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• Print Head Doctor

Print Head Doctor 11

Print Head Doctor 12

• $2,995.00 USD

Print Head Doctor Mobile

• $1,500.00 USD

Print Head Doctor 11 machine for recovery of solvent, UV and water-based print heads.

• Ultrasonic Tank Standard: 40 kHz, Fixed Power 50W Advanced: 75 kHz, Variable Power 12-50W (+$120.00 USD)
• Pump Configuration Default: All standard pumps Advanced: 1 Swiss Pump, 1 Standard Pump (+$260.00 USD) High Performance: 2 Swiss Pumps (+$520.00 USD)
• Voltage 120V 220V
• Tank size Default (0.7L) Large (1.4L) - fits 2 adapters (+$500.00 USD) Extra Large (2.2L) - for big printheads (+$1,000.00 USD)
• Adapter 1: Please select Brother GT3 Series (381/541/782) (+$400.00 USD) Brother GTX (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Canon PF-03 (+$400.00 USD) Canon IP3680 (+$400.00 USD) Durst Dual Head (+$400.00 USD) Dimatix StarFire SG1024 (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Dimatix StarFire SG1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Durst Quadro Array (+$400.00 USD) Epson GS6000 (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Epson 2200 (+$400.00 USD) Epson T1100 (+$400.00 USD) Epson 5113 (4-port) (+$400.00 USD) Epson 5113 (8-port) (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX2 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX3 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX4 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX5 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX6 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX7 (+$400.00 USD) Epson TFP (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX5/DX6/DX7 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Epson 4720 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD) Fujifilm Dimatix Samba (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) GEN4 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) HP Z6100 (+$400.00 USD) HP5500 (+$400.00 USD) HP X2 (+$400.00 USD) HP LX610 (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) HP Aprion (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Inca Onset (+$400.00 USD) Inca Spyder (+$400.00 USD) KM1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) KM512 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) KM1800 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD) Kyocera KJ4 300dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed) (+$680.00 USD, +3 lbs) Kyocera KJ4 1200dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +3 lbs) Kyocera 600dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro Panel needed) (+$680.00 USD, +3 lbs) Konica-Minolta KM1024 (+$400.00 USD) Konica-Minolta KM512 (+$400.00 USD) Konica-Minolta KM256 (+$400.00 USD) Kyocera KJ4A/B Pro (XL tank needed) (+$680.00 USD, +2 lbs) Kyocera KJ4A/B (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Panasonic UH-HA (+$400.00 USD) Q-Class Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +3 lbs) Ricoh Gen3 Objet (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh Gen4 (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh/Hitachi Gen3 (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh GEN4L 1-channel (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh Gen4L 2-channel (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh Gen5 (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh GEN5 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Spectra Polaris (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Q-Class (+$400.00 USD) Spectra S-class (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Nova Piezo Module (+$400.00 USD) Seiko SPT1020 (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Q-Class for Kornit (+$400.00 USD) Seiko SPT255 (+$400.00 USD) Seiko SPT508 / Vutek GS (+$400.00 USD) Seiko IRH2523 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Seiko IRH2523W-2130 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Seiko SPT510 / Vutek QS (+$400.00 USD) Seiko RC1536 (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Galaxy Piezo Module (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Nova / Galaxy (+$400.00 USD) Seiko IRH2513 (+$400.00 USD) Toshiba Tec (+$250.00 USD) Vutek 5300/3300 (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Vutek 3360 / PV200 (+$400.00 USD) Vutek 2360 Transitional (+$400.00 USD) Vutek 2360/5330 (+$400.00 USD) Xaar 1001 (+$400.00 USD) Xaar 500 (+$250.00 USD) Xaar Proton (+$400.00 USD) Xaar 128 (Arizona) (+$250.00 USD) Xaar 128 (+$250.00 USD)
• Adapter 2: None Brother GTX (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Brother GT3 Series (381/541/782) (+$400.00 USD) Canon IP3680 (+$400.00 USD) Canon PF-03 (+$400.00 USD) Durst Dual Head (+$400.00 USD) Durst Quadro Array (+$400.00 USD) Dimatix StarFire SG1024 (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Dimatix StarFire SG1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Epson 2200 (+$400.00 USD) Epson TFP (+$400.00 USD) Epson 5113 (4-port) (+$400.00 USD) Epson T1100 (+$400.00 USD) Epson 5113 (8-port) (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX2 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX3 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX4 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX5 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX6 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX7 (+$400.00 USD) Epson DX5/DX6/DX7 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Epson 4720 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD) Epson GS6000 (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Fujifilm Dimatix Samba (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) GEN4 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Hitachi/Ricoh Gen3 (+$400.00 USD) HP Z6100 (+$400.00 USD) HP5500 (+$400.00 USD) HP X2 (+$400.00 USD) HP LX610 (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) HP Aprion (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Inca Spyder (+$400.00 USD) Inca Onset (+$400.00 USD) Kyocera KJ4A/B Pro (XL tank needed) (+$680.00 USD, +2 lbs) KM512 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) KM1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) KM1800 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD) Kyocera 600dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro Panel needed) (+$680.00 USD, +3 lbs) Kyocera KJ4 300dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed) (+$680.00 USD, +3 lbs) Kyocera KJ4 1200dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +3 lbs) Kyocera KJ4A/B (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Konica-Minolta KM512 (+$400.00 USD) Konica-Minolta KM1024 (+$400.00 USD) Konica-Minolta KM256 (+$400.00 USD) Q-Class Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +3 lbs) Ricoh Gen4 (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh Gen5 (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh GEN5 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Ricoh Gen4L 1-channel (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh Gen3 Objet (+$400.00 USD) Ricoh Gen4L 2-channel (+$400.00 USD) Seiko SPT1020 (+$400.00 USD) Seiko SPT508 / Vutek GS (+$400.00 USD) Seiko IRH2523 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Seiko SPT510 / Vutek QS (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Q-Class (+$400.00 USD) Seiko RC1536 (XL tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Spectra S-class (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Polaris (+$400.00 USD) Seiko SPT255 (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Nova Piezo Module (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Nova/Galaxy (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Galaxy Piezo Module (+$400.00 USD) Seiko IRH2513 (+$400.00 USD) Spectra Q-Class for Kornit (+$400.00 USD) Seiko IRH2523W-2130 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed) (+$720.00 USD, +2 lbs) Toshiba Tec (+$250.00 USD) Vutek 2360 Transitional (+$400.00 USD) Vutek 2360/5330 (+$400.00 USD) Vutek 5300/3300 (L tank needed) (+$400.00 USD) Vutek 3360, PV200/600 (+$400.00 USD) Xaar 1001 (+$400.00 USD) Xaar 128/126 (+$250.00 USD) Xaar 128 (Arizona) (+$250.00 USD) Xaar Proton (+$400.00 USD) Xaar 500 (+$250.00 USD)
• Fluids set: Please select Solvent based: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X (+$400.00 USD) Standard UV Curable: J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 7UV (+$400.00 USD) Advanced UV Curable: R-UV, 4UV, 7UV, 9UV (+$550.00 USD) Eco-solvent Epson: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX (+$400.00 USD) Water based: 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W (+$400.00 USD) Extended solvent: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, 5X, 6X (+$650.00 USD) Extended UV: H-UV, J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 5UV, 7UV, 9UV (+$890.00 USD) Extended Eco-solvent: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX, 5DX, 6DX (+$650.00 USD)
• Fluids Set 2: Please select Solvent based: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X (+$400.00 USD) Standard UV curable: J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 7UV (+$400.00 USD) Advanced UV Curable: R-UV, 4UV, 7UV, 9UV (+$550.00 USD) Eco-solvent Epson: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX (+$400.00 USD) Water based: 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W (+$400.00 USD) Extended solvent: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, 5X, 6X (+$650.00 USD) Extended UV: H-UV, J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 5UV, 7UV, 9UV (+$890.00 USD) Extended Eco-solvent: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX, 5DX, 6DX (+$650.00 USD)
• Pro Panel: None 8A (8 ports + air) (+$480.00 USD, +2 lbs)
• $2,050.00 USD
• Description
• Specification

The ultimate recovery system for all kinds of solvent, eco-solvent, water-based and UV print heads.

This model replaces model 7. It's equipped with dedicated vacuum pumps to take advantage of the Sonic RF Caps .

Advantages of Print Head Doctor 11:

• Complete control of the machine from Android devices.
• Capable of doing forward, reverse and thru-head flushing of print heads, with or without Reverse Flushing Caps .
• It has dedicated vacuum pumps that allow Vacuum-Assisted Forward Flushing using Sonic RF Caps , as well as the reverse flushing. The forward pressure can be reduced which makes the recovery process safer for the print heads, while more effective at the same time.
• Three gauges for monitoring pressure and vacuum in the RF cap and in the print head, and a gauge for monitoring the first stage filters.
• Six pumps provide sufficient flow even for print heads with a great number of nozzles.
• Fine-tuned recovery cycles accommodate various degrees of clogging, types of print heads and inks.
• New design allows ease of service of the main filter and the pumps because they are made as plug-in modules. It takes less than a minute to replace them and you don't need any tools.
• First stage filters are conveniently located on the side wall and can be replaced in seconds.
• Dual first-stage filters and intake tubes for higher fluid flow rate and longer period between changing filters.
• Rugged housing with all components built-in.
• Reliable electronic module with a digital indicator of the cycle number and remaining time in minutes.
• All solvent-proof materials.
• Weight 40.0000 lbs
• SKU PHD11-110V
• Ultrasonic Tank Standard: 40 kHz, Fixed Power 50W, Advanced: 75 kHz, Variable Power 12-50W
• Pump Configuration Default: All standard pumps, Advanced: 1 Swiss Pump, 1 Standard Pump, High Performance: 2 Swiss Pumps
• Pro Panel: None, 8A (8 ports + air)
• Voltage 120V, 220V
• Tank size Default (0.7L), Large (1.4L) - fits 2 adapters, Extra Large (2.2L) - for big printheads
• Adapter 1: Please select, Brother GT3 Series (381/541/782), Brother GTX (L tank needed), Canon PF-03, Canon IP3680, Durst Dual Head, Dimatix StarFire SG1024 (L tank needed), Dimatix StarFire SG1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Durst Quadro Array, Epson GS6000 (L tank needed), Epson 2200, Epson T1100, Epson 5113 (4-port), Epson 5113 (8-port), Epson DX2, Epson DX3, Epson DX4, Epson DX5, Epson DX6, Epson DX7, Epson TFP, Epson DX5/DX6/DX7 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Epson 4720 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Fujifilm Dimatix Samba (L tank needed), GEN4 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), HP Z6100, HP5500, HP X2, HP LX610 (XL tank needed), HP Aprion (XL tank needed), Inca Onset, Inca Spyder, KM1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), KM512 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), KM1800 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Kyocera KJ4 300dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed), Kyocera KJ4 1200dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed), Kyocera 600dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro Panel needed), Konica-Minolta KM1024, Konica-Minolta KM512, Konica-Minolta KM256, Kyocera KJ4A/B Pro (XL tank needed), Kyocera KJ4A/B (XL tank needed), Panasonic UH-HA, Q-Class Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Ricoh Gen3 Objet, Ricoh Gen4, Ricoh/Hitachi Gen3, Ricoh GEN4L 1-channel, Ricoh Gen4L 2-channel, Ricoh Gen5, Ricoh GEN5 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Spectra Polaris, Spectra Q-Class, Spectra S-class, Spectra Nova Piezo Module, Seiko SPT1020, Spectra Q-Class for Kornit, Seiko SPT255, Seiko SPT508 / Vutek GS, Seiko IRH2523 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Seiko IRH2523W-2130 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Seiko SPT510 / Vutek QS, Seiko RC1536 (XL tank needed), Spectra Galaxy Piezo Module, Spectra Nova / Galaxy, Seiko IRH2513, Toshiba Tec, Vutek 5300/3300 (L tank needed), Vutek 3360 / PV200, Vutek 2360 Transitional, Vutek 2360/5330, Xaar 1001, Xaar 500, Xaar Proton, Xaar 128 (Arizona), Xaar 128
• Adapter 2: None, Brother GTX (L tank needed), Brother GT3 Series (381/541/782), Canon IP3680, Canon PF-03, Durst Dual Head, Durst Quadro Array, Dimatix StarFire SG1024 (L tank needed), Dimatix StarFire SG1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Epson 2200, Epson TFP, Epson 5113 (4-port), Epson T1100, Epson 5113 (8-port), Epson DX2, Epson DX3, Epson DX4, Epson DX5, Epson DX6, Epson DX7, Epson DX5/DX6/DX7 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Epson 4720 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Epson GS6000 (L tank needed), Fujifilm Dimatix Samba (L tank needed), GEN4 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Hitachi/Ricoh Gen3, HP Z6100, HP5500, HP X2, HP LX610 (XL tank needed), HP Aprion (XL tank needed), Inca Spyder, Inca Onset, Kyocera KJ4A/B Pro (XL tank needed), KM512 Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), KM1024 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), KM1800 Pro Adapter (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Kyocera 600dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro Panel needed), Kyocera KJ4 300dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed), Kyocera KJ4 1200dpi Pro (XL tank and Pro panel needed), Kyocera KJ4A/B (XL tank needed), Konica-Minolta KM512, Konica-Minolta KM1024, Konica-Minolta KM256, Q-Class Pro (L tank and a Pro panel needed), Ricoh Gen4, Ricoh Gen5, Ricoh GEN5 Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Ricoh Gen4L 1-channel, Ricoh Gen3 Objet, Ricoh Gen4L 2-channel, Seiko SPT1020, Seiko SPT508 / Vutek GS, Seiko IRH2523 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Seiko SPT510 / Vutek QS, Spectra Q-Class, Seiko RC1536 (XL tank needed), Spectra S-class, Spectra Polaris, Seiko SPT255, Spectra Nova Piezo Module, Spectra Nova/Galaxy, Spectra Galaxy Piezo Module, Seiko IRH2513, Spectra Q-Class for Kornit, Seiko IRH2523W-2130 (SPT508) Pro (L tank and Pro panel needed), Toshiba Tec, Vutek 2360 Transitional, Vutek 2360/5330, Vutek 5300/3300 (L tank needed), Vutek 3360, PV200/600, Xaar 1001, Xaar 128/126, Xaar 128 (Arizona), Xaar Proton, Xaar 500
• Fluids set: Please select, Solvent based: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, Standard UV Curable: J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 7UV, Advanced UV Curable: R-UV, 4UV, 7UV, 9UV, Eco-solvent Epson: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX, Water based: 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W, Extended solvent: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, 5X, 6X, Extended UV: H-UV, J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 5UV, 7UV, 9UV, Extended Eco-solvent: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX, 5DX, 6DX
• Fluids Set 2: Please select, Solvent based: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, Standard UV curable: J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 7UV, Advanced UV Curable: R-UV, 4UV, 7UV, 9UV, Eco-solvent Epson: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX, Water based: 1W, 2W, 3W, 4W, Extended solvent: 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X, 5X, 6X, Extended UV: H-UV, J-UV, R-UV, 4UV, 5UV, 7UV, 9UV, Extended Eco-solvent: 1DX, 2DX, 3DX, 4DX, 5DX, 6DX

• $400.00 USD

• $299.00 USD

• $160.00 USD

• $125.00 USD

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Download PHD2

Development snapshots.

We recommend running the latest development snapshot build to get the latest bug fixes and enhancements. The development builds are updated more frequently than the general releases below.

