research topics in psychology 2022

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61 intriguing psychology research topics to explore

Last updated

11 January 2024

Reviewed by

Brittany Ferri, PhD, OTR/L

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Psychology is an incredibly diverse, critical, and ever-changing area of study in the medical and health industries. Because of this, it’s a common area of study for students and healthcare professionals.

We’re walking you through picking the perfect topic for your upcoming paper or study. Keep reading for plenty of example topics to pique your interest and curiosity.

• How to choose a psychology research topic

Exploring a psychology-based topic for your research project? You need to pick a specific area of interest to collect compelling data. 

Use these tips to help you narrow down which psychology topics to research:

Focus on a particular area of psychology

The most effective psychological research focuses on a smaller, niche concept or disorder within the scope of a study. 

Psychology is a broad and fascinating area of science, including everything from diagnosed mental health disorders to sports performance mindset assessments. 

This gives you plenty of different avenues to explore. Having a hard time choosing? Check out our list of 61 ideas further down in this article to get started.

Read the latest clinical studies

Once you’ve picked a more niche topic to explore, you need to do your due diligence and explore other research projects on the same topic. 

This practice will help you learn more about your chosen topic, ask more specific questions, and avoid covering existing projects. 

For the best results, we recommend creating a research folder of associated published papers to reference throughout your project. This makes it much easier to cite direct references and find inspiration down the line.

Find a topic you enjoy and ask questions

Once you’ve spent time researching and collecting references for your study, you finally get to explore. 

Whether this research project is for work, school, or just for fun, having a passion for your research will make the project much more enjoyable. (Trust us, there will be times when that is the only thing that keeps you going.) 

Now you’ve decided on the topic, ask more nuanced questions you might want to explore. 

If you can, pick the direction that interests you the most to make the research process much more enjoyable.

• 61 psychology topics to research in 2024

Need some extra help starting your psychology research project on the right foot? Explore our list of 61 cutting-edge, in-demand psychology research topics to use as a starting point for your research journey.

• Psychology research topics for university students

As a university student, it can be hard to pick a research topic that fits the scope of your classes and is still compelling and unique. 

Here are a few exciting topics we recommend exploring for your next assigned research project:

Mental health in post-secondary students

Seeking post-secondary education is a stressful and overwhelming experience for most students, making this topic a great choice to explore for your in-class research paper. 

Examples of post-secondary mental health research topics include:

Student mental health status during exam season

Mental health disorder prevalence based on study major

The impact of chronic school stress on overall quality of life

The impacts of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying can occur at all ages, starting as early as elementary school and carrying through into professional workplaces. 

Examples of cyberbullying-based research topics you can study include:

The impact of cyberbullying on self-esteem

Common reasons people engage in cyberbullying 

Cyberbullying themes and commonly used terms

Cyberbullying habits in children vs. adults

The long-term effects of cyberbullying

• Clinical psychology research topics

If you’re looking to take a more clinical approach to your next project, here are a few topics that involve direct patient assessment for you to consider:

Chronic pain and mental health

Living with chronic pain dramatically impacts every aspect of a person’s life, including their mental and emotional health. 

Here are a few examples of in-demand pain-related psychology research topics:

The connection between diabetic neuropathy and depression

Neurological pain and its connection to mental health disorders

Efficacy of meditation and mindfulness for pain management

The long-term effects of insomnia

Insomnia is where you have difficulty falling or staying asleep. It’s a common health concern that impacts millions of people worldwide. 

This is an excellent topic because insomnia can have a variety of causes, offering many research possibilities. 

Here are a few compelling psychology research topics about insomnia you could investigate:

The prevalence of insomnia based on age, gender, and ethnicity

Insomnia and its impact on workplace productivity

The connection between insomnia and mental health disorders

Efficacy and use of melatonin supplements for insomnia

The risks and benefits of prescription insomnia medications

Lifestyle options for managing insomnia symptoms

The efficacy of mental health treatment options

Management and treatment of mental health conditions is an ever-changing area of study. If you can witness or participate in mental health therapies, this can make a great research project. 

Examples of mental health treatment-related psychology research topics include:

The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with severe anxiety

The benefits and drawbacks of group vs. individual therapy sessions

Music therapy for mental health disorders

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients with depression 

• Controversial psychology research paper topics

If you are looking to explore a more cutting-edge or modern psychology topic, you can delve into a variety of controversial and topical options:

The impact of social media and digital platforms

Ever since access to internet forums and video games became more commonplace, there’s been growing concern about the impact these digital platforms have on mental health. 

Examples of social media and video game-related psychology research topics include:

The effect of edited images on self-confidence

How social media platforms impact social behavior

Video games and their impact on teenage anger and violence

Digital communication and the rapid spread of misinformation

The development of digital friendships

Psychotropic medications for mental health

In recent years, the interest in using psychoactive medications to treat and manage health conditions has increased despite their inherently controversial nature. 

Examples of psychotropic medication-related research topics include:

The risks and benefits of using psilocybin mushrooms for managing anxiety

The impact of marijuana on early-onset psychosis

Childhood marijuana use and related prevalence of mental health conditions

Ketamine and its use for complex PTSD (C-PTSD) symptom management

The effect of long-term psychedelic use and mental health conditions

• Mental health disorder research topics

As one of the most popular subsections of psychology, studying mental health disorders and how they impact quality of life is an essential and impactful area of research. 

While studies in these areas are common, there’s always room for additional exploration, including the following hot-button topics:

Anxiety and depression disorders

Anxiety and depression are well-known and heavily researched mental health disorders. 

Despite this, we still don’t know many things about these conditions, making them great candidates for psychology research projects:

Social anxiety and its connection to chronic loneliness

C-PTSD symptoms and causes

The development of phobias

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) behaviors and symptoms

Depression triggers and causes

Self-care tools and resources for depression

The prevalence of anxiety and depression in particular age groups or geographic areas

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a complex and multi-faceted area of psychology research. 

Use your research skills to learn more about this condition and its impact by choosing any of the following topics:

Early signs of bipolar disorder

The incidence of bipolar disorder in young adults

The efficacy of existing bipolar treatment options

Bipolar medication side effects

Cognitive behavioral therapy for people with bipolar 

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizoaffective disorder is often stigmatized, and less common mental health disorders are a hotbed for new and exciting research. 

Here are a few examples of interesting research topics related to this mental health disorder:

The prevalence of schizoaffective disorder by certain age groups or geographic locations

Risk factors for developing schizoaffective disorder

The prevalence and content of auditory and visual hallucinations

Alternative therapies for schizoaffective disorder

• Societal and systematic psychology research topics

Modern society’s impact is deeply enmeshed in our mental and emotional health on a personal and community level. 

Here are a few examples of societal and systemic psychology research topics to explore in more detail:

Access to mental health services

While mental health awareness has risen over the past few decades, access to quality mental health treatment and resources is still not equitable. 

This can significantly impact the severity of a person’s mental health symptoms, which can result in worse health outcomes if left untreated. 

Explore this crucial issue and provide information about the need for improved mental health resource access by studying any of the following topics:

Rural vs. urban access to mental health resources

Access to crisis lines by location

Wait times for emergency mental health services

Inequities in mental health access based on income and location

Insurance coverage for mental health services

Systemic racism and mental health

Societal systems and the prevalence of systemic racism heavily impact every aspect of a person’s overall health.

Researching these topics draws attention to existing problems and contributes valuable insights into ways to improve access to care moving forward.

Examples of systemic racism-related psychology research topics include: 

Access to mental health resources based on race

The prevalence of BIPOC mental health therapists in a chosen area

The impact of systemic racism on mental health and self-worth

Racism training for mental health workers

The prevalence of mental health disorders in discriminated groups

LGBTQIA+ mental health concerns

Research about LGBTQIA+ people and their mental health needs is a unique area of study to explore for your next research project. It’s a commonly overlooked and underserved community.

