of the citizens in electing their representatives who in turn are responsible for the welfare of the former (citizen). Also, Parliamentary form of government reduces the risk of dictatorship and our man monopolistic approaches in the governance.

C. Federal Polity with a Unitary Spirit

The India constitution is considered as federal during normal circumstances while during the time of emergency it has the possibilities and provisions of being converted into a unitary one.

Some of the features of Indian constitution being a blend of federal unitary can be listed as below: FEDERAL » One Government at the centre and other at the state level. » Distribution of power between both the government. » Written constitution. » Supremacy of constitution. » Independent judiciary and bicameralism.

UNITARY » Presence of strong centr al government » Single constitution » Single citizenship » Appointment of state government by the centre » All-India services » Emergency provisions

However, the term ‘Federal’ has not been used anywhere in the constitution. And - ‘Article - I’ describes India as a ‘Union of States’ which is not the result of an agreement by the states; and no state has the secede from the federation. Hence, our constitution is described as ‘quasi-federal’ i.e. federal in form but unitary spirit.

D. Rigid as well as Flexible Constitution

A rigid constitution is that type of constitution which requires a special procedure of its amendment, while a flexible constitution can be amended like an ordinary law.

The Indian constitution is a combination of both, for example article 2,3,4, & 169 can be amended like ordinary legislation by simple majority in the Houses of Parliament, while article 368 provides special procedure of the amendment, which are:

i) Some provision can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament, i.e. a 2/3 majority of the members of each house present and voting, and a majority (more than 50%) of the total membership of each House. ii) Some other provision can be amended by a special majority of the Parliament and with the ratification by half of the total states. An authentic justification of this blended characteristic of the constitution was given by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, he said - “Our constitution in to be as solid and permanent as we can make it, yet there is no permanence in a constitution, There should be a certain amount of flexibility. If you make anything rigid and permanent, you stop the nation’s growth, the growth of living vital organic people”.

E. Secular State

The India costitution stands for a Secular State, it does not promote any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian states.

Some of the provisions which reveal the secular character of the Indian states are: i) The preamble secular to all citizens of India, likely of belief, faith and worship. ii) Article - 4: The state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or equal protection of the laws. iii) Article -15: The state shall not discriminate against any citizen on the ground of religion. iv) Article - 16: Equal opportunity for all citizens in the matter of Public employment. v) Article - 25: Freedom of practising and propagating any religion. vi) Article - 27: No person shall be forced to pay any tax for the promotion of a particular religion. vii) Article - 28: No religion instruction shall be provided in any educational institution by the state. viii) Article - 29: Any section of the citizen shall have the right to conserve its distinct language, script & culture. ix) Article - 30: All minorities shall have the right to establish and administer educational institution of their choice. x) Article - 44: The state shall endeavour to secure for all the citizens a Uniform Civil Code.

While talking about the Western concept of secularism, it shows a complete isolation between the religion and the state. However being a multi religious country this type of isolated concept is not possible in India. hence, the Indian constitution gives equal respect to all the religious being practised in the country.

F. Fundamental Rights

Considered as the hallmark of the democracy fundamental rights are meant for the development of the individual as well as the society. They are justiciable in the nature and they operate as limitations of the executive and arbitrary laws of the legislature.

Broadly fundamental Rights are classified into the following groups: 1) Right to equality (Art. 14-18) 2) Right to freedom (Art. 19-22) 3) Right to against exploration (Art. 23-24) 4) Right to freedom of religion (Art. 25-30) 5) Cultured and educational rights (Art. 29-30) 6) Right to constitutional remedies (Act. 32) (*) The right to property was deleted as a fundamental rights by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1978 & is and ordinary constitutional right now (Act 300-A).

G. Directive Principle of State Policy

Defined by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar as a novel feature of the Indian constitution, DPSP’s are a set of social and economic obligation imposed on the government (Union & State) to establish a welfare society. These principles are fundamental in the government of the country and are not enforceable by the courts for their violation. DPSP’s are comprehensive in nature and they direct the activities of the state in political, economic, social, environmental, educational, cultural and international areas.

Furthermore, they can be classified into the following categories:

(i) Socialistic Category: Under this category the government aims to prevent concentration if wealth in few heads and provides right to work as well as participates actively in socio-economic affairs for the welfare of the poor, elderly & women (Art. - 38, 39, 41, 42, 43, 45, & 46 - discussed ahead). (ii) Gandhian Principles: The Gandhian ideology revolves around the concept of empowerment of the citizens by means of decentralization of power to village the Gram Panchayat and Municipal Bodies, promotion of village and cottage consumption of intoxicating substance. (iii) Social Integration: DPSP’s contain instruction for the Union & the State government to eradicate social disparities such as, gender biasness, casteism, exploitation of backward classes etc. (Art. - 39, 42, 44, 45, 46, 47) (iv) International Relation: Since Independence, the Indian foreign policies has been the promoter & supporter of non-alignment and world peace in order to diffuse global tension and seeking international peace and cooperation (Art. - 50).

Courtesy: BP

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Indian Polity Notes Which You Shouldn’t Miss!

Learn Indian Polity: Must-read study materials

ClearIAS recommends aspirants learn Indian Polity by dividing it into three heads:

Indian Polity Concepts (Eg: State, Organs of the state etc)
Indian Constitution (All the important parts and articles)
Day-to-Day Indian Polity (Eg: Important Acts , Important Judgments etc)

The below-mentioned notes are a must-read for aspirants preparing for various exams.

Indian Constitution (basic concepts)

Historical background of the Indian Constitution .
Constitution of India: List of All Articles (1-395) and Parts (1-22) .
Indian Constitution Parts and Articles .
Parts of Indian Constitution: A brief overview .
Schedules of Indian Constitution: A brief overview .
Must-Know Articles of Indian Constitution: A brief overview .

Indian Constitution

The below-mentioned posts follow the same order of the Constitution of India and hence we strongly suggest all aspirants follow the same for easy comprehension. Then build your concepts with respect to the three organs of the state, ie Executive, Legislature and Judiciary by reading the posts below.

The Preamble of the Constitution .
Union and its Territory .
Citizenship .
Fundamental Rights .
Directive Principles of State Policy .
Fundamental Duties .
President .
Vice-president .
Prime Minister, CoM and Attorney General .
Parliament .
Supreme Court .
Chief Minister and CoM .
State Legislature .

The 3 organs of the State

The 3 organs of the state – Legislature, Executive, and Judiciary are very important. Also, understand the Fundamental Rights and DPSPs.