Upgrading from an earlier version of PHD2

Just download and run the installer. There is no need to uninstall the older version first. If you do uninstall the older version, you will remove all your profiles and settings.

Note for Gemini/Gemini2 ASCOM users : PHD2 requires Gemini ASCOM Driver Version 1.0.56.0  or newer.

macOS downloads

For macOS 10.14 Mojave and newer, install the 64-bit version of PHD2. For older versions of macOS, install the 32-bit version.

Linux packages

Patrick Chevalley has PHD2 Ubuntu packages hosted on Launchpad . If you are using another Linux distro, you can build PHD2 from source:  Building PHD2 on Linux .

• fix a problem where the camera settings are not displayed properly on some computers

Older Builds

News & Resources

December 22, 2023 - PHD2 v2.6.13 Released

December 21, 2019 - PHD2 Best Practices

December 7, 2019 - macOS Catalina

April 26, 2018 - Polar Alignment tool video tutorials

June 12, 2016 - PHD2_Broker package available

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Cylinders - Pneumatic, Hydraulic, & Electric

Pneumatic, hydraulic, and electric cylinders are offered in a wide range of styles, sizes, and options for automated manufacturing, packaging, assembly applications and more. These cylinders range from Tom Thumb® Pneumatic Cylinders , known for durability and versatility, to robust compact cylinders when space requirements are a concern. PHD also offers the industry-standard Series CV ISO Pneumatic Cylinders designed for long travel lengths and long life, as well as the Series ECV Electric Cylinders with ball screws to meet various industry requirements.

Series CV Pneumatic ISO Cylinder

Full-featured, ISO and VDMA standardized pneumatic cylinders for superior performance. Optional Port Controls® regulate speed through the entire stroke and an optional Rodlok holds the rod in place wherever desired. A PTFE wear ring is included for greater support and increased actuator life. A variety of mounting accessories provide for simple integration.

Series CRS Pneumatic Compact Cylinder

A compact pneumatic cylinder for applications where short length is critical. The self-lubricating nitrile piston seal increases performance and provides the best actuator life expectancy in its class. This compact cylinder features a clear anodized extruded body with integral slots for flush mounting of switches.

Series CTS Guided Pneumatic Compact Cylinder

A non-rotating pneumatic cylinder with a short compact length. Chrome plated steel guide shafts prevent rotation and increase side load capacity. Optional shock pads extend cylinder life and minimize piston noise without adding additional length.

Series OCQ Pneumatic Compact Cylinder

These pneumatic compact cylinders are available in 10 bore sizes and with incremental stroke lengths. Standard shock pads reduce end of travel impact. Series OCQ Pneumatic Compact Cylinders are designed to be versatile and economical for use in any industry.

Series ECV Ball Screw and Lead Screw Electric Cylinders

Rod-style electric cylinders with ISO and VDMA mounting interfaces in either ball screw or lead screw models. These performance electric cylinders are available in a variety of sizes with two screw configurations per size, as well as a version with a non-rotating rod. The Your Motor, Your Way system allows for flexibility in the choice of motor and controls and is available in both an inline or foldback configuration.

Series OCG Round Body Pneumatic Cylinder

These repairable round body pneumatic cylinders are available in six bore sizes and with 10 standard travels lengths. Standard cushions reduce end of travel impact. Series OCG Pneumatic Cylinders are designed to be versatile and economical for use in any industry.

Series ECP Electric IP69K Cylinders

Series ECP Electric IP69K Cylinders are available in either ball screw or lead screw (polymer nut) versions, providing a wide range of high thrust or high speed capabilities. These performance electric cylinders are designed for food processing and packaging equipment utilized in high pressure/high temperature washdown and clean-in-place (CIP) environments.

Series A, AV, HV

Series a, av, hv tie rod hydraulic & pneumatic nfpa cylinder.

Tom Thumb® brand cylinders that feature a tie rod construction and are field repairable. Optional Port Controls® regulate speed through the entire stroke and the Rodlok option holds the rod in place wherever desired. Series A, AV, HV are designed to NFPA standards with a wide array of options and mounting styles for easy installation.

Series A2, AV2, HV2

Series a2, av2, hv2 4-position hydraulic & pneumatic cylinder.

Back-to-back Tom Thumb® cylinders that use common tie rods. This configuration provides up to four rod positions set by the stroke length of each cylinder. These two actuators are field repairable and have a wide range of mounting styles.

Series A3, A3V, H3V

Series a3, a3v, h3v 3-position hydraulic & pneumatic cylinder.

Feature two Tom Thumb® cylinders connected inline using common tie rods. This configuration provides three positions set by the stroke length of each cylinder. These two actuators are field repairable and have a wide range of mounting styles.

Series TD Air/Oil Tandem Cylinder

Tom Thumb® brand cylinders that combine pneumatic and hydraulic power for precise speed control and smooth operation. The unit is air powered while the hydraulic portion provides for control in a smooth and precise fashion. These tandem actuators are field repairable and have a wide range of mounting styles.

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• What is a PhD?

Written by Mark Bennett

A PhD is a doctoral research degree and the highest level of academic qualification you can achieve. The degree normally takes between three and four years of full-time work towards a thesis offering an original contribution to your subject.

This page explains what a PhD is, what it involves and what you need to know if you’re considering applying for a PhD research project , or enrolling on a doctoral programme .

The meaning of a PhD

The PhD can take on something of a mythic status. Are they only for geniuses? Do you have to discover something incredible? Does the qualification make you an academic? And are higher research degrees just for people who want to be academics?

Even the full title, ‘Doctor of Philosophy’, has a somewhat mysterious ring to it. Do you become a doctor? Yes, but not that kind of doctor. Do you have to study Philosophy? No (not unless you want to) .

So, before going any further, let's explain what the term 'PhD' actually means and what defines a doctorate.

What does PhD stand for?

PhD stands for Doctor of Philosophy. This is one of the highest level academic degrees that can be awarded. PhD is an abbreviation of the Latin term (Ph)ilosophiae (D)octor. Traditionally the term ‘philosophy’ does not refer to the subject but its original Greek meaning which roughly translates to ‘lover of wisdom’.

What is a doctorate?

A doctorate is any qualification that awards a doctoral degree. In order to qualify for one you need to produce advanced work that makes a significant new contribution to knowledge in your field. Doing so earns you the title 'Doctor' – hence the name.

So, is a PhD different to a doctorate? No. A PhD is a type of doctorate .

The PhD is the most common type of doctorate and is awarded in almost all subjects at universities around the world. Other doctorates tend to be more specialised or for more practical and professional projects.

Essentially, all PhDs are doctorates, but not all doctorates are PhDs.

Do you need a Masters to get a PhD?

Not necessarily. It's common for students in Arts and the Humanities to complete an MA (Master of Arts) before starting a PhD in order to acquire research experience and techniques. Students in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) don't always need an MS/MSc (Master of Science) to do a PhD as you'll gain training in lab techniques and other skills during your undergraduate degree.

Whether a Masters is a requirement for a PhD also varies by country. Australian PhDs may require a Masters as the equivalent of their own 'honours year' (where students work on research). US PhD programmes often include a Masters.

We have a whole guide dedicated to helping you decide whether a PhD without a Masters is the right route for you.

The origin of the PhD

Despite its name, the PhD isn't actually an Ancient Greek degree. Instead it's a much more recent development. The PhD as we know it was developed in nineteenth-century Germany, alongside the modern research university.

Higher education had traditionally focussed on mastery of an existing body of scholarship and the highest academic rank available was, appropriately enough, a Masters degree.

As the focus shifted more onto the production of new knowledge and ideas, the PhD degree was brought in to recognise those who demonstrated the necessary skills and expertise.

The PhD process – what's required to get a PhD?

The typical length of a PhD is three to four years full-time, or five to six years part-time.

Unlike most Masters courses (or all undergraduate programmes), a PhD is a pure research degree. But that doesn’t mean you’ll just spend years locked away in a library or laboratory. In fact, the modern PhD is a diverse and varied qualification with many different components.

Whereas the second or third year of a taught degree look quite a lot like the first (with more modules and coursework at a higher level) a PhD moves through a series of stages.

A typical PhD normally involves:

• Carrying out a literature review (a survey of current scholarship in your field).
• Conducting original research and collecting your results .
• Producing a thesis that presents your conclusions.
• Writing up your thesis and submitting it as a dissertation .
• Defending your thesis in an oral viva voce exam.

These stages vary a little between subjects and universities, but they tend to fall into the same sequence over the three years of a typical full-time PhD.

The first year of a PhD

The beginning of a PhD is all about finding your feet as a researcher and getting a solid grounding in the current scholarship that relates to your topic.

You’ll have initial meetings with your supervisor and discuss a plan of action based on your research proposal.

The first step in this will almost certainly be carrying out your literature review . With the guidance of your supervisor you’ll begin surveying and evaluating existing scholarship. This will help situate your research and ensure your work is original.

Your literature review will provide a logical jumping off point for the beginning of your own research and the gathering of results . This could involve designing and implementing experiments, or getting stuck into a pile of primary sources.

The year may end with an MPhil upgrade . This occurs when PhD students are initially registered for an MPhil degree and then ‘upgraded’ to PhD candidates upon making sufficient progress. You’ll submit material from your literature review, or a draft of your research findings and discuss these with members of your department in an upgrade exam . All being well, you’ll then continue with your research as a PhD student.

PhDs in other countries

The information on the page is based on the UK. Most countries follow a similar format, but there are some differences. In the USA , for example, PhD students complete reading assignments and examinations before beginning their research. You can find out more in our guides to PhD study around the world .

The second year of a PhD

Your second year will probably be when you do most of your core research. The process for this will vary depending on your field, but your main focus will be on gathering results from experiments, archival research, surveys or other means.

As your research develops, so will the thesis (or argument) you base upon it. You may even begin writing up chapters or other pieces that will eventually form part of your dissertation .

You’ll still be having regular meetings with your supervisor. They’ll check your progress, provide feedback on your ideas and probably read any drafts your produce.

The second year is also an important stage for your development as a scholar. You’ll be well versed in current research and have begun to collect some important data or develop insights of your own. But you won’t yet be faced with the demanding and time-intensive task of finalising your dissertation.

So, this part of your PhD is a perfect time to think about presenting your work at academic conferences , gaining teaching experience or perhaps even selecting some material for publication in an academic journal. You can read more about these kinds of activities below.

The third year of a PhD

The third year of a PhD is sometimes referred to as the writing up phase.

Traditionally, this is the final part of your doctorate, during which your main task will be pulling together your results and honing your thesis into a dissertation .

In reality, it’s not always as simple as that.

It’s not uncommon for final year PhD students to still be fine-tuning experiments, collecting results or chasing up a few extra sources. This is particularly likely if you spend part of your second year focussing on professional development.

In fact, some students actually take all or part of a fourth year to finalise their dissertation. Whether you are able to do this will depend on the terms of your enrolment – and perhaps your PhD funding .

Eventually though, you are going to be faced with writing up your thesis and submitting your dissertation.

Your supervisor will be very involved in this process. They’ll read through your final draft and let you know when they think your PhD is ready for submission.

All that’s left then is your final viva voce oral exam. This is a formal discussion and defence of your thesis involving at least one internal and external examiner. It’s normally the only assessment procedure for a PhD. Once you’ve passed, you’ve done it!

Looking for more information about the stages of a PhD?

How do you go about completing a literature review? What's it like to do PhD research? And what actually happens at an MPhil upgrade? You can find out more in our detailed guide to the PhD journey .

Doing a PhD – what's it actually like?

You can think of the ‘stages’ outlined above as the basic ‘roadmap’ for a PhD, but the actual ‘journey’ you’ll take as a research student involves a lot of other sights, a few optional destinations and at least one very important fellow passenger.

Carrying out research

Unsurprisingly, you’ll spend most of your time as a PhD researcher… researching your PhD. But this can involve a surprisingly wide range of activities.

The classic image of a student working away in the lab, or sitting with a pile of books in the library is true some of the time – particularly when you’re monitoring experiments or conducting your literature review.

Your PhD can take you much further afield though. You may find yourself visiting archives or facilities to examine their data or look at rare source materials. You could even have the opportunity to spend an extended period ‘in residence’ at a research centre or other institution beyond your university.

Research is also far from being a solitary activity. You’ll have regular discussions with your supervisor (see below) but you may also work with other students from time to time.

This is particularly likely if you’re part of a larger laboratory or workshop group studying the same broad area. But it’s also common to collaborate with students whose projects are more individual. You might work on shorter projects of joint interest, or be part of teams organising events and presentations.

Many universities also run regular internal presentation and discussion groups – a perfect way to get to know other PhD students in your department and offer feedback on each other’s work in progress.

Working with your supervisor

All PhD projects are completed with the guidance of at least one academic supervisor . They will be your main point of contact and support throughout the PhD.

Your supervisor will be an expert in your general area of research, but they won’t have researched on your exact topic before (if they had, your project wouldn’t be original enough for a PhD).

As such, it’s better to think of your supervisor as a mentor, rather than a teacher.

As a PhD student you’re now an independent and original scholar, pushing the boundaries of your field beyond what is currently known (and taught) about it. You’re doing all of this for the first time, of course. But your supervisor isn’t.

They’ll know what’s involved in managing an advanced research project over three years (or more). They’ll know how best to succeed, but they’ll also know what can go wrong and how to spot the warning signs before it does.

Perhaps most importantly, they’ll be someone with the time and expertise to listen to your ideas and help provide feedback and encouragement as you develop your thesis.

Exact supervision arrangements vary between universities and between projects:

• In Science and Technology projects it’s common for a supervisor to be the lead investigator on a wider research project, with responsibility for a laboratory or workshop that includes several PhD students and other researchers.
• In Arts and Humanities subjects, a supervisor’s research is more separate from their students’. They may supervise more than one PhD at a time, but each project is essentially separate.

It’s also becoming increasingly common for PhD students to have two (or more) supervisors. The first is usually responsible for guiding your academic research whilst the second is more concerned with the administration of your PhD – ensuring you complete any necessary training and stay on track with your project’s timetable.

However you’re supervised, you’ll have regular meetings to discuss work and check your progress. Your supervisor will also provide feedback on work during your PhD and will play an important role as you near completion: reading your final dissertation draft, helping you select an external examiner and (hopefully) taking you out for a celebratory drink afterwards!

Professional development, networking and communication

Traditionally, the PhD has been viewed as a training process, preparing students for careers in academic research.

As such, it often includes opportunities to pick up additional skills and experiences that are an important part of a scholarly CV. Academics don’t just do research after all. They also teach students, administrate departments – and supervise PhDs.

The modern PhD is also viewed as a more flexible qualification. Not all doctoral graduates end up working in higher education. Many follow alternative careers that are either related to their subject of specialism or draw upon the advanced research skills their PhD has developed.

PhD programmes have begun to reflect this. Many now emphasise transferrable skills or include specific training units designed to help students communicate and apply their research beyond the university.

What all of this means is that very few PhD experiences are just about researching and writing up a thesis.

The likelihood is that you’ll also do some (or all) of the following during your PhD:

The work is usually paid and is increasingly accompanied by formal training and evaluation.

Conference presentation

As a PhD student you’ll be at the cutting edge of your field, doing original research and producing new results. This means that your work will be interest to other scholars and that your results could be worth presenting at academic conferences .

Doing this is very worthwhile, whatever your career plans. You’ll develop transferrable skills in public speaking and presenting, gain feedback on your results and begin to be recognised as an expert in your area.

Conferences are also great places to network with other students and academics.

Publication

As well as presenting your research, you may also have the opportunity to publish work in academic journals, books, or other media. This can be a challenging process.

