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10 Unsung Freedom Fighters From The Northeast India Should Celebrate

The contributions of personalities from the Northeast are often left out when we speak about Independence Day. In our own way, let us right this oversight this time.

A s India celebrates its 74th Independence Day, the country will pay homage to the many men and women who sacrificed their lives and paved the way forward. In documenting the struggle against the British, however, the contribution of freedom fighters from the northeast hasn’t found its due place in popular discourse.

In a bid to address this injustice, we have compiled a list of 10 legendary figures from the northeast you should learn about to better understand the scope of India’s freedom struggle.

Kanaklata Barua

Born on 22 December 1924, in Borangabari village of the undivided Darrang district, Assam, Kanaklata Barua made a name for herself during the Quit India Movement, when she joined the Mrityu Bahini, a suicide squad, when she was only 17. She had earlier applied to join the Azad Hind Fauj, but was rejected because she was a minor.

On 20 September 1942, the revolutionary camp of Gohpur division of undivided Darrang district decided to hoist and unfurl the national flag at a local police station, and it was Barua who led a procession of unarmed villagers for the task.

When Rebati Mahan Som, the officer in-charge of the police station, warned the procession of deadly consequences if they went ahead with their plan, Barua refused to slow down. Consequently, the police opened fire and Barua was shot dead holding the flag, which was subsequently picked up by her compatriot Mukunda Kakoti, who was also killed.

Paona Brajabashi

One of the most revered figures of the Anglo-Manipur War in 1891 was Major Paona Brajabashi, a soldier of the Kangleipak kingdom (Kingdom of Manipur) under Maharaja Kulachandra.

Battling the British undermanned and under-armed in the Battle of Khongjom, Paona valiantly led his soldiers in one of the fiercest battles in Indian history on 23 April 1891.

Engaged in a bloody clash, the Manipuri soldiers, including Paona, fought until the last man by some accounts. Before he was killed, however, he was given a choice.

“A Manipuri British Army Officer asked Paona Brajabashi to switch sides and join the British army. The British insisted that he could switch sides in exchange for a plum post. However, Paona reportedly replied that death was more welcome than treason. Paona took off the cloth wrapped around his headgear and asked the British Officer to behead him,” says Kakchingtabam Hemchandra Sharma , Secretary of Association for Paona Memorial Arts and Rural Development Services.

Bir Tikendrajit Singh

“Bir Tikendrajit Singh, the crown prince of Manipur, who laid down his life along with his General Thangal for protecting the territorial integrity of the state against British imperialist design, has gone down in the annals of history as a hero of supreme sacrifice and extraordinary valour,” says local academic Prof K Nayan Chanda Singha .

Relations between the Manipur Kingdom and the British were peaceful until the death of Maharaja Chandrakiri in 1890 when a power struggle for the throne ignited a civil war.

A series of coups, exiles and appeals for help eventually led to the British getting directly involved in Manipur once again. A party of British officials and 400 Gurkhas arrived in Imphal to arrest the prince in revolt, Tikendrajit, and oust the current man on the throne – Maharaja Kulachandra Singh.

When the Maharaja refused to abdicate or hand over the prince, the British tried to conduct a sudden midnight raid and capture Tikendrajit in 1891. But their plan was quickly foiled by Manipuri soldiers. Angered, King Kulachandra ordered the beheading of the five British officers on March 24, 1891. It was this incident that triggered what was later called the Anglo-Manipur war of 1891.

“To save their motherland, the Manipuris fought very bravely under the direction of Tikendrajit. But it was all in vain against the superior mite and arms of the British. On 27th April, 1891 the British occupied Manipur. Tikendrajit was arrested and after a farcical trial by a general court-martial, he was publicly hanged on 13th August 1891,” notes the archives of the Manipur government.

Rani Gaidinliu

“We are free people, the white men should not rule over us,” said a 13-year-old Rani Gaidinliu of the Rongmei Naga tribe in 1927, while issuing a clarion call to all ethnic Naga tribes from remote hills of the northeastern region.

The same year, she joined the Heraka religious reform movement begun by her cousin Haipou Jadonang, which sought to standardise the traditional Naga belief systems against the growing influence of Christianity and Vaishnavism.

Under her guidance, the movement later turned into a political movement seeking to kick the British out from the region. She urged the people not to pay taxes, not work for the British and even went underground to lead many attacks on the colonial administration.

She was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Jawaharlal Nehru met her at Shillong Jail in 1937, and gave her the title of Rani. Released in 1947 after India’s independence, she continued to work for the upliftment of her people.

Haipou Jadonang

A Rongmei Naga leader from present-day Manipur, he was a spiritual leader, social reformist, and political leader who sought to emancipate the Naga people from the clutches of British colonial rule during the early decades of the 20th century.

Jadonang was seen as a spiritual figure early in life, garnering the attention of neighbouring villages, especially folks from the Zeliangrong tribal community — an important indigenous Naga communities living in the tri-junction of Assam, Manipur and Nagaland — under which the Rongmei Nagas fell. Aside from the Heraka movement, he started building an army, which he called ‘Riphen’. Comprising 500 men and women at its zenith, the army was well-versed in military tactics, weaponry and reconnaissance missions.

It was also organised in civilian matters, assisting with farming, livestock grazing, and firewood collection, among other activities. Jadonang composed songs singing praises of the struggle against the British, which his disciple Rani Gaidinliu imparted to his followers.

With weapons, personnel and an innate understanding of the local terrain, Jadonang and his men were prepared. On 19 February 1931, however, he was arrested by British officials on charges of sedition and later hanged on false murder charges. He was only 26.

U Tirot Sing Syiemlieh

Born in 1802, U Tirot Sing Syiemlieh was a native chief of Nongkhlaw, a territory in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya, who led the Khasis in their fight against the British during the 1829-1833 Anglo-Khasi War. After securing the Brahmaputra Valley and Surma Valley (in Assam and partly in Bangladesh), the British sought permission from Tirot to construct a road cutting through the hills inhabited by the Khasis.

The British, represented by their political agent David Scott, told Tirot that if permission was granted, he would be given control of the duars (alluvial floodplains of Assam) and was promised favourable terms of trade. However, the British reneged on their promise, and on 4 April 1929, his forces attacked the British garrison stationed at Nongkhlaw in which two officers were killed. The British retaliated with their superior modern firearms.

Tirot and his men battled the British for four years engaging in guerilla warfare. In 1833, while he was hiding out in the hills after sustaining a bullet injury, he was betrayed by one of his men and soon captured by the British forces. He was deported to Dhaka, where he died in captivity on 17 July 1835.

Born sometime during the last decade of the 19th century in Daring village, Basar Sub-Division of the present West Siang District, Arunachal Pradesh, Moje Riba was involved in the cane business with traders across the Brahmaputra in Dibrugarh, Assam, before his involvement in the freedom struggle.

It was in Dibrugarh when he first heard about the freedom struggle against the British. He soon joined the Indian National Congress, joining forces with other legends of the freedom struggle like Gopinath Bordoloi and Lalit Hazarika. He was affectionately known as Aboh Nyiji, which means ‘old father of all’.

“After joining INC, Moje Riba became the first INC President from Arunachal Pradesh. He led the marches and his supporters in the path of the country’s freedom. He has contributed in this freedom struggle in different ways. For his sacrifices and contributions in the India’s movement, he was conferred with Tamra Patra by the then PM of India, Smt. Indira Gandhi. It happened on the red letter day of the silver jubilee year of India’s Independence Day i.e. on 15th August, 1972,” says this report in The Sentinel . He passed away in 1982.

Gopinath Bordoloi

Born on 6 June 1890, Gopinath Bordoloi not only challenged the British, but also ensured that at the time of Independence, Assam remained part of India, and eventually became the first Chief Minister of undivided Assam.

A follower of Mahatma Gandhi, he joined the Indian National Congress in 1922, and began his political activism during the Non-Cooperation Movement. Despite his immense contribution to the freedom struggle, particularly through the 1930s and the Quit India Movement, it was in 1947 when he truly came to the fore.

With the introduction of the Mountbatten Plan in 1947, Bordoloi battled leaders of the Muslim League to ensure Assam remained in India. Following Independence, he played a central role in the rehabilitation of millions of refugees who had escaped bitter communal violence in the newly created East Pakistan. He was soon given the honorific title of ‘Lokapriya’ for his services, but he passed away a few years after Independence on 5 August 1950.

U Kiang Nangbah

A freedom fighter from Meghalaya, he led an uprising against the British during the 1860s. Although very little is known about his early life, historians claim that he was born before the British had annexed the Jaintia hills in 1835. “U Kiang Nangbah lived in a locality we now called Tpep-pale and Kiang Nangbah’s family’s hut must be on the hill top across the valley between the two hills where Yawmusiang and Tpep-pale stand,” notes HH Mohrmen for Shillong Times .

When the colonial government sought to impose taxes and interfere with traditional customs, the tribes of the Jaintia Hills began harbouring an anti-British sentiment. All hell broke loose in 1860 with the imposition of house tax on the tribes inhabiting the Jaintia hills. That’s when they joined forces under the leadership of Nangbah. His forces soon attacked a British police station and set fire to all its weapons.

What followed was a series of guerilla attacks which paralysed the colonial administration. In response, the British launched a full-scale military operation against Nangbah and his men. The British captured him in December 1862 after one of his men had tipped off the enemy. After a mock trial, he was hanged three days later.

Pa Togan Sangma

Also known as Togan Sangma or Pa Togan Nengminja Sangma, he was a 19th century Garo (A-chik) warrior and leader from Garo hills, Meghalaya, who died battling British forces on 12 December, 1872.

Born in the village of Samanda near Williamnagar, East Garo Hills, he was known for his muscular body frame and physical combat capabilities.

“In 1872, British soldiers entered the Garo hills and set up a camp near Chisobibra village. Pa Togan Sangma and other warriors launched an attack against the British forces, only to face a barrage of bullets. Being ill-equipped, the warriors suffered grave losses, and Pa Togan Sangma died on the spot in his quest to save his motherland and his people,” notes this report from the Telegraph .

There are other important freedom fighters from the Northeast who valiantly took on the British, who have not been mentioned here like Kushal Konwar, Shoorvir Pasaltha Khuangcher, Trilochan Pokhrel, Matmur Jamoh, Bhogeswari and Krishna Nath Sharma. These are names that have made it into the annals of regional history. It’s time they received national attention too.

(Edited by Gayatri Mishra)

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U Tirot Singh & Meghalaya’s Fight For Freedom

• AUTHOR Mahasweta Dey
• PUBLISHED 16 June 2019

The early 19th century was a period of great turbulence in the North-Eastern region of present-day India. The Anglo-Burmese War had come to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Yandabo (1826), which finally paved the way for the entry of the East India Company into Assam and other areas of the North East.

In the early days of British rule in Assam, David Scott was appointed as the Agent of the Governor-General for the entire eastern frontier, from Cachar (Silchar in Assam) to Sylhet (in present-day Bangladesh) in the south, to Sikkim in the north. He was also the Special Civil Commissioner of North-East Rongpur (present-day Goalpara and Garo Hills) and Judge of Circuit and Appeal in the Zilla of Sylhet.

– Scott was an ambitious British officer, whose primary aim was to consolidate British rule in the region.

One of the main strategies of the British in India was to create a sound network of connectivity across the country, to maintain control over the provinces. With the beginning of British control over the Brahmaputra valley, Scott started seeking avenues to open up a direct route of transportation and communication from Assam through densely forested areas right up to the Surma Valley. He wanted to build a road connecting Guwahati to Sylhet (around 230 km), thus saving travel time through the malaria-infested region.

Since the road would have to pass through Meghalaya, Scott arranged a meeting with U Tirot Singh (‘U’ is the masculine article in the Khasi language), one of the constitutionally chosen chiefs or ‘Syiems’ in the province of Nongkhlow (Nongklaw). Nongkhlow is now a village in the Nongstoin subdistrict of the West Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya, roughly 63 km from Shillong and about 101 km from Guwahati. This route was chosen by the British since it would be the fastest route to Sylhet as well as the rest of Bengal, and thus connect them to the rest of the country.

Tirot Singh was a constitutional head of Nongkhlow. He was the king of the Khadsawphra Syiemship. There were 25 petty states in the Khasi Hills. Of these, 15 were presided over by the Syiems; even though all the heads belonged to the same clan, they were all chosen by popular election.

Tirot Singh was a visionary leader and well loved by his people. He had the interest of his people in mind and so, when the British led by Scott approached him with the proposal to build a road connecting Guwahati to Sylhet, he welcomed the idea, thinking it would give him and his tribe access as well as control over the duars or passes in Assam and a flourishing trade route right up to the Surma Valley (in present-day Bangladesh).

With this end in view, Tirot Singh and the other chiefs held a durbar or a court with David Scott in 1827.

– The durbar, which lasted two days, left an impact on Scott, who was amazed at the decency, decorum and quality of the debate.

After an intensive discussion among the chiefs, they granted their consent to the construction of a road from Rani (near Guwahati) via Nongkhlow to the Surma Valley. The work started at once and, soon, bungalows came up at Nongkhlow. For about 18 months, work proceeded smoothly and the officers mixed freely with the local tribesmen and maintained cordial relations.

British historian, Sir Edward Gait mentions in his book ‘The History of Assam’ (1906) that in April 1829, there arose a sense of great alarm among the Khasis in Nongkhlow when a Bengali peon told them that the British had ulterior motives for building that road. He said they were planning to levy taxes on the local people and subjugate them as soon as the road was completed.

Tirot Singh also learned of reinforcements being brought in to Guwahati. He convened another durbar and also instructed the British to vacate Nongkhlow. The latter, of course, paid no heed. This angered Tirot Singh and he led a sudden attack on a small band of officers on 4th April 1829 (Prof P N Dutta - Glimpse into the History of Assam, Shillong, 1986 ). One of the officers, Lt Bedingfield was lured to a meeting and killed, while another officer, Lt Burlton, continued to defend himself and tried to flee towards Guwahati but he was overtaken and put to death. Sir Gait, in his narration, mentions that Scott himself had a narrow escape as he had left for Cherrapunjee (Sohra) shortly before the attack.

Alarmed at the sudden development, British troops were immediately summoned from both Sylhet and Kamrup, and drastic steps were taken to put down the rebellion. The Khasis under Tirot Singh offered stiff resistance to the British, resorting mainly to guerilla warfare and the hilly terrain worked to their advantage. But, sadly, they were armed only with native weapons like bows, arrows and swords, which eventually proved futile against the sophisticated guns and battle strategy of the British.

In spite of these drawbacks, the Khasis didn’t give up easily and the conflict dragged on for four long years. But, as days passed, one chief after another began to accept submission. Tirot Singh was also injured and took refuge in the surrounding caves. Even, today, anyone travelling to those areas can get a glimpse of these hiding places, which are preserved with great pride.

Unfortunately, Tirot Singh was betrayed and his hideout given away by a native who had been bribed by the British, and Tirot Singh was forced to surrender on 9th January 1833. After a namesake trial, Tirot Singh was deported to Dhaka (in present-day Bangladesh), where he died in captivity.

Prof David R Syiemlieh, who has done extensive research and is credited with the discovery of the details regarding the death and last days of Tirot Singh, mentions in In Pursuit of History, Discussion on Collection and Interpretation of Data (NEHU journal publication; Vol XIII) that although Tirot Singh was actually deported to faraway Dhaka, he was treated like a native ruler and granted an allowance. Prof Syiemlieh offers documented proof that he had been under house arrest but was allowed to move around in his palanquin in and around Dhaka.

His research led to the discovery that Tirot Singh breathed his last on 17th July 1835. It is believed that he died of a stomach ailment. These findings led the Meghalaya government to dedicate 17th July as Tirot Singh Day and a state holiday. The Tirot Singh Award for Arts and Literature is also a very prestigious state award.

Tirot Singh was not only one of the most loved and respected Syiems, but his patriotism and courage have also made him a household name in Meghalaya. A true son of the soil, who had the welfare of his people at heart, he didn’t hesitate to retaliate as soon as he realized the real motives of the British.

The route carved by David Scott still exists and is broken into many segments frequented by trekking enthusiasts. The most favoured section, 16 km long, extends from Mawphlang to Lad Mawphlang in Meghalaya’s Eastern Khasi Hills and is called the David Scott Trail. While pushing this trail, you can still get a glimpse of the horse-cart track that Scott built from Sohra (Cherrapunjee) to Bangladesh. The route is littered with jaw-dropping vistas but, if you ever make it this far, spare a thought for the son of the soil who gave his life for his people and for these hills.

– ABOUT AUTHOR

Mahasweta Dey is an MA in History from Cotton College, Assam and currently teaches History and Social Science in a school in Guwahati.

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PIB Shillong Organizes Webinar on ‘Unsung Heroes of Meghalaya’ to Commemorate Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav Experts Highlight the Freedom Movement in Meghalaya

Press Information Bureau Shillong today held a virtual discussion on ‘Unsung Heroes of Meghalaya’ as part of the nationwide celebration of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.

With India celebrating its 75 th year of independence, the discussion highlighted the efforts of the Freedom Fighters, Historians, Writers and the associated people to develop the sentiment of anti-British and embracing freedom instead. Today’s webinar reminisced the country’s freedom and marked the occasion of Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav in reverence of the unsung Heroes of Meghalaya.

Senior Journalist and President of the Shillong Press Club, Shri David Laitphlang began the webinar with his welcome address, wherein he introduced the Speakers for the session – HoD, History, North Eastern Hill University (NEHU), Professor CA Mawlong, Professor S Lamare, History department, NEHU and Wing Commander Shri Ratnakar Singh, PRO, Defence, Shillong.

Prof (Dr) Mawlong dwelt on the freedom struggle of the Unsung Heroes of Khasis. She began with the valour of U Tirot Sing, the great freedom fighter from Khasi Hills, who declared war and fought against British for attempting to take over control of the land of the Khasis.

She touched upon the efforts of different Writers and Historians to represent the Freedom Fighters from the Khasis. She highlighted how these writers were successful in empowering the Khasis and they were successful in bringing to the fore who Khasis were.

She referred to Prof. Helen Giri whose work is entitled 'The Khasis Under British Rule' (1824-1947). The Historians and writers have written extensively on U Tirot Sing and the Anglo-Khasi War, she said, adding that a lot has been written on the 1829 War, the confrontations of the Chiefs of the Khasi Hills and the British.

She was categorical about an interesting subject - the role of readership in igniting the sentiment of nationalism. She informed how the translation of Indian Epics in Khasi language helped the historians in making the Khasis familiar with the culture and tradition of the rest of the country.

She, in particular, mentioned the efforts of U Sib Charan Roy, the eldest son of Babu Jeebon Roy, the ‘Father of modern Khasis’. She entailed his life and how he became instrumental in raising his voice against the British. Prof Mawlong specifically mentioned about a school at Mawkhar, which was founded to educate the underprivileged Khasi students. She stressed on  Roy’s efforts in running the School as its first Headmaster in a shoestring budget following his disagreement with the institute’s curriculum.

He wrote a letter to Mahatma Gandhi expressing the problems he faced, she added. Gandhi, in turn, published his response in Harijan, his publication, intervened and later helped the school receive a grant for its proper functioning. She also mentioned about Lala Lajpat Rai visiting Shillong in 1939 and contributing a small sum to the school.

Prof. Shobhan.N. Lamare, Department of History, North-Eastern Hills University who is known for his researches and works relating to the life and history of the Jaintias dwelt upon the freedom struggle of the Jaintias in an attempt to understand the colonial psyche and the Jaintia resistance.

Prof Lamare referred to the attack of the Bristish Camp in Jowai on March 22, 1860 which signaled the outbreak of the resistance against the British. By the month of May a number of prisoners were taken by Rowlatt to Cherrapunji. They were Dalois, Pators or men who were involved in the fight or those who had been actively engaged in carrying out the resistance. Some of them were U Bnai ex-Daloi of Ralliang; U Kat former Pator of Ralliang; U Skam ex-Daloi of Changpung; U Chan ex-Daloi of Changpung, U Iong ex-pator of Nongbah; U Mon ex-Daloi of Nartiang; U Long Sutnga of Nartiang; U Iong ex-Daloi of Nangjngi; U Parbat, U Rymbai, U Byong Songloo of Satpattor.

U Kiang Nangbah, a commoner, was chosen and garlanded by the Daloi of Nartiang to lead the struggle against British Imperialism. U Kiang Nangbah and his most trusted Lieutenant U Chey Rangbah toured and inspired the people. The leaders who were working with U Kiang Nangbah were U Long Padu, U Swar Sutnga, U Mon Rymbai, U Bang, U Bakher, U Mulon Mynso, U Kiang Sule, U Kat Changpung and U Woh Riang.

U Mulon, the former Daloi of Mynso and the principal leader after the execution of U Kiang Nangbah declared his determination to carry on the fight till the last. He was regarded as the successor of U Kiang Nangbah. In the mean time U Sa Nartiang, the son of U Kat from Rymbai was captured and tried by Captain Morton on 16th January 1863. He was found guilty of rebelling against the British and was hanged.

Prof Lamare referred to the incident of 29th and 30th of January 1863, when 106 men, women and children were captured and twelve of them were killed besides wounding many more in an encounter near Jowai. It was reported also that several women and children drowned in an attempt to cross the Mungot River in order to escape the British forces. In all the struggles it was pointed out that women and children were mixed up and the casualty had been high at times.

Prof Lamare also mentioned that on 1st December, more Jantias who had taken part in the resistance were captured from Sutnga. On 11th December U Kiang Bhein was captured. U Sawar the Daloi of Sutnga was killed in an encounter with the troops. U Chey Rangbah, the lieutenant of U Kiang Nangbah was killed in an encounter with the people of Nongbah. On 23rd March, 1864, Haughton, the Commissioner, in his message to the Government of Bengal wrote: “the people have been very severely punished and that all inclination to rebel is at an end”.

Prof Lamare gave a detailed account of many unsung heroes of the Jaintias who played a very pivotal role in instilling the sense of nationalism against the Britishers.

Senior Journalist and President Shillong Press Club, Shri David Laitphlang in his address appreciated the efforts of the Press Information Bureau in holding the webinar to spread information about the contribution of freedom fighters including ‘Unsung Heroes’ of the freedom struggle.

He opined that the learnings should be part of the regular curriculum in schools and colleges of the state. He also opined that the findings and minutes of the webinar, comprising the recommendation of the panelists, should be shared with the State Education Department. This will further help to ensure that the tale of the Unknown Heroes become part of the regular curriculum in the state, he added.

Shri S N Pradhan, Additional Director General, North East Zone, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting said that Press Information Bureau can share details of the webinar with the state government with recommendation from the panelists. He added that the government, under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, aims to strengthen the economic development of the Northeastern Region (NER) in order to promote economic cooperation, cultural ties, and developing a strategic relationship with countries in the Indo-pacific region. The Ministry will collate details of Unsung Heroes from across the Northeastern states so that more people can learn about their lives and works, he added.

Wing Commander Shri Ratnakar Singh, PRO, Defence, Shillong congratulated the team of Press Informtion Bureau in successfully holding the interactive webinar on Azadi Ka Amrit Mahotsav.

Media and Communication Officer, PIB Shillong, Shri Gopajit Das moderated today’s session on ‘Unsung Heroes of Meghalaya’

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Tirot Singh: An Unsung Hero of the Khasi Tribe who destroyed British with his skill at Guerrilla Warfare

U Tirot Sing Day is a regional public holiday in the Indian state of Meghalaya on July 17th each year. This holiday honours Tirot Singh, a 19th-century freedom fighter from Meghalaya who led a revolt against the British.

In amongst the numerous religious and tribal festivals in the holidays of the northeastern states of India, there is a series of holidays dedicated to brave native tribal leaders who resisted the British occupation of their land in the 19th century. One of the greatest of these freedom fighters was U Tirot Sing.

An undisputed hero of the land, martyr of the soil, unsung or celebrated, U Tirot Sing has carved a niche for himself in the annals of the country’s resistance to British occupation of India. U Tirot Sing is synonymous with the pride of the Khasis probably as the brightest iconic star of the tribe.

From the ramparts of the Red Fort, marking India’s 70th Independence Day, Prime Minister Narendra Modi elucidated his vision of bringing back tribal freedom fighters into the mainstream narrative. He said, “ We want to have museums in each state dedicated to tribal freedom fighters, where their contributions and memoirs related to them would be displayed .”

Unfortunately, syllabi in Indian schools still do not recognise the contribution of lesser known tribal freedom fighters. The British had imposed their system and way of working on the tribals. This resulted in a massive tribal uprising against the British. The first and foremost factor to recognise and acknowledge is that the tribals fought for India’s freedom at par with those in the mainstream.  Be it water, forest or land, tribes fought for their rights against the British .

U Tirot Sing ! The very utterance of his name instilled terror in the minds of the British for 4 long years from 1829 to 1833 in the Khasi Hills in Meghalaya . This Khasi king of a principality in Meghalaya did not bow to the supremacy of the British. He did not surrender to their oppression and injustice or let his people suffer at the colonial enemy’s hands.  He kept the flame of freedom struggle alive and inspired the neighboring kingdoms of the Northeast to rise in revolt against the British.

U Tirot Sing was the king of Nongkhlaw, a principality located in the Khasi Hills of Meghalaya. He was also the constitutional head of leading clans within his territory. He drew his lineage from the Syiemlieh clan of the Khasi tribe that migrated from Central Mongolia through Kashmir to Assam and the Khasi hills.

The British established their supremacy in parts of the northeastern states after the Treaty of Yandaboo signed in 1826 with Burma. It was a peace treaty that led to the end of the First Anglo-Burmese War . This war that continued for two years led to the death of fifteen thousand European and Indian soldiers. As per the treaty, the British would occupy Assam , Manipur , Rakhine (Arakan), and the Taninthayi (Tenasserim) coast south of the Salween River besides supremacy in Cachar and the Jaintia Hills district . After the treaty was signed, the British planted tea gardens in most of these places and stationed British planters and forces.

The road leading from the Brahmaputra valley to Cachar and other regions of the Barak valley was hilly, treacherous, and daunting. There were no direct roads that connected the two valleys. Before the treaty of Yandaboo was signed, the British had already established their supremacy in the Barak valley. After the treaty was signed, the British found it difficult and time consuming to maintain a communication link between the two valleys.

The British wanted to establish a strategic road to link the two valleys, from Guwahati to Sylhet. That would mean it should be constructed via the Khasi hills for the road to be short and less time consuming. Passage through the Khasi hills would save the British several weeks of time.

David Scott, the political agent of the British for the northern territory, approached U Tirot Sing, seeking permission for the construction of a road through his kingdom. David Scott promised free trade for the Khasis with other regions through this road once the road project was completed. Scott also promised to give Tirot Sing complete control over Bordwar (territory that leads to passage to Assam) in the Meghalaya Assam border.

U Tirot Sing summoned all the chiefs of the leading clans and convened a session in his durbar. He presented to the chiefs the proposal presented by the British. The discussion went on for two days with few opposing and few agreeing. And then it was decided that Tirot Sing would give his consent to the British proposal. One key reason was that good roads in the Khasi Hills would also benefit the local tribes. Moreover, the proposals forwarded by the British were advantageous for the Khasis. Little did the Khasis know the clever policy of the British!

Following the acceptance of the proposal, a British garrison with labourers to construct the road was posted at Nongkhlaw. The construction process started in full swing.

Meanwhile, the British reinforced their forces stationed in Guwahati and Sylhet. Why increase forces and add more weapons to the artillery when there were no wars to be fought in the near future? Moreover, the British temporarily set up bases only for the purpose of road construction. Tirot Sing came to know about this development. He sensed the ulterior motive of the British to ultimately grab the entire hill territory cleverly and treacherously.

Tirot Sing immediately served a notice to the British to quit Nongkhlaw . But the British did not pay any heed to the notice. Neither did they think it important to discuss with the Khasi chief related to the notice. They continued with their construction activities. Meanwhile, the British stationed more British officers and laborers in other posts across the Khasi hills in the name of road construction.

During this time, Balaram Singh, Raja of Ranee, another principality of Meghalaya, disputed U Tirot Sing’s claims to the Bordwar. To establish his claim U Tirot Sing marched towards Bordwar in December 1828. The British forces blocked his way to proceed further.

This angered Tirot Sing and the ulterior motive of the British trying to establish their supremacy in the Khasi hills was further demonstrated.

Tirot Sing declared war against the British . On 4th April 1829, the Khasi army under Tirot Sing attacked the British garrison at Nongkhlaw. Several British officers were killed. The British immediately responded. They send fresh troops with artillery to the Khasi hills to control the situation.

The open battle led to the martyrdom of many Khasi warriors. The Khasi army, equipped with swords, shields, bows and arrows were no match to the British forces who were equipped with firearms and killed the opposite forces from a distance.

If this open war were to continue, the British would certainly win. Tirot Sing devised a plan. He held a meeting with the other chiefs and together they decided to employ guerrilla warfare techniques. The guerrilla warfare involved involvement of a small group of combatants in ambushes, hit-and-run tactics, sabotage, raids, etc. using arms.

He selected special bands of warriors and deployed them in secret caves in the hills to produce ammunition. They terrorized the British officers posted in the Khasi hills by conducting lethal night raids on their outposts. They also employed various locally-developed techniques of guerilla warfare. They used the knowledge of their hilly terrain to their utmost advantage. Tirot Sing’s patriotic valour could not be dampened even after he sustained a severe bullet injury. He was known for his deft organizational skills, supported by efficient spies. His immortal words – “ Better to die an independent king than reign as the vassal ” – infused strength and courage among his people.

Tirot Sing perfectly gave shape to his strategy, attacking the British in small groups in different places. He organized the Khasi chiefs from other principalities and together they created terror amongst the British. His advantage was his familiarity with the hilly terrain of the region.

Tirot Sing mastered the art of guerrilla warfare. He himself trained his men. The emergency situation led to the requirement of more arms. Sing entrusted a select band of Khasi warriors and deployed them in caves to manufacture tribal weapons. He also entrusted spies all over the region to stay updated about any movement from the British. Accordingly, he planned every attack. The Khasi king and his men conducted night raids on the British outposts. A number of the British units were destroyed and many Britishers were massacred.  This worried the British. The remaining Britishers stationed in the Khasi hills stayed in panic.

Additional forces were sent by the British in the Khasi hills. Tirot Sing and his men hid in secret caves. They continued with their guerrilla warfare tactics. The British carried out search operations in each and every corner of Khasi hills to capture Tirot Sing but in vain. This continued for four long years!

Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, freedom fighter, politician, founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, and author wrote about Tirot Sing, “Tirot Sing, and his 10,000-man army, evaded the British and occasionally swooped down upon the plains, causing alarm all over Assam. Once the panic was so great that even in Guwahati, the headquarters of the British, large numbers of people including high officials kept boats ready to evacuate at a moment’s notice.”

It is but a fact that during Mughal and British rule, many Indians themselves were traitors. Had these traitors not existed there would have been no Mughal or British rule. It is because of these traitors that Mughals and British ruled India for a long time.

The British were successful in luring a Khasi chief with gold coins to pass on information about the whereabouts of Tirot Sing. Based on the information provided by the traitor chief, the British were able to capture the Khasi king on January 13, 1833. Had the traitor not informed the British about Sing’s whereabouts, the history of Meghalaya would have been different!

The British imprisoned Tirot Sing at Dhaka Jail till he breathed his last on 17 July 1835.

Lord Curzon, the then Viceroy of India, in his tributes to U Kine Sing (successor of Tirot Sing) in 1903 said, “Not without courageous fighting and there is much to the credit of your nation in the regard of the long struggle which however lamentably commenced, exhibited the bravery and endurance of Tirot Sing.”

Sadly Tirot Sing and his contribution have been reduced to a little known figure. It is time India remembers and pays fitting tribute to this heroic tribal figure who was the last independent king of the Khasis. Even though Tirot Sing was eventually arrested, he had assured himself a place of honour and distinction in the history of freedom fighters of India who sacrificed their all in the long struggle.

Tribal communities have been an integral part of our civilisation. Jaravas in parts of Andaman are said to have ancient origins. It is imperative for us to establish an umbilical cord with them. Otherwise the pace at which the erosion of tribal culture is rampant we will have no tribal legacy left for our future generations. The makers of our Constitution were people of vision and foresight. By providing opportunities in education and empowerment for the tribal communities, the state has rightly indulged in positive upliftment of our tribal brethren. Late PA Sangma went on to become the Speaker of Lok Sabha. India needs more leaders from the community.

Salute to Tirot Sing! Jai Hind!

References:

dnaindia.com - Guru Prakash,Sudarshan Ramabadran arisebharat.com - By Dr. Ankita Dutta Saffron Swords: Centuries of Indic Resistance to Invaders - Manoshi Sinha Rawal, Yogaditya Singh Rawal

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Tirot Singh: The Unsung Hero of North-East India

Tirot Singh was popularly known as U Tirot Singh Syiem. He was the legendary freedom fighter from the state of Meghalaya. He was one of the leaders of the Khasi people. He fought against British rules to take possession of the Khasi Hills in the early eighteen century. He was the Syiem or chief of Nongkhlaw, a part of Khasi Hills. His last name was Syiem. He was a statutory head sharing corporate authority with his Council. He was the representative of leading tribes within his territory.

Maybe he is unknown to the rest of the country and one of the unsung heroes of the country, but he was the first freedom fighter who opposed the colonial rules from North-East India. He was a brave and courageous leader who struggled and fought for his people. He tried to save Khasi Hills from British rule. He was determined not to give his land in the hand of the British. He started the battle against the British in 1829 and continued till the last day of his life. He was the first Khasi leader who raised the sword against the British. He was the head of the administrative power of the Khasi Hills. He was the leader in his Durbar or court, and there were other leaders of the several tribes. They discussed every issue in the court or Durbar, and then they decided on war.

When the Treaty of Yandabo was signed in 1826, the British already had extended control over the Brahmaputra valley or Sylhet. Khasi Hills was situated between Sylhet and the newly acquired Lower Assam. The British were interested in the Khasi Hills to control the region. British made a plan, and they wanted to build a road through this area to connect Guwahati with Sylhet to save travel time and establish better control of the region. Their intentions were simple; they were spreading their colonial rules slowly. U Tirot Singh was interested in recapturing Duarsin’s return of the issuing permission for the road project. His intention was understood by the agent to the British Governor-General of the Nothern Territory, David Scott. The British were interested in negotiating with Tirot Singh. After two court sessions, the assembly members agreed to the British proposal.

At last, the work of the road was started. But Balaram Singh, Raja of Ranee, disagreed with the claim of U Tirot Singh about Duarsand challenging him. He claimed that Duars was in his territory. Then Tirot Singh went with his armed troop to establish his claim in December 1828. Tirot Singh was confident that he would get support from British rulers. Unfortunately British had their plan. A group of British sepoys blocked his route. Tirot Singh received the news that the British were strengthening their forces in Assam. U TirotSinghagain organized the meeting at the court. They passed the order that they wanted the British to evacuate Nongkhlaw immediately. But the British ignored his order and continued their work of making roads. That was why on 4 April 1829, Khasis attacked the British base camp in Nongkhlaw. They killed two British officers, and after that British were furious. They were planning for revenge. British arranged immediate military operations against U Tirot Singh and other leaders of the Khasi. They gathered forces with powerful arms.

In the Anglo-Khasi war , the Khasis were weaker than the British. Khasis used primary weapons like swords, shields, sharp knives, bows and arrows. They didn’t have any firearms like guns or bombs. Soon Khasi forces realized that they couldn’t continue this war openly against the powerful British armed forces. British were firing from a distance and killed Khasi men easily. Then Khasi troops started the guerrilla war. They understood that native weapons couldn’t stand before these potentially firing arms. This war continued for four years. U Tirot Singh and his team continued this war with their native weapons like swords and shields. But he was injured by the British army’s gunshot and hid in a cave.

At last, he was captured by the British army in 1833. He was deported to Dhaka. A chief of Khasi disclosed his hidden information. He was bribed with gold coins for disclosing the location of U Tirot Singh. At last, U Tirot Singh died on 17 July 1835. Meghalaya remembered his death anniversary every year as a state holiday.

He was one of the pioneers of North-East India who started a war against the British. He opposed British rule in the Khasi Hills. But unfortunately, his name is not mentioned in any history book. 90 percent of Indian people don’t know his name as the great freedom fighter. He was one of the unsung North-Eastern heroes of India. But he opposed colonial rules at a time when people were not aware of the consequences of the British rules. He understood the British rulers’ motto and started a war against them named Anglo- the Khasi War. He was a brave and courageous leader of the Khasi people who fought against the powerful armed forces with some native weapons like swords, shields, Sharp knives and bows and arrows.

Meghalaya got its first animated movie on the life and struggle of legendary Khasi leader and freedom fighter U Tirot Singh Syiem. Its name is “U Syiem”. Few young film fans made this effort. The film is one hour long and was made under the banner of the Cosmic Clusters at the price of thirty-two lakhs. The director and the writer of the movie is Ban Casper Mawlong. He once said that this was the first animated film of Meghalaya and for the North –East. It is based on stories of the legendary freedom fighter U Tirot Singh’s life. It is to give tribute to the great leader.

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KA PHAN NONGLAIT (Meghalaya)

An unsung hero from far-flung Meghalaya, which was miles away from the epicentre of India’s freedom struggle movement. Ka Phan Nonglait was one such person who hailed from the Rymmai village, which falls under Hima Nongkhlaw She is considered to be the first woman freedom fighter from the Khasi Hills. Born in 1799, little is known or even recorded about the life of Ka Phan Nonglait.

Ka Phan Nonglait got involved with India’s freedom struggle during the era of U Tirot Sing, who is regarded as the 'hero' of the Khasi hills. He hailed from the Syimileh (Chief) clan of the Nongkhlaw region of the Khasi hills and was known for his warfare tactics, valour, and uncompromised control over the Khasi region against the British occupation. It was more of a war of guns vs swords and arrows, in which Tirot Sing countered the colonial forces with his guerilla tactics. Ka Phan Nonglait is said to have assisted U Tirot Sing in his fight against the British forces.

Ka Phan Nonglait  

The Warrior Queen  

According to records, on one occasion, U Tirot Sing’s soldiers heard the news that the British troops had started to move out of Mairang village and were headed for Nongkhlaw. Tirot Sing’s men immediately laid a trap for the British soldiers at Langstiehrim. It was summer, and due to the unbearable heat, the British soldiers rested near the waterfall. The brave Ka Phan Nonglait very shrewdly took the initiative to provide the soldiers with refreshments while U Tirot Sing’s men waited in the shadows. While the tired Britishers were relaxing and getting a breather, Ka Phan Nonglait used the opportunity to take away all their weapons and threw them under the rock hole of the waterfall. The soldiers of U Tirot Sing seized the moment and attacked and captured the British soldiers, who were unprepared and unarmed. Such was Ka Phan’s contribution to the freedom struggle. Interestingly, the weapons are presumed to be still lying in that rock hole to date, and the waterfalls have been named 'The Phan Nonglait Falls.' There are also unconfirmed reports of another incident that talks of her role in the killing of 32 British soldiers.

Ka Phan Nonglait played an instrumental role in restoring and upholding the dignity of the Khasi tribe. She passed away on 06 December 1850 at her Nongrmai village in Eastern West Khasi Hills due to a prolonged illness. As a mark of respect and to pay tribute to her courage, the Lyngdoh Nonglait clan has preserved the basic daily utensils and the house of Phan Nonglait, so that the present generation can see and learn about the incomparable female Khasi freedom fighter Ka Phan Nonglait. Recently, a book on the life of Ka Phan Nonglait titled ‘Ka Phan Nonglait – A Lady Freedom Fighter of India’, written by one of her descendants, Daniel Stone Lyngdoh, was released.

A Lady Freedom Fighter of India (Book written by Daniel Stone Lyngdoh)  

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Unsung Heroes of India’s Freedom Struggle from the Northeast

As India commemorates its 77th Independence Day, it’s imperative to acknowledge the significant but often overlooked role played by the unsung heroes from the states of Northeast India in the nation’s journey towards freedom from British colonial rule. While the struggle for independence is synonymous with iconic figures like Mahatma Gandhi and Subhas Chandra Bose, the contributions of the Northeastern states, including Sikkim and Darjeeling , are an integral part of the historical tapestry.

In a noble initiative, IPS Office Robin Hibu , Special Commissioner of Police at Delhi Armed Police and his NGO Helping Hands , have taken various initiative to promote and spread awareness about the contributions of Freedom Fighters from the Northeast stated in India’s freedom struggle.

Assam’s contribution to India’s freedom struggle is notable for its role in the Quit India Movement of 1942. Under the leadership of stalwarts like Kushal Konwar and Kanaklata Barua, the state became a hotbed of anti-colonial protests and demonstrations. The iconic ‘Tezpur Revolt’ led by Barua, where she unfurled the national flag defying curfew, stands as a testament to the unwavering spirit of the region.

Kanaklata Baruah

She is popularly known as ‘Birbala’. She took active part in the Quit India Movement as the head of the women volunteers line with the National Flag in her hand. She was shot dead by the British police during a non-violent protest at the Gohpur Police Station.

Sambhudhan Phonglo

Born in the Cachar Hills region of Assam, Veer Sambhudhan Phonglo was one of the foremost Dimasa freedom fighters who fought against British colonialism in India. Sambhudhan Phonglo extensively travelled in the North Cachar Hills, encouraging mass resistance, making contacts, and organizing followers. He was able to recruit a large number of youths to form a revolutionary force and training centres.

Kushal Konwar

A prominent leader from Assam during the Quit India Movement, he was one of the key persons to organize the movement in Assam. In 1942, he was falsely charged by the British of de-railing a military train and causing accidents. He was charged as the mastermind of the train accident and sentenced to death by hanging.

Maniram Dewan

He was an Assamese nobleman and a freedom fighter in British India. He was one of the first people to establish tea gardens in Assam. He was a statesman of the Sepoy revolution of 1857. He is considered one of the most outstanding personalities of the 19th century in Assam

The Northeastern state of Manipur witnessed remarkable resistance against British rule. In addition to the brave battles fought by the patriotic people of Manipur against the Burmese in the 17th and 18th centuries, and later against the British in 1891, Manipur has a consistent history of standing up for what is right.

Rani Gaidinliu

A Rongmei Naga spiritual and political leader born in the Tamenglong region of Manipur, Rani Gaidinlu took up armed resistance against the British authority at the age of 13 years. Among the local communities, Rani Gaidinlu was considered an incarnation of Goddess Cherachamdinliu. She was arrested in 1932 at the age of 16, and was sentenced to life imprisonment by the British rulers. She was released in 1947 after independence and Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru gave her the title ‘Rani’ and described Gaidinliu as the “daughter of the hills”. She was also awarded a Padma Bhushan. The Government of India issued a postal stamp in her honour in 1996, and commemorative coin in 2015.

Haipou Jadonang

A Naga spiritual leader born in Tamenglong region, Haipou Jadonang gradually turned into a revolutionary when he observed how the British imposed their religion and way of life on the Nagas, and realized that the attempts to convert the Nagas were a serious threat to the indigenous faith, customs, and traditions of the community. Jadonang worked for the preservation and revival of the Naga culture and revolted against the imperial and spiritual oppression of the British.

Bir Tikendrajit Singh

A Royal prince and Commander of the Manipuri revolutionary army, he was one of the masterminds of the ‘Palace Revolution’ against the British which led to the Anglo-Manipur War of 1891. Bir Tikendrajit and his loyal forces comprising General Paona Brajabashi and Gorkha revolutionary Subedar Niranjan Chhetri and others were captured by the British during Manipur expedition and was hanged for treason.

Ngulkhup Haokip

Leader of Kuki militia group formed rebel and fight against the expansion of the British forces. He was captured by the British after the Anglo-Kuki War (1917-19) and taken to Imphal and then Assam for imprisonment. Ngulkhup Haokip is called a Kuki War Hero because he did not surrender to the British till he was arrested despite many attempts to lure and force him to surrender.

Nagaland’s journey towards India’s freedom was marked by the set-up of the first village under Azad Hind administration in the Naga hills, specifically in Ruzasho village. The contributions of Naga freedom fighters to the struggle for independence and their relationship with Netaji are often not talked about in today’s history books in India.

Vezo Swuro was close to Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose. At 16 years old, he met Netaji near his house. Netaji’s camp was close, so he and a friend went there with spades when Bose invited them. They worked in the camp, hidden in thick bamboo, escaping British bombings twice. They cut bunkers and were excited to help Bose. Despite language barriers, he collected fruits and things for Netaji. He guided Netaji around the village. The village gave 300 tons of rice to Japanese and INA during their stay.

Mr. Visar Viswento Angami

Mr. Visar Viswento Angami, also known as Visar was one of the first educated Naga youth. During World War II, he helped the Japanese and his villagers as an interpreter and mediator. He was imprisoned by the British from 1944 to 1945 for his role in the freedom movement.  When the Japanese arrived at Jakhama village in April 1944, they needed an educated person to communicate with the villagers. Mr. Visar presented a photo of Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose to the Japanese, and they mistook him for a British spy. However, Mr. Visar managed to meet Mr. Miyasake, the commanding officer of the Kohima Battle. Mr. Visar became part of the Indian National Army (INA), earning respect from soldiers. 

The Garo and Khasi Hills in Meghalaya became a battleground against colonial oppression. Prominent figures like Togan Nengminja Sangma and U Tirot Sing Syiem led the indigenous people in their fight for independence, asserting their cultural identity along with their political aspirations.

Togan Nengminza

A freedom fighter from Garo Hills region of Meghalaya, Togan Nengminza belonged to the Garo (A-chick) tribe. He refused to cave into the British forces who had come to occupy his homeland. His warriors force attacked the British soldiers while they slept and inflicted heavy casualties in the beginning, but the modern weaponry of the British was no match for the swords and spears of the Garo warriors. Togan Nengminza and his force fought to the last man and fell under a barrage of bullets fired by the British forces.

U Tirot Sing Syiem

A Syiem (chief) of the Nongkhlaw region of the Khasi Hills, U Tirot Sing fought against British invasion into the Khasi Hills. He is hailed for his warfare tactics, valour & uncompromised control over the Khasi region against the British occupation, U Tirot Sing Syiem was among the fiercest leaders of the Anglo-Khasi War fought from 1823 to 1833. During the Anglo-Khasi War, the Khasi forces lacked firearms and had only swords, shields, bows and arrows. Therefore, they resorted to guerrilla activity, which dragged on for about four years. Tirot Sing was eventually captured by the British in January 1833 and deported to Dhaka. His death anniversary, 17th July, is commemorated every year as a state holiday in Meghalaya.

Arunachal Pradesh

Though geographically isolated, Arunachal Pradesh’s people fervently participated in the freedom movement. The state witnessed grassroots resistance and contributions from individuals who rallied behind the national cause, despite the formidable terrain and logistical challenges.

Matmor Jamoh

He was an Adi warrior of Arunachal Pradesh and revolutionary leader who did not like the British supremacy. So, he gathered young Adi warriors of the Arunachal Pradesh to resist the British expedition. He and his Adi warriors killed so many British officials. During the resistance of a British expedition, he was captured and sentenced to lifetime imprisonment.

Moji Riba was born in 1911 in Dari village to Gomo Riba and Nyapu Riba. In school, he learned about Assam’s freedom fighters and Mahatma Gandhi. British officials mistreated Galo people, not letting them move or trade freely in Assam. In World War II, British forced Galo Hills people to be porters. Moji opposed this and gathered leaders at Dari village to stand against the British. A meeting was held in Dipa village in 1946 where Moji became General Secretary of Dipa Congress Committee. He traveled to villages, spreading Congress flags, caps, and pamphlets. P.L.S. James, a British official, got worried and arrested Moji. He was in jail for over two months until Governor Akber Hydari advised James to release Congress activists. Moji settled in Dari village. 

Tripura’s freedom fighters were instrumental in organizing mass protests, strikes, and boycotts against the British. Leaders like Shantibhushan Nag, Tripura Chandra Sen played an important role in raiding the Chittagong armoury.

Shantibhushan Nag

Shanti Bhushan was inspired by Surya Sen, popularly known as ‘Mastarda’, a rebel group to raid the weapon store of the British. Shanti Bhushan was one among the rebel and one of the most masterminds of Chittagong Armoury Movement in 1930.  He played a significant role in the Chittagong armoury raid. During a fight with the British, he got hurt in the head by a bullet, but he was able to run away. He also spent a long time in jail in 1930 because of his involvement in the Civil Disobedience movement. His brother, Phani Bhushan, also joined the movement when he was still in school. He was imprisoned in Comilla jail until he got released and sent back to Agartala.

Tripura Chandra Sen

Born to Nibaranchandra Sen, Tripura Chandra Sen was tall, strong, and had a bright complexion, which made him stand out. Tripura Chandra joined the revolutionary group in Chattagram during his early teens. His appealing appearance and his ability to get along with everyone led him to become the Brigadier of the revolutionary volunteer force.  Alongside fellow revolutionaries, Tripura Chandra participated in the armory raid in 1930, followed by the Jalalabad War. This battle was against the Surma Valley Light Horse and the Eastern Frontiers’ Rifles, which consisted of 1500 Gorkha soldiers. Tripura Chandra valiantly defended their position but unfortunately lost his life in the process.

Sikkim and Darjeeling

The role of Sikkim and Darjeeling in India’s freedom struggle is a unique blend of cultural and political contributions. Sikkim, while not an official state of India during the colonial period, was not untouched by the spirit of independence. The people of Darjeeling played an active role, voicing their support through strikes and rallies. 

Trilochan Pokhrel

A Gandhian from East Sikkim region, Trilochan Pokhrel, also called ‘Vande Pokhrel,’ was highly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi and his principles of non-violence. He joined Gandhi’s movements like the ‘Non-Cooperation Movement,’ ‘Civil Disobedience Movement,’ and ‘Quit India Movement.’ Inspired by Mahatma Gandhi, Pokhrel gave up worldly comforts and wore cotton Dhoti, with a pair of Khadau (slippers made of wood). He played a vital role in spreading the ideas of Swadeshi movement and civil-disobedience of Mahatma Gandhi among the Sikkimese peasantry. He was the first Sikkimese person to fight against the British rule. He played a big role in the Indian Independence Movement in North Bengal & Sikkim.

Helen Lepcha

Helen Lepcha, also known as Sabitri Devi, was part of Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement and came from the indigenous Lepcha Community. She got involved in the Charkha and Khaddar movement in 1917. She helped during the Bihar flood in 1920 and caught Mahatma Gandhi’s attention. He invited her to Sabarmati Ashram, where she became known as Sabitri Devi. Sabitri Devi was important in the freedom struggle in West Bengal and Bihar. In 1921, she led a big group of coal mine workers in a procession in Calcutta, where famous freedom fighters were also present. She helped Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose escape from internment in Kurseong. In 1942, she was active in the Quit India Movement.

Dal Bahadur Giri

Dal Bahadur Giri also “Gandhi of the Hills” was the first Chairman of the Darjeeling Congress Committee. He started his political journey in Sikkim, working as a head clerk in the Royal Palace. In 1918, he attended a three-day session of the Indian National Congress in Calcutta. He met Mahatma Gandhi and Deshbandhu Chitranjan Das there. After the session, he came back as a changed man. In 1921, he went to a meeting organized by the Deputy Commissioner at the local Rink House. He caused a disturbance by standing up against the Deputy and was cheered by the crowd for his bravery. He was jailed on January 27, 1921, becoming the first Gorkha Gandhian freedom fighter to be imprisoned.

Today, as we celebrate the fruits of our ancestors’ labor, it is vital to remember that the road to freedom was paved with countless sacrifices from every corner of the nation. The Northeastern states including Sikkim and Darjeeling contributed significantly to India’s freedom struggle, leaving behind a legacy of courage, resilience, and an unbreakable spirit that continues to inspire generations.

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Hon’ble President of India, Smti. Droupadi Murmu Ji unveiled bust-sized statues of three freedom fighters of Meghalaya, U Tirot Singh, U Kiang Nangbah and Pa Togan Sangma and planted a tree at Raj Bhavan, Shillong on 17.01.2024

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Why Meghalaya’s new state anthem has led to a controversy over the state’s Jaintia tribe

The anthem included sections in three languages – english, garo and khasi. why has the absence of jaintia or pnar language led to a row how has the government responded.

Marking Meghalaya’s 52nd statehood day on January 21 this year, the state government ceremoniously released an official state anthem. This was heralded as a historic moment in the state’s journey, but five days later on Republic Day, the anthem was not performed or played anywhere in the state.

The government’s notices ordered that the anthem not be played as the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for it is still being prepared. This ‘hold’ on the state anthem comes amidst an ongoing controversy over the languages that find a place in the song.

What is the controversy about?

The two-minute-long anthem features segments in three languages – Khasi, Garo and English. Soon after it was launched, the rumblings of discontent began over the Jaintia or Pnar language not being represented in it.

On the inclusion of English, the Jaintia Students’ Union accused the state government of “promoting a foreign language”, and said it should instead “include dialects of all three tribes – Khasi, Jaintia and Garo.”

Meghalaya is understood to have three major matrilineal communities – Khasis, Garos and Jaintias. But the Jaintias are clubbed along with the Khasis in the state’s Scheduled Tribes (ST) list, along with tribes such as War, Bhoi and Lyngngam. Together, they make up 14.1 lakh of the state’s population (based on 2011 Census data). The Garos number around 8.21 lakh, with the state’s total population being 29.7 lakh.

What are the concerns over Jaintia or Pnar?

Jaintia pressure groups have emphasised their community’s unique history and identity to demand the inclusion of Pnar in the anthem. Stressing this, Samborni Lyngdoh, the President of the Jaintia National Council, pointed to the existing administrative divisions in the state.

There are three Autonomous District Councils in Meghalaya, under the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, for the administration of tribal areas in certain states.

These are the Khasi Hills Autonomous District Council, the Jaintia Hills Autonomous District Council and the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council. Lyngdoh also points to administrative divisions that were in place before Meghalaya got its statehood in 1972.

He said, “We have our own culture and mother tongue. After the British gave us independence, we came under the Assam state. When we look back at 1951-1953, when the state of Assam gave us a District Council, they gave us a United Khasi and Jaintia Autonomous District Council. This meant that there was Khasi and then there was Jaintia.”

“When we got the state also, there has been a distinction between the Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills. Our stand is very clear: when the foundation of the state is through Khasi, Jaintia and Garo, if we have an anthem, it should reflect that… We want the state government to recognise our history and not just neglect us in the Meghalaya state anthem,” he added.

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Focus on distinctiveness

Lyngdoh also spoke of a unique history by emphasising personalities such as Jaintia freedom fighter U Kiang Nangbah. He led an uprising against the British in the Jaintia Hills in the 19th century after the annexation of the Jaintia Kingdom. “We the Jaintias have our own freedom fighters, we stand on a unique history and we don’t want the government to neglect us and render us a lost tribe.”

Congress MP Vincent Pala, who represents Shillng and hails from the Jaintia Hills, pointed to the structuring of positions of power at the state’s highest level. While Chief Minister Conrad Sangma is from the Garo Hills, the state has two Deputy Chief Ministers: Prestone Tynsong is from the Khasi Hills and Sniawbhalang Dhar is from the Jaintia Hills.

“When it comes to the Deputy Chief Minister position they can justify this, but they don’t want to do this in the state anthem. I suggest that the government rectify it, otherwise, the gap will grow wider and wider between the communities… You cannot deprive people just because of official languages… It is not a language, it is a representation of a tribe,” he said.

How has the government responded?

Representatives of the National People’s Party-led Meghalaya Development Alliance government said that the anthem’s languages were selected based on the Meghalaya State Language Act of 2005.

The Act designated English as the state’s official language and also designated Khasi as the ‘Associate Official Language’ for all purposes in the District, Sub-Divisions and Block level offices of the state government in the districts of East Khasi Hills, West Khasi Hills, South West Khasi Hills, East Jaintia Hills, West Jaintia Hills and Ri Bhoi.

Garo language was given the same status in the districts of East Garo Hills, West Garo Hills, South Garo Hills, North Garo Hills and South West Garo Hills.

“Our basic point is that there is a notification and a provision for English as the official language of the state and of two associate official languages. These two languages have been taken. We have to base any decision that we make as a government on acts and rules. Hence, for us to be able to do that [add the Jaintia language to the anthem] there has to be necessary changes in the relevant act or rules itself,” CM Sangma told reporters.

He also argued that acceding to the demand would lead to a slippery slope: “If we are deviating from that, we don’t have any reason to give for others who may demand tomorrow, such as Bhoi or other tribes. So, we can’t justify it because they can say that ‘you have given to this language, that language’. The government cannot arbitrarily do this.”

The other view, on commonalities

While Jaintia pressure groups emphasise a culture, history and language that is distinct from that of the Khasis, several commentators have emphasised their commonalities. Meghalaya Arts and Culture Minister Paul Lyngdoh said, “We have always believed the Khasi-Jaintia to a single cohesive community.”

Sociologist Tiplut Nongbri, in her paper Culture and Biodiversity: Myths, Legends and the Conversation of Nature in the Hills of North-East India, wrote on the common origin myth of groups such as the Khynriam, Jaintia, War, Bhoi and Lyngnam as a unifying factor.

The myth of Ki Hynniew Trep says that seven families lived in heaven and would come down to Earth to cultivate their crops. One day, they found themselves unable to return because the great tree which connected their homes to Earth was cut off. They set up homes on Earth in seven different huts, and these were the ancestors of the different groups.

“In an apparent identification with their local environment the Khasi are internally differentiated into five distinct groups namely Khynriam, Pnar/Jaintia, Bhoi, War and Lyngngam. However, in recognition of their common ancestry and oneness as a people, they collectively define themselves as the children of U Hynniew Trep [Hynniew Trep means seven huts]. In the contemporary era where identity crisis centering on ethnicity is a universal phenomenon, shared origin provides the people with a common rallying point,” she wrote.

Alluding to this belief, Lyngdoh said, “Historically, we always believed in the unity of Khasi and Jaintia as one tribe… Also, you have to bear in mind, that we are also linked by blood, the clans. History and traditions and our creation myths are all the same. There is hardly any difference in the language used. All these things have to be kept in mind if anything has to be thought of afresh,” he said.

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Tirot Sing – unsung hero of the Khasi tribe who took on the British

King of Khasis Tirot Sing is one of the many heroes who has been denied his rightful place in Bharatiya history textbooks. He is a legendary and heroic freedom fighter from North-East Bharat who fought the British using guerrilla warfare in a bid to safeguard the interests of the indigenous Khasi people.

Sing who belonged to the Syiemlieh clan was the king of the Khadsawphra Syiemship as well as the constitutional head (Syiem or chief) of Nongkhlow, which forms a part of the Khasi hills, in the early 19 th Century. Of the 25 small states in the Khasi Hills, 15 were governed by Syiems chosen by popular election.

His mastery of guerrilla warfare tactics along with the ability to organize his Khasi warriors played a great role in helping him take on the British. He was an inspirational leader who was fully aware of the necessity of gathering intelligence to facilitate decision-making. He was also an adept tactician and organizer.

Background of the Anglo-Khasi war

The 1826 Yandabo treaty brought the Anglo-Burmese war and thereby the Brahmaputra valley passed under British control. This facilitated British entry into Assam and other parts of the North East.

David Scott was the Governor-General’s agent for the whole eastern region which included Silchar in Assam to Sylhet (now in Bangladesh) in the south and up to Sikkim in the north. Additionally, he also served as the Special Civil Commissioner of what is today Goalpara and Garo Hills as well as the Sylhet district’s Circuit and Appeal judge.

Scott intended to lay a direct transportation and communication route connecting Assam and Surma valley. He sought to build a road from Guwahati to Sylhet thereby cutting down travel time through the malaria-infested densely forested region.

This was not only the fastest route to Sylhet but also to Bengal and hence also keep the British connected to the rest of the country. The road had to be laid through Meghalaya which was under the control of Tirot Sing. Scott, therefore, decided to approach Tirot and arranged a meeting to seek Sing’s approval.

Tirot Sing gives his assent

Tirot Sing was a popular leader with the best interests of his people at heart. He was, therefore, receptive to Scott’s idea of constructing a road that connected Guwahati with Sylhet.

Sing felt that the road would be beneficial to him and his people as they would gain access to the passes in Assam and a thriving trade route up to Surma Valley now located in Bangladesh. With this intention, Tirot Sing and other chiefs held an assembly with David Scott in the year 1827.

There was an intense discussion among the chiefs following which the approval was given for the construction. The road was to run from Rani near Guwahati to Surma Valley passing through Nongkhlow. The officers were initially very cordial with the locals and maintained friendly relations with them.

Tirot Sing learns of the ulterior motives of the British

The Khasis came to know of the ulterior motives of the British when a Bengali peon informed them of the same and said that the latter also intended to levy taxes on the locals in addition to subjugating them once the construction was completed.

At the same time, Tirot Sing learned that reinforcements had been called in from Guwahati. Tirot called another meeting of the chiefs and ordered the British to leave Nongkhlow but the latter didn’t comply.

Angered by the attitude of the British, on 4 April 1829 Tirot Sing launched an attack on a small group of British officers. Lt Bedingfield was murdered after being lured into a meeting while Lt Burlton was overtaken and killed as he attempted to escape towards Guwahati.

• Anglo-Khasi war

The sudden turn of events led the British to call for troops from Sylhet and Kamrup to quell the rebellion. Under the leadership of Tirot Sing, the Khasis continued to resist the British using guerrilla warfare. The hilly terrain offered them an advantage but ultimately their bows, arrows, and swords were no match for the sophisticated weapons of the British.

However, the British didn’t gain an easy victory as the Khasis continued to put on a stiff resistance for four years despite being in a disadvantageous position. As the conflict continued to drag, several chiefs surrendered.

Tirot Sing, who was injured, took refuge in the nearby caves. He was, however, betrayed by a native who had been bribed by the British to give away Sing’s hideout. Sing was forced to surrender on 9 January 1833. Sing was subsequently deported to Dhaka where he was held in captivity till his death on 17 July 1835.

• Tirot Sing Day

Meghalaya government declared 17 July as Tirot Sing Day in honor of the heroic freedom fighter. The state has also instituted a prestigious award Tirot Sing Award for Arts and Literature in his name. A commemorative stamp has also been launched in Sing’s memory.

Every year on his death anniversary the locals honor his memory by placing wreaths at the U Tirot Sing Memorial located in Mairang Town.

Tirot Sing Cave

The cave situated in West Khasi hills where Tirot Sing took refuge while being hunted down by the British has been preserved as a memorial and trekkers often visit this place. It offers a scenic vista in addition to giving a glimpse into history.

It is high time that the contributions of freedom fighters such as Tirot Sing are mainstreamed.

References:

• Udayavani ( Source )
• DNA ( Source )
• Live History India ( Source )
• Meghalaya Tourism ( Source )
• Times of India ( Source )
• Office Holidays ( Source )

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Home » About Meghalaya » History of Meghalaya

• History of Meghalaya

Located in a region of many migrations that connect East and South-East Asia to the rest of the sub-continent, present-day Meghalaya’s history is long and largely shrouded. Here are some snippets of this state’s fascinating timeline.

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A Tale of Ancient Migrations The region that today constitutes Meghalaya can be termed as a microcosm of diversity – a place that has witnessed many layers of migration. The Pnars, Khasis, and the Garos are communities of Paleo-Mongoloid descent and are believed to be one of the earliest settlers in the present-day North-East India. The Achiks or Garos are closely related to the Bodos of Assam and belong to the Tibeto-Burman family while the Khasis and Pnars come from Mon-Khmer family. Some of the more recent pre-colonial chronicles and mentions of the Pnars have been found in records made during the days of the Axom kingdom (present-day Assam).

Dawn of the Modern Era The Khasi and Pnar communities (who are regarded as distinct groups under the same tribal umbrella) were adept in trade and commerce and their influence was spread from the hills into the plains of Sylhet (present-day Bangladesh). Limestone and iron were some of the major exports from the region – as recorded in some 18th-century records. In the early 19th century (1824), the British were firmly entrenched in most of the sub-continent. To deal with a conflict with the Burmese empire they developed diplomatic relationships with the Khasi-Pnar tribes to create corridors for easier access to the Assam plains. Over the next decades, they faced stiff resistance from some unwilling chiefs and royals who did not trust their trespass of independent tribal lands and this gave the Europeans a pretext for military action and ultimately, political domination. The most well-known freedom fighters of the tribes were U Tirot Sing (Khasi Hills), U Kiang Nongbah (Jaintia Hills), and Pa Togan Sangma (Garo Hills).

The Formation of Meghalaya State For a major part of British Rule, the tribal areas of the North-East were part of the larger East Bengal and Assam administrative divisions. Post-independence, it was not until 1972 that Meghalaya gained statehood after a firm but largely peaceful agitation, the Hill State Movement. A major reason for the struggle was the imposition of Assamese as an official language on the tribal areas (1960), something which the fiercely autonomous indigenous communities were against as it eroded their linguistic and cultural distinctiveness. Captain Williamson A Sangma, who was one of the leaders of the Hill State Movement, was the first chief minister of Meghalaya.

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Unsung Heroes of India’s freedom struggle

Introduction.

In today's fast-moving world and tough competitive day-to-day life, the youth hardly find time for remembrance of our rich heritage and past. This becomes most crucial whilst the nation celebrates Azadi ka Amrit Mahotsav (commemoration of 75 years of Indian Independence). The fight against colonial rule in India constitutes a unique narrative, one which is not marred by violence. Rather a narrative that is full of variegated stories of valor, bravery, Satyagraha, dedication, and sacrifice across the length and breadth of the subcontinent. These stories compose the rich Indian cultural heritage and traditions. Thus, the unsung heroes need not necessarily define the lesser-known freedom fighters. They may, at times, be the leaders whose ideals delineate the Indian value system.

The Section on Unsung Heroes is an attempt to recall and remember forgotten heroes of our freedom struggle, many of whom might be renowned yet unknown to the new generation. The aim of recreating and bringing forth stories, which lay as faded memories of the past, shall serve as a medium of inspiration and encouragement for the coming generations. India 2.0 is not just about fuelling the spirit of India in any one particular paradigm of growth. It encompasses all spheres of life, most of all by enriching our hearts and souls. The spirit