Legislature

Sessions of Parliament: Adjournment, Prorogation, Dissolution etc.
When Does a Bill Lapse in Indian Parliament?
Types of Majorities Used in the Indian Parliament .
Parliamentary Committees in Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha .
Important Parliamentary Committees in Detail .
Election to Rajya Sabha: The Procedure .
Government Budgeting in India – The Process and Constitutional Requirements .
Budget Documents Made Simple: Key to Budget Documents .
Difference between Full Budget and Vote on Account .
Cut Motions: Policy Cut, Economy Cut, and Token Cut .
President of India – Discretionary Powers You Never Knew Existed!
Basic Structure Doctrine
Indian Judicial Doctrines – Principles of Constitutional Law Explained
Procedure Established by Law vs Due Process of Law .
Special Leave Petition vs Review Petition vs Curative Petition vs Mercy Petition
Capital Punishment, Mercy Pleas and the Supreme Court .
Judicial Review vs Judicial Activism vs Judicial Overreach .
Contempt of Court: Time for a relook?
The Problem of Pending Cases in Indian Courts: How to tackle?
The Problem of Excessive Government Litigation
Arbitration in India – Mechanism and Challenges
Right to Privacy as a Fundamental Right – Implications of the Verdict
Gram Nyayalayas: Village Courts in India

Fundamental Rights

Fundamental Rights vs Directive Principles: What if there is a conflict?
Fundamental Rights Available Only to Citizens of India
Reservation in India – Explained in Layman’s Terms
Encounter Killings – Can the ‘Extra-Judicial Killings’ be Justified?
Article 35A of the Indian Constitution – Should it be Scrapped?
Defamation in India – IPC Section 499/500 vs Freedom of Speech
Transgender Rights – Legal Recognition: The need of the hour

Centre-State Relations

Inter-State Council vs National Development Council .
NITI Aayog: The new ‘think-tank’ to replace the Planning Commission .
All-India Judicial Services (AIJS): Should it be formed?
Indian Federalism – 15 Issues that Challenge the Federal Structure of India
Inter-State River Water Disputes in India: Is it time for a new mechanism rather than tribunals?
Simultaneous Elections: Will this be good for India?

Local Self Government

Evolution of Local Self-Government (Panchayati Raj System) in India

Constitutional Bodies and Non-Constitutional Bodies in India

Constitutional Bodies in India – Detailed List with Explanation
Non-Constitutional Bodies in India (Statutory and Non-Statutory Bodies)

Non-Constitutional Bodies (Examples)

National Commission for Minorities (NCM)

Policies, Bills and Acts (Statutes)

Representation of Peoples Act 1950 and 1951 .
Right To Information Act 2005 .
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005 .
Science, Technology and Innovation Policy (STI) 2013 .
Indian Companies Act 2013 .
Anti-Defection Law: Is it time for reconsideration?
SC/ST Prevention of Atrocities Act – Recent Issues and Court Rulings
Uniform Civil Code (UCC): Pros and Cons in a nutshell
FRBM Act – Guidelines, Targets, and Escape Clause
National Security Act (NSA)
100+ Government Schemes and the Implementing Ministries .
Role of Civil Services in a Democracy .
Functions of an IAS Officer .
IAS/IPS Allocation Overhaul Proposal by PMO – An Impractical Move to Create A ‘Loyal’ Bureaucracy?
Lateral Entry into Civil Services – Should the Government Allow It?
Police Reforms in India – Against the backdrop of T P Senkumar Case
Mechanisms, Laws, Institutions and Bodies for Vulnerable Sections .
Sevottam Model .
Jallikattu: History, Court Rulings, and Controversy
The Problems of Medical Education in India – Should the Medical Council of India (MCI) be Scrapped?
Right To Recall – Can this clean up the Indian Political System?
Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs): Can they be tampered with?

Social Justice

North India-South India Divide – Is there a Growing Regional Divide in India?
Modern Slavery – Why Contemporary Slavery in India Should Be an Urgent Concern?
Criminal Justice System of India – Is it time to implement the Malimath Committee Report?
Major Tribes in India: State-wise compilation .
Reservation for Economically Weaker Sections (EWS) – Understand the 10% Quota Bill
Sabarimala Temple Issue – Should Women of All Ages Be Allowed To Enter?

Indian Polity: Recent Issues

Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 – Government’s Clarification on CAA
Citizenship Amendment Bill (CAB) 2019 – Why is it controversial?
National Population Register (NPR) – How is it different from the National Register of Citizens (NRC)?

Indian Polity Notes (Latest Updates)

ClearIAS Indian Polity Notes (New Study Materials)

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May 24, 2023 at 12:26 pm

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Indian polity and public administration is two different subject.

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July 28, 2023 at 11:22 pm

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Constituent Assembly
Constitution
Constitution of India
Constitutional law

The making of the Constitution of India : a detailed analysis

This article is written by Oishika Banerji of Amity Law School, Kolkata. This article provides a detailed analysis of the making of the Indian Constitution, and the work involved in its formulation.

Table of Contents

Introduction

India being the largest democracy, living and breathing in the air of sovereignty has been gifted with the lengthiest Constitution in this world comprising 448 Articles in 25 Parts and 12 Schedules. The story that exists behind the formation of the Constitution of India receives a remarkable position in Indian history. In 1934 the seed of forming a Constituent Assembly was first sown by an Indian pioneer of the Communist movement, Mr. M.N. Roy. Followed by this, it was the Indian National Congress whose demand for forming a Constituent Assembly to give shape to the Constitution of India took the center stage in 1935. Though this demand was accepted by the British Government in 1940, the draft proposal that was sent over by the Government to India with Sir Stafford Cripps did not receive a warm welcome from the Muslim League. It was finally the Cabinet Mission that put forth the idea of the Constituent Assembly which marked the beginning of formulating the Indian Constitution thereby creating history. The supreme law of democratic India was drafted by the Assembly from 1946 to 1950 and was finally adopted on 26th November 1949 with effect from 26th January 1950 which has been celebrated as the Republic Day of India. The Constituent Assembly had precisely taken two years, eleven months, and seventeen days to complete the historic duty of drafting the Indian Constitution. During this period, the Assembly held eleven sessions spread over 165 days, among which 114 days were spent solely on consideration of the Draft Constitution. This article aims to throw light on all the significant events that led up to the framing of the Indian Constitution, considered as the mother of all laws in India.