Examples of LGBTQIA+ psychology research topics to consider include:

Mental health supports for queer teens and children

The impact of queer safe spaces on mental health

The prevalence of mental health disorders in the LGBTQIA+ community

The benefits of queer mentorship and found family

Substance misuse in LQBTQIA+ youth and adults

• Collect data and identify trends with Dovetail

Psychology research is an exciting and competitive study area, making it the perfect choice for projects or papers.

Take the headache out of analyzing your data and instantly access the insights you need to complete your next psychology research project by teaming up with Dovetail today.

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Top psychological science research in 2022 includes flavor-sensitive fetuses, less-lonely older adults

Association for Psychological Science

From a cranky-faced fetus scowling at her mother’s healthy lunch choice to an octogenarian still benefiting from long-ago musical lessons, the most impactful psychological science research published in 2022 reveals that new understandings of human behavior—studied across the lifespan and from within a remarkable diversity of topics and scientific subdisciplines—continue to resonate with wide audiences. 

Here are the 10 most impactful articles published in the six peer-reviewed research journals  of the Association for Psychological Science in 2022. The ratings are based on a combination of the articles’ readership views and their Altmetric Attention Scores, a weighted approximation of all the attention a research output gathers online, including social media shares and mentions as well as citations. In all, the APS journals published 421 articles in 2022. 

Listen to a conversation about these findings on the APS podcast, Under the Cortex . 

#1: Flavor Sensing in Utero and Emerging Discriminative Behaviors in the Human Fetus  

By Beyza Ustun, Nadja Reissland, Judith Covey, Benoist Schaal, and Jacqueline Blissett  

Psychological Science   

An acquired taste? It turns out fetuses don’t find kale particularly delicious either. Examining 4D ultrasound scans of women who were between 32 and 36 weeks pregnant, the researchers saw that fetuses created more of a “laughter face” response when exposed to the flavor of carrots their parents consumed and more of a “cry face” response when exposed to the flavor of kale. 

#2: Experience of Playing a Musical Instrument and Lifetime Change in General Cognitive Ability: Evidence From the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936   

By Judith A. Okely, Katie Overy, and Ian J. Deary  

A win for music educators: An instrument’s effect might last well beyond the period of training. Individuals born in 1936 in Scotland were tested for general cognitive ability at age 11 and then again at age 70. The more their musical experience, the greater their cognitive gains, even adjusting for factors such as such as socioeconomic status, years of education, and disease history. 

#3: No Evidence That Siblings’ Gender Affects Personality Across Nine Countries   

By Thomas Dudek, Anne Ardila Brenøe, Jan Feld, and Julia M. Rohrer  

No, your brother (or sister) didn’t shape your personality. Using data from more than 85,000 people in 12 large representative surveys covering nine countries, the researchers investigated major personality traits including risk tolerance, trust, and agreeableness. The results suggested that the next younger or older siblings’ gender had no effect on personality. 

#4: Understanding and Addressing Older Adults’ Loneliness: The Social Relationships Expectations Framework  

By Samia C. Akhter-Khan, Matthew Prina, Gloria Hoi-Yan Wong, Rosie Mayston, and Leon Li  

Perspectives on Psychological Science 

Giving to and being valued within a community can go a long way toward preventing loneliness in older adults. The authors characterize loneliness as a perceived discrepancy between expected and actual social relationships. Their framework outlines six social relationship expectations of older adults, including generativity and contribution, and being respected and valued. The other four (e.g., having contacts, feeling cared for) are universal across age. 

# 5: Critical Ignoring as a Core Competence for Digital Citizens   

By Anastasia Kozyreva, Sam Wineburg, Stephan Lewandowsky, and Ralph Hertwig  

Current Directions in Psychological Science    

Please don't feed the trolls. Choosing what to ignore and where to invest one’s limited attention can empower online users to avoid the excesses, traps, and information disorders of today’s digital world, the authors suggest. Cognitive strategies to develop this competence include self-nudging (removing temptations from one’s digital environment); lateral reading (verifying a claim’s credibility elsewhere online); and the do-not-feed-the-trolls heuristic (not rewarding malicious actors with attention). 

6: Motivating Personal Growth by Seeking Discomfort    

Kaitlin Woolley and Ayelet Fishbach   

Psychological Science    

Embrace the squirm. Proposing that seeking discomfort as a signal of growth can increase motivation, the authors tested their theories in areas of personal growth including taking comedic risks in improvisation classes. A simple instruction to participants—to interpret immediate discomfort as a signal of self-growth—did more to motivate them than standard instructions.  

7: Test Anxiety Does Not Predict Exam Performance When Knowledge Is Controlled For: Strong Evidence Against the Interference Hypothesis of Test Anxiety   

Maria Theobald, Jasmin Breitwieser, and Garvin Brod  

Psychological Science    

Test-anxious students won’t flub what they already know, but they might miss out on learning gains during test prep. According to an analysis of mock exams that medical students completed shortly before their actual high-stakes exams, test anxiety did not affect their performance beyond their level of knowledge, but high trait test anxiety did limit their further learning during the exam-preparation phase. This points to interventions focused on knowledge acquisition instead of anxiety reduction. 

8: How to Change Negative Outcome Expectations in Psychotherapy? The Role of the Therapist’s Warmth and Competence   

Anna Seewald and Winfried Rief  

Clinical Psychological Science    

First impressions are so powerful in therapy that even the most skeptical patient is likely to expect—and experience—better results if they feel the therapist is warm and competent. In an online experiment, the researchers presented different videos of therapist-patient interactions. The more the therapist appeared to be caring and engaged, the more positive the subjects were about outcomes. 

9: Estranged and Unhappy? Examining the Dynamics of Personal and Relationship Well-Being Surrounding Infidelity   

Olga Stavrova, Tila Pronk, and Jaap Denissen  

Psychological Science     

Cheating is rarely the first sign that a relationship is in trouble. Analyzing data from German couples, the researchers found that infidelities were usually preceded by a gradual decrease in relationship functioning and both partners’ well-being. This well-being usually did not recover in the years following the infidelity, except when women were the unfaithful partners and/or the partners were less committed to the relationship to begin with.  

10: Does Objectively Measured Social-Media or Smartphone Use Predict Depression, Anxiety, or Social Isolation Among Young Adults?    

Craig J. R. Sewall, Tina R. Goldstein, Aidan G. C. Wright, and Daniel Rosen   

Digital technology isn’t making our kids unhappy. In their contribution to this popular area of study, the researchers examined the associations between three aspects of digital-technology use (duration and frequency of smartphone use, duration of social-media use) and three aspects of psychological distress (depression, anxiety, and social isolation) among a sample of young adults. Most of these relationships were statistically nonsignificant. 

Reporters: To request copies of any of these research articles, email [email protected]. 

Disclaimer: AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert system.

Original Source

Research Topics & Ideas: Psychology

100+ Psychology Topic Ideas To Fast-Track Your Research

If you’re starting out on the dissertation or thesis journey for your psychology degree, the very first challenge you’ll face is finding a solid research topic . In this post, we’ll help get the topic ideation process started by providing a meaty list of research ideas, spanning a range of psychology sub-disciplines. We’ll also look at some examples from actual theses and dissertations to give you an idea of what these look like in the real world.

NB – This is just the start…

The topic ideation and evaluation process has multiple steps (which we’ll explain a little later). Therefore, it’s important to recognise that this post is only the first step in finding a high-quality psychology-centred research topic. To develop a research topic, you’ll need to identify a clear and convincing research gap , and a viable plan of action to fill that gap.

If this all sounds a bit intimidating, be sure to check out our free dissertation mini-course , which covers the process of writing a dissertation or thesis from A-Z. You can also sign up for our free webinar that explores how to find a high-quality research topic. Alternatively, if you’d like hands-on help, have a look at our 1-on-1 coaching service .

Overview: Psychology-Related Topics

• How to find a research topic (video)
• Behavioural psychology
• Clinical psychology
• Cognitive psychology
• Developmental psychology
• Educational psychology
• Forensic psychology
• Social psychology
• Sports psychology
• Examples of actual dissertation topics
• Free Webinar : Topic Ideation 101
• Where to get extra help

How To Find A Research Topic

In the video below, we explain how to find suitable research ideas (in psychology or any field), and how to then refine those into well-articulated potential topics for your dissertation or thesis. We also discuss a few important evaluation criteria to help you make the right choice for your project.

Below you’ll find a list of research ideas to get your thinking started. Please note that these research topic ideas are intentionally broad and generic, so you will need to refine them a fair deal using the techniques we discussed in the video above.

We’ve grouped the topic ideas based on a few popular areas of psychology to make it a little easier for you to find something in your particular field of interest. That said, there is naturally some overlap between topics, so keep this in mind.

Research Ideas: Behavioural Psychology

• Cultural variation in behaviour and mental health of adolescents during a disaster: a case study
• The impact of parental drug use and risky behaviour on early child development
• The effects of video game violence on aggressive behaviour among teenage boys in school
• The relationship between adverse childhood experiences and adult risk-seeking behaviour
• The impact of physical exercise on anxiety and health-harming behaviour
• The relationship between personality traits and addiction behaviour
• The effects of reinforcement schedules on decision-making and associative learning
• The effects of daily mindfulness practice on stress and anxiety in middle-aged women
• The use of behavioural interventions in the treatment of eating disorders in poorer communities
• Understanding implicit cognitive processes involved in the over-consumption of fast food
• The use of cognitive behavioural therapy for alcohol addiction treatment
• The impact of extensive technology use in children on long-term attention and focus
• The impact of social media on self-destructive behaviour and poor mental health outcomes
• Exploring the role of sleep and sleep deprivation on healthy behaviours

Research Ideas: Clinical Psychology

• The use of mindfulness-based approaches in the treatment of anxiety disorders among college students
• The use of technology in the delivery of psychological services in war-torn countries
• The effectiveness of dialectical behaviour therapy for borderline personality disorder
• The use of virtual reality technology in the treatment of phobias and PTSD among war veterans
• The role of childhood adversity on adult mental health in immigrant populations in the USA
• The role of genetics and epigenetics in the development of bipolar disorder in Pakistani women: an integrative review
• The effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in the treatment of social anxiety among hikikomori in Japan
• The perception of healthcare workers and patients on the use of teletherapy for the delivery of psychological services
• The impact of social support on mental health outcomes among single parents.
• The effectiveness of integrative therapeutic approaches in the treatment of schizophrenia
• The effectiveness of trauma-focused therapies on post-traumatic growth in domestic abuse survivors
• The role and use of cognitive-behavioural therapy for depression among first-generation students
• The effectiveness of family therapy in addressing childhood trauma and depression
• The impact of cultural mistrust on the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues in culturally-diverse populations
• The effectiveness of group therapy on post-traumatic stress symptoms among survivors of sexual assault

Research Ideas: Cognitive Psychology

• The impact of lifelong aerobic exercise on cognitive function in old age
• The effects of evening screen use on cognitive development in preschool children
• The impact of sleep deprivation on decision-making among graduate students
• The use of neuroimaging to understand the neural basis of memory retrieval
• The effect of conservative religious homes on social functioning in LGBT+ adolescents
• The role of positive emotions in working memory among high school learners
• The neural basis of decision-making and problem-solving during undergraduate statistic assessments
• The neural basis of language processing among adults learning English as a second language
• The role of technological tools in improving working memory in older adults
• The role of attention in emotional face processing among adult males
• The impact of depression on cognitive function during ageing The impact of daily meditation and mindfulness practice on cognitive function
• The relationship between increased protein intake and improved cognitive function
• The effects of stress on cognitive function among final-year learners

Research Ideas: Developmental Psychology

• The impact of maternal affection on cognitive, social, and emotional development
• The effects of parenting styles on children’s executive function
• The impact of late-night screen use on child development
• The role of digital play on child development outcomes
• Exploring the impact of poverty on early child development in Brazil
• The trauma-informed care as moderating the impact of trauma on child development
• Evaluating the relationship between peer relationship quality and child social development
• The impact of child-targeted media and advertising on child behavioural development
• The role of parental attachment in child resilience
• The moderating impact of culture on bullying and child social development
• The impact of single-parenting on child development in India
• The impact of early educational interventions on child socio-emotional development
• The impact of digital technology use on adolescent development and mental health
• The impact of socioeconomic status on child executive function
• The role of genetics and epigenetics on child neurodevelopmental outcomes linked to depression

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Research Ideas: Educational Psychology

• The relationship between self-regulated learning and academic performance in asynchronous versus synchronous learning environments
• Exploring effective parental involvement strategies and their impact on student achievement
• The role of intrinsic motivation in formative assessment in the classroom
• The impact of classroom management and practice on student learning and behaviour
• University students’ preference regarding online learning environments
• The effects of gentrification on student achievement in traditionally poor neighbourhoods
• The impact of teacher expectations and academic self-concept on K12 student mathematics performance
• The use and effectiveness of game-based learning in a high school biology classroom
• The impact of prejudice on the relationship between student motivation and academic performance among Black university students
• The impact of culture on second language English student learning preferences
• The effects of student self-efficacy and engagement on academic performance in secondary school mathematics
• The role of metacognition in learning musicality in hip hop
• The role of small group instruction on teacher efficacy and stress in early childhood education
• The perception and use of multimedia among high school biology teachers in France
• The use of augmented reality applications and its impact on student learning, motivation and attitude

Research Ideas: Forensic Psychology

• The impact of trauma on the psychological functioning of police officers and first responders
• Understanding cultural considerations during forensic psychological assessment and treatment of trauma
• Ethical considerations of the use of AI in forensic psychology in the legal system
• The psychological factors related to recidivism among white collar female offenders in the USA
• The psychological factors related to false confessions among juveniles
• Understanding the use of psychological assessment in the evaluation of eyewitness testimony in criminal courts in England
• The impact of trauma on the reflective functioning of adult female sexual assault victims
• The use and effectiveness of psychological interventions in reducing recidivism among non-violent criminals
• The impact of domestic violence on the mental health and forensic evaluation of men
• Exploring the ethical considerations and use of behavioural analysis in the study of criminal behaviour
• The use and limitations of neuropsychological assessment in forensic evaluations
• The use of social media forensics in evaluating criminal behaviour in violent crimes
• The racialised use of psychological assessment in the evaluation of competency to stand trial in Canada
• Exploring the use and availability of virtual reality technologies in forensic psychology in Spain
• The impact of motivational interviewing-based interventions among criminalized drug users

Research Ideas: Social Psychology

• The impact of prejudice and discrimination on social behaviour among African immigrants in South Africa
• The impact of social networks on behaviour and well-being among young adult females
• The effects of social identity on non-conformity in University students
• The effects of group dynamics on risk-seeking behaviour in adult men
• The impact of social media on the quality of interpersonal relationships among high school learners
• The impact of parental emotional intelligence on pro-social behaviour in children and adolescents
• The effects of conformity and deviance on social attitudes and behaviour during a global recession
• The effects of Tik Tok on social comparison and self-esteem among teenage girls
• Understanding gendered differences in social influence and algorithms on impulsive decision-making
• The effects of social support on mental health among healthcare workers in the UK
• The effects of gender roles on social behaviour among trans teens
• The impact of perceived power and social status on the behaviour of social media influencers
• The impact of social norms on prosocial behaviour among women
• The effects of community participation on aggression and violence in middle-aged men
• The impact of culture and gender on social behaviour during the COVID-19 pandemic

Research Ideas: Sports Psychology

• The moderating role of cultural factors on the relationship between mental health and sports performance in team sports
• The role of mindfulness practice in addressing stress and anxiety in young national athletes
• The relationship between team cohesion and performance in cricket teams
• The effect of transformational leadership on female sports teams in Canada
• The effect of positive self-talk on athletic performance and motivation among Olympic athletes
• The use and perception of hypnosis in New Zealand team sports Understanding stress and burnout in University team athletes
• The efficacy of personalised nutrition and diet on athletic performance among sprinters
• Exploring mental preparation techniques and their effect on athletic motivation and resilience among team-sport athletes
• Exploring the perception and understanding of goal-setting characteristics on athletic performance among team coaches
• The effects of motivational feedback on the performance of female gymnasts
• The perception and use of visualization and imagery among coaches as a means to enhance sport performance
• The impact of sports injuries on mental health and recovery in high school athletes
• The moderating role of sleep on mental toughness and sports performance in Olympic athletes
• The use and perception of technology in sports training and performance in little league softball

Psychology-Related Dissertations & Theses

While the ideas we’ve presented above are a decent starting point for finding a research topic in psychology, they are fairly generic and non-specific. So, it helps to look at actual dissertations and theses to see how this all comes together in practice.

Below, we’ve included a selection of research projects from various psychology degree programs to help refine your thinking. These are actual dissertations and theses, written as part of Master’s and PhD-level programs, so they can provide some useful insight as to what a research topic looks like in practice.

• Effects of a Patient Question Prompt List on Outpatient Palliative Care Appointments (McDarby, 2022)
• The role of affect and exercise goals in physical activity engagement in younger and older adults (Stojanovic, 2022)
• Lay Theories about Whether Emotion Helps or Hinders Reasoning and Well-being (Karnaze, 2022)
• The effects of blast-induced traumatic brain injury on two transgenic models of Alzheimer’s Disease (Gann, 2020)
• Understanding the parental mind: Examining the stability of parental reflective functioning across the birth of a child and associations with maternal mind-mindedness (Pitzen, 2021)
• An investigation of ineffective ally behaviours (Collier, 2019)
• Response Inhibition-Related Beta Power: Distinguishing Cognitively Intact Elders by Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease (Evans, 2021)
• Recognition Memory of Extremely High-Frequency Words (Miller, 2019)
• The Relationship between Dementia Caregiver Burden and Caregiver Communications in a Memory Clinic Setting (Martin, 2021)
• Examination of Maternal Versus Paternal Ratings of Child Pre-Injury Functioning in Predicting Child Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms (Sayer, 2021)
• Electromyography As A Means of Predicting The Rubber Hand Illusion (Teaford, 2021)
• Linking Diversity Climate and Feedback Seeking Through Interpersonal Processes and Race Effects (Flores, 2021)

Looking at these titles, you can probably pick up that the research topics here are far more specific and narrowly-focused , compared to the generic ones presented earlier. This is an important thing to keep in mind as you develop your own research topic. That is to say, to create a top-notch research topic, you must be precise and target a specific context with specific variables of interest . In other words, you need to identify a clear, well-justified research gap.

Fast-Track Your Topic Ideation

Still unsure about how to find the right topic for your research project? Check out our private coaching services , where we work with psychology students on a 1:1 basis to help them find the perfect topic.

11 Comments

Great insight

A very interesting site that offers a variety of options regarding research topics.

You’re most welcome

A good platform to get information

Amazing and interesting options 👌

Very useful but had not any field of research in health psychology

I feel honored going through this lovely stuff put together. Thank you so much

I need counseling psychology research topics

Thank you this is the good information for research topic and help us my research topic

very empowering and insightful presentations. Can I be assisted in crafting a school psychology-related research topic about African context

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50+ Research Topics for Psychology Papers

How to Find Psychology Research Topics for Your Student Paper

• Specific Branches of Psychology
• Topics Involving a Disorder or Type of Therapy
• Human Cognition
• Human Development
• Critique of Publications
• Famous Experiments
• Historical Figures
• Specific Careers
• Case Studies
• Literature Reviews
• Your Own Study/Experiment

Are you searching for a great topic for your psychology paper ? Sometimes it seems like coming up with topics of psychology research is more challenging than the actual research and writing. Fortunately, there are plenty of great places to find inspiration and the following list contains just a few ideas to help get you started.

Finding a solid topic is one of the most important steps when writing any type of paper. It can be particularly important when you are writing a psychology research paper or essay. Psychology is such a broad topic, so you want to find a topic that allows you to adequately cover the subject without becoming overwhelmed with information.

I can always tell when a student really cares about the topic they chose; it comes through in the writing. My advice is to choose a topic that genuinely interests you, so you’ll be more motivated to do thorough research.

In some cases, such as in a general psychology class, you might have the option to select any topic from within psychology's broad reach. Other instances, such as in an  abnormal psychology  course, might require you to write your paper on a specific subject such as a psychological disorder.

As you begin your search for a topic for your psychology paper, it is first important to consider the guidelines established by your instructor.

Research Topics Within Specific Branches of Psychology

The key to selecting a good topic for your psychology paper is to select something that is narrow enough to allow you to really focus on the subject, but not so narrow that it is difficult to find sources or information to write about.

One approach is to narrow your focus down to a subject within a specific branch of psychology. For example, you might start by deciding that you want to write a paper on some sort of social psychology topic. Next, you might narrow your focus down to how persuasion can be used to influence behavior .

Other social psychology topics you might consider include:

• Prejudice and discrimination (i.e., homophobia, sexism, racism)
• Social cognition
• Person perception
• Social control and cults
• Persuasion, propaganda, and marketing
• Attraction, romance, and love
• Nonverbal communication
• Prosocial behavior

Psychology Research Topics Involving a Disorder or Type of Therapy

Exploring a psychological disorder or a specific treatment modality can also be a good topic for a psychology paper. Some potential abnormal psychology topics include specific psychological disorders or particular treatment modalities, including:

• Eating disorders
• Borderline personality disorder
• Seasonal affective disorder
• Schizophrenia
• Antisocial personality disorder
• Profile a  type of therapy  (i.e., cognitive-behavioral therapy, group therapy, psychoanalytic therapy)

Topics of Psychology Research Related to Human Cognition

Some of the possible topics you might explore in this area include thinking, language, intelligence, and decision-making. Other ideas might include:

• False memories
• Speech disorders
• Problem-solving

Topics of Psychology Research Related to Human Development

In this area, you might opt to focus on issues pertinent to  early childhood  such as language development, social learning, or childhood attachment or you might instead opt to concentrate on issues that affect older adults such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease.

Some other topics you might consider include:

• Language acquisition
• Media violence and children
• Learning disabilities
• Gender roles
• Child abuse
• Prenatal development
• Parenting styles
• Aspects of the aging process

Do a Critique of Publications Involving Psychology Research Topics

One option is to consider writing a critique paper of a published psychology book or academic journal article. For example, you might write a critical analysis of Sigmund Freud's Interpretation of Dreams or you might evaluate a more recent book such as Philip Zimbardo's  The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil .

Professional and academic journals are also great places to find materials for a critique paper. Browse through the collection at your university library to find titles devoted to the subject that you are most interested in, then look through recent articles until you find one that grabs your attention.

Topics of Psychology Research Related to Famous Experiments

There have been many fascinating and groundbreaking experiments throughout the history of psychology, providing ample material for students looking for an interesting term paper topic. In your paper, you might choose to summarize the experiment, analyze the ethics of the research, or evaluate the implications of the study. Possible experiments that you might consider include:

• The Milgram Obedience Experiment
• The Stanford Prison Experiment
• The Little Albert Experiment
• Pavlov's Conditioning Experiments
• The Asch Conformity Experiment
• Harlow's Rhesus Monkey Experiments

Topics of Psychology Research About Historical Figures

One of the simplest ways to find a great topic is to choose an interesting person in the  history of psychology  and write a paper about them. Your paper might focus on many different elements of the individual's life, such as their biography, professional history, theories, or influence on psychology.

While this type of paper may be historical in nature, there is no need for this assignment to be dry or boring. Psychology is full of fascinating figures rife with intriguing stories and anecdotes. Consider such famous individuals as Sigmund Freud, B.F. Skinner, Harry Harlow, or one of the many other  eminent psychologists .

Psychology Research Topics About a Specific Career

​Another possible topic, depending on the course in which you are enrolled, is to write about specific career paths within the  field of psychology . This type of paper is especially appropriate if you are exploring different subtopics or considering which area interests you the most.

In your paper, you might opt to explore the typical duties of a psychologist, how much people working in these fields typically earn, and the different employment options that are available.

Topics of Psychology Research Involving Case Studies

One potentially interesting idea is to write a  psychology case study  of a particular individual or group of people. In this type of paper, you will provide an in-depth analysis of your subject, including a thorough biography.