Your work will be judged according to the same high standards as any other scholar’s and will normally go through extensive peer review processes. But it’s also highly rewarding. Seeing your work ‘in print’ is an incredible validation of your PhD research and a definite boost to your academic CV.

Public engagement and communication

Academic work may be associated with the myth of the ‘ivory tower’ – an insular community of experts focussing on obscure topics of little interest outside the university. But this is far from the case. More and more emphasis is being placed on the ‘impact’ of research and its wider benefits to the public – with funding decisions being made accordingly.

Thankfully, there are plenty of opportunities to try your hand at public engagement as a PhD student. Universities are often involved in local events and initiatives to communicate the benefits of their research, ranging from workshops in local schools to public lectures and presentations.

Some PhD programmes include structured training in order to help students with activities such as the above. Your supervisor may also be able to help by identifying suitable conferences and public engagement opportunities, or by involving you in appropriate university events and public engagement initiatives.

These experiences will be an important part of your development as a researchers - and will enhance the value of your PhD regardless of your career plans.

What is a PhD for – and who should study one?

So, you know what a PhD actually is, what’s involved in completing one and what you might get up to whilst you do. That just leaves one final question: should you do a PhD?

Unfortunately, it’s not a question we can answer for you.

A PhD is difficult and uniquely challenging. It requires at least three years of hard work and dedication after you’ve already completed an undergraduate degree (and probably a Masters degree too).

You’ll need to support yourself during those years and, whilst you will be building up an impressive set of skills, you won’t be directly progressing in a career.

But a PhD is also immensely rewarding. It’s your chance to make a genuine contribution to the sum of human knowledge and produce work that other researchers can (and will) build on in future. However obscure your topic feels, there’s really no such thing as a useless PhD.

A PhD is also something to be incredibly proud of. A proportionately tiny number of people go on to do academic work at this level. Whatever you end up doing after your doctorate you’ll have an impressive qualification – and a title to match. What’s more, non-academic careers and professions are increasingly recognising the unique skills and experience a PhD brings.

Other PhDs - do degree titles matter?

The PhD is the oldest and most common form of higher research degree, but a few alternatives are available. Some, such as the DPhil are essentially identical to a PhD. Others, such as the Professional Doctorate or DBA are slightly different. You can find out more in our guide to types of PhD .

Is a PhD for me?

There’s more advice on the value of a PhD – and good reasons for studying one – elsewhere in this section. But the following are some quick tips if you’re just beginning to consider a PhD.

Speak to your lecturers / tutors

The best people to ask about PhD study are people who’ve earned one. Ask staff at your current or previous university about their experience of doctoral research – what they enjoyed, what they didn’t and what their tips might be.

If you’re considering a PhD for an academic career, ask about that too. Are job prospects good in your field? And what’s it really like to work at a university?

Speak to current PhD students

Want to know what it’s like studying a PhD right now? Or what it’s like doing research at a particular university? Ask someone who knows.

Current PhD students were just like you a year or two ago and most will be happy to answer questions.

If you can’t get in touch with any students ‘face to face’, pop over to the Postgraduate Forum – you’ll find plenty of students there who are happy to chat about postgraduate research.

Take a look at advertised projects and programmes

This may seem like a strange suggestion. After all, you’re only going to study one PhD, so what’s the point of reading about lots of others?

Well, looking at the details of different PhD projects is a great way to get a general sense of what PhD research is like. You’ll see what different PhDs tend to have in common and what kinds of unique opportunity might be available to you.

And, with thousands of PhDs in our database , you’re already in a great place to start.

Read our other advice articles

Finally, you can also check out some of the other advice on the FindAPhD website. We’ve looked at some good (and bad) reasons for studying a PhD as well as the value of a doctorate to different career paths.

More generally, you can read our in-depth look at a typical PhD journey , or find out more about specific aspects of doctoral study such as working with a supervisor or writing your dissertation .

We add new articles all the time – the best way to stay up to date is by signing up for our free PhD opportunity newsletter .

Ready to find your PhD?

Head on over to our PhD search listings to learn what opportunities are on offer within your discipline.

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This page will give you an idea of what to expect from your routine as a PhD student, explaining how your daily life will look at you progress through a doctoral degree.

Our guide tells you everything about the application process for studying a PhD in the USA.

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Doctor of Philosophy

The PhD programs advance scientific discovery by training and supporting students doing in-depth research that solves the world’s biggest public health challenges. At the forefront of efforts to benefit the health of people worldwide, the School offers students the opportunity to join in shaping new ideas in public health and implementing them effectively. PhD students benefit from collaborations across public health disciplines and a broad range of academic fields through connections with other Harvard faculties.

All PhD students conduct research through a dissertation, in addition to other avenues of discovery. All PhD programs at Harvard University are administered by the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS), and applications are processed through the GSAS online application system . Choose from one of four PhD programs offered collaboratively between Harvard Chan School and GSAS.

• Abbreviation : PhD
• Degree format : On campus  
• Time commitment : Full-time  
• Average program length : Varies between 4 to 7 years based on program

When applying to the PhD, applicants must choose one of the following specialized fields of study. Eligibility requirements vary by program and field of study.  

• Biological Sciences in Public Health
• Biostatistics
• Health Policy
• Environmental health
• Epidemiology
• Global health and population
• Social and behavioral sciences

Career outcomes vary based on field of study and research, but in general, PhD graduates will be prepared for a career in academia, health policy, government agencies, consulting, the pharmaceutical or biomedical industry, and generally improving lives through qualitative and quantitative research.

Admission information

Like all PhD (doctor of philosophy) programs at the School—and the University—the PhD in health policy is offered under the aegis of the Harvard Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (GSAS). Applications are processed through the GSAS online application system located at gsas.harvard.edu/admissions/apply .

• Inside SC Johnson

Meet our new faculty: Mao Ye, PhD ’11

Mao ye is an associate professor of finance at johnson..

Mao Ye, PhD ’11, associate professor of finance at Johnson

Meet  Mao Ye , PhD ’11, one of the newest faculty members from across the SC Johnson College of Business. Ye earned his PhD in economics at Cornell University. He joins the  Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management from the University of Illinois.

Learn more about Ye’s areas of expertise, research focus, courses he will be teaching, and other interests in this Q&A.

Mao Ye | Associate Professor of Finance | Johnson

What are your research and teaching areas of focus.

My research and teaching focus on market microstructure and big data in finance. Market microstructure studies the process and outcomes of exchanging assets under explicit trading rules. My big data research focuses on analyzing financial datasets of large size, high dimension, and complex structure . 

Modern financial markets generate vast quantities of data.  As the data environment has become increasingly “big” and analyses increasingly computerized, the information that different market participants extract and use has grown more varied and diverse.  At one extreme, high-frequency traders (HFTs) implement ultra-minimalist algorithms optimized for speed. At the other extreme, some industry practitioners apply sophisticated machine-learning techniques that take minutes, hours, or days to run. I am interested in understanding this spectrum of machine-based trading, with the purpose of informing public policy and augmenting theoretical studies on financial markets.  

I organize two big data conferences yearly for the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). You can find the submission information for NBER Summer and Winter Big Data Conferences on my Twitter account, @MaoYeFinance .

What class(es) will you be teaching this year?

I will teach the core finance course for the Executive MBA Americas program. 

What attracted you to the Cornell SC Johnson College of Business and to the Samuel Curtis Johnson Graduate School of Management, specifically?

I got my PhD from Cornell University 11 years ago. It is a pleasure for me to come back. It was a high honor for me to be accepted by Cornell as a student. It is a higher honor for me to be hired by Cornell as a faculty member.

What first sparked your interest in market microstructure and big data in finance?

I became interested in my research area when I took my PhD courses in market microstructure and behavioral finance. I think the combination of the two may create a new area. Just as insights into human behavior from the psychology literature spawned the field of behavioral finance, insights into algorithmic behavior (or the psychology of machines) can result in an analogous blossoming of research in algorithmic behavioral finance.

When did you know you wanted to be a professor?

My professors inspired me when I was an undergraduate student, and I think that the best way to give back is to follow their career paths.

What are you most looking forward to during your first year at Johnson?

I look forward to working with my prospective students to push the frontier in the teaching and research on big data in finance. As a former student, I benefit from Cornell’s world-class education. As a faculty member, I hope to carry this torch forward. 

Learn more about Mao Ye and about resources for big data research in finance on Ye’s personal website and follow him on Twitter at @MaoYeFinance .

Sam Kesner, PhD '11, Boosts Mobility for Patients with Paralysis

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For the hundreds of thousands of individuals in the US who suffer from paralysis or weakness in an arm or hand, daily tasks like lifting boxes or cooking dinner can be nearly impossible. Sam Kesner is working to help them regain some lost function.

Kesner, PhD ’11, is director of research and advanced development at  Myomo , which produces a myoelectric-powered brace that helps a patient move an arm or hand as he or she intends, without implants or electrical stimulation. The robotic brace reads faint nerve signals from the skin’s surface, then activates motors to amplify weak muscle signals, which helps a patient move his or her hand and arm.

“Working with patients is so rewarding,” said Kesner, who earned his PhD in biomedical engineering at the  Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences  (SEAS). “Especially with kids, they are so excited to see their arm move for the first time, or regain function that was lost. It is so inspirational. Every time we see a patient we want to do more, we want to give them more ability.”

For Kesner, the work is the perfect marriage of his desire to improve the lives of others and his passion for robotics.

Growing up in the Boston suburbs, he felt drawn to science and engineering from a young age.

“I was the kind of kid who, by age 3, had already taken apart everything I could get my hands on,” he said. “I did a lot of experiments without my parents’ permission and caused a fair amount of damage around the house.”

Kesner channeled that curiosity and enthusiasm into a mechanical engineering major at MIT, and then a master’s degree in space robotics. He was fascinated by how intelligent machines could interact with the world.

At MIT, Kesner worked on the power system for a hopping robot designed to explore the caves of Mars. While he had fun working on that project, a medical device design class inspired him to delve deeper into biomedical engineering, which he saw as a field that was more beneficial to humanity. Without knowing much about the program or school, he applied to SEAS and was impressed by the  Harvard Biorobotics Lab  of  Rob Howe , Abbott and James Lawrence Professor of Engineering.

In Howe’s lab, Kesner helped develop a flexible, 3D ultrasound-guided robotic catheter that could enable a surgeon to operate on the fast-moving parts of a patient’s beating heart.

“If you could repair important structures of the heart, like the valves, without having to stop the heart and crack open the chest, it removes some of the most dangerous aspects of heart surgery,” he said.

The robotic catheter system that Kesner and his colleagues developed, known as ‘Cathbot,’ tracks the fast tissue motion of the heart using 3D ultrasound imaging in real time. Those detailed images, combined with motion compensation technology, provide the precise control needed for minimally invasive heart surgery.

Ensuring the many different components worked together seamlessly in the operating room was a stressful challenge, Kesner said.

“Synchronizing the robot with the software, with the ultrasound machine, with the surgeon, and with the equipment is kind of like trying to balance 12 plates on your fingertips,” he said. “But it was a real privilege to work with some of the best surgeons in the world. I enjoyed seeing the entire continuity and range of the project, from an idea on a whiteboard to something we were ready to commercialize.”

After earning his Ph.D., Kesner joined the  Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering as a technical development fellow and then staff engineer, working on medical applications of the pop-up microelectromechanical systems manufacturing technology developed in the lab of  Rob Wood , Charles River Professor of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

Kesner brought his expertise to Myomo, quickly rising to the role of director of research and advanced development. Kesner manages the firm’s sponsored research, intellectual property development and strategy, and engineering research collaborations with universities and industry partners, while leading the development of some of Myomo’s newest products. He is currently directing work on the first-ever upper extremity myoelectric exoskeleton for pediatric patients who have impaired use of their arms due to birth traumas, genetic diseases, cerebral palsy, and injuries.

This article originally appeared on the website of the John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences.

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Racial Gap for Americans Nearing Retirement

Karen Dynan, PhD '92, and Doug Elmendorf, PhD '89, explore the effects of the Great Recession on the racial gap in retirement security. 

Alumni Named Kavli Prize Laureates

Astrophysicists David Charbonneau, PhD '01 and Sara Seager, PhD '99, and neuroscientist Doris Ying Tsao, PhD '02, will receive a share of the $3M in prizes awarded to eight scientists by the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters.

Watch What Consumers Do, Not How They Feel

Economist Betsey Stevenson, PhD '01, says that, while sentiment about the US economy has been improving, the more reliable indicator is Americans’ ability to spend.

HBCU Scholars Program Honors First Black PhD

Named after Harvard Griffin GSAS alumnus W.E.B. Du Bois, the first Black PhD student at the University who also studied and taught at HBCUs, the program embodies his commitment to Black scholarship. 

At home, abroad, working, interning?  Wherever you are this summer, contact OCS or make an appointment for a virtual advising session. We are available all summer! 

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Emily Early (PhD ’11, Anthropology)

What did you study at yale, and what is your current profession/job.

I am Associate Curator of Anthropology at the Arizona Museum of Natural History.  I received a MPhil in Anthropology from Yale in 2008 and a PhD from Yale in 2011.

What do you like most about your current role? What do you find most challenging and/ or rewarding?

As an Associate Curator at a medium sized museum, I am fortunate enough to wear many hats.  I love that every day brings something different.  My main role is directing programs at our satellite site Mesa Grande Cultural Park, a Hohokam temple mound, and I really enjoy the creativity of planning educational programming and the interaction I have with the public.  I am also involved in exhibit planning and, as with our programs, I really enjoy the challenge of making science applicable and understandable for an audience of all ages, backgrounds, and education levels.  It is so rewarding to watch people grasp a difficult concept, like stratigraphy or evolution, because you prepared an example or curriculum that is easy to understand at every level.

How did your time at Yale shape your career trajectory?

I had always wanted a career in museums rather than in academia but was aware that positions were very limited and coveted, even more so than in universities!  One of the reasons I chose Yale for graduate school was to work with the late Andrew Hill.  He designed the human evolution exhibit at the Yale Peabody, had worked for many years at the National Museums of Kenya and had advised former graduate student Monique Scott in her museum career.  I knew he would be an exceptional mentor.

What are the main skills that you acquired as a PhD student which help make you successful in your current career?

Multi-tasking and time management should be part of every student’s skill set but that is not always the case and I found both skills made a huge difference in terms of who was successful and who was not.  The Yale curriculum for graduate students in Anthropology is pretty loose in that we had so much freedom to choose our courses and our thesis topics and Dr. Hill was as hands on or off as you wanted in his advising.  I felt like I really had to know myself, strengths and weaknesses, to get through the program and that process of figuring out how to maximize yourself with your work and keep yourself balanced has really served me well in my career.  I learned to set goals for myself and break tasks up into smaller pieces with shorter deadlines instead of just aiming for the larger results.  That practice makes every goal manageable for me.

Did you acquire any professional experience related to your line of work while in graduate school?

Throughout my undergraduate career at Arizona State University I had volunteered and interned with local museums.  A lot of graduate students give up hobbies or anything they view as recreational, erroneously believing that anything taking away time from your studying or writing is worthless, but I continued my volunteer activities.  Not only was my volunteer work at the Yale Peabody good for my career (I made some wonderful connections and friends there) but it was good for my mental health to continue an activity that I truly enjoyed.  I also had a lot of thesis work that was heavily museum collection based and was able to spend a good amount of time working in the National Museums of Kenya and visiting a few other museums.  That provided me with hands on experience in dealing with collections issues and interacting with many museum departments.

What advice would you offer PhDs who are interested in your line of work?

Spend as much time as you can in museums and do not limit yourself to just research in collections.  As a curator you should understand museums at every level and from every department.  Help develop an exhibit, volunteer on the ground at a program, interact with the museum public and get involved in museum education.  And be the public yourself – go to as many museums in your area of interest as possible.  You should always be up to date on trends in exhibits and education as well as what is going on with collection management.  Most importantly make sure you volunteer because museums rely on their volunteers and you should have experience with what your volunteers will want and need to keep the museum successful.

• Associate Curator of Anthropology
• Arizona Museum of Natural History

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• What is Public Health?

Jennifer A. Schrack , PhD

Departmental Affiliations

Center & institute affiliations.

Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health

George W. Comstock Center for Public Health Research and Prevention

Johns Hopkins Alzheimer's Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research

Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research

Jennifer Schrack, PhD '11, MS, uses data from wearable technology to elucidate novel, modifiable mechanisms of physical and cognitive decline with aging.

Contact Info

Research interests.

Aging; Physical Activity; Physical Function; Disability; Fatigability; Dementia

Additional Links

Dr. Schrack's primary area of research is the epidemiological assessment of aging, movement, and disability. Movement and health are intrinsically linked; by measuring factors such as gait speed, physical activity, fatigability, and falls, Dr. Schrack is working to elucidate novel, modifiable mechanisms of physical and cognitive decline with aging. She is the MPI of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS), a study designed to provide a platform for studying late life disability trends and trajectories to improve health for older adults. She is also the PI or MPI of three NIA funded grants to understand interactions between movement and brain health.

2023 Director, Center on Aging and Health

2018 Golden Apple Award for Excellence in Teaching: Honors in Public Health 2017 Johns Hopkins University Catalyst Award 2014 K01 Career Development Award, National Institute on Aging 2014 Johns Hopkins Roybal Center Faculty Pilot Award 2013 Johns Hopkins Center for AIDS Research Faculty Development Award

Selected publications

Schrack JA , Cai Y, Urbanek JK, Wanigatunga AA, Mitchell CM, Miller ER, Guralnik JM, Juraschek SP, Michos ED, Roth DL, Appel LJ. Association of vitamin D supplementation and serum vitamin D levels with physical activity in older adults: results from a randomized trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Feb 23. PMID: 36821761

Schrack JA , Simonsick EM, Glynn NW. Fatigability: A Prognostic Indicator of Phenotypic Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2020 Sep 16;75(9):e63-e66. PMID: 32936913

Schrack JA , Corkum AE, Freedman VA. COVID-19 pandemic experiences of older adults with dementia in community and residential care settings: Results from a U.S. national survey. 2022. Alzheimer’s & Dement (Amst). 2022 Dec 25;14(1):e12382. PMID: 36582364

Schrack JA, Cooper R, Koster A, Shiroma EJ, Murabito JM, Rejeski WJ, Ferrucci L, Harris TB. Assessing Daily Physical Activity in Older Adults: Unraveling the Complexity of Monitors, Measures, and Methods. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2016 Aug;71(8): 1039-48. PMID: 26967472

Schrack JA, Zipunnikov V, Goldsmith AJ, Crainiceanu CM, Simonsick EM, Ferrucci L.  Assessing the “Physical Cliff”: Detailed Quantification of Physical Activity and Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014 Aug;69(8):973-9. PMID: 24336819.

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It is possible to earn a joint Ph.D. in Sociology and another discipline by being admitted to and satisfying the requirements of two Ph.D. programs and writing a single dissertation. Currently, students are enrolled in joint degrees with Demography, Education, Communications, and Africana Studies. Students seeking a joint Ph.D. combining Sociology with another program must be admitted in that program (as well as Sociology); admittance to the second program may occur after admission to the Sociology program.

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How to Get a PhD in Psychology (10 Steps)

A PhD in Psychology is the ultimate degree—a symbol of your commitment to the discipline and a representation of your knowledge and skills. Held by top-tier researchers, instructors in higher education, and clinical practitioners alike, a clinical psychology PhD may help you and the people and organizations you might one day serve. 1

While the benefits of a PhD in Psychology may be clear to you, how to go about earning this doctorate degree might feel confusing—until now.

Here’s how to get a PhD in Psychology, what to expect in a doctoral degree program, and what you might gain from obtaining one.

Start Your Journey

Step 1: Understand the PhD Path

A PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy, in Psychology is one of two of the highest degrees in the field of psychology. (The other is a PsyD , or Doctor of Psychology, a doctorate degree created in the 1970s to prepare students specifically for the rigors of working in clinical settings.) 2 A clinical psychology PhD may enable you to work in a variety of environments and a range of roles.

As such, earning this degree is an involved, immersive, and often exciting process that’s composed of: 3

• Statistics and methods
• Assessments 
• Clinical treatments

Coursework in a PhD program now frequently integrates discussions on psychology and technology , examining how digital advancements are transforming therapeutic methods and research techniques.

• Research – Research makes up the majority of the work you’ll do as a PhD student. Typically under the guidance of your mentor/dissertation advisor, you’ll delve into a topic of your choosing within the field. Examples of clinical psychology research topics include examining the effects of social media on teen suicide rates or the influence of childhood trauma on adult substance use disorder. Along the way, you’ll refine specific research skills: collecting and analyzing data, working with subjects/participating, and demonstrating your results.
• Clinical practicum and internships – Earning a PhD in Psychology also entails hands-on training in clinical practicums and/or internships. Generally speaking, you’ll perform an unpaid practicum for two years, followed by a one-year paid, clinical internship. 5 Precisely how you will fulfill this will depend on the program you choose, the opportunities within your community, and your concentration. A few examples include observing a clinical psychologist at a private practice, working with students at a university center, or conducting intakes at a substance abuse facility.
• Dissertation – Your dissertation is among the most important elements of your PhD program and the key to completing your degree. It serves several purposes: it illustrates your fluency in conducting research, demonstrates the knowledge you’ve gained in your PhD program, and adds an original contribution to existing psychology literature. 6

Step 2: Research Potential Programs

Finding the right PhD in Psychology program is paramount to your success. Researching potential programs is also one of the more thrilling aspects of pursuing a doctorate, but it needs to be approached strategically and mindfully. To that end, search for programs that, like the doctoral programs in psychology at Alliant International University, have received accreditation by the American Psychological Association (APA). 7

Accreditation essentially serves as a seal of approval and demonstrates to future employers, the general public, and licensing boards that you have the scientific knowledge required to work in the world of psychology.

Additionally, you may want to zero in on programs that:

• Feature faculty members who are at the top of their field and whose research interests reflect your own 8
• Offer the area of specialization you want to focus on, whether it’s clinical health psychology, multicultural community-clinical psychology, or family/child and couple psychology
• Promote work-life balance through online instruction, or a hybrid of online and in-person instruction and training
• Have a high attrition rate

Further, if you do opt for a program that demands in-person attendance and training, be sure that it’s geographically feasible for you. The cost of living in the area should also be factored into your decision. Lastly, if you’re an undergrad or just finishing up your master’s, consider asking the professors you trust and admire for program recommendations. 9

Step 3: Prepare Your Application

Application and admission requirements vary by institution. That said, most programs ask for: 10

• A completed application (along with the application fee)
• Official transcripts from your bachelor’s and/or master’s program with required credits
• CV or resume
• Letters of recommendation

Depending on the program you’ve selected, you may also need to submit GRE scores. Importantly, nearly all programs require a personal statement—a topic we’ll look at in more depth below. While a PhD equips you for high-level research and academic positions, you might wonder if you can be a clinical psychologist with a master's . Although possible, a PhD significantly broadens your professional scope.

Step 4: Gain Relevant Experience

Not only will obtaining relevant experience help strengthen your application package but it will also help you gain invaluable insights into the industry. It might also assist you in choosing a specialization, such as working one-on-one with trauma survivors or dedicating your professional life to neuropsychology research.

Fortunately, there are dozens of ways to get the type of experience that will help your application stand out from the competition: 11

• Research assistantships
• Volunteering at a mental health clinic
• Shadowing a clinical psychologist or substance abuse counselor
• Working for a crisis hotline

Keep in mind that some PhD in Psychology programs require a minimum amount of relevant experience before you can apply. In fact, the Association for Psychological Science (APS) asserts that doctoral applicants usually accrue two to three years of research experience before applying to graduate school. 12 All of this emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough research on your schools of interest.

Step 5: Submit Strong Letters of Recommendation

Letters of recommendation are a crucial component of your doctoral application. In fact, some state that your letters of recommendation are more important to the decision process than grades. 13

Usually, they’re written by former professors and/or former employers or psychology professionals you’ve interned for or shadowed.

Be sure to request letters of recommendation from those with whom you have a visible track record. In addition, request letters well ahead of your application deadline, even as much as a year in advance of when you think you’ll start applying for your doctoral program.

Talk to Our Advisors

Step 6: Craft a Compelling Personal Statement

Almost every doctorate in psychology program requires a personal statement. As one of the most critical elements of your application (some indicate that it’s more important than your GRE scores and GPA), it should describe, in detail, your: 14

• Interest in the particular program you’re applying to and why
• Academic and research objectives
• Research and field experience and how they align with the particular program
• Intended area of specialization

Experts consulted by the APA also advise against using three things in your personal statement: humor, hyperbole, and “hard luck,” such as describing the obstacles you’ve overcome.

Step 7: Ace the Interview

Happen to receive an interview offer? Congratulations—your application clearly stood out!

The interview process may start with what’s known as a pre-interview, or a brief conversation to evaluate your fit with the program and department. 15 This may be followed by an on-campus interview that asks basic questions, such as the impact you hope your PhD project has and why you believe you’re the right candidate, as well as more precise questions prompted by your specific experience. 16

One of the best ways to make a solid, lasting impression is to create a bulleted list of your research interests. Practicing answers to the questions you anticipate ahead of time can also help ensure a smoother dialogue. And remember: you’ll be interviewing for the program, too.

Step 8: Consider Funding Options

The financial assistance you may receive will likely be an enormous determining factor in the program you choose. As discussed, funding may arrive in the form of:

• Grants 
• Scholarships
• Tuition remission
• Employer tuition reimbursement

Alliant International University, for example, has several forms of funding options available to doctoral candidates—those listed above, as well as fellowship assistantships .

Step 9: Plan Your Coursework and Dissertation

Once you’re accepted into a program, you should select your area of specialization, plot out your coursework, and choose your dissertation topic.

The APA notes that doctoral candidates should ideally land on a dissertation topic within the first year or two of their program. 17 Why? Because it will give your program enhanced focus and a guiding theme.

To jumpstart your thinking:

• Consult with instructors who are active in cutting-edge psychology research 
• Assess your topic’s viability and manageability (and if it will serve as an original contribution to existing research)
• Pinpoint the problems and questions you foresee and how you will approach them

Above all, be sure to choose a topic that will sustain your interest and excitement throughout the duration of your program. Earning a PhD in Psychology is a time-intensive commitment. Four to six years is about how long it takes to get a psychology PhD, but it varies by person based on how they balance their personal schedules with coursework, research, and clinical training.

Step 10: Engage in Professional Development Opportunities

One of the biggest benefits of obtaining a PhD in Psychology? The connections you may be able to make, such as through your internship and clinical practicum, as well as psychology conferences and seminars.

Yet, some of the strongest relationships you build might be right inside your program. And this brings us to our final piece of advice: consider choosing a program that features a warm and supportive faculty and a diverse collection of students who will motivate you throughout your academic journey—and beyond.

Your Path Begins Here

At Alliant International University, our PhD in Clinical Psychology program features a faculty that will challenge you in the best possible way alongside a nurturing, engaging learning environment.

Enrich your knowledge and prepare to make a lasting difference in the field of psychology. Apply today and start your journey.

Sources: 

• “What Can You Do with a Doctorate in Psychology?” Psychology.org | Psychology’s Comprehensive Online Resource, March 18, 2024. https://www.psychology.org/resources/jobs-with-a-doctorate-in-psycholog… ;
• Cherry, Kendra. “PsyD vs. Phd in Psychology: Which Is Right for You?” Verywell Mind, October 27, 2023. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-psyd-2795135.  
• “Psychology Doctorate Phd Defined: Explore Academic, Internship and Research Requirements for a Psychology Phd.” Psychologist, March 24, 2021. https://www.psychologist-license.com/types-of-psychologists/psychologist-doctorate-phd/.  
• “Daily Activities of a Clinical Psychology Phd Student.” Simply Mental Health, November 13, 2022. https://simplymentalhealth.ca/2022/11/13/daily-activities-of-a-clinical-psychology-phd-student/.  
• “Internships and Practicums.” Psychology.org | Psychology’s Comprehensive Online Resource, April 10, 2024. https://www.psychology.org/resources/internships-and-practicums/.  
• Herbert, Robyn S, Spencer C Evans, Jessy Guler, and Michael C Roberts. “Predictors of Dissertation Publication in Clinical and Counseling Psychology.” Training and education in professional psychology, November 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9635593 .
•  “APA-Accredited Programs.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://accreditation.apa.org/accredited-programs#.  
• “Choosing a Graduate Program.” Association for Psychological Science - APS. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/members/apssc/undergraduate_update/summer-2011/choosing-a-graduate-program.  
• “Clinch Your Graduate School Acceptance.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2007/11/cover-acceptance.  
• “Best Doctorate in Psychology Degree Programs of 2024.” Intelligent, April 3, 2024. https://www.intelligent.com/best-doctorate-in-psychology-programs/.  
• 14 ways to get clinical psychology work experience | indeed.com UK. Accessed April 18, 2024. https://uk.indeed.com/career-advice/finding-a-job/clinical-psychology-work-experience.  
• “Rockin’ Recommendations.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/features/2009/recommendation.  
• “Preparing Your Personal Statement for Graduate School Applications.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/psn/2016/09/graduate-school-applications.  
• To ace your interview for doctoral psychology admission. Accessed April 22, 2024. https://mitch.web.unc.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4922/2021/12/PsiChiI… ;
• Top 10 common Phd interview questions and answers. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/interviewing/common-phd-interview-questions.  
• “Starting the Dissertation.” American Psychological Association. Accessed April 21, 2024. https://www.apa.org/gradpsych/2005/01/starting.&nbsp ;

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• 12 March 2024

Bring PhD assessment into the twenty-first century

You have full access to this article via your institution.

Innovation in PhD education has not reached how doctoral degrees are assessed. Credit: Dan Dunkley/Science Photo Library

Research and teaching in today’s universities are unrecognizable compared with what they were in the early nineteenth century, when Germany and later France gave the world the modern research doctorate. And yet significant aspects of the process of acquiring and assessing a doctorate have remained remarkably constant. A minimum of three years of independent study mentored by a single individual culminates in the production of the doctoral thesis — often a magisterial, book-length piece of work that is assessed in an oral examination by a few senior academic researchers. In an age in which there is much research-informed innovation in teaching and learning, the assessment of the doctoral thesis represents a curious throwback that is seemingly impervious to meaningful reform.

But reform is needed. Some doctoral candidates perceive the current assessment system to lack transparency, and examiners report concerns of falling standards ( G. Houston A Study of the PhD Examination: Process, Attributes and Outcomes . PhD thesis, Oxford Univ.; 2018 ). Making the qualification more structured would help — and, equally importantly, would bring the assessment of PhD education in line with education across the board. PhD candidates with experience of modern assessment methods will become better researchers, wherever they work. Indeed, most will not be working in universities: the majority of PhD holders find employment outside academia.

Collection: Career resources for PhD students

It’s not that PhD training is completely stuck in the nineteenth century. Today’s doctoral candidates can choose from a range of pathways. Professional doctorates, often used in engineering, are jointly supervised by an employer and an academic, and are aimed at solving industry-based problems. Another innovation is PhD by publication, in which, instead of a final thesis on one or more research questions, the criterion for an award is a minimum number of papers published or accepted for publication. In some countries, doctoral students are increasingly being trained in cohorts, with the aim of providing a less isolating experience than that offered by the conventional supervisor–student relationship. PhD candidates are also encouraged to acquire transferable skills — for example, in data analysis, public engagement, project management or business, economics and finance. The value of such training would be even greater if these skills were to be formally assessed alongside a dissertation rather than seen as optional.

And yet, most PhDs are still assessed after the production of a final dissertation, according to a format that, at its core, has not changed for at least half a century, as speakers and delegates noted at an event in London last month on PhD assessment, organized by the Society for Research in Higher Educatio n. Innovations in assessment that are common at other levels of education are struggling to find their way into the conventional doctoral programme.

Take the concept of learning objectives. Intended to aid consistency, fairness and transparency, learning objectives are a summary of what a student is expected to know and how they will be assessed, and are given at the start of a course of study. Part of the ambition is also to help tutors to keep track of their students’ learning and take remedial action before it is too late.

PhD training is no longer fit for purpose — it needs reform now

Formative assessment is another practice that has yet to find its way into PhD assessment consistently. Here, a tutor evaluates a student’s progress at the mid-point of a course and gives feedback or guidance on what students need to do to improve ahead of their final, or summative, assessment. It is not that these methods are absent from modern PhDs; a conscientious supervisor will not leave candidates to sink or swim until the last day. But at many institutions, such approaches are not required of PhD supervisors.

Part of the difficulty is that PhD training is carried out in research departments by people who do not need to have teaching qualifications or awareness of innovations based on education research. Supervisors shouldn’t just be experts in their field, they should also know how best to convey that subject knowledge — along with knowledge of research methods — to their students.

It is probably not possible for universities to require all doctoral supervisors to have teaching qualifications. But there are smaller changes that can be made. At a minimum, doctoral supervisors should take the time to engage with the research that exists in the field of PhD education, and how it can apply to their interactions with students.

There can be no one-size-fits-all solution to improving how a PhD is assessed, because different subjects often have bespoke needs and practices ( P. Denicolo Qual. Assur. Educ. 11 , 84–91; 2003 ). But supervisors and representatives of individual subject communities must continue to discuss what is most appropriate for their disciplines.

All things considered, there is benefit to adopting a more structured approach to PhD assessment. It is high time that PhD education caught up with changes that are now mainstream at most other levels of education. That must start with a closer partnership between education researchers, PhD supervisors and organizers of doctoral-training programmes in universities. This partnership will benefit everyone — PhD supervisors and doctoral students coming into the research workforce, whether in universities or elsewhere.

Education and training in research has entered many secondary schools, along with undergraduate teaching, which is a good thing. In the spirit of mutual learning, research doctoral supervisors, too, will benefit by going back to school.

Nature 627 , 244 (2024)

doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-00718-0

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• Best Online Doctorates In Psychology

Best Online Doctorates In Psychology Of 2024

Updated: Mar 28, 2024, 12:13pm

Psychologists don’t just work one-on-one with patients to treat behavioral and mental health issues. Today, psychologists advise corporations, study cognitive science and the brain, coach athletes to peak performance and help students thrive in school.

In addition to clinical counseling, an online doctorate in psychology can lead to well-paying work in diverse fields like education, business, social services, nonprofit management and community organizing.

To help with your search, Forbes Advisor reviewed 43 programs and ranked eight schools that met our criteria. Each school demonstrates a commitment to student experience, outcomes, credibility and affordability. Programs include Ph.D.s, Psy.D.s and Ed.D.s, with specializations like leadership, community or educational psychology. Explore our recommendations below.

Why You Can Trust Forbes Advisor Education

Forbes Advisor’s education editors are committed to producing unbiased rankings and informative articles covering online colleges, tech bootcamps and career paths. Our ranking methodologies use data from the National Center for Education Statistics , education providers, and reputable educational and professional organizations. An advisory board of educators and other subject matter experts reviews and verifies our content to bring you trustworthy, up-to-date information. Advertisers do not influence our rankings or editorial content.

• 6,290 accredited, nonprofit colleges and universities analyzed nationwide
• 52 reputable tech bootcamp providers evaluated for our rankings
• All content is fact-checked and updated on an annual basis
• Rankings undergo five rounds of fact-checking
• Only 7.12% of all colleges, universities and bootcamp providers we consider are awarded

Our Methodology

We ranked eight accredited, nonprofit colleges offering online doctoral degrees in psychology in the U.S. using 15 data points in the categories of student experience, credibility, student outcomes and affordability. We pulled data for these categories from reliable resources such as the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ; private, third-party data sources; and individual school and program websites.

Data is accurate as of February 2024. Note that because online doctorates are relatively uncommon, fewer schools meet our ranking standards at the doctoral level.

We scored schools based on the following metrics:

Student Experience:

• Student-to-faculty ratio
• Socioeconomic diversity
• Availability of online coursework
• Total number of graduate assistants
• More than 50% of graduate students enrolled in at least some distance education

Credibility:

• Fully accredited
• Programmatic accreditation status
• Nonprofit status

Student Outcomes:

• Overall graduation rate
• Median earnings 10 years after graduation

Affordability:

• In-state graduate student tuition
• In-state graduate student fees
• Alternative tuition plans offered
• Median federal student loan debt
• Student loan default rate

We listed all eight schools in the U.S. that met our ranking criteria.

Find our full list of methodologies here .

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Best Online Doctorates in Psychology

Should you enroll in an online psychology doctoral program, accreditation for online doctoral programs in psychology, how to find the right online doctorate in psychology for you, frequently asked questions (faqs) about online doctorates in psychology, national louis university, liberty university, keiser university-ft lauderdale, university of the southwest, the chicago school at los angeles, southern california seminary, william james college, adler university.

Graduate Tuition

$800/credit

Percentage of Grad Students Enrolled in Distance Education

Overall Graduation Rate

This Chicago-based college was founded in 1886 with a mission to train elementary school teachers. Today, National Louis University (NLU) offers a fully online Ph.D. in community psychology to prepare professionals for work in areas including housing, urban education, child abuse and substance abuse.

NLU teaches the foundations of community psychology and encourages learners to research topics that pique their interest. Coursework provides training in quantitative and qualitative methods, grant writing, advocacy, and community development. Online learners complete an internship and dissertation in addition to coursework. NLU offers both synchronous and asynchronous formats.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn around your 9-to-5
• School Type: Private
• Application Fee: Free
• Degree Credit Requirements: 69 to 72 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Full-time, part-time
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Community organizing, statistics for community psychology
• Concentrations Available: N/A
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, internship required

$595/credit (full-time)

Liberty University ’s Ph.D. in psychology teaches human behavior from a biblical perspective. This nonclinical, nonlicensure program is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC).

Liberty offers six specializations, including social psychology and developmental psychology. Learners conduct their own research, with the opportunity to present their work at conferences. Optional on-campus intensive courses allow students to deepen their academic and professional skills alongside faculty and classmates.

Current and former military members and their spouses qualify for discounted tuition at $300 per credit.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn on your schedule
• Application Fee: $50
• Degree Credit Requirements: 60 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Part-time, full-time
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Psychological research and biblical worldview, teaching of psychology
• Concentrations Available: Behavioral health leadership, developmental psychology, general psychology, industrial/organizational psychology, social psychology, theology
• In-Person Requirements: No, but optional in-person intensives offered

$528/credit (in-state)

The Fort Lauderdale branch of Keiser University , Florida’s largest private, nonprofit university, offers a research-based online Ph.D. in psychology. The program employs a “scholar-practitioner” model that integrates leading research and professional practices into the classroom experience.

The school offers hybrid and fully online programming. Online learners have access to technical support and academic counseling. With courses held in eight-week terms, students can complete the program in as little as 36 months.

Keiser also offers a baccalaureate entry path; admitted students only need a bachelor’s degree before starting their Ph.D.

• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Behavioral neuroscience, sociocultural basis of behavior
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, two residencies required

$799/credit (in-state)

The University of the Southwest (USW) offers a Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) in educational psychology. The degree suits professionals who work or hope to work in educational leadership and administration. USW’s curriculum focuses on four key areas: leadership foundations, organizational dynamics and change, strategic planning, and research. With an optional self-design track, learners can customize their specialization courses.

Online learners receive free virtual healthcare and a free laptop in their first course. The tuition price includes the cost of all textbooks and course materials. Students can also access leading software designed to guide them through the dissertation process.

Two clinical residencies provide real-world experience. They can be completed in person or virtually.

• Application Fee: N/A
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Organizational dynamics of human behavior, advanced study of educational psychology
• In-Person Requirements: No, but optional in-person residencies offered

$1,703/credit

The Chicago School at Los Angeles ’ Ph.D. in international psychology prepares learners to work in organizations with global missions. In addition to classwork, the program features an international internship and real-world training opportunities. Students complete two on-campus residencies and two international field experiences.

Learners must pass written and oral comprehensive exams and complete an original dissertation addressing a gap in international psychology’s professional study. The nonlicensure program can be completed in three and a half years.

• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Foundations of international psychology; ethics and professional development
• Concentrations Available: Organizations and systems, trauma services
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, residencies and international trip required

$650/credit (in-state)

Southern California Seminary ’s nonlicensure Psy.D. program uniquely integrates theology and psychology to prepare learners for private counseling, local church ministry, or work in a service or institutional setting. The El Cajon-based school also offers an M.A. to Psy.D. track, which requires a minimum of 99 credits.

Students can choose between four emphases: psychology, educational psychology, international/multicultural psychology and industrial/organizational psychology. Classes begin every seven weeks.

In addition to academic requirements, learners must demonstrate moral integrity and be recommended for graduation by at least four faculty members.

• Application Fee: $85
• Degree Credit Requirements: 54 to 73 credits
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Advanced psychosocial basis of behavior, hermeneutics
• Concentrations Available: Psychology, educational psychology, international/multicultural psychology, industrial/organizational psychology
• In-Person Requirements: No

$1,675/credit (in-state)

William James College ’s Psy.D in leadership psychology integrates hands-on experience with classroom learning to deeply explore how humans function as leaders and followers. Full-time students can complete the program in four years, while part-time students may take six years.

Students can concentrate in four psychology subject areas or participate in a co-curricular college-wide concentration such as Asian or Latino mental health.

The blended program features a mix of online synchronous activities, like webinars and team projects, as well as asynchronous discussion boards, readings, and pre-recorded lectures. Program graduates complete 900 hours of supervised field training: a 600-hour practicum and 300-hour internship. Practicum sites include Comcast and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston. The college is based in Boston, Massachusetts.

• Application Fee: $60
• Degree Credit Requirements: 68 credits
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: The neurobiology of leadership, organization development and change
• Concentrations Available: Educational leadership, inclusive leadership, leading nonprofits and NGOs, neuroscience of leadership psychology
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, for required residencies

$972/credit (in-state)

The online Ph.D. in industrial and organizational psychology by Chicago-based Adler University helps graduates reach their full potential in organizational settings. Elective courses teach skills like consulting, talent management and entrepreneurship.

Learners without a master’s degree can enroll in a 90-credit post-bachelor’s program; those with a master’s degree in a related field can finish in as little as three years. To graduate, learners must pass a comprehensive exam and complete a dissertation in addition to a 200-hour social justice practicum at an aligned community site.

• Application Fee: $32
• Degree Credit Requirements: 90 credits
• Notable Major-Specific Courses: Organizational theory; job and task analysis
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, practicum required

While an online psychology doctoral degree has its upsides, it isn’t the right move for everyone. In light of the huge commitment of time and money—to say nothing of effort—think hard about factors like budget, scheduling and learning style.

Online doctoral programs often cost less than campus programs since they allow you to save on big-ticket expenses like housing and transportation. Plus, some state schools extend in-state tuition rates to all online learners, regardless of their state residency status.

Online learning provides flexibility to work around work and family obligations. However, some programs mix asynchronous lessons with synchronous events like discussion groups.

Remote learning works well for disciplined self-starters. But if you need the accountability and support that come with in-person learning, an online doctoral program might not be a good fit for you.

There are two kinds of accreditation to consider in online psychology doctoral programs: institutional and programmatic.

Institutional accreditation is given by bodies recognized by the U.S. Department of Education or the Council of Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA). To receive federal financial aid, you must attend an accredited institution. Several institutions on this list have earned accreditation by regional agencies like SACSCOC or the Higher Learning Commission.

Programmatic accreditation proves that a degree has been vetted to meet certain academic standards. The primary accreditor for post-graduate psychology programs in the U.S. is the American Psychology Association (APA), which accredits Ph.D. and Pys.D. programs. APA accredits specific degrees, not departments. You can find programs using APA’s accredited programs search tool . WHAT

To confirm a college’s accreditation status, search CHEA’s directory .

Consider Your Future Goals

To choose the best program for you, think through your long-term career goals. This helps inform whether you should pursue a Psy.D. or Ph.D. and what kind of field experience you may need to complete.

Programs vary in their focus on clinical application of psychological principles versus research and classroom instruction. For example, William James College’s Pys.D. in leadership psychology allows learners to work an additional 150 practicum hours beyond the program requirement. The extra hands-on experience could help you prepare for more specialized psychology careers .

A degree from an APA-accredited program is required for some employment opportunities and, in some states, licensure. If you intend to become a licensed psychologist after graduation, make sure your program prepares you for this path.

Understand Your Expenses and Financing Options

The programs on this list vary greatly in terms of cost. On the high end, the Chicago School at Los Angeles charges $1,703 per credit. At $528 per credit, Keiser University-Ft. Lauderdale offers the cheapest option. Both programs require 60 credits, putting our range between about $31,000 and $102,000.

Fill out the Free Application for Federal Student Aid (FAFSA®) to learn about financial aid opportunities. Other financing options to explore include assistantships, scholarships, grants and loans.

How long does it take to get a doctorate in psychology?

A psychology doctorate typically takes four to six years, but some programs can be completed in less time. In addition to coursework, programs generally require clinical or practicum hours and a dissertation.

Is it worth it to get a doctorate in psychology?

A doctorate in psychology is not easy to obtain, but it can help you land an in-demand job that tends to pay well. However, many people pursue this degree out of personal interest rather than a desire for financial gain.

Is a Psy.D. higher than a Ph.D.?

Both degrees concern the same subject matter, but a Psy.D. focuses on clinical practice, while a Ph.D. has more to do with scientific research. Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy , programs are more common and contain more sub-fields. A Psy.D., or Doctor of Psychology, focuses on preparing students to serve clients and patients.

Is a psychology doctorate hard?

Doctorate programs are generally difficult and take a long time to complete. The vast field of psychology features training in both the natural and social sciences. In addition to years of coursework, most psychology doctorate programs require supervised practicum hours and an original dissertation.

Garrett Andrews is an adjunct faculty member in the Department of Political Science at Portland Community College where he teaches State and Local Government.

Data Tables

These tables present detailed data on the demographic characteristics, educational history, sources of financial support, and postgraduation plans of doctorate recipients. The Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) data tables were reorganized and renumbered in 2021; see table B-1 in the " Technical Notes " for a crosswalk of comparable 2020 and 2021 data tables. Explore SED data further via the interactive data tool and the Restricted Data Analysis System . Kelly Kang Survey Manager, SED NCSES

• All Formats (.zip 7.9 MB)
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• Excel (.zip 1.1 MB)
• MORE DOWNLOADS OPTIONS

Trends in research doctorate recipient characteristics

Trends in postgraduation commitments of research doctorate recipients

Field and demographic characteristics of research doctorate recipients

Financial support and education-related debt of research doctorate recipients

Educational and background characteristics of research doctorate recipients

Postgraduation commitments and salaries of research doctorate recipients

Doctorate institutions, locations, and countries of origins of research doctorate recipients

Statistical profiles of research doctorate recipients

Postgraduation plans of research doctorate recipients

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	University of Southern California
	Jun 25, 2024   USC Catalogue 2024-2025     USC Catalogue 2024-2025 The department offers a degree leading to the PhD in epidemiology. This program may be an extension of the applied biostatistics and epidemiology MS program and is especially aimed at persons with a strong background in medicine: in particular, students enrolled in the MD program of the Keck School of Medicine who wish to interrupt their MD studies after two years to complete a PhD degree. This program is designed to produce an epidemiologist with in-depth statistical skills. The program requires a solid core of courses in methodological aspects of statistics and in statistical thinking as applied to medicine, as well as a solid grounding in epidemiological methods and in certain medical disciplines. Summary of course requirements:  Fourteen units of core course work are required in year 1 as preparation for the screening exam (assuming students have completed PM 510L    and PM 512    or comparable classes from MS training). Additional units of track-specific course work are required in year 2 or after. A total of 60 units are required for completion, which may be fulfilled by any approved electives, plus dissertation research units. After passing the screening exam, all students must enroll in at least two semesters of PM 610   : Graduate Seminar in Biostatistics. The first semester of PM 610 is typically taken before the Qualifying Examination and the second semester of PM 610 before the final dissertation defense. Special Requirements : By the end of the first semester, the student should have selected a faculty mentor who will verify the student’s readiness for the screening exam (e.g., have passed the first semester’s core courses and be registered for the second semester’s courses or have equivalent prior training) and must sign the application for the screening exam. The mentor will also work with the student to identify a suitable dissertation chair and explore possible topics. Identification of the dissertation chair and formation of the student’s Qualifying Exam Committee is expected to be done by the end of the second year.   Executive Committee:  The Epidemiology Executive Education Committee will review mentors, as well as approve changes in the curriculum and qualifying exam. They will also ensure that required courses are taught, will make decisions on which electives are continued, added, or removed, and will work with the course organizers to collect and summarize course evaluations. Members of the Epidemiology Executive Education Committee are represented on the Preventive Medicine Education Committee, chaired by the Vice Chair for Education (currently Dr. Richard Watanabe), which is charged with establishing general department-wide policies. Admissions Committee:  The majority of applications first come directly to the department and are reviewed by the Epidemiology Admissions Committee. Candidates recommended for admissions and funding are then presented to the KSOM PhD Programs Committee for approval. Direct admissions to the individual faculty member’s research team are handled in the same way, must meet the same standards and be approved by the Epidemiology Admissions Committee. PIBBS students may elect to join the Epidemiology PhD program, provided they have done at least one rotation with an epidemiology faculty member who agrees to support that student and the students acceptance is approved by the Chair of the Epidemiology Admissions Committee. Course Guidance or Advising Committee:  The student will decide along with the student’s mentor and dissertation committee chair which, if any, additional course work will be undertaken. Qualifying Examination Committee:  The student, in consultation with the student’s mentor, will nominate five faculty members to serve on the Qualifying Examination Committee. Three of the faculty must be from the Epidemiology Program and one from another department (the “External Member”). The Committee should reflect a diversity of expertise and typically will include one member from a different division of the Department of Preventive Medicine (e.g., one with subject-matter expertise in the proposed application portion of the dissertation). The role of the Qualifying Examination Committee is to guide the student on development of an appropriate dissertation project, both in content and time commitment, and to evaluate the student’s knowledge of the topic, epidemiological and biostatistical methodology, and readiness for completing the dissertation research. Dissertation Committee:  The Dissertation Committee is typically drawn from the membership of the Qualifying Examination Committee and includes the student’s primary mentor as chair, an external member, and at least one other member of the Epidemiology Division. All Qualifying Examination Committee members may be retained if preferred by the student. The role of the Dissertation Committee is to advise the doctoral student on the research topic and methods, and then to review the final completed dissertation for acceptance. Students are expected to meet with the dissertation committee at least once per year to discuss progress; more frequent meetings will typically be needed as the student approaches the final defense of the dissertation. Dissertation committee members are expected to read and comment on a dissertation within two weeks from its submission. The student and faculty will coordinate a time line for the student to present the dissertation to the committee. This time line must allow all dissertation committee members enough time to fulfill their responsibilities within the two-week deadline.  Review of Membership in Faculty Mentorship:  Membership should be reviewed on a three-year cycle, with one-third of the members reviewed each year. The main criteria for membership are the existence of an active research program related to epidemiologic research; evidence of outstanding past mentoring; and participation in programmatic and/or teaching activities. Members are expected to actively participate in teaching, screening exams, qualifying exams, dissertation committees and recruitment. Review of members will be conducted by the Executive Committee. Mentors whose record reflects poor academic performance, poor mentoring or poor participation will be subject to non-renewal or to a probationary period in which improvements in noted deficiencies must be demonstrated as a condition of continuing membership. Prerequisites: As a condition of admission, students must hold a Master’s degree in a related discipline (e.g., mathematics, statistics, epidemiology, public health) and have completed a Master’s thesis. Students entering the program with a relevant Master’s degree that does not require a thesis (e.g. Master of Public Health) will be assigned an administrative or research mentor upon entering the program who will evaluate their quantitative and writing skills before the student takes the screening exam. All students are required to pass the program screening examination before being fully admitted as a doctoral student in the program. It is preferred that all students admitted to the program have successfully completed a minimum of one class in epidemiology and one class in biostatistics before entering the doctoral program. Some students may be admitted to the program without meeting the Master’s program requirements (e.g., if they have strong research background and clear evidence of ability in the health research field or were admitted through PIBBS), but will be expected to complete PM 510L    and PM 512    and pass the screening examination prior to being considered fully admitted as a doctoral student in the program. PM 510L Principles of Biostatistics Units: 4 (or the equivalent) PM 512 Principles of Epidemiology Units: 4 *It is recommended that students TA or re-take these courses if credit taken at separate institution prior to starting program at USC. Screening Exam Core Courses (14 units) PM 511aL Data Analysis Units: 4 * PM 517a Research Methods in Epidemiology Units: 4 PM 517b Research Methods in Epidemiology Units: 3 PM 518a Statistical Methods for Epidemiological Studies I, II Units: 3 *PM 511b is recommended for Screening Exam EPIDEMIOLOGY TRACKS (11-12 units) Please choose one track: Cancer Epidemiology, Genetic Epidemiology, Environmental Epidemiology, Clinical Trials, or General Epidemiology and Methods Cancer Epidemiology INTD 504 Molecular Biology of Cancer Units: 4 PM 559 Cancer Epidemiology Units: 4 PM 570 Statistical Methods in Human Genetics Units: 4 or PM 579 Statistical Analysis of High-Dimensional Data Units: 4 Genetic Epidemiology PM 533 Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Units: 3 PM 570 Statistical Methods in Human Genetics Units: 4 INTD 531 Cell Biology Units: 4 or PM 549 Human Molecular Genetics and Genomics Units: 4 Environmental Epidemiology PM 558 Environmental Epidemiology: Concepts, Methods, and Practice Units: 4 PM 553 Human Exposure Assessment for Public Health Units: 4 or PM 554 Health Effects of Environmental Contaminants Units: 4 or PM 555 Environmental Health, Policy and Practice Units: 4 PM 569 Spatial Statistics Units: 3 or Clinical Trials PM 523 Design of Clinical Studies Units: 3 PM 511cL Data Analysis Units: 4 or PM 515 Multivariate Statistics in Health Behavior Research Units: 4 General Epidemiology and Methods Includes students who choose to design specific class electives with their adviser, tailored to their unique research interests. PM 588 The Practice of Epidemiology Units: 4 PM 605 Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Units: 4 PM 523 Design of Clinical Studies Units: 3 or PM 559 Cancer Epidemiology Units: 4 or PM 579 Statistical Analysis of High-Dimensional Data Units: 4 or PM 607 Nutrition and Health: Myths, Controversies and Science Units: 4 Electives (34-35 units) In addition to the required courses, the remaining required units may be selected from any of the following courses: GERO 520 Life Span Developmental Psychology Units: 2 or 4 INTD 531 Cell Biology Units: 4 INTD 561 Molecular Biology Units: 4 MICB 551 Prokaryotic Molecular Genetics Units: 4 PHBI 550 Seminar in Advanced Cellular, Molecular and Systemic Physiology Units: 1 PM 516a Statistical Problem Solving Units: 1 PM 516b Statistical Problem Solving Units: 1 PM 518b Statistical Methods for Epidemiological Studies I, II Units: 3 PM 522a Introduction to the Theory of Statistics Units: 3 PM 527 Epidemiology of Infectious Disease Units: 4 PM 529 Environmental Health: An Epidemiological Approach Units: 4 PM 530 Biological Basis of Disease Units: 4, 2 years PM 534 Statistical Genetics Units: 3 PM 538 Introduction to Biomedical Informatics Units: 3 PM 544L Multivariate Analysis Units: 3 PM 552 Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials Units: 3 PM 553 Human Exposure Assessment for Public Health Units: 4 PM 554 Health Effects of Environmental Contaminants Units: 4 PM 569 Spatial Statistics Units: 3 PM 571 Applied Logistic Regression Units: 3 PM 575 Statistical Methods in Environmental Epidemiology Units: 3 PM 591 Machine Learning for the Health Sciences Units: 4 PM 603 Structural Equation Modeling Units: 4, 2 years PM 610 Seminar in Biostatistics and Epidemiology Units: 1 PM 611 Advanced Topics in Epidemiology Units: 3 PM 790 Research Units: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 PM 794a Doctoral Dissertation Units: 2 PM 794b Doctoral Dissertation Units: 2 PSCI 665 Drug Transport and Delivery Units: 4 PSYC 514 Psychopathology Units: 4 PSYC 524 Research Design in Developmental Psychology Units: 4 RSCI 531 Industrial Approaches to Drug Discovery Units: 4 RSCI 532 Early Stage Drug Development Units: 3 RSCI 533 Safety Evaluation during Drug Development Units: 3 SSCI 581 Concepts for Spatial Thinking Units: 4 SSCI 582 Spatial Databases Units: 4 SSCI 583 Spatial Analysis and Modeling Units: 4 SSCI 585 Geospatial Technology Project Management Units: 4 SSCI 586 GIS Programming and Customization Units: 4 SSCI 587 Spatial Data Acquisition Units: 4 SSCI 588 Remote Sensing for GIS Units: 4 SSCI 589 Cartography and Visualization Units: 4 SSCI 591 Web and Mobile GIS Units: 4 Electives will be determined by the student’s needs and interests.  When appropriate, courses not listed above may be chosen from the University course offerings with approval from the student’s adviser and Program Director.  Sufficient familiarity in computer languages to operate major software packages for data management and analysis is required. Additional Requirements Preparation for Screening Examination The Screening Examination will be taken at the end of the first or second year after students have completed their core classes and covers material learned in these classes and the core knowledge of epidemiologic theory and applications. Prior to the screening examination a mentor who will serve on the qualifying exam committee must be identified. The screening examination will consist of an applied and theory component and will be conducted in class over two to three days. The written component will be drawn from the core courses. A student failing the screening examination may be given a second opportunity to retake either one or both portions. Students failing the examination for the second time will terminate with the MS degree upon satisfactory completion of 37 units and an acceptable master’s thesis. Annual Research Appraisal (ARA) After advancing to candidacy, progress on dissertation research is evaluated annually with an Annual Research Appraisal (ARA) by the Annual Dissertation Committee. A key element is participation in PM 610   : Graduate Seminar in Epidemiology and Biostatistics for at least two semesters after passing the Screening Exam. It is recommended that students take PM 610    to gain presentation experience and feedback before completing the qualifying examination and again before completing the final dissertation defense. Students give seminars and research updates that encompass both a global view of their area of investigation and a focus on the problem they are addressing. The oral portion of the screening examination as well as the qualifying examination and the defense examination will count as ARAs. Frequently asked questions What is a phd. A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge. A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector. Frequently asked questions: Graduate school In the US, most graduate school applications require you to include: Transcripts from previous educational institutions Standardized test scores (such as the GRE or MCAT) A graduate resume 2–3 letters of recommendation A statement of purpose Some programs may ask you to write a personal statement in addition to, or instead of, a statement of purpose. You may also be asked to an interview . Always carefully read the application instructions for the specific program you’re applying to. Most medical school programs interview candidates, as do many (though not all) leading law and business schools. In research programs, it depends—PhDs in business usually do, while those in economics normally do not, for example. Some schools interview everyone, while others only interview their top candidates. Look at the websites of the schools you’re applying to for more information on whether they conduct interviews. In addition to thinking about your answers for the most commonly asked grad school interview questions , you should reach out to former and current students to ask their advice on preparing and what sort of questions will be asked. Look back through your resume and come up with anecdotes that you could use for common questions, particularly those that ask about obstacles that you overcame. If you’re applying for a research program, ensure that you can talk about the previous research experience you’ve had. You should also read as much research in your field as possible. Research the faculty at the schools you’re applying to and read some of their papers. Come up with a few questions that you could ask them. Graduate schools often ask questions about why you are interested in this particular program and what you will contribute. Try to stay away from cliche answers like “this is a good program” or “I got good grades in undergrad” and focus instead on the unique strengths of the program or what you will bring to the table. Understand what the program is looking for and come up with anecdotes that demonstrate why you are a good fit for them. Different types of programs may also focus on different questions: Research programs will often ask what topics you’d like to research and who you would like to work with, as well as specific questions about your research background. Medical schools are interested in your personal motivation, qualities such as integrity and empathy, and how you’d respond to common ethical dilemmas. Business schools will focus on your past work experience and future career prospects, and may be particularly interested in any experience you have managing or working with others. Some students apply to graduate school straight from undergrad, but it’s also common to go back to school later in life. The ideal time to do so depends on various financial, personal, and career considerations . Graduate school is a big commitment, so you should apply at a time when you can devote your full attention to it. Your career path may also determine when you should apply. In some career fields, you can easily progress without a graduate degree, while in others—such as medicine, business, and law—it’s virtually impossible to move up the career ladder without a specific graduate degree. Most graduate school applications for American graduate programs are due in December or January for a September start. Some types of programs, especially law school, are rolling applications, meaning that the earlier you apply, the earlier you’ll hear back. In this case, you should aim to apply as early as possible to maximize your chances. Medical school follows a completely separate timeline with much earlier deadlines. If you’re applying for medical school, you should speak to advisors at your university for more information. A good starting point to aim for is about 18 months before you would start the program, or 6–9 months before the applications are due. In the first few months of the process, research programs and study for any standardized exams you might need. You can then begin writing your personal statements and statements of purpose , as well as contacting people to write your letters of recommendation . Ensure that you give recommenders plenty of time to complete their letters (ideally around 2–4 months). In the US, the graduate school application process is similar whether you’re applying for a master’s or a PhD . Both require letters of recommendation , a statement of purpose or personal statement , a resume or CV , and transcripts. Programs in the US and Canada usually also require a certain type of standardized test—often the GRE. Outside the US, PhD programs usually also require applicants to write a research proposal , because students are expected to begin dissertation research in the first year of their PhD. A master’s degree usually has a higher upfront cost, but it also allows you to start earning a higher salary more quickly. The exact cost depends on the country and the school: private universities usually cost more than public ones, and European degrees usually cost less than North American ones. There are limited possibilities for financial aid. PhDs often waive tuition fees and offer a living stipend in exchange for a teaching or research assistantship. However, they take many years to complete, during which time you earn very little. This depends on the country. In the United States, you can generally go directly to a PhD  with only a bachelor’s degree, as a master’s program is included as part of the doctoral program. Elsewhere, you generally need to graduate from a research-intensive master’s degree before continuing to the PhD. This varies by country. In the United States, PhDs usually take between 5–7 years: 2 years of coursework followed by 3–5 years of independent research work to produce a dissertation. In the rest of the world, students normally have a master’s degree before beginning the PhD, so they proceed directly to the research stage and complete a PhD in 3–5 years. A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers. All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career. It’s best to ask in person if possible, so first reach out and request a meeting to discuss your graduate school plans. Let the potential recommender know which programs you’re applying to, and ask if they feel they can provide a strong letter of recommendation . A lukewarm recommendation can be the kiss of death for an application, so make sure your letter writers are enthusiastic about recommending you and your work! Always remember to remain polite. Your recommenders are doing you a favor by taking the time to write a letter in support of your graduate school goals. This depends on the program that you are applying for. Generally, for professional programs like business and policy school, you should ask managers who can speak to your future leadership potential and ability to succeed in your chosen career path. However, in other graduate programs, you should mostly ask your former professors or research supervisors to write your recommendation letters , unless you have worked in a job that corresponds closely with your chosen field (e.g., as a full-time research assistant). Choose people who know your work well and can speak to your ability to succeed in the program that you are applying to. Remember, it is far more important to choose someone who knows you well than someone well-known. You may have taken classes with more prominent professors, but if they haven’t worked closely with you, they probably can’t write you a strong letter. The sections in your graduate school resume depend on two things: your experience, and the focus of the program you’re applying to. Always start with your education. If you have more than one degree, list the most recent one first. The title and order of the other sections depend on what you want to emphasize. You might include things like: Professional experience Voluntary and extracurricular activities Publications Awards and honors Skills and certifications The resume should aim for a balance between two things: giving a snapshot of what you’ve done with your life so far, and showing that you’re a good candidate for graduate study. A resume is typically shorter than a CV, giving only the most relevant professional and educational highlights. An academic CV should give full details of your education and career, including lists of publications and presentations, certifications, memberships, grants, and research projects. Because it is more comprehensive, it’s acceptable for an academic CV to be many pages long. Note that, outside of the US, resume and CV are often used interchangeably. No, don’t include your high school courses and grades. The education section should only detail your college education. If you want to discuss aspects of high school in your graduate school application, you can include this in your personal statement . A resume for a graduate school application is typically no more than 1–2 pages long. Note, however, that if you are asked to submit a CV (curriculum vitae), you should give comprehensive details of all your academic experience. An academic CV can be much longer than a normal resume. Always carefully check the instructions and adhere to any length requirements for each application. If you’re applying to multiple graduate school programs, you should tailor your personal statement to each application. Some applications provide a prompt or question. In this case, you might have to write a new personal statement from scratch: the most important task is to respond to what you have been asked. If there’s no prompt or guidelines, you can re-use the same idea for your personal statement – but change the details wherever relevant, making sure to emphasize why you’re applying to this specific program. If the application also includes other essays, such as a statement of purpose , you might have to revise your personal statement to avoid repeating the same information. The typical length of a personal statement for graduate school applications is between 500 and 1,000 words. Different programs have different requirements, so always check if there’s a minimum or maximum length and stick to the guidelines. If there is no recommended word count, aim for no more than 1-2 pages. A statement of purpose is usually more formal, focusing on your academic or professional goals. It shouldn’t include anything that isn’t directly relevant to the application. A personal statement can often be more creative. It might tell a story that isn’t directly related to the application, but that shows something about your personality, values, and motivations. However, both types of document have the same overall goal: to demonstrate your potential as a graduate student and s how why you’re a great match for the program. Ask our team Want to contact us directly? No problem.  We  are always here for you. Email [email protected] Start live chat Call +1 (510) 822-8066 WhatsApp +31 20 261 6040 Our team helps students graduate by offering: A world-class citation generator Plagiarism Checker software powered by Turnitin Innovative Citation Checker software Professional proofreading services Over 300 helpful articles about academic writing, citing sources, plagiarism, and more Scribbr specializes in editing study-related documents . 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If you have the option to, please upgrade to a newer version or use Mozilla Firefox , Microsoft Edge , Google Chrome , or Safari 14 or newer. If you are unable to, and need support, please send us your feedback . We'd appreciate your feedback. Tell us what you think! opens in new tab/window 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously April 5, 2021 | 18 min read By Angel Borja, PhD Editor’s note:  This 2014 post conveys the advice of a researcher sharing his experience and does not represent Elsevier’s policy. However, in response to your feedback, we worked with him to update this post so it reflects our practices. For example, since it was published, we have  worked extensively with researchers to raise visibility of non-English language research  – July 10, 2019 Update:  In response to your feedback, we have reinstated the original text so you can see how it was revised. – July 11, 2019 How to prepare a manuscript for international journals — Part 2 In this monthly series, Dr. Angel Borja draws on his extensive background as an author, reviewer and editor to give advice on preparing the manuscript (author's view), the evaluation process (reviewer's view) and what there is to hate or love in a paper (editor's view). This article is the second in the series. The first article was: "Six things to do before writing your manuscript." When you organize your manuscript, the first thing to consider is that the order of sections will be very different than the order of items on you checklist. An article begins with the Title, Abstract and Keywords. The article text follows the  IMRAD format opens in new tab/window , which responds to the questions below: I ntroduction: What did you/others do? Why did you do it? M ethods: How did you do it? R esults: What did you find? D iscussion: What does it all mean? The main text is followed by the Conclusion, Acknowledgements, References and Supporting Materials. While this is the published structure, however, we often use a different order when writing. General strcuture of a research article. Watch a related tutorial on Researcher Academy opens in new tab/window . Steps to organizing your manuscript Prepare the  figures and tables . Write the  Methods . Write up the  Results . Write the  Discussion . Finalize the Results and Discussion before writing the introduction. This is because, if the discussion is insufficient, how can you objectively demonstrate the scientific significance of your work in the introduction? Write a clear  Conclusion . Write a compelling  Introduction . Write the  Abstract . Compose a concise and descriptive  Title . Select  Keywords  for indexing. Write the  Acknowledgements . Write up the  References . Next, I'll review each step in more detail. But before you set out to write a paper, there are two important things you should do that will set the groundwork for the entire process. The topic to be studied should be the first issue to be solved. Define your hypothesis and objectives (These will go in the Introduction.) Review the literature related to the topic and select some papers (about 30) that can be cited in your paper (These will be listed in the References.) Finally, keep in mind that each publisher has its own style guidelines and preferences, so always consult the publisher's Guide for Authors. Step 1: Prepare the figures and tables Remember that "a figure is worth a thousand words." Hence, illustrations, including figures and tables, are the most efficient way to present your results. Your data are the driving force of the paper, so your illustrations are critical! How do you decide between presenting your data as tables or figures? Generally, tables give the actual experimental results, while figures are often used for comparisons of experimental results with those of previous works, or with calculated/theoretical values (Figure 1). Figure 1. An example of the same data presented as table or as figure. Depending on your objectives, you can show your data either as table (if you wish to stress numbers) or as figure (if you wish to compare gradients). Whatever your choice is, no illustrations should duplicate the information described elsewhere in the manuscript. Another important factor: figure and table legends must be self-explanatory (Figure 2) Figure 2. Figures must be self-explanatory. When presenting your tables and figures, appearances count! To this end: Avoid crowded plots (Figure 3), using only three or four data sets per figure; use well-selected scales. Think about appropriate axis label size Include clear symbols and data sets that are easy to distinguish. Never include long boring tables (e.g., chemical compositions of emulsion systems or lists of species and abundances). You can include them as supplementary material. Figure 3. Don't clutter your charts with too much data. If you are using photographs, each must have a scale marker, or scale bar, of professional quality in one corner. In photographs and figures, use color only when necessary when submitting to a print publication. If different line styles can clarify the meaning, never use colors or other thrilling effects or you will be charged with expensive fees. Of course, this does not apply to online journals. For many journals, you can submit duplicate figures: one in color for the online version of the journal and pdfs, and another in black and white for the hardcopy journal (Figure 4). Figure 4. Using black and white can save money. Another common problem is the misuse of lines and histograms. Lines joining data only can be used when presenting time series or consecutive samples data (e.g., in a transect from coast to offshore in Figure 5). However, when there is no connection between samples or there is not a gradient, you must use histograms (Figure 5). Figure 5. Use the right kind of chart for your data. Sometimes, fonts are too small for the journal. You must take this into account, or they may be illegible to readers (Figure 6). Figure 6. Figures are not eye charts - make them large enough too read Finally, you must pay attention to the use of decimals, lines, etc. Step 2: Write the Methods This section responds to the question of how the problem was studied. If your paper is proposing a new method, you need to include detailed information so a knowledgeable reader can reproduce the experiment. However, do not repeat the details of established methods; use References and Supporting Materials to indicate the previously published procedures. Broad summaries or key references are sufficient. Reviewers will criticize incomplete or incorrect methods descriptions and may recommend rejection, because this section is critical in the process of reproducing your investigation. In this way, all chemicals must be identified. Do not use proprietary, unidentifiable compounds. To this end, it's important to use standard systems for numbers and nomenclature. For example: For chemicals, use the conventions of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry opens in new tab/window and the official recommendations of the IUPAC–IUB Combined Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature opens in new tab/window . For species, use accepted taxonomical nomenclature ( WoRMS: World Register of Marine Species opens in new tab/window , ERMS: European Register of Marine Species opens in new tab/window ), and write them always in italics. For units of measurement, follow the International System of Units (SI). Present proper control experiments and statistics used, again to make the experiment of investigation repeatable. List the methods in the same order they will appear in the Results section, in the logical order in which you did the research: Description of the site Description of the surveys or experiments done, giving information on dates, etc. Description of the laboratory methods, including separation or treatment of samples, analytical methods, following the order of waters, sediments and biomonitors. If you have worked with different biodiversity components start from the simplest (i.e. microbes) to the more complex (i.e. mammals) Description of the statistical methods used (including confidence levels, etc.) In this section, avoid adding comments, results, and discussion, which is a common error. Length of the manuscript Again, look at the journal's Guide for Authors, but an ideal length for a manuscript is 25 to 40 pages, double spaced, including essential data only. Here are some general guidelines: Title: Short and informative Abstract: 1 paragraph (<250 words) Introduction: 1.5-2 pages Methods: 2-3 pages Results: 6-8 pages Discussion: 4-6 pages Conclusion: 1 paragraph Figures: 6-8 (one per page) Tables: 1-3 (one per page) References: 20-50 papers (2-4 pages) Step 3: Write up the Results This section responds to the question "What have you found?" Hence, only representative results from your research should be presented. The results should be essential for discussion. However, remember that most journals offer the possibility of adding Supporting Materials, so use them freely for data of secondary importance. In this way, do not attempt to "hide" data in the hope of saving it for a later paper. You may lose evidence to reinforce your conclusion. If data are too abundant, you can use those supplementary materials. Use sub-headings to keep results of the same type together, which is easier to review and read. Number these sub-sections for the convenience of internal cross-referencing, but always taking into account the publisher's Guide for Authors. For the data, decide on a logical order that tells a clear story and makes it and easy to understand. Generally, this will be in the same order as presented in the methods section. An important issue is that you must not include references in this section; you are presenting  your  results, so you cannot refer to others here. If you refer to others, is because you are  discussing  your results, and this must be included in the Discussion section. Statistical rules Indicate the statistical tests used with all relevant parameters: e.g., mean and standard deviation (SD): 44% (±3); median and interpercentile range:  7 years (4.5 to 9.5 years). Use mean and standard deviation to report normally distributed data. Use median and interpercentile range to report skewed data. For numbers, use two significant digits unless more precision is necessary (2.08, not 2.07856444). Never use percentages for very small samples e.g., "one out of two" should not be replaced by 50%. Step 4: Write the Discussion Here you must respond to what the results mean. Probably it is the easiest section to write, but the hardest section to get right. This is because it is the most important section of your article. Here you get the chance to sell your data. Take into account that a huge numbers of manuscripts are rejected because the Discussion is weak. You need to make the Discussion corresponding to the Results, but do not reiterate the results. Here you need to compare the published results by your colleagues with yours (using some of the references included in the Introduction). Never ignore work in disagreement with yours, in turn, you must confront it and convince the reader that you are correct or better. Take into account the following tips: Avoid statements that go beyond what the results can support. Avoid unspecific expressions  such as "higher temperature", "at a lower rate", "highly significant". Quantitative descriptions are always preferred (35ºC, 0.5%, p<0.001, respectively). Avoid sudden introduction of new terms or ideas;  you must present everything in the introduction, to be confronted with your results here. Speculations on possible interpretations are allowed, but these should be rooted in fact, rather than imagination.  To achieve good interpretations think about: How do these results relate to the original question or objectives outlined in the Introduction section? Do the data support your hypothesis? Are your results consistent with what other investigators have reported? Discuss weaknesses and discrepancies. If your results were unexpected, try to explain why Is there another way to interpret your results? What further research would be necessary to answer the questions raised by your results? Explain what is new without exaggerating Revision of Results and Discussion is not just paper work.  You may do further experiments, derivations, or simulations. Sometimes you cannot clarify your idea in words because some critical items have not been studied substantially. Step 5: Write a clear Conclusion This section shows how the work advances the field from the present state of knowledge. In some journals, it's a separate section; in others, it's the last paragraph of the Discussion section. Whatever the case, without a clear conclusion section, reviewers and readers will find it difficult to judge your work and whether it merits publication in the journal. A common error in this section is repeating the abstract, or just listing experimental results. Trivial statements of your results are unacceptable in this section. You should provide a clear scientific justification for your work in this section, and indicate uses and extensions if appropriate. Moreover, you can suggest future experiments and point out those that are underway. You can propose present global and specific conclusions, in relation to the objectives included in the introduction Step 6: Write a compelling Introduction This is your opportunity to convince readers that you clearly know why your work is useful. A good introduction should answer the following questions: What is the problem to be solved? Are there any existing solutions? Which is the best? What is its main limitation? What do you hope to achieve? Editors like to see that you have provided a perspective consistent with the nature of the journal. You need to introduce the main scientific publications on which your work is based, citing a couple of original and important works, including recent review articles. However, editors hate improper citations of too many references irrelevant to the work, or inappropriate judgments on your own achievements. They will think you have no sense of purpose. Here are some additional tips for the introduction: Never use more words than necessary (be concise and to-the-point). Don't make this section into a history lesson. Long introductions put readers off. We all know that you are keen to present your new data. But do not forget that you need to give the whole picture at first. The introduction must be organized from the global to the particular point of view, guiding the readers to your objectives when writing this paper. State the purpose of the paper and research strategy adopted to answer the question, but do not mix introduction with results, discussion and conclusion. Always keep them separate to ensure that the manuscript flows logically from one section to the next. Hypothesis and objectives must be clearly remarked at the end of the introduction. Expressions such as "novel," "first time," "first ever," and "paradigm-changing" are not preferred. Use them sparingly. Step 7: Write the Abstract The abstract tells prospective readers what you did and what the important findings in your research were. Together with the title, it's the advertisement of your article. Make it interesting and easily understood without reading the whole article.  Avoid using jargon, uncommon abbreviations and references. You must be accurate, using the words that convey the precise meaning of your research. The abstract provides a short description of the perspective and purpose of your paper. It gives key results but minimizes experimental details. It is very important to remind that the abstract offers a short description of the interpretation/conclusion in the last sentence. A clear abstract will strongly influence whether or not your work is further considered. However, the abstracts must be keep as brief as possible. Just check the 'Guide for authors' of the journal, but normally they have less than 250 words. Here's a  good example on a short abstract opens in new tab/window . In an abstract, the two  whats  are essential. Here's an example from an article I co-authored in  Ecological Indicators opens in new tab/window : What has been done?   "In recent years, several benthic biotic indices have been proposed to be used as ecological indicators in estuarine and coastal waters. One such indicator, the AMBI (AZTI Marine Biotic Index), was designed to establish the ecological quality of European coasts. The AMBI has been used also for the determination of the ecological quality status within the context of the European Water Framework Directive. In this contribution, 38 different applications including six new case studies (hypoxia processes, sand extraction, oil platform impacts, engineering works, dredging and fish aquaculture) are presented." What are the main findings? "The results show the response of the benthic communities to different disturbance sources in a simple way. Those communities act as ecological indicators of the 'health' of the system, indicating clearly the gradient associated with the disturbance." Step 8: Compose a concise and descriptive title The title must explain what the paper is broadly about. It is your first (and probably only) opportunity to attract the reader's attention. In this way, remember that the first readers are the Editor and the referees. Also, readers are the potential authors who will cite your article, so the first impression is powerful! We are all flooded by publications, and readers don't have time to read all scientific production. They must be selective, and this selection often comes from the title. Reviewers will check whether the title is specific and whether it reflects the content of the manuscript. Editors hate titles that make no sense or fail to represent the subject matter adequately. Hence, keep the title informative and concise (clear, descriptive, and not too long). You must avoid technical jargon and abbreviations, if possible. This is because you need to attract a readership as large as possible. Dedicate some time to think about the title and discuss it with your co-authors. Here you can see some examples of original titles, and how they were changed after reviews and comments to them: Original title: Preliminary observations on the effect of salinity on benthic community distribution within a estuarine system, in the North Sea Revised title: Effect of salinity on benthic distribution within the Scheldt estuary (North Sea) Comments: Long title distracts readers. Remove all redundancies such as "studies on," "the nature of," etc. Never use expressions such as "preliminary." Be precise. Original title: Action of antibiotics on bacteria Revised title: Inhibition of growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by streptomycin Comments: Titles should be specific. Think about "how will I search for this piece of information" when you design the title. Original title: Fabrication of carbon/CdS coaxial nanofibers displaying optical and electrical properties via electrospinning carbon Revised title: Electrospinning of carbon/CdS coaxial nanofibers with optical and electrical properties Comments: "English needs help. The title is nonsense. All materials have properties of all varieties.  You could examine my hair for its electrical and optical properties! You MUST be specific. I haven't read the paper but I suspect there is something special about these properties, otherwise why would you be reporting them?" – the Editor-in-Chief. Try to avoid this kind of response! Step 9: Select keywords for indexing Keywords are used for indexing your paper. They are the label of your manuscript. It is true that now they are less used by journals because you can search the whole text. However, when looking for keywords, avoid words with a broad meaning and words already included in the title. Some journals require that the keywords are not those from the journal name, because it is implicit that the topic is that. For example, the journal  Soil Biology & Biochemistry  requires that the word "soil" not be selected as a keyword. Only abbreviations firmly established in the field are eligible (e.g., TOC, CTD), avoiding those which are not broadly used (e.g., EBA, MMI). Again, check the Guide for Authors and look at the number of keywords admitted, label, definitions, thesaurus, range, and other special requests. Step 10: Write the Acknowledgements Here, you can thank people who have contributed to the manuscript but not to the extent where that would justify authorship. For example, here you can include technical help and assistance with writing and proofreading. Probably, the most important thing is to thank your funding agency or the agency giving you a grant or fellowship. In the case of European projects, do not forget to include the grant number or reference. Also, some institutes include the number of publications of the organization, e.g., "This is publication number 657 from AZTI-Tecnalia." Step 11: Write up the References Typically, there are more mistakes in the references than in any other part of the manuscript. It is one of the most annoying problems, and causes great headaches among editors. Now, it is easier since to avoid these problem, because there are many available tools. In the text, you must cite all the scientific publications on which your work is based. But do not over-inflate the manuscript with too many references – it doesn't make a better manuscript! Avoid excessive self-citations and excessive citations of publications from the same region. As I have mentioned, you will find the most authoritative information for each journal’s policy on citations when you consult the journal's Guide for Authors. In general, you should minimize personal communications, and be mindful as to how you include unpublished observations. These will be necessary for some disciplines, but consider whether they strengthen or weaken your paper. You might also consider  articles published on research networks opens in new tab/window  prior to publication, but consider balancing these citations with citations of peer-reviewed research. When citing research in languages other than English, be aware of the possibility that not everyone in the review process will speak the language of the cited paper and that it may be helpful to find a translation where possible. You can use any software, such as  EndNote opens in new tab/window  or  Mendeley opens in new tab/window , to format and include your references in the paper. Most journals have now the possibility to download small files with the format of the references, allowing you to change it automatically. Also, Elsevier's  Your Paper Your Way  program waves strict formatting requirements for the initial submission of a manuscript as long as it contains all the essential elements being presented here. Make the reference list and the in-text citation conform strictly to the style given in the Guide for Authors. Remember that presentation of the references in the correct format is the responsibility of the author, not the editor. Checking the format is normally a large job for the editors. Make their work easier and they will appreciate the effort. Finally, check the following: Spelling of author names Year of publications Usages of "et al." Punctuation Whether all references are included In my next article, I will give tips for writing the manuscript, authorship, and how to write a compelling cover letter. Stay tuned! References and Acknowledgements I have based this paper on the materials distributed to the attendees of many courses. It is inspired by many Guides for Authors of Elsevier journals. Some of this information is also featured in Elsevier's  Publishing Connect tutorials opens in new tab/window . In addition, I have consulted several web pages:  https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/ opens in new tab/window , www.physics.ohio-state.edu/~wilkins/writing/index.html. I want to acknowledge Dr.  Christiane Barranguet opens in new tab/window , Executive Publisher of Aquatic Sciences at Elsevier, for her continuous support. And I would like to thank Dr. Alison Bert, Editor-in-Chief of Elsevier Connect; without her assistance, this series would have been impossible to complete. Contributor Angel Borja, PhD We will keep fighting for all libraries - stand with us! 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Uploaded by joyofhex on November 25, 2023 SIMILAR ITEMS (based on metadata) Mobile Menu Overlay The White House 1600 Pennsylvania Ave NW Washington, DC 20500 FACT SHEET: President   Biden Announces New Actions to Keep Families   Together Since his first day in office, President Biden has called on Congress to secure our border and address our broken immigration system. As Congressional Republicans have continued to put partisan politics ahead of national security – twice voting against the toughest and fairest set of reforms in decades – the President and his Administration have taken actions to secure the border, including: Implementing executive actions to bar migrants who cross our Southern border unlawfully from receiving asylum when encounters are high; Deploying record numbers of law enforcement personnel, infrastructure, and technology to the Southern border; Seizing record amounts of fentanyl at our ports of entry; Revoking the visas of CEOs and government officials outside the U.S. who profit from migrants coming to the U.S. unlawfully; and Expanding efforts to dismantle human smuggling networks and prosecuting individuals who violate immigration laws. President Biden believes that securing the border is essential. He also believes in expanding lawful pathways and keeping families together, and that immigrants who have been in the United States for decades, paying taxes and contributing to their communities, are part of the social fabric of our country. The Day One immigration reform plan that the President sent to Congress reflects both the need for a secure border and protections for the long-term undocumented. While Congress has failed to act on these reforms, the Biden-Harris Administration has worked to strengthen our lawful immigration system. In addition to vigorously defending the DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood arrivals) policy, the Administration has extended Affordable Care Act coverage to DACA recipients and streamlined, expanded, and instituted new reunification programs so that families can stay together while they complete the immigration process.  Still, there is more that we can do to bring peace of mind and stability to Americans living in mixed-status families as well as young people educated in this country, including Dreamers. That is why today, President Biden announced new actions for people who have been here many years to keep American families together and allow more young people to contribute to our economy.   Keeping American Families Together Today, President Biden is announcing that the Department of Homeland Security will take action to ensure that U.S. citizens with noncitizen spouses and children can keep their families together. This new process will help certain noncitizen spouses and children apply for lawful permanent residence – status that they are already eligible for – without leaving the country. These actions will promote family unity and strengthen our economy, providing a significant benefit to the country and helping U.S. citizens and their noncitizen family members stay together. In order to be eligible, noncitizens must – as of June 17, 2024 – have resided in the United States for 10 or more years and be legally married to a U.S. citizen, while satisfying all applicable legal requirements. On average, those who are eligible for this process have resided in the U.S. for 23 years. Those who are approved after DHS’s case-by-case assessment of their application will be afforded a three-year period to apply for permanent residency. They will be allowed to remain with their families in the United States and be eligible for work authorization for up to three years. This will apply to all married couples who are eligible.   This action will protect approximately half a million spouses of U.S. citizens, and approximately 50,000 noncitizen children under the age of 21 whose parent is married to a U.S. citizen. Easing the Visa Process for U.S. College Graduates, Including Dreamers President Obama and then-Vice President Biden established the DACA policy to allow young people who were brought here as children to come out of the shadows and contribute to our country in significant ways. Twelve years later, DACA recipients who started as high school and college students are now building successful careers and establishing families of their own. Today’s announcement will allow individuals, including DACA recipients and other Dreamers, who have earned a degree at an accredited U.S. institution of higher education in the United States, and who have received an offer of employment from a U.S. employer in a field related to their degree, to more quickly receive work visas. Recognizing that it is in our national interest to ensure that individuals who are educated in the U.S. are able to use their skills and education to benefit our country, the Administration is taking action to facilitate the employment visa process for those who have graduated from college and have a high-skilled job offer, including DACA recipients and other Dreamers.  Stay Connected We'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build back better. 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Bachani, PhD '11, MHS '08, studies how to address burden of and preventing injury and disabilities, and to expand access to rehabilitation services. Contact Info 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E8146 Jennifer 2024 E Monument St, Suite 2-700. Baltimore. Maryland. 21205. US. Jennifer Schrack, PhD '11, MS, uses data from wearable technology to elucidate novel, modifiable mechanisms of physical and cognitive decline with aging. Graduate Program Graduate work at the University of Pennsylvania is conducted through graduate groups formed according to different areas of study. These groups administer programs leading to the AM and PhD degrees. Those seeking a graduate degree in Sociology should apply to the Graduate Group in Sociology. Sociology students earn their MA on the way to the ... N.C. A&T State University Chancellor-Elect NORTH CAROLINA A&T'S CHANCELLOR-ELECT . James R. Martin II, Ph.D., was elected as the 13th chancellor of North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University on June 21, 2024, by a vote of the University of North Carolina System Board of Governors, following his nomination by UNC System President Peter Hans. How to Get a PhD in Psychology (10 Steps) A PhD in Psychology is the ultimate degree—a symbol of your commitment to the discipline and a representation of your knowledge and skills. Held by top-tier researchers, instructors in higher education, and clinical practitioners alike, a clinical psychology PhD may help you and the people and organizations you might one day serve. 1. While the benefits of a PhD in Psychology may be clear to ... Wharton Doctoral Program Whether you're just starting your research on PhD programs or you're ready to apply, we'll walk you through the steps to take to become a successful PhD candidate. Explore. ... 2024 and deadline to apply is December 15th, 2024, 11:59PM EST. The Wharton Doctoral Programs admits students for full-time study only beginning in the fall ... What are the Engineer's PhDs? : r/tf2 It is said that the Engineer has 11 PhD according to the TF2 Wikia. I was wondering what PhDs did he get to create such machines that can build themeselves? Most likely relating to physics, math, computer science, engineering, and maybe even a bit of biology for the dispenser. I wonder how much debt the Engie has with all those student loans. Bring PhD assessment into the twenty-first century There can be no one-size-fits-all solution to improving how a PhD is assessed, because different subjects often have bespoke needs and practices (P. Denicolo Qual. Assur. Educ. 11, 84-91; 2003 ... Best Online Doctorates In Psychology Of 2024 The programs on this list vary greatly in terms of cost. On the high end, the Chicago School at Los Angeles charges $1,703 per credit. At $528 per credit, Keiser University-Ft. Lauderdale offers ... PhD vs Doctorate: What's the Difference? While a Ph.D. and a doctorate award "Doctor" titles, a Ph.D. tends to be an academic degree while a doctorate is usually a professional degree. Ph.D.s often focus on extensive research and may lead to job titles such as research scientist, historian, philosopher, professor or engineer. Because a doctorate typically provides students with ... Doctor of Philosophy A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD, Ph.D., or DPhil; Latin: philosophiae doctor or doctor philosophiae) is a terminal degree that usually denotes the highest level of academic achievement in a given discipline and is awarded following a course of graduate study and original research.The name of the degree is most often abbreviated PhD (or, at times, as Ph.D. in North America), pronounced as three ... 11 Ongoing PhD admission Notifications 2024 11 Ongoing PhD admission Notifications 2024 | Central , State, IIT, and NITs PhD Admission 2024 @theteacherexam Latest PhD admission notification visits ou... Doctorate Recipients from U.S. Universities: 2021 1-11 Table 1-11: U.S. citizen and permanent resident research doctorate recipients, by historical broad field of doctorate, ethnicity, and race: Selected years, 1976-2021: View Table 1-11: Download Table 1-11 Excel: Download Table 1-11 PDF: 1-12 Table 1-12: Median years to research doctorate, by historical major field of doctorate: Selected ... Program: Epidemiology (PhD) The department offers a degree leading to the PhD in epidemiology. This program may be an extension of the applied biostatistics and epidemiology MS program and is especially aimed at persons with a strong background in medicine: in particular, students enrolled in the MD program of the Keck School of Medicine who wish to interrupt their MD studies after two years to complete a PhD degree. What is a PhD? A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3-5 years writing a dissertation, which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge. A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher ... 11 steps to structuring a science paper editors will take seriously By Angel Borja, PhD. ... - July 11, 2019. How to prepare a manuscript for international journals — Part 2. In this monthly series, Dr. Angel Borja draws on his extensive background as an author, reviewer and editor to give advice on preparing the manuscript (author's view), the evaluation process (reviewer's view) and what there is to hate ... Hello from Buxtehude, Vol 11, No 207, November 2023 Hello from Buxtehude, Vol 11, No 207, November 2023 ... PhD . Online journal Hello from ..., ISSN 2042-8871, volume 11, number 207. Addeddate 2023-11-25 12:50:12 Identifier hf-v11-n207 Identifier-ark ark:/13960/s2vfbzfd3xs Languages Piano Scanner Internet Archive HTML5 Uploader 1.7.0 ... FACT SHEET: President Biden Announces New Actions to Keep Families We'll be in touch with the latest information on how President Biden and his administration are working for the American people, as well as ways you can get involved and help our country build ... assignment essay homework paper phd report resume review speech thesis