Who drafted the Indian Constitution

The Constituent Assembly, which was established in December 1946, drafted the Indian Constitution. In 1946, the Constituent Assembly had 300 members . Dr. Rajendra Prasad was in charge of heading the same. The Constituent Assembly established a Drafting Committee on August 29, 1947, under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, to come up with a draft Constitution for India. Out of a total of 7,635 amendments presented, the Assembly moved, considered, and voted on 2,473 of them throughout its deliberations on the draft Constitution.

The Indian Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, and the members of Parliament signed it on January 24, 1950. The Constitution was signed by 284 people in total. It rained outside on the day the Constitution was signed, which was viewed as a favorable omen. The Indian Constitution went into effect on January 2, 1950. The Assembly ceased to exist on that date, and the Provisional Parliament of India was formed until a new Parliament was formed in 1952 .

The Constituent Assembly (CA) formed a number of committees to study and report on a variety of significant issues that needed to be addressed in the Constitution. The broad ideas outlined in these committees’ proposals had been addressed in the CA by August 1947. Sir Benegal Narsing Rau, the Assembly’s Constitutional Advisor, prepared a draft incorporating the Assembly’s numerous choices based on the committee reports. There were 240 clauses and 13 schedules in it. Few people must be aware that Sir B N Rau had drafted the initial draft of the Indian Constitution in October 1947. Almost every clause in the first draft included a marginal note referring to similar provisions in other constitutions or the Government of India (GOI) Act 1935.

Dr. Ambedkar was elected chairman of the Drafting Committee (DC) during its first meeting on August 30. Following that, the DC convened for 42 days, beginning on October 27, 1947, to discuss each article of Rau’s original draft. On February 21, 1948, the DC submitted a Revised Draft Constitution to the President of the Constituent Assembly. It had 315 items and eight schedules in it. Ambedkar was polite enough to express the DC’s gratitude to Sir B N Rau and Shri S N Mukherjee, Joint Secretary and Draftsman respectively, in his covering letter.

The period from February 1948 to November 1949, when the Constitution was finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly, is an important stage of our Constitution’s evolution since a number of historic events occurred during that time that influenced discussions on the Constitution’s provisions. For example, Indian state integration, the abolition of religious minorities’ particular advantages while keeping privileges for backward and downtrodden sections such as Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, and Centre-State relations. The DC-prepared Draft Constitution was extensively distributed. On April 10 and 11, 1948, a Special Committee was constituted to analyze the text, particularly those elements that differed from previous assembly decisions.

The DC convened again in October 1948 to assess the entire situation in light of the Special Committee’s report. Following that, Ambedkar, as Chairman of the DC, presented a new report to the President of the Assembly, stating the revisions that the Committee had chosen to be introduced in the Assembly.

On November 4, 1948, the Assembly received the Draft Constitution. It was debated for over a year before being adopted and authenticated by the President on November 26, 1949. The Constitution formed the Republic of India on January 26, 1950, and the Constituent Assembly ceased to exist on that date. The Assembly spent over three years crafting the constitution, from December 9, 1946, to November 26, 1949. Sir Rau, Shri S N Mukherjee, and members of different CA and DC committees all contributed to its creation.

Composition of the Constituent Assembly

It was the Cabinet Mission that had put forth the idea of a Constituent Assembly and, therefore the composition of the Assembly was made in line with the Cabinet Mission scheme. This came up with certain traits from which it could be inferred that the Constituent Assembly was supposed to be a body partly elected, and partly nominated members. The elections to the Assembly that took place in 1946 resulted in the Indian National Congress winning a total of 208 seats, and the Muslim League securing 73 seats leaving behind 15 seats that were occupied by independents. The decision of the Princely States to not be involved in the Constituent Assembly left 93 seats vacated. It is noteworthy that although members of the Constituent Assembly were not elected directly by the Indian people, it comprised of representatives of all sections of the society namely the Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, Parsi, Anglo-Indian, Indian Christians, SCs/ STS, Backward Classes, and women belonging to all of these sections.

The structure of the Constituent Assembly was:

292 members elected through the Provincial Legislative Assemblies;
The Indian Princely States was represented by 93 members; and
The Chief Commissioners’ Provinces were represented by 4 members.

Thus, the total membership of the Constituent Assembly was to be 389. But the Mountbatten Plan of 3rd June 1947 led to the partition of India thereby leading to a formation of a separate Constituent Assembly for the newly made Pakistan. This ceased some of the representatives of certain Provinces to be members of the Assembly, resulting in a reduction of the membership to 299 members.

Working of the Constituent Assembly

The date, 9 December 1946, holds immense importance as it was the day when the Constituent Assembly met for the first time in the Constitution Hall of the Indian Parliament, New Delhi. Though the first row of the Hall was embraced by notable personalities such as Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Acharya J.B. Kripalani, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Smt. Sarojini Naidu, Shri Hare-Krushna Mahatab, Pandit Govind Ballabh Pant, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, Shri Sarat Chandra Bose, Shri C. Rajagopalachari and Shri M. Asaf Ali, the auspicious occasion significantly noticed the absence of the Muslim League. The oldest member of the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Sachchidananda Sinha was appointed as the temporary chairman of the Assembly meeting that was attended by 211 members. Later, it was Dr. Rajendra Prasad who was elected for the position of the President of the Constituent Assembly followed by which both H.C. Mukherjee and V.T. Krishnamachari were elected for the position of the Vice-President of the Assembly thus providing the Assembly with two Vice Presidents.

The working of the Constituent Assembly proceeded on the basis of the Objectives Resolution that was laid before the Assembly on 13th December 1946 by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 January 1947. The Objectives Resolution listed eight principles that were the guiding light for the framing of the constitutional structure of India with fundamental elements of independence, and sovereignty. The Resolution stated that the powers of the organs of the government will be derived from the people of the nation thereby ensuring socio-economic and political justice, equality before the law of the land, freedom to express, worship, belief, to the people in return. With the aim to eliminate caste discrimination that had been long prevailing in the Indian society, the Resolution aimed to provide adequate protection to individuals belonging from backward classes, tribal areas, and minority groups. With a vision to maintain worldwide peace and ensure welfare for mankind, the Objective Resolution proposed to keep intact the integrity, and sovereignty of the nation at any cost. A few notable changes were brought in the Constituent Assembly by the Independence Act, 1947 which needs to be mentioned to understand the working of the Assembly, namely;

The Assembly became a fully functioning sovereign body, and by the means of the Act of 1947, any law made under the umbrella of the British Parliament with regards to India could be scrapped, altered, or modified.
The Assembly was majorly vested with two functions;
Make a Constitution for the free nation; and
Enacting laws for the country and its people to be governed by.