Generally, you will also assess the person, often using a major psychological theory such as  Piaget's stages of cognitive development  or  Erikson's eight-stage theory of human development . It is also important to note that your paper doesn't necessarily have to be about someone you know personally.

In fact, many professors encourage students to write case studies on historical figures or fictional characters from books, television programs, or films.

Psychology Research Topics Involving Literature Reviews

Another possibility that would work well for a number of psychology courses is to do a literature review of a specific topic within psychology. A literature review involves finding a variety of sources on a particular subject, then summarizing and reporting on what these sources have to say about the topic.

Literature reviews are generally found in the  introduction  of journal articles and other  psychology papers , but this type of analysis also works well for a full-scale psychology term paper.

Topics of Psychology Research Based on Your Own Study or Experiment

Many psychology courses require students to design an actual psychological study or perform some type of experiment. In some cases, students simply devise the study and then imagine the possible results that might occur. In other situations, you may actually have the opportunity to collect data, analyze your findings, and write up your results.

Finding a topic for your study can be difficult, but there are plenty of great ways to come up with intriguing ideas. Start by considering your own interests as well as subjects you have studied in the past.

Online sources, newspaper articles, books , journal articles, and even your own class textbook are all great places to start searching for topics for your experiments and psychology term papers. Before you begin, learn more about  how to conduct a psychology experiment .

What This Means For You

After looking at this brief list of possible topics for psychology papers, it is easy to see that psychology is a very broad and diverse subject. While this variety makes it possible to find a topic that really catches your interest, it can sometimes make it very difficult for some students to select a good topic.

If you are still stumped by your assignment, ask your instructor for suggestions and consider a few from this list for inspiration.

• Hockenbury, SE & Nolan, SA. Psychology. New York: Worth Publishers; 2014.
• Santrock, JW. A Topical Approach to Lifespan Development. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2016.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

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5 Big New Trends

Mental health is suddenly, you might say, on everyone’s mind. and a lot is going on inside the world of mental health. • diagnosing yourself • have you met the cho • the body makes a comeback • trauma’s time • the other, even bigger, promise of psychedelics.

By Psychology Today Contributors published January 4, 2022 - last reviewed on January 11, 2022

The Curious Cachet of a Psychiatric Diagnosis

Everyday stress and distress are aiming for DSM gravitas.

By Ralph Lewis, M.D.

Something strange has been happening in the psychiatric clinic in the last few years. Large numbers of people, particularly teens and young adults, have been seeking psychiatric assessments, certain that they are suffering from a mental illness and often quite insistent on obtaining a diagnosis for anxiety , major depression , ADHD , autism spectrum disorder, PTSD , and, perhaps most surprisingly of all, borderline personality disorder. Not that their life stresses aren’t challenging and their distress real, but their difficulties typically fall short of the criteria for diagnosis and seem within the range of normal.

What’s going on? How did we go from the destigmatization to the desirability of psychiatric diagnoses almost overnight?

Many people, the younger generation in particular, appear to be using the language of mental health and embracing the advice to talk openly about it. Overall this is welcome progress, but today’s youth seem to have replaced the use of words like stress and distress with terms like mental health issue or mental disorder . Maybe mental health education in schools is working better than anyone imagined, or celebrity confessions of struggles are highly influential.

Social contagion also seems to be powerfully at play. A potent and more prevalent factor than generally appreciated, it leads some people beyond merely overestimating and overstating their symptoms. They may develop psychiatric symptoms, or at least symptoms that appear to be psychiatric, through the power of suggestion and overidentification with others who truly display them. When young people with real disorders such as Tourette syndrome post videos of themselves on TikTok and YouTube as self-validating measures, there suddenly materialize in psychiatrists’ offices large numbers of young people with the identical tics.

Paralleling the diagnostic hopefuls crowding doctors’ offices, casual conversationalists outright appropriate psychiatric terminology on the street, flippantly describing ordinary stresses and behavioral quirks: “You’re so OCD .” “I’m so bipolar .” “I’m very ADHD.” “He’s totally on the [autism] spectrum.” While such talk is not necessarily meant to be taken seriously, it nevertheless fuels misunderstanding of the real disorders.

For those who more earnestly self-diagnose, doing so offers them an explanation for their difficulties. It lets a person feel understood. It simplifies complexity, helping make sense of things and bringing a bit of order to the inexplicable and chaotic. It provides validation and legitimacy to one’s struggle, and it might offer justification for one’s shortcomings or behavioral difficulties. It also confers a sense of identity and group-belonging. And it may deliver practical benefits: sick leave, disability benefits, academic accommodations, and insurance coverage for therapy.

It may be instructive to consider the strange desirability of a borderline personality disorder diagnosis. BPD used to be a highly undesirable and stigmatizing label because it indicates a highly dysfunctional, emotionally unstable person. The criteria overlap with other conditions and personality traits so it’s prone to overdiagnosis—especially among those who are self-diagnosing on the internet.

Perhaps part of its sudden unexpected appeal stems from the oversimplified notion that all mental disorders are illnesses, separable from the self—that they are things that happen to the brains of people, perhaps early in development, rather than (as is the case, particularly, for personality disorders ) descriptions of who the person is. A diagnosis of BPD connotes someone who has become afflicted with a disorder—a victim—rather than someone who is a very “difficult person” (albeit due to factors partly beyond the individual’s control).

There are costs and risks associated with excessive appropriation of psychiatric terminology, eager self-diagnosis, and overdiagnosis by clinicians who take patients’ exaggerated reports of symptoms at face value: Medications are overprescribed, real mental illnesses become trivialized, psychiatry becomes delegitimized, and the people most in need of psychiatric services face difficulty accessing a system overloaded by unnecessary referrals.

Too, something important is lost in the linguistic inflation—the acceptance of stress and distress as inherent features of life. Perhaps life these days is more stressful than ever for young people—despite all the material advances and conveniences in modern Western societies, and despite living in peacetime. Many face increased expectations, competition , time pressures, choices, information overload, social media , and unprecedented awareness of physically and temporally distant societal threats.

Everyone feels lacking in coping ability and resilience at times. Psychiatric treatment isn’t the answer to that.

Most mental disorders lie at one end of a continuum in relation to normal traits and difficulties (and diagnoses are far less neatly categorical than the DSM-5 would make them appear). There is a wide grey zone in which a diagnosis may or not be applicable. Many people in this grey zone may indeed have significant psychosocial problems and may benefit from professional help. Diagnosis of a disorder doesn’t have to be the only ticket to get through a therapist’s door. If everyone has a mental disorder, then no one does, and the concept of mental illness becomes meaningless.

A New Doctor In the House

Pushed by the pandemic, companies are promoting employee health and well-being to the C-suite.

By Gleb Tsipursky, Ph.D.

There’s a new member of the C-suite in companies across America. Say hello to the CHO, the chief health and wellness officer. In a development underway before, but vastly accelerated by, the pandemic, the physical and mental health of employees seized top priority—because without it, productivity ceased and companies couldn’t even do business.

If the CHOs’ first order of business was deciding whether or how to operate in a pandemic or when and how it was safe to reopen, they are enduringly fixed on safeguarding the mental health of workers at home and ensuring they don’t burn out . As ongoing members of the C-suite, they guarantee that mental health gets attention beyond the largely peripheral yoga class and meditation moments. The across-the-board spike in stress and anxiety levels, the sudden awareness of the extraordinary demands on working parents, and the blurring of work-life boundaries mandate an ongoing orientation to how the structure of work interacts with employee health and wellness.

There’s plenty of bottom-line rationale. Healthy employees are not only engaged and productive, they also keep medical insurance costs down.

The role isn’t completely new. In fact, Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, based in Akron, Ohio, with 65,000 workers worldwide, brought on a CHO a decade ago, in 2011, to develop the company’s global health strategy and provide leadership for its medical clinics, health benefits and programs, and health-related emergencies.

Over his 10 years of service, Brent Pawlecki, M.D., not only created special initiatives to acknowledge workers who are caring for the sick or elderly but also literally helped create a healthy environment when the company built its new headquarters. And when the pandemic struck, he was able to quickly coordinate policies with public health authorities.

Prompted by the pandemic to grasp the importance of health and wellness and to adapt to quickly shifting health realities, many more companies—Delta Airlines, Constellation Brands, Stanley Black & Decker— have brought on a CHO. Executive search firms report it’s a “burgeoning area” of business.

In addition, CHOs are getting attention at the highest levels worldwide. Last fall, the World Economic Forum announced that it was establishing a new cross-industry community of chief health officers to share visions and best practices because, it said, well-being matters more than ever: “Workforce well-being has become a business priority. There is increased awareness of its links to business performance, operational resiliency, and sustainability.”

Calling the pandemic “a wake-up call for employers,” the WEF also pointed to deeper problems underlying the increased anxiety, stress, and physical ill-health employees are reporting. It specifically cited systemic racism, massive job losses in some sectors, unpredictability of working conditions, and burnout.

Reporting directly to the CEO, CHOs work with other senior executives to develop and implement strategic policies that take care of employees’ overall health, as well as remote work guidelines and in-office safety. CHOs also enforce existing mental health policies designed to help employees achieve work-life balance. The difference is, the efforts are significantly more targeted and organized with a central figure in charge.

Organizations can also expect CHOs to do a deeper dive on issues driving mental health problems, including racism and gender discrimination , that contribute to toxic work cultures.

The advent of top executives who make mental and physical health a priority in business is worth celebrating. It’s just a little too soon to know how big a difference they can make.

Romancing Trauma

We’re enamored of stories of suffering because they’re loaded with drama. Most, however, do not reflect real trauma but a failure to metabolize big experiences.

By Robin Stern, Ph.D.

“I moved closer and asked him to tell me more,” the coaching trainee said. “I felt drawn into the story my client was telling. I wanted to know every detail.” She couldn’t, she said, get enough of it. Asked to reflect on her reaction, she said she was riveted, just as she is “by all the pain and suffering, all the stories of trauma,” she hears in the course of a day.

In my psychotherapy practice and in conversations with audiences both national and international, I’ve observed that just the word trauma —and our visceral reaction to it—causes people to sit up and pay attention. It seems as if everyone is paying attention.

Since writing The Body Keeps the Score seven years ago, psychiatrist Bessel von der Kolk has seen his book on trauma spend more than half its life on bestseller lists. Canadian physician Gabor Maté, known for his work on addiction , which he sees as a misguided attempt to cure existential pain, valorizes trauma in The Wisdom of Trauma , a recent documentary widely seen on social media. Trauma, says Maté, results from disconnection from your authentic self, imposed on humans by living in culture—catnip to a generation in search of authenticity and broad enough to include everyone.

Calling trauma a disease transmissible from parent to child, New York psychiatrist Paul Conti weighed in recently with Trauma: The Invisible Epidemic: How Trauma Works and How We Can Heal From It . If anything, it’s an unabashed offering to the gods of romance, with an introduction by the queen of glamor, Lady Gaga, and a blurb by reality TV star Kim Kardashian. Echoing Maté’s message, Conti contends that we all have trauma because we all have pain.

Certain emotional or psychological constructs gain cultural currency at times. Is America just having a romance with the idea of trauma, much the way we were infatuated with happiness a decade ago? Stories of trauma are dramatic and compelling, as my trainee found. They have a strong emotional charge, and their delivery is usually emotionally freighted as well. Infused with energy, they deliver a dose of excitement, especially to the many growing up overprotected and experience-deprived and those socially isolated.

The problem is: Much of what people term trauma would not be clinically classified as such, says psychologist George Bonanno, a longtime researcher of trauma, grief , and resilience and the author most recently of The End of Trauma . There is trauma—and then there is stress or grief or very big feelings that many people have in response to life events. In the general public and even in the profession of psychology, he observes, “there is a sense that anything bad is trauma—anything that feels intolerable or even uncomfortable.”

There are more than enough experiences that potentially give rise to real trauma. Interpersonal violence. Losing your home and everything you own in a war or flash flood. But most events talked about as trauma are simply life experiences —often, defining moments of deep significance—accompanied by psychological pain, as many experiences are until they are digested and metabolized, a process that normally takes time and skills of emotion regulation . People gravitate to tales of trauma because they are drawn to stories that simplify and electrify life.

Our own judgment is impaired when we allow ourselves to be entranced by stories of trauma. We plunge into our own feelings and risk ignoring the storyteller’s needs. But perhaps most of all, we short-shrift our own powers. We are far more resilient than we think or than we give ourselves credit for. “Most people are resilient,” Bonanno finds. “Some people are traumatized; some people recover. There are different trajectories.”

People underplay their resilience, he suggests, because “they assume they don’t have the magic traits they read about. They likely think of resilience the same way they think about trauma—in essentialist terms, as something that exists in nature. Thus, events are traumatic , and people exposed to these events are traumatized.”

Bonanno identifies multiple roots of our obsession with trauma. Most of our ideas about mental health now come from the clinical realm, but mental health professionals predominantly study and treat only those in distress. In addition, he says, we’re wired to look out for danger, and we are ever aware that it exists in the world.

Psychology From the Neck Down

It turns out that the body has a big say in what we do and who we are.

By Scott Anderson

Psychology is waking up from a long fever dream that the brain is a pure thinking machine and discovering that, instead, the brain is locked in an intricate embrace with the body. That not only opens the door to a whole new array of treatments, it also makes traditional attempts to separate the brain from its environment seem laughably misguided.

Consciousness is the culmination of billions of synapses firing throughout our brain, but it doesn’t stop there. Neuroscience is now busily revealing the brain’s extended connections to every part of the body. There is a fresh understanding that these links provide the context for our emotions, desires, and decision-making .

Information flows into the brain not only through all our senses but also from the vagus nerve as it snakes past all our organs, especially the gut. That visceral conversation runs two ways, mediated by a part of the brain, the insula, which is constantly anticipating our bodily needs and then directing us to fulfill them. This is the framework for all our thoughts and moods—so-called interoception.

It is becoming increasingly clear that from this network of nerves, we weave our sense of self and our relationships with others. It is how we connect with the world, the source of our feelings of love and belonging, of safety—or of threat. The vagus offers a pathway for healing the mind through the body.

Deep-breathing—a feature of yoga and many ancient Eastern practices of mindfulness —is turning out to be a deceptively simple tool for creating an inner state of calm. Like most organs, our lungs are on autopilot, but we can take the wheel. Deep breathing for a minute or so recruits the vagus to send an all-clear signal to the brain, en route slowing the heart, relaxing blood vessels, and smoothing out gut contractions—providing leverage over our inner world.

With an especially extravagant network of nerves—earning it the nickname “second brain”—the gut is home to trillions of microbes (composing the microbiome ) that can, astonishingly, sense and produce neurotransmitters to converse directly with the brain. An unbalanced gut microbiome, a common consequence of the standard American diet , is a potent source of inflammation, which can lead to major depression and anxiety.

Sadly, this bodily conversation is muted, making it easy to pretend that our brains are disembodied. Nevertheless, the makeup of the microbiome can be manipulated by diet, and a produce-, fiber-, and antioxidant -rich diet is now a necessary addition to the psychological toolkit.

There are yet other signs psychology is escaping the mind-body dualism Descartes saddled us with some 400 years ago, granting too much agency to the brain and not enough to the body. It’s now clear that the body performs countless computations and continuously confers with the brain, blurring cognitive boundaries. And under the general rubric of embodiment, there’s a powerful paradigm shift in understanding—and eventually in managing—how we think and feel.

The principles of embodied cognition and embodied emotion hold that we use the body as a resource to understand thoughts from fright to delight—“articulating” abstract concepts with hand gestures, for example—and it becomes a major part of how we learn, remember, and retrieve memories. That’s why we smile when we recall a funny event. As a corollary, we can consciously manipulate that context, say by forcing a smile, to change the way we react to events and store memories.

We don’t just use our hands and hearts, say some, we also use the environment around us—such as the alarming amount of information instantly available on our smartphones—to enhance our memory and cognitive powers. Externalizing our thoughts is a crafty way to overcome the cramped confines of our skulls.

Our superior brainpower, then, is scarcely a solo act. We’ve got it backwards: It’s not that the body is there to support the brain; the brain largely exists to cater to our bodily needs, no matter how dimly we perceive them. It appears to be true after all that psychological problems may not be all in your head—and that there may be many pathways to relieving them.

The second coming of psychedelics heralds a new model of mental health treatment.

By Hara Estroff Marano

It’s scarcely 2022, but mark your calendar for 2023. If all goes as many people and billions of investment dollars expect, the first treatment will be made available to do what no other has been able to accomplish—peel away an intractable mental health disorder and do it without the need for a lifetime prescription.

It’s not just that the prospect of a cure—for PTSD—centers on the use of a psychedelic agent, specifically MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, also called Ecstasy or Molly. If the dollars don’t outdazzle the data and trigger a backlash, the possibilities include a brightened outlook for numerous psychiatric afflictions, a new way of delivering drugs, and pharmacology that comes with compassion.

Although medical interest in psychedelics flared in the 1950s and ’60s, research and clinical use were forced underground in the ’80s by criminalization statutes. But plant-derived hallucinogens such as psilocybin and mescaline have a long history of safe use, largely in traditional cultures, in ritualized release from the constraints of the prefrontal cortex.

Perhaps no person has done more to restore them and their synthetic siblings, including MDMA, to respectability than Rick Doblin, who founded the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) as a nonprofit pharmaceutical company in 1986 and then got a Ph.D. in policy administration at Harvard in order to make psychedelics mainstream-credible. Enamored of MDMA since trying it in college, Doblin recruited scientists, developed protocols for studying psychedelics, and compiled evidence until MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for PTSD was granted a rare Breakthrough Therapy Designation by the FDA in 2017.MDMA is expected to be the first true hallucinogen legally prescribable. Results from a first set of randomized, placebo -controlled Phase 3 clinical trials for safety and efficacy, the prelude to official new-drug approval, published last June in Nature Medicine , show that after three large doses of MDMA, with therapy, spaced a month apart, two thirds of patients no longer meet the criteria for a diagnosis of PTSD. Patients are still getting better a year after their treatment has stopped.

“This is the opposite of what happens with pharmaceuticals,” says Doblin. “We think people learn how to process trauma. They don’t run from intrusive memories or trauma triggers; they’re able to work through them,” he explains. Evidence shows that MDMA reduces hyperactivity in the amygdala and increases connectivity between the amygdala and the hippocampus so that memories can be processed and put into storage and the past doesn’t constantly invade the present. It also releases oxytocin , boosting social reward areas of the brain.

Also in development around the world: ibogaine for treatment of cocaine and opioid addiction; MDMA for social anxiety and couple therapy; psilocybin and LSD for Alzheimer’s and other dementias; DMT for stroke recovery. At the furthest edge of psychedelic research lies the hope that the drugs not only improve quality of life but actually extend it.

Persuasive evidence there’d be few regulatory obstacles to psychedelics, MDMA’s “breakthrough” designation set off a gold rush: A whole psychedelic sector arose on financial markets, with about 400 for-profit companies angling for a niche by the end of 2021. They’re bringing mushrooms to market, searching for patentable molecules, establishing clinic networks for treatment delivery, creating trippy media for clinical settings, and more.

One of the earliest, Compass Pathways, set on establishing psilocybin as with-therapy treatment for resistant depression, was the first psychedelic stock to hit $1 billion valuation after the company, backed by PayPal’s Peter Thiel, went public in 2020. Thiel also put millions into starting Berlin-based Atai Life Sciences in 2018; it’s now the biggest psychedelic player of all.

Between 2019 and 2021 alone, investors unleashed $3 to $5 billion, says venture capitalist Richard Skaife, who set up The Conscious Fund in 2019 to expedite what many expect to be a paradigm shift in mental health treatment—the end of the “drug treadmill.”

“The vast majority of people who have supported the psychedelic space so far,” says Skaife, “are ultra-high-net-worth individuals who have had either a very negative experience with general health care after some trauma in the family or a positive interaction with psychedelics, usually in a nonmedical setting. We don’t have to do a lot of convincing.” Doblin says MAPS’s roster of donors includes some of the wealthiest families in America—Rockefellers, Buffetts, even a Koch. Skaife says he doesn’t just deploy capital but identifies conditions for which there is scientific plausibility for psychedelic treatment, then breeds a business based on that.

The delivery—under direct supervision by specially certified therapists— remains as important as the drug. It’s the intense psychotherapy that transforms MDMA, psilocybin, and other hallucinogens from an amusement (or a bad trip) into a medicine. Patients report that they get something deeply meaningful out of the altered consciousness—a sense of unity, of connection. Therapy allows them to incorporate that into an enduring shift in identity and to build a better self.

That accounts for one of the liveliest areas of investment: setting up networks of cushy clinics to administer the anesthetic ketamine now while awaiting approval of MDMA and psilocybin. New York–based Nushama has staked out the Northeast and opened “journey centers” that mix luxe settings with psychedelic-inspired accoutrements. The journey psychedelics make possible is deep into the self, says medical director Steven Radowitz. “They free you of who you think you are and catalyze your own healing power.” Private “journey parties” have become popular among the affluent, often inspiring psychedelic snobbery.

The “psychedelic space” now abounds with hucksters and hype. But at its core is a new therapeutic model that depends on just a few drug doses, delivered with extreme care. What has investors still salivating are reports of a billion people on the planet in need of help. No one fears running out of patients anytime soon.

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Helping adults and children with ADHD in a pandemic world

The pandemic era’s unstructured uncertainty has weighed heavily on those with ADHD, but psychologists are working to get them back on track

Vol. 53 No. 2 Print version: page 68

The COVID-19 pandemic has presented challenges for almost everyone, but one group has been uniquely affected by shifting circumstances: children and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

“People with ADHD rely on structure. When that structure was removed, symptoms that were under control became much more impairing,” said Jeffrey S. Katz, PhD, a clinical psychologist based in Virginia Beach, Virginia, and a member of the board of directors of the national nonprofit Children and Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (CHADD).

Surveys, research studies, and practitioner reports have documented an uptick in referrals for ADHD assessment as well as a worsening of symptoms and trouble adapting to preventive measures around COVID-19 among those with ADHD ( ADDitude , March 31, 2021; Zhang, J., et al., Asian Journal of Psychiatry , Vol. 51, 2020; Pollak, Y., et al., Journal of Attention Disorders , online first publication, 2021). Phone-based and online queries to CHADD increased in 2020 by 62% and 77%, respectively, compared with 2019.

The dramatic, immediate change in environment that occurred in March 2020 forced nearly everyone to create a new routine, but that task was particularly difficult for people who already struggle with planning, motivation, and attention, said clinical psychologist Margaret Sibley, PhD, an associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral medicine at the University of Washington and Seattle Children’s Hospital. Other ­pandemic-related factors—such as more distractions at home, fewer opportunities to exercise, and a nationwide increase in substance use—made it even harder to function well.

In response to the pandemic, psychologists were tasked with differentiating cases of ADHD from more situational ADHD-like symptoms. They also found new ways to help adults and children who needed support to work and learn effectively from home. When some patients benefited from the flexibility of remote conditions, including remote mental health care, psychologists took note. Now, clinicians and others are working to apply these insights to deliver much-needed ongoing support.

“We’re in this for the long haul,” said Thomas Power, PhD, ABPP, a professor of school psychology in pediatrics, psychiatry, and education and director of the Center for Management of ADHD at the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia (CHOP). “This is not just a crisis that’s going to last for another year or so. There will be downstream effects for years that we need to address.”

The imperative for early intervention

In the United States, about 8% of children and 4% of adults have ADHD (“ General Prevalence of ADHD ,” CHADD). People with ADHD face problems with inattention, such as trouble listening or staying organized, and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, such as restlessness or interrupting others. To receive a diagnosis, these symptoms must impair functioning in at least two areas of life—for example, at home, at school, at work, or in relationships—and must affect an individual before age 12, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth Edition).

Dopamine dysregulation, which influences motivation, is at the root of many of these issues, Sibley said. People with ADHD may find some tasks, like reading a novel for school, less rewarding than others do—while other activities, like playing video games, feel hyper-rewarding and hard to stop.

If left untreated, these problems with motivation set the stage for significant hardship down the line. Follow-up studies of children with ADHD have documented more unemployment, less educational attainment, and more problems with depression, anxiety, and substance use than in those without the condition (“ ADHD and Long-Term Outcomes ,” CHADD; Schiavone, N., et al., Psychiatry Research , Vol. 281, 2019). Research suggests that early intervention can mitigate some of these outcomes, so experts say timely and ongoing treatment is crucial for long-term success (Katzman, M. A., et al., BMC Psychiatry , Vol. 17, 2017).

Remote work and learning

Early intervention has become an imperative amid the COVID-19 pandemic, when remote work and school conditions have upended the lives of so many. Children with ADHD are disproportionately affected by the academic disruption, Power said, because it can be difficult for them to learn using virtual systems.

“With the return to in-person school, students with ADHD, generally speaking, have required more support with instruction, organization, time management, and planning,” he said, because of both shifts in routines and setbacks related to remote learning.

The loss of structure and limited opportunities to socialize with peers have also caused social and behavioral setbacks for kids and teens, said Katz, including social anxiety and trouble sustaining healthy peer relationships. Several studies have documented increased emotional dysregulation among children and adolescents with ADHD during the pandemic (Breaux, R., et al., The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry , Vol. 62, No. 9, 2021; Korpa, T., et al., Children , Vol. 8, No. 11, 2021).

Working from home has also presented challenges for adults with ADHD, including dealing with the loss of boundaries—such as a dedicated workspace or an on-site supervisor—that help them avoid distractions and provide cues about when to stop and start tasks.

“You’ve also got one of the most addictive things in the world, your cell phone, and there’s less external pressure to put it down,” said Allyson G. Harrison, PhD, an associate professor of clinical psychology and clinical director of the Regional Assessment and Resource Centre at Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada.

On the other hand, some people with ADHD have reported upsides of working and learning from home, said Danielle M. Politi, PsyD, who manages a team of clinical and educational assessment consultants at Multi-Health Systems, Inc., a Toronto-based company that develops psychological and other scientific assessments. For example, the increased flexibility allowed people to take frequent breaks and work at their own pace, while recorded lectures enabled college and graduate students to review class materials without time pressure.

“Some individuals with ADHD actually seem to function better at home, so how do we continue to create that type of environment as people return to school and work?” Politi said.

Diagnosing ADHD during the pandemic

With the pandemic-driven uptick in referrals for ADHD, many providers face a conundrum. Are people feeling bored, restless, and distractable purely due to circumstance—or are they living with an underlying condition?

“One thing we know about ADHD is that its severity is environmentally dependent to some degree,” said Sibley. A loss of structure, in other words, could lead to a worsening of symptoms among individuals with milder, undiagnosed ADHD. For that reason, clinicians should focus primarily on impairment when making a diagnosis, she said.

Is the patient experiencing meaningful difficulties in their life? If so, environmental modifications can make a big difference, and providers have used a mix of old and new strategies to help people with ADHD function well during the pandemic, many of which are still being applied as work and school conditions continue to shift. For adults working from home, a clear workspace that contains only work-related items helps to limit distractions, Politi said. She also recommends scheduling frequent breaks and using the last 15 to 30 minutes of each workday to reset: Clear your inbox and office space and make a plan for the following day.

Standard pre-pandemic advice is also more important now than ever, said Harrison. People with ADHD can improve their functioning by seeking out optimal work times and settings, for example during the late morning in a quiet area without internet access. They can also build in rewards for completing onerous tasks, such as 10 minutes of browsing social media after 50 minutes of studying. Setting external limits on electronic device use, for example through apps that block access to certain websites, can also help.

Supporting students with ADHD

Supporting children and adolescents with ADHD has been somewhat trickier (Rosenthal, E., et al., Journal of Attention Disorders , online first publication, 2021).

“It’s tough because at a time when these students need the most support, the people we rely on to provide that support—teachers and parents—are very stressed, fatigued, and burdened,” Power said.

Teachers can make accommodations for students with ADHD, for instance by providing extra time to complete assignments or by allowing them to deliver a presentation in a different format. Katz also recommends that teachers meet one-on-one with these students each week to monitor their progress and performance. For classes that meet remotely, a teacher might schedule a short weekly video meeting to help students get a head start on assignments that feel daunting.

But teachers are concurrently attempting to accommodate students with special needs, address gaps in learning, obey and enforce rules related to masking, monitor potential symptoms of COVID-19, and make up for increased absenteeism.

In light of those competing demands, Power and his colleagues at CHOP, who design school-based interventions for children with ADHD, are working to simplify programs as much as possible to ease the burden on the teachers who deliver them. For example, many teachers use daily report cards to evaluate students several times throughout the day on various behaviors, such as working on assigned tasks or raising their hand to ask for help, and then they inform parents of the results. Power’s team works to streamline these reports by having teachers track just one behavior per child and evaluate them just twice each day.

CHOP also holds parent training sessions where groups of five to six families learn strategies for supporting their children and teens with ADHD. During the pandemic, the meetings have been adapted to include coping tools for overwhelmed parents, such as tips for staying organized, regulating their own emotions, engaging in self-care, and strengthening their support networks with other caregivers. Power has also worked with parents on how best to communicate with teachers about a child’s needs during this stressful period.

On the legal side, CHADD advocates for policies that address the needs of kids and adults with ADHD. For example, the United States Department of Education announced in 2020 that school districts must continue to provide special accommodations for students with ADHD and learning disabilities. Katz works with parents and helps create public messaging campaigns that spread awareness about such policies.

Other insights from the past 2 years include reaching new patient communities in new ways. “If there’s a silver lining to the pandemic, it’s that people got creative in connecting with others,” said Ellen Littman, PhD, a clinical psychologist based in Mount Kisco, New York, who studies women and girls with ADHD. “YouTube, Twitter, and TikTok are helping us cross an abyss and talk about ADHD with groups we haven’t been able to reach before.”

Sources like Jessica McCabe’s How to ADHD YouTube series provide evidence-based explanations and advice to hundreds of thousands of viewers—including women of color, transgender people, and other underrepresented groups—and have become a crucial support network for many, Littman said.

Like many other patients, people with ADHD have also enjoyed opportunities for remote care. In particular, weekly check-ins with a health care provider can help those with ADHD keep up with time management and organization goals. These appointments are well suited to telehealth, which enables patients to more easily access specialized care regardless of their location.

“The real winners in this, patient-wise, are people who benefited from telehealth being an option and accessed care more because of it,” Sibley said.

Ongoing challenges

Though many schools and workplaces have resumed meeting in-person, the pandemic is not over. Many adults and children who contract or are exposed to COVID-19 may still be required to quarantine and intermittently return to remote work or learning, said Michael Suess, a licensed school psychologist and an assessment consultant at Multi-Health Systems, Inc. Even for children who do not get sick, periodic at-home learning may be common whenever classmates test positive. People with ADHD may require additional supports for navigating these changing circumstances for an extended period of time, even once life has largely returned to “normal.”

“We’re all still functioning in an uncertain environment,” said Politi. “That’s scary for everyone, but especially for kids and adults with ADHD.”

Further reading

Top problems of adolescents and young adults with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic Sibley, M. H., et al., Journal of Psychiatric Research , 2021

Implementing group parent training in telepsychology: Lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic Fogler, J. M., et al., Journal of Pediatric Psychology , 2020

Treatment provision for adults with ADHD during the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory study on patient and therapist experience with on-site sessions using face masks vs. telepsychiatric sessions Wyler, H., et al., BMC Psychiatry , 2021

Is it adult ADHD? COVID-19 has people feeling restless, lacking focus and seeking diagnosis Harrison, A. G., The Conversation , 2021

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