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How to Write a Debate Outline

Last Updated: June 24, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was reviewed by Gerald Posner . Gerald Posner is an Author & Journalist based in Miami, Florida. With over 35 years of experience, he specializes in investigative journalism, nonfiction books, and editorials. He holds a law degree from UC College of the Law, San Francisco, and a BA in Political Science from the University of California-Berkeley. He’s the author of thirteen books, including several New York Times bestsellers, the winner of the Florida Book Award for General Nonfiction, and has been a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in History. He was also shortlisted for the Best Business Book of 2020 by the Society for Advancing Business Editing and Writing. There are 8 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 231,144 times.

Debates are a common assignment in high school and college classes where 2 individuals or teams present opposing arguments about a particular issue or question. Although you may feel like you debate people all the time, writing a debate outline requires a bit more research and organization than simply arguing with someone. Fortunately, once you know how to effectively categorize and present the evidence for your argument, writing a debate outline is a relatively straightforward process.

Researching for Your Debate

• Team debates are one of the most common debate forms. In the first half of the debate, each team has two segments to present arguments for their side. In the second half of the debate, each team has two segments to rebut arguments presented in the first half.
• Lincoln-Douglas debates are set up to allow one side to present their arguments, and then the other team to cross-examine them. The second team then presents their arguments and has the first team cross-examine them. Finally, each team has an opportunity for a final rebuttal.

• For example, if the topic of the debate is on the environmental impact of gas cars versus electric cars, gather research from academic journals and consumer watchdogs on carbon emissions, what impact carbon has on environmental degradation, and statements from experts on the topic, such as environmental scientists and car manufacturers.
• If you're writing the debate outline for an assignment and can't pick your own side, focus on gathering as much evidence as possible to strengthen the argument you're tasked with making.
• Whatever argument you ultimately make, make sure that it is logically sound and that you have convincing, relevant evidence that supports it.
• Be sure to note all bibliographical information on your notes.
• For every supporting piece of evidence you find for your case, try to find another piece of evidence to counter it. This will help you build your argument later.
• It is better to include more points than you think you will need, than not doing enough research and lacking evidence.

• For instance, if your most compelling piece of evidence is a graph that shows that gas cars emit twice as much carbon as electric cars, place this at the top of your evidence list.
• If you have a fairly lengthy debate planned, break up your case evidence into categorical sections. For example, you could have legal, moral, and economic support for your case.
• Aim to have a minimum of 3 supporting facts or pieces of evidence in your case outline.

Creating the Basic Outline

• Subdivide information. Main headings will probably consist of arguments, while subheadings will contain different pieces of supporting evidence.
• Use correct symbols. Each level of the outline has a particular symbol to use. The main headings will use Roman numerals (I, II, III, IV). Subheadings use capital letters (A, B, C). Sub-sub headings use Arabic numerals (1, 2, 3). Keep these consistent throughout your outline.
• Indent each level. Indentation helps you follow the line of argument and keeps your outline organized.

• Your thesis statement should explain which side of the debate you'll be taking and why your case is stronger than your opponent's.
• For example, if you're debating whether gas cars or electric cars are cleaner, your thesis statement might be: “Electric cars are cleaner than gas cars.”

• For example, if you're arguing that electric cars are cleaner than gas cars because they produce less carbon dioxide, your first main point would be: “Electric cars produce less carbon dioxide emissions than gas cars.”

• For example, the evidence that electric cars produce less carbon dioxide emissions than gas cars might include statistical information compiled by the Energy Department and the Environmental Protection Agency.

• For example, if you're pretty confident that your opponent will argue that your evidence relies on biased sources, you can prepare a rebuttal to that claim by finding additional evidence to support your argument from a variety of sources.
• Look to find rebuttals for both the individual parts of their argument in addition to the whole of it. This will fortify your position in the debate.
• Many times their argument will be the opposite of yours, so while your argument lists the pros, theirs is listing the cons of a particular value. If you pay attention to this, you will be able to not only prove their side of the argument invalid, but also help to further promote your own.

• Write this more detailed outline as if you were actually speaking in the debate. This will help you to better understand your own argument and come up with logical questions and rebuttals for your opponent.

Avoiding Logical Fallacies

• For example, if you're promoting the abolition of the death penalty, your opponent might commit the straw man by accusing you of lacking sympathy for the families of victims, and that you don't want true criminals to pay for their crimes.

• For example, if you're arguing for legalizing gay marriage and your opponent says that it is a bad idea, because soon enough we will be legalizing polygamy and bestial relationships in all the states.

• For example, if you've presented a well-crafted argument for your case but your opponent has not, they may instead try to call out your bad grades as a rebuttal. Even if this is true, it isn't relevant to the topic of the debate and therefore isn't logically valid.
• Even if your opponent brings personal issues and insults into a debate, you should never do this back to them. Not only is it logically fallacious; it's also widely considered rude.

• For example, if you were to claim that electric cars are “always” cleaner than gas cars, your opponent might point out that a gas car in a carwash is cleaner than an electric car covered in mud. To avoid this fallacy, steer clear of ambiguous words like “always.”

• For example, it would be logically fallacious to argue that the death penalty is the most effective form of punishment just because most people support it.

• For example, your opponent states that as a result, the only two options are to legalize all drugs or to outlaw them.

Community Q&A

Reader Videos

• Debates are based on evidence, support, and organization. Do your best to find appropriate resources and to keep your arguments easy to follow. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

• Do not rely on emotional appeals. Though emotional appeals are a powerful motivator for change, debates are based on logic and evidence. Thanks Helpful 2 Not Helpful 0

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• ↑ https://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/socstud/frame_found_sr2/tns/tn-13.pdf
• ↑ https://learn.stleonards.vic.edu.au/debating/files/2013/08/DEBATING-CHEAT-SHEET.pdf
• ↑ https://www.wittenberg.edu/sites/default/files/media/occ/forms/debate.pdf
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/general_writing/the_writing_process/developing_an_outline/types_of_outlines.html
• ↑ https://valenciacollege.edu/students/learning-support/winter-park/communications/documents/SampleArgumentOutline.pdf
• ↑ https://www.comm.pitt.edu/four-step-refutation
• ↑ https://www.gvsu.edu/cms4/asset/CC3BFEEB-C364-E1A1-A5390F221AC0FD2D/avoiding_logical_fallacies.pdf
• ↑ https://www.palomar.edu/users/bthompson/Fallacies%20of%20Ambiguity.html

About This Article

To write a debate outline, start by writing down your primary argument or the case you are trying to prove. Under your argument, list the supporting evidence so that the most powerful and persuasive evidence is presented first. Then, list potential questions or arguments that may be brought up by the other side, along with different ways to counter them. Finally, organize your outline using headings, subheadings, and bulleted lists, and write out each section in complete, detailed sentences. For more advice, including how to avoid logical fallacies that can hurt or weaken your argument, keep reading. Did this summary help you? Yes No

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Debate Writing

Last updated on: Oct 25, 2024

Debate Writing Steps to Help You Prepare a Winning Debate

By: Nova A.

12 min read

Reviewed By: Rylee W.

Published on: Mar 31, 2020

Whether you're an experienced debater or a new one, writing your debate speech before you deliver it is important.  

Debate writing is a skill that can help you express your opinions and persuade others. When preparing for a debate, you need to know how to craft effective arguments, support them with evidence, and address counterarguments. 

In this blog, we'll break down the essential steps of debate writing. You will also get some tips and techniques on writing a good debate. From building strong arguments to presenting them effectively, you'll gain the skills needed to excel in debates. Get ready to embark on a journey of growth and discover the secrets of. 

Let's dive in and explore the world of debate writing together!

On this Page

What is Debate Writing?

Debate writing is an essential step in preparing for a debate.

A debate is a form of persuasive communication that involves presenting arguments and counterarguments on a specific topic. Debates typically follow a defined format, with participants presenting their arguments and counterarguments in turn.

Debate writing is a process of organizing your points, arguments, and sources in writing so you know exactly what you are going to say during your debate. Writing your debate helps you express opinions effectively and convince others of the validity of your viewpoint. 

Features of Debate Writing

Understanding the nature and features of debate writing is crucial for students aiming to become effective debaters. Debate writing encompasses several key features, including:

• Structured Format

Debate writing thrives on an organized structure, where arguments unfold in a logical sequence. A well-crafted format ensures clarity, making it easier for the audience to follow and comprehend your points.

• Research and Evidence

Thorough research and strong evidence are keys to a compelling debate. You must dive deep into the topic, drawing upon credible sources to strengthen your arguments. 

• Persuasive Techniques

Beyond presenting facts, effective debaters employ persuasive techniques to sway opinions. These techniques include ethos, pathos, and logos . These persuasion techniques enhance the impact of your arguments by resonating with the audience on a deeper level.

• Critical Thinking

As a debate writer, you have to analyze information, identify flaws in opposing arguments, and construct nuanced responses. The ability to think critically contributes to the depth and strength of your position in a debate.

• Listening and Responding

Engaging with opponents' arguments requires not only attentiveness but also the ability to formulate timely and relevant counterarguments, creating a dynamic and intellectually stimulating exchange.

 Types of Debate

A debate comes in various forms, each with its own rules, structure, and objectives. Let's explore some of the common types of debate:

• Traditional Debate: This is the classic style of debate where two teams argue for or against a proposition. The traditional debate follows specific rules and formats, such as the British Parliamentary or American Parliamentary style.
• Lincoln-Douglas Debate: This style focuses on one-on-one debates. The format involves a single affirmative speaker and a single negative speaker engaging in cross-examination.
• Policy Debate: Policy debates center around specific policy proposals. Debaters analyze the advantages and disadvantages of the proposed policy, considering its economic, social, and political implications. 
• Public Forum Debate: Public forum debates aim to stimulate discussions on current events to a wider audience. Debaters present arguments, provide evidence and engage in crossfire exchanges. 
• Mock Trial Debate: Mock trial debates simulate legal proceedings, where participants act as lawyers, witnesses, and judges. Debaters present their cases by examining witnesses, introducing evidence, and making persuasive arguments. 

Six Steps for Writing a Debate

Writing a debate requires careful planning and organization to convey your arguments effectively. Here are six steps to help you through the process:

Step 1:  Use a Strong Opening

The opening of your debate sets the tone and grabs the attention of your audience. It is essential to start with a compelling hook that captivates the listeners and immediately engages them in your argument. 

Here are some tips along with their examples:

• Start with a provocative question
• Use a captivating statistic
• Share a thought-provoking quote
• Tell a compelling story or anecdote

Step 2: Clearly Define the Topic

Defining the topic of your debate helps establish the scope and context of your arguments for your audience. Here's how you can effectively define the topic:

• Provide clear definitions: Begin by offering a concise definition of the topic you will be discussing. Define any key terms or concepts that may require clarification. 

For example:

• Outline the key arguments: Identify and outline the key arguments of your debate. This helps provide a comprehensive overview and gives structure to your arguments. 
• Clarify the scope: Specify the specific focus or scope of your debate. This helps avoid confusion and ensures a more focused discussion. For example:

By clearly defining the topic, you lay the groundwork for a well-structured and informed debate.

Step 3: Write and Organize Your Arguments

Debate writing follows a structured format to ensure clarity, organization, and effective communication of arguments. Once you have a clear topic, you can write down your arguments, evidence sources, and counterarguments in an organized way. 

While variations exist based on the specific type of debate, here is a brief overview of a typical debate writing format:

Step 4: Use Appropriate Signposting

Signposting is an important technique in debate writing that involves guiding your audience through your arguments. By using signposting, you help your audience follow your line of reasoning and understand the structure of your debate. 

Here are some ways to effectively use signposting:

• Preview Main Points: 

At the beginning of your speech, briefly outline the main points or arguments you will be presenting. This provides a clear roadmap for your audience and helps them anticipate the flow of your debate. 

• Transition Phrases

Use transition words or phrases to move smoothly from one point to another. These phrases act as signposts, signaling the shift from one argument to the next. For example:

By using signposting techniques, you enhance the clarity and structure of your debate.

Check out this video to learn more! 

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Step 5: Assess Your Arguments

When writing your arguments for a debate, it's essential to be concise, focused, and persuasive. Here are some tips for effectively presenting your arguments:

• State your main points clearly: Begin by clearly stating your main points or arguments. Make sure your audience understands the key ideas you will be discussing.
• Provide supporting evidence: Support your arguments with relevant and credible evidence. This can include facts, statistics, expert opinions, or real-life examples. Strong evidence strengthens the validity of your arguments.
• Explain the significance of your arguments: Clearly explain why your arguments are important and relevant to the topic. Help your audience understand the implications and impact of your ideas.
• Address potential counterarguments: Anticipate potential counterarguments and address them preemptively. This shows that you have considered multiple perspectives and strengthens your position.

Remember, in a debate, you typically have limited time to present your arguments. Be concise, impactful, and persuasive to make the most of the time allotted to you.

H3- Step 6: Conclude your Debate 

The conclusion of your debate is your final opportunity to leave a lasting impression on your audience. It should effectively summarize your main arguments and reinforce the strength of your position. 

Here's how to craft a compelling conclusion:

• Summarize your main points
• Restate your main argument
• Highlight the strengths of your position
• Address counterarguments
• Maintain a confident tone

Debate Writing Examples 

Check out these debate writing samples to see how debate writing works in practice. These examples will help you make sense of the points discussed above.

Debate Writing Class 7

Debate Writing Class 8

Debate Writing Class 9

Debate Writing Class 10

Debate Writing Class 12

Things To Avoid in Debate Writing 

Debate writing requires specific skills and techniques to convey your arguments and engage your audience effectively. 

Here are some essential do's and don'ts to keep in mind:

• Don’t rely solely on emotions

While emotions can be powerful, it is essential to support your arguments with logical reasoning and evidence. Avoid basing your debate solely on personal feelings or emotional appeals.

• Avoid logical fallacies

Do not engage in logical fallacies, such as ad hominem attacks, straw man arguments, or false analogies. Stick to sound reasoning and evidence-based arguments.

• Ignoring time constraints

Respect the time limits given for your debate. Be mindful of your speech duration and allocate sufficient time for each argument. Practice pacing yourself to stay within the allotted time.

• Don’t make sweeping generalizations

Avoid making broad generalizations without providing supporting evidence. Ensure your arguments are grounded in facts and specific examples.

• Avoid being disrespectful

Maintain a respectful tone throughout the debate, even when addressing opposing viewpoints. Avoid personal attacks or derogatory language. Focus on the arguments rather than attacking individuals.

Interesting Debate Topic Ideas

Debate writing is a great way to learn more about different perspectives on important topics. Here are some engaging topics for your debate writing exercise:

• Should school uniforms be mandatory in all educational institutions?
• Is social media more harmful than beneficial for society?
• Should standardized testing be abolished in schools?
• Is animal testing necessary for scientific and medical advancements?
• Should the voting age be lowered to 16?
• Is the death penalty an effective form of punishment?
• Should genetically modified organisms (GMOs) be banned?
• Is homeschooling a better alternative to traditional schooling?
• Should the use of plastic bags be completely banned?
• Is climate change primarily caused by human activities?

Need more ideas? Head to our list of engaging debate topics for more!

Stuck on your speech? Let us take the stress away!

Now that you understand the basics of debate writing, it's time to take things up a notch. Debate writing is a great way to hone your critical thinking and have argumentative skills. 

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Nova Allison is a Digital Content Strategist with over eight years of experience. Nova has also worked as a technical and scientific writer. She is majorly involved in developing and reviewing online content plans that engage and resonate with audiences. Nova has a passion for writing that engages and informs her readers.

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