3. The total strength of the Assembly was fixed at 299 which was inclusive of the strength of the

Indian provinces (229), and
Princely States (70).

The Assembly functioned in many other ways beyond enacting laws and framing the Indian Constitution such as;

Adoption of the national flag, national song, and national anthem on 22nd July 1947, and 24th January 1950 respectively.
In May 1949, the Assembly had ratified India’s membership of the Commonwealth.
The Assembly on 24th January 1950, elected Dr. Rajendra Prasad as its first President.

Finally, it was on 29 August 1947, a Drafting Committee under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was formulated by the Constituent Assembly to prepare a Draft Constitution for India. Repeated debates, discussions, arguments, scrapping of clauses, the addition of clauses took place whenever the Committee used to meet and all were worth it when the Constitution of India was adopted by the country on 26 November, 1949 with 284 members signing the same. After that, the Assembly ceased to exist from the 26th day of January, 1950 when the Constitution began to be applicable and a new Parliament was given way in 1952.

Committees of the Constituent Assembly

To avoid any kind of mismanagement, and taking into account the load of work to be dusted off, the Constituent Assembly had formulated different committees working in specific areas of constitution-making. There were eight major committees namely;

The Union Powers Committee presided over Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
The Union Constitution Committee presided over Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
The Provincial Constitution Committee presided over Sardar Patel.
Drafting Committee presided by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Advisory Committee on Fundamental Rights, Minorities and Tribal and Excluded Areas presided by Sardar Patel. This committee had the following five sub-committees:
Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee with J.B. Kripalani as the Chairman.
Minorities Sub-Committee with H.C. Mukherjee as the Chairman.
North-East Frontier Tribal Areas and Assam Excluded & Partially Excluded Areas Sub-Committee with Gopinath Bardoloi as the Chairman.
Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than those in Assam) Sub-Committee with A.V. Thakkar as the Chairman.
North-West Frontier Tribal Areas Sub-Committee .
Rules of Procedure Committee presided over by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
States Committee (Committee for Negotiating with States) presided over Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru.
The Steering Committee was presided over by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.

The remaining 13 committees were considered minor committees.

The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

Among all the committees mentioned above, a special mention of the Drafting Committee headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is required. Set up on 29th August 1947, the Drafting Committee was vested with the main task of drafting the Constitution of India after taking into account proposals from different committees. This Committee comprised of seven members of the Assembly namely;

Dr. B. R Ambedkar as the Chairman of the Committee;
Dr. K M Munshi;
Syed Mohammad Saadullah;
N Madhava Rau;
N Gopalaswamy Ayyangar;
Alladi Krishnaswamy Ayyar;
T T Krishnamachari.

The Committee took a period of not beyond six months to prepare its first draft which was subjected to changes by suggestions, public comments, and various criticism thereafter the second draft was released in October 1948.

Enactment and enforcement of the Constitution

The Constitution was adopted on November 26, 1949, containing a Preamble, 395 Articles, and 8 Schedules after three sets of reading of the Draft that was prepared by the Drafting Committee, and published in October 1948. The motion on Draft Constitution was declared to be passed on November 26, 1949, thereby receiving the signatures of the members along with the President. It is to be noted that the Preamble succeeded the Constitution in enactment. Among the 395 Articles, some of the Articles like Articles 5 to 9, Articles 379, 380, 388, 392, 393 came into force on 26th November, 1949 itself. The rest of the Articles were enforced on Republic Day, that is 26th January, 1950. As the Constitution of India commenced, the Indian Independence Act, 1947, and the Government of India Act, 1935 ceased to exist. At present, our Constitution is decorated with 448 Articles, 25 Parts, and 12 Schedules.

Women and the Constituent Assembly

A significant feature of the Constituent Assembly was that women played an important role in framing the Indian Constitution as well. There were 15 women members of the Constituent Assembly who contributed towards bringing in the Constitution of independent India in their own way. The notable contributions of each of these 15 personalities have been listed hereunder;

Shrimati Ammu Swaminathan had put forth that the two stable pillars on which the Indian Constitution rests are the Fundamental Rights, and the Directive Principles of State Policy. With the view that the Constitution was lengthy and bulky, Ammu Swaminathan had contended that many minute details that have been incorporated in the Indian Constitution should have been left with the Government, and the Legislature.
Shrimati Annie Mascarene’s view on the provincial election was a notable one along with which her tribute to Sardar Patel for unifying India received applause in the Assembly.
Begum Aizaz Rasul opined that the Ministry being a stable body should not be subjected to the whims and fancies of any particular party or legislature to which the Ministry was responsible. Further, her appreciation for the commendable job done by Dr. B. R Ambedkar on protecting minority rights while drafting the Indian Constitution cannot be ignored.
Shrimati Dakshayani Velayudan who belonged to the Madras Constituency showed her concern towards the Harijan community standing against the formation of a separate electorate for them, forced labor, the practice of untouchability in the Assembly in a majority of her speeches.
Shrimati G. Durgabai had put forth her views on the appointment of Judges of the Provincial High Courts, pointing that the same should be the duty of the Governor and his set of Ministers solely. Her views on the prohibition of the Devadasi system, protection of children from exploitation, and limitations on the freedoms provided to individuals had been remarkable also.
Shrimati Hansa Mehta majorly highlighted the need for social, economic, and political justice for women of India taking into account the prolonged suppression they have been subjected to in India.
Shrimati Purnima Banerji put forth her views on the State’s Control over Religious Instruction in Schools. She also pointed out that secularism in a true sense could only be achieved if citizens of the nation are united among themselves.
Shrimati Renuka Ray belonging to the West Bengal Constituency focused majorly on equality of Status and justice for women.
Shrimati Sarojini Naidu had sought an inclusive Constituent Assembly of India.
Shrimati Sucheta Kripalani had uplifted the environment of the Constituent Assembly by singing the verses of the national song, and the national anthem of India.
Shrimati Vijayalakshmi Pandit aimed for the centrality of new Asia in the Post-Raj World Order.
Rajkumari Amrit Kaur was the first woman of independent India to join the Cabinet in the position of Health Minister. She founded the Indian Council for Child Welfare followed by the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) and Lady Irwin College in Delhi.
Shrimati Malati Chowdhury laid emphasis on the role of education in the development of a nation.
Shrimati Leela Ray had played a significant role in both pre and post-independent India. Founded the Jatiya Mahila Sanghati, Dacca Mahila Satyagraha Sangha that worked towards women empowerment, and anti-salt tax movement respectively.
Shrimati Kamla Chaudhri significantly worked towards women’s education and empowerment.

Criticism surrounding the Constituent Assembly

There were several criticisms that the Constituent Assembly had to face during its existence which have been listed hereunder;

The Constituent Assembly was a time-consuming effort: While drawing a comparison with the framers of the American Constitution , the critics stated that the makers of the Indian Constitution had taken a longer time period than what should have been taken by them.
The Constituent Assembly was neither a representative body nor a sovereign one: The critics pointed out that the Assembly was not a representative body as the members were not elected by means of universal adult franchise and as the roots of the formation of the Assembly lies with the British Government, the body was not a sovereign one.
The Constituent Assembly was dominated by members of the Congress Party: A British-Constitutional expert recognized by the name of Granville Austin had pointed out that the Constituent Assembly of India was a one-party body thereby charging the Assembly to be governed only by the members of the Congress.
The Constituent Assembly was a Hindu-dominated body: Critics had majorly pointed out that the Constituent Assembly represented only the Hindus of the nation, leaving behind the rest of the religions.

Conclusion

As we come to the end of this article, it is worth mentioning that in spite of the pile of criticisms put forth on the functioning of the Constituent Assembly, one cannot ignore that today if India is living and breathing in the air of sovereignty, democracy, and freedom along with the rights and duties vested on both the citizens and the states of the nation, it is because of the relentless efforts by notable personalities who had come together to gift India its biggest asset, or as we call it the Constitution of India.

References

https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/constituent_assembly/constituent_assembly_mem.asp
https://constitutionnet.org/sites/default/files/the_role_of_constituent_assemblies_-_final_yg_-_200606.pdf
https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/Selected%20Women%20Speech_Final.pdf

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Constitution of India Essay

Essay on Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is a document containing the framework of the political system, the duties, rights, limitations, and structure of the government that this nation ought to follow. It also spells out the rights and duties of the Indian citizens. Nobody in India - not even the Prime Minister or the President - has the power to do anything that violates the constitutional rule.

Every year, on 26th January, we celebrate Republic Day. It was on this day in 1950 that the Constitution of India became effective. Although Dr Ambedkar is known for his prominent role in drafting the constitution, it was the fruit of the hard work of 299 people.

How Big Is Our Constitution?

The Indian constitution is the lengthiest constitution in the world. It has 448 articles organised into 25 parts and 12 schedules. Our country is so big with so many cultures, castes and religions, and with so many states that people who drafted the Constitution had to focus on the minutest of detail. Besides, the Constitution has been amended many times and new rules and laws have been added. As a result, the Constitution of India became the lengthiest constitution in the world.

Is Our Constitution Flexible or Rigid?

The beautiful thing about our Constitution is it can be modified if a political party has a supermajority and yet it is not easily modifiable. The Supreme Court has ruled that no provision of the Constitution can be with the aim to destroy that provision. At the same time, nobody has the right to tweak the basic structure of the Constitution. As a result, on one hand, our Constitution remains updated and on the other, no political party with evil intentions can deface it to establish a monopoly.

Crystal clear Notion

Unlike the British constitution, our Constitution is completely written with no ambiguity. It focuses on the minutest aspects of the political, executive and legal systems of the country and it also focuses on the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India.

Federal and Unitary Features

The Indian Constitution prescribes that India should have dual governance - the Centre and the regional states. It also ruled that the country must have the three pillars of democracy - legislative system, executive system and the judiciary. Hence, the Indian Constitution supports a federal structure. However, the Constitution has also given some extra power to the Centre. The Centre has the power to preside over matters that concern both the Centre as well as the states; it has the power to announce an emergency; it can modify the Constitution and the state has no power to oppose that modification. Hence, the Constitution has unitary features too.

By the Indians, for the Indians, of the Indians

The Constitution of India was created by the Indians. There is no foreign hand whatsoever. The due democratic process was followed in the form of debates before enforcing the Constitution. And last but not the least, it stands to protect the fundamental rights of every Indian.

The Preamble

The Preamble to the constitution is the soul of it. The preamble says that India is a sovereign country - it is ruled and managed by the Indians and Indians only. It further says that India is a secular country. Unlike our neighbouring country, India, all the citizens of the country can practise their religions without any fear. Ours is a socialist country as per the Constitution- that means that her resources are owned by the community of the people - neither by the State nor by private corporations. Lastly, the preamble says that India is a democratic country where the citizens have the right to choose the members of the government.

A constitution is a bunch of rules and guidelines that oversee a nation's administration. The Constitution is the foundation of the nation's democratic and secular structure. The Indian Constitution is the world's longest, describing the foundation for political ideas, procedures, and government authorities. The Indian Constitution was drafted on November 26, 1949, and went into effect on January 26, 1950. Students will learn about the prominent aspects of India's Constitution and how it was developed in this essay about the Indian Constitution.

The Indian Constitution went into force on January 26, 1950. As a result, the 26th of January is observed as Republic Day in India.

How was India's Constitution Created?

After many debates and deliberations, representatives of the Indian people drafted the Indian Constitution. It is the world's most thorough Constitution.

The Indian Constitution was made by a Constituent Assembly, which was formed in 1946. Dr Rajendra Prasad was chosen as the Constituent Assembly's President. A Drafting Committee was formed to design the Constitution, with Dr B.R. Ambedkar served as Chairman. The creation of the Constitution took a total of 166 days, divided across a two-year, eleven-month, and eighteen-day period.

Characteristics of India's Constitution

The Indian Constitution opens with a Preamble that includes the fundamental aims and values of the Constitution. It establishes the Constitution's goals.

The World's Longest Constitution

The Indian Constitution is the world's longest constitution. When it was initiated, it included 395 things isolated into 22 divisions and eight schedules. It now comprises 448 items divided into 25 divisions and 12 schedules. So far, 104 amendments to the Indian Constitution have been made (the last of which took place on January 25, 2020, to extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and state assemblies).

The Indian Constitution's Rigidity and Flexibility

One of our Constitution's distinguishing traits is that it is neither as rigorous as the American Constitution. It indicates it is both stiff and flexible. As a result, it may readily change and expand with the passage of time.

The Preamble was eventually included in the Indian Constitution. There is no preface in the original Constitution. The Preamble's declared goals are to achieve justice, liberty, and equality for all people, as well as to foster brotherhood in order to safeguard the nation's unity and integrity.

Federal System with Unitary Characteristics

The government's powers are shared between the central government and the state governments. The powers of three governmental institutions, namely the executive, judiciary, and legislature, are divided under the Constitution. As a result, the Indian Constitution advocates for a federal structure. It has several unitary traits, such as a strong central power, emergency measures, the President appointing Governors, and so on.

Fundamental rights and fundamental responsibilities

The Indian Constitution outlines a comprehensive set of Fundamental Rights for Indian citizens. The Constitution also includes a list of 11 responsibilities for citizens, known as the Fundamental Duties. Some of these responsibilities include respect for the national flag and anthem, the country's integrity and unity, and the protection of public property.

India is a republic, which implies that the country is not ruled by a dictator or king.The public authority is composed of, by, and for individuals. Every five years, citizens propose and elect their leader.

The Constitution provides instructions for all citizens. It aided India in achieving the status of a Republic across the world. Atal Bihari Vajpayee once stated that "governments will come and go, political parties would be created and disbanded, but the country should persist, and democracy should exist indefinitely."

We hope that this article on the "Indian Constitution" was useful to Students. Download the Vedantu App as well to view intriguing study videos.

FAQs on Constitution of India Essay

1.What is the distinction between Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties?

Fundamental Rights are human rights granted to Indian people. The Constitution initially established seven essential rights. The 44th Amendment eliminated the right to property from Part III of the Constitution in 1978.

Fundamental Duties were acquainted with the constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, because of the ideas of the Swaran Singh Committee, which was delegated by the public authority.

Fundamental Rights

Part 3 of the Indian Constitution comprises the Fundamental Rights given to the Indian people. Fundamental Rights are addressed in Articles 12-35 of the Indian Constitution.

Fundamental Duties

Article 51-A of Part IV A of the Indian Constitution deals with Fundamental Duties.

2.In India, how many Fundamental duties are there? What are India's seven Fundamental rights?

Originally ten in number, the basic obligations were enlarged to eleven in 2002 by the 86th Amendment, which imposed a responsibility on every parent or guardian to guarantee that their child or ward has access to educational opportunities between the ages of six and fourteen years. The Constitution initially established seven fundamental rights: the right to equality, the right to freedom, the right against double-dealing, the right to strict opportunity, cultural and educational rights, the right to property, and the right to constitutional remedies.

3.Why isn't the right to property a fundamental right?

The right to property was one additional basic right enshrined in the Constitution. The 44th Constitutional Amendment, however, eliminated this right from the list of essential rights.

This was due to the fact that this privilege proved to be an impediment to achieving the aim of socialism and dispersing wealth (property) evenly among the people. Right to property is now a legal right rather than a basic one.

The Constitution of India

All of know about our rights and fundamental rights. But who gives us these rights? It is The Indian Constitution. When was our it formed? Where is it located? How was it formed? Why was it formed? Let’s find out more about The Indian Constitution.

Introduction

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India. It frames fundamental political principles, procedures, practices, rights , powers, and duties of the government. It imparts constitutional supremacy and not parliamentary supremacy, as it is not created by the Parliament but, by a constituent assembly, and adopted by its people, with a declaration in its preamble. Parliament cannot override it.

The world’s longest constitution is the Indian’s constitution. At its commencement, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and 8 schedules. It consists of approximately 145,000 words, making it the second largest active constitution in the world. Currently, it has a preamble, 25 parts with 12 schedules, 5 appendices, 448 articles, and 101 amendments.

Browse more Topics under The Indian Constitution

Rights and Fundamental Rights

Learn more about Fundamental Rights here in detail .

The constitution of India was adopted on the 26th of November, in the year 1949. However, it came to effect on the 26th of January, 1950. 26th of January is celebrated as the Republic Day of India .

It was adopted by the Constitution Assembly. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, the chairman of the Drafting Committee, is widely considered to be the architect of the Constitution of India. After, the adoption of the constitution, The Union of India became the contemporary and modern Republic of India

Fundamental Rights

The Constitution of India provides its citizens with six fundamental rights. These rights are the Right to Freedom , Right to Equality, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right to Constitutional Remedies, Right against Exploitation, Right against Exploitation. Recently, the Right to Privacy has also been added to fundamental rights .

How does State Government work?

Questions For You

Q1. The Government of the Union of India is parliamentary in character One of the characteristics of a parliamentary system of Government is:

The Ministry is collectively responsible to both House of Parliament
Ministry is responsible to the Head State of the Parliament
The Ministry is not responsible to the Parliament
The Ministry is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha

Sol: d. The Council of Ministers are directly responsible to the Lok Sabha and can remain in office so long as they enjoy the majority support in the House of the People. If the Lok Sabha passes a vote of no confidence against the Council of Ministers they have to resign collectively.

Q2. The Constitution of India came into force with effect from:

August 9, 1942
November 26, 1949
August 15, 1947
January 26, 1950

Sol: d. Republic Day honours the date on which the Constitution of India came into effect on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act in 1935 as the governing document of India. The Constitution was adopted by the Indian Constituent Assembly on 26 November 1949 and came into effect on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country’s transition towards becoming an independent republic.

26 January was chosen as the Republic day because it was on this day in 1930 when Declaration of Indian Independence known as Purna Swaraj was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress as opposed to the Dominion status offered by British Regime.

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The Indian Constitution

21 responses to “the constitution of india”.

One thing I cannot understand : How Article 372 (2) can be used now after the lapsed of 66 years expiry date as clause (3).

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UPSC Prelims 2024 Special: Revision Checklist for important Polity topics

With less than two weeks to go for upsc prelims 2024, here's a checklist of 25 important topics from polity. are they included in your revision notes let's take a look..

Are you Prelims ready? UPSC CSE Preliminary Exam 2024 will be conducted on June 16. For aspirants, revision of Current Affairs is one of the most important tasks in the coming days. Manas Srivastava talks to Deepanshu Singh , our subject expert, as he provides a checklist of 25 important topics from Polity that every aspirant must revise for their Prelims exam.

About the Expert: Deepanshu Singh is an educator and a mentor for UPSC aspirants. He has guided many aspirants in the past with his expertise on subjects such as International relations, Polity, and more. He has authored books on International Relations for Civil Services Examination. Beyond academia, Singh serves as a public policy expert and shaped strategies for India’s G20 Presidency.

🚨The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the May edition of its monthly magazine. Click Here to read. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at [email protected]🚨

1. basic structure doctrine:.

The Kesavananda Bharati judgment of 1973, which introduced the basic structure doctrine , marked its 50th anniversary. This doctrine ensures that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be altered by the Parliament.

2. Independence of District Judiciary–Basic Structure:

The Supreme Court reaffirmed that the independence of the district judiciary is an integral part of the Constitution’s basic structure, emphasizing the need for judicial autonomy

3. Elections and Election Commission related topics:

— The President gave her assent to the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023.

— Important provision of RPA 1951 related to disqualification and registration of political parties.

— Right to vote and Right to contest being in Jail

— Electoral bond declared unconstitutional by SC

— Political funding limit for MP vs MLA elections-Section 77 (1) of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), 1951,candidates are expected to keep an account of expenditure from date on which he/she has been nominated till date of declaration of result.Spending more than maximum limit of election expenses is regarded as a corrupt practice under section 123(6) of RPA, 1951.

— Star Campaigners: The rules around Star Campaigners have been clarified, stating that their travel expenses for campaigning are not counted as part of a candidate’s election expenditure, provided they don’t campaign specifically for a candidate.

— National Party Status: The Election Commission has recognized the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) as a national party, while the All India Trinamool Congress, Nationalist Congress Party (NCP), and the Communist Party of India (CPI) lost their national party status.

— Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioner Act, 2003: The Act regulates the appointment, conditions of service, and term of office of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners. It introduces a Search Committee for panel preparation and a Selection Committee for appointments.

4. National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2023:

The Act establishes the National Capital Civil Services Authority and empowers the Lieutenant Governor with discretion over several matters, including legislative assembly proceedings.

5. Sixth Schedule Vs Fifth Schedule in context of Ladakh:

The Sixth Schedule of the Constitution, under Article 244(2) and Article 275(1), is provided for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. It empowers the Governor to create Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) and Autonomous Regional Councils (ARCs) in these four states. Ladakh has LAHDC under their Legislative Act.

6. Uniform Civil Code:

The Uttarakhand Assembly passed the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Bill, becoming the first legislature in independent India to pass a law that proposes common rules on marriage, divorce, inheritance of property, and live-in relationships for all citizens, irrespective of their religion.

7. Places of Worship Act 1991 in the context of Ayodhya, Mathura and Gyanvapi:

Places of the Act declares that the religious character of a place of worship shall continue to be the same as it was on August 15, 1947. It says no person shall convert any place of worship of any religious denomination into one of a different denomination or section. It also imposes a positive obligation on the State to maintain the religious character of every place of worship as it existed at the time of Independence.

8. Parliament related topics:

— Different Bills

— Power of Rajya Sabha in comparison to Lok Sabha

— Automatic dissolution of Lok Sabha

— Council of Ministers vs Cabinet

— Interim budget , types of grants

— Important committees- BAC, Estimates committee, Ethics committee

(The Trinamool Congress MP Mahua Moitra was expelled from the Lok Sabha after an Ethics Committee report recommended her expulsion from the Parliament.Set up in Rajya Sabha in 1997 and in Lok Sabha in the year 2000. In Lok Sabha, it was an adhoc committee till 2015.)

9. Role of Governors (Discretionary Powers):

Recently, Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Punjab moved the Supreme Court against their respective Governors over the pending bills.

upsc essentials art and culture devdutt pattanaik

10. Powers of ED Vs CBI Vs CVC Vs Lokpal:

The Supreme Court declared the third extension given to the Directorate of Enforcement (ED) chief invalid. Powers of ED under FEMA, PMLA, FEOA, COFEPOSA.

11. Bail- Statutory, Anticipatory and Interim:

The Supreme Court affirmed that an accused’s right to default bail under Article 21 cannot be denied by probe agencies using supplementary charge sheets in ongoing investigations.

12. Mediation Act 2003:

The President of India recently granted assent to the passed Mediation Act 2023 seeking to promote mediationas a preferred mode of Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) in India. About Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) are important for Polity.

13. Right to Silence:

The Supreme Court upheld the right to silence for the accused, stating that they cannot be compelled to self-incriminate, aligning with Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution.

14. Right to Walk:

Punjab became the first state to enforce the ‘Right to walk’, mandating footpaths and cycle tracks in all future road expansions.

15. Parliamentary Privileges of lawmakers:

The Supreme Court overturned a past ruling, stating that bribery is not protected by parliamentary privileges, thus reinforcing accountability among lawmakers.

16. Anti-Defection Law:

The Maharashtra Speaker dismissed petitions seeking disqualification of MLAs under the Anti-defection law, upholding the leadership of the Shinde faction as the “real Shiv Sena ”.

17. Sarpanch Pati:

A recommendation was made to empower women in Panchayati Raj Institutions to eliminate the concept of ‘Sarpanch Pati’ or ‘Pradhan Pati’ through training and capacity building.

18. All India Judicial Services (AIJS):

The President of India advocated for the establishment of All India Judicial Services (AIJS) to centralize the recruitment of judges during the Constitution Day celebrations.

19. Model Prisons Act 2023:

The Ministry of Home Affairs finalized the ‘Model Prisons Act 2023’, aiming to replace the outdated Prisons Act of 1894 with a focus on reform and rehabilitation of prisoners.

20. Advocate-on-Record (AoR):

The AoR system in the Supreme Court allows registered lawyers to represent clients, ensuring legal representation at the highest judicial level.

21. Nari Shakti Vandan [(106th AMENDMENT)] Act, 2023:

This Act reserves one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha, State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of the National Capital Territory of Delhi, including seats reserved for SCs and STs.

22. Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP), 2023:

The President of India recently granted assent to the Digital Personal Data Protection Bill (DPDP), 2023. Exemptions and penalties under the act are important to remember for Prelims.

23. OTT Regulation in India:

OTT platforms are governed by the Information Technology Rules, 2021, and are not under the jurisdiction of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI).The act replaces the Indian Telegraph Act, of 1885, the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933 and Telegraph Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act, 1950.

( Also go through: Cinematograph (Amendment) Act, 2003 — The Act aims to curb film piracy with strict punishments and introduces new types of film certifications. It also makes the film’s license valid for a lifetime.

24. Criminal Law Reforms Acts:

The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 have replaced the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act, respectively, modernizing the criminal justice system.

25. Online Gaming Rules:

The Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeiTY) has amended the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules (IT Rules) 2021.

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Manas Srivastava is currently working as deputy copy editor at The Indian Express and writes for UPSC and other competitive exams related projects.

Manas Srivastava is currently working as Deputy Copy Editor with The Indian Express (digital) and majorly writes for UPSC-related projects leading a unique initiative known as UPSC Essentials. In the past, Manas has represented India at the G-20 Youth Summit in Mexico. He is a former member of the Youth Council, GOI. A two-time topper/gold medallist in History (both in graduation and post-graduation) from Delhi University, he has mentored and taught UPSC aspirants for more than four years. His diverse role in The Indian Express consists of writing, editing, anchoring/ hosting, interviewing experts, and curating and simplifying news for the benefit of students. He hosts the YouTube talk show called ‘Art and Culture with Devdutt Pattanaik’ and a LIVE series on Instagram and YouTube called ‘You Ask We Answer’.His talks on ‘How to read a newspaper’ focus on newspaper reading as an essential habit for students. His articles and videos aim at finding solutions to the general queries of students and hence he believes in being students' editor, preparing them not just for any exam but helping them to become informed citizens. This is where he makes his teaching profession meet journalism. He is also currently working on a monthly magazine for UPSC Aspirants. He is a recipient of the Dip Chand Memorial Award, the Lala Ram Mohan Prize and Prof. Papiya Ghosh Memorial Prize for academic excellence. He was also awarded the University’s Post-Graduate Scholarship for pursuing M.A. in History where he chose to specialise in Ancient India due to his keen interest in Archaeology. He has also successfully completed a Certificate course on Women’s Studies by the Women’s Studies Development Centre, DU. As a part of N.S.S in the past, Manas has worked with national and international organisations and has shown keen interest and active participation in Social Service. He has led and been a part of projects involving areas such as gender sensitisation, persons with disability, helping slum dwellers, environment, adopting our heritage programme. He has also presented a case study on ‘Psychological stress among students’ at ICSQCC- Sri Lanka. As a compere for seminars and other events he likes to keep his orating hobby alive. His interests also lie in International Relations, Governance, Social issues, Essays and poetry. ... Read More

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Tyagi said it was because of “ill-treatment” by the Congress and other parties that Nitish was “forced to return” to the NDA this January.

JD(U) advisor and party's national spokesperson K C Tyagi on Friday said that the same INDIA bloc that had "refused" to make party supremo and Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar its national convenor, “has been now making offers to make Nitish PM". Tyagi added they had rejected the offer outright and were strongly with the NDA.

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Lok Sabha Elections 2024: Can jailed leaders Amritpal Singh, Engineer Rashid take oath as MPs? Here’s what the Constitution says

On tuesday, amritpal singh clinched victory in punjab’s khadoor sahib seat, while sheikh abdul rashid triumphed in jammu and kashmir’s baramulla seat..

In a surprising turn of events, the recently concluded Lok Sabha elections have unveiled an unusual scenario set to challenge the upcoming 18th Lok Sabha formation.

Despite facing legal charges and imprisonment, two controversial candidates have clinched victories in the polls. Radical Sikh preacher Amritpal Singh and Sheikh Abdul Rashid, also known as Engineer Rashid, emerged as winners in their respective constituencies despite facing legal challenges.

Also Read: Odisha Assembly Elections 2024: ‘Poverty rate declined from 70% to 10% under BJD rule, nothing to be ashamed of’, says Naveen Patnaik

Thrissur Kerala Lok Sabha Election 2024 Result Live Updates: Thrissur, nestled in Kerala, holds significance as one of the 20 Lok Sabha constituencies in the state.

On Tuesday, the Election Commission (EC) officially announced the election results, Singh clinched victory in Punjab’s Khadoor Sahib seat, while Rashid triumphed in Jammu and Kashmir’s Baramulla.

However, despite their electoral success, both Singh and Rashid find themselves in a predicament. Legal constraints bar their physical presence in the new House, casting a shadow over their ability to actively participate in legislative affairs. Nevertheless, their constitutional right to assume office as Members of Parliament remains intact.

Also Read: After INDIA bloc huddle, Mallikarjun Kharge’s ‘right step at right time’ promise

Engineer Rashid has been detained in Tihar jail since August 9, 2019, on allegations of terror financing, while Singh was arrested in April 2023 under the National Security Act and incarcerated in Dibrugarh prison, Assam .

The question arises concerning the possibility of these newly elected MPs taking the oath, and if so, how.

Constitution expert PDT Achari, a former secretary general of the Lok Sabha, highlighted the importance of following constitutional provisions in such cases. Achari said that being sworn in as a Member of Parliament is a constitutional right.

Also Read: NDA elects Modi, to meet President today to stake claim to form govt

However, given their current imprisonment, Engineer Rashid and Singh must obtain permission from authorities to be escorted to Parliament for the oath-taking ceremony. After taking the oath, they will need to return to prison. Achari further explained that Article 101(4) of the Constitution deals with the absence of members from both Houses of Parliament without prior sanction of the Chair.

Would they be allowed to attend parliament?

After their oath-taking ceremony, the two candidates would need to write to the Speaker, informing them about their inability to attend the House. The Speaker would then forward their requests to the House Committee on Absence of Members.

The committee would decide whether the members should be allowed to remain absent from House proceedings or not. The Speaker would then put the committee’s recommendation to a vote in the House.

If Engineer Rashid or Singh were to be convicted and sentenced to a minimum of two years in jail, they would immediately lose their seats in the Lok Sabha. This is based on a Supreme Court ruling from 2013, which states that MPs and MLAs would be disqualified in such situations.

This decision overturned section 8(4) of the Representation of the People Act, which previously allowed convicted MPs and MLAs three months to appeal against their convictions.

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20 Indian Constitution Related Research Topics India

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Indian Constitution

The making of the Constitution of India : a detailed analysis

Introduction

Who drafted the Indian Constitution

Composition of the Constituent Assembly

Working of the Constituent Assembly

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The Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly

Enactment and enforcement of the Constitution

Women and the Constituent Assembly

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The Indian Constitution

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UPSC Prelims 2024 Special: Revision Checklist for important Polity topics

🚨The Indian Express UPSC Essentials brings to you the May edition of its monthly magazine. Click Here to read. Share your views and suggestions in the comment box or at [email protected]🚨

2. Independence of District Judiciary–Basic Structure:

3. Elections and Election Commission related topics:

4. National Capital Territory of Delhi (Amendment) Act, 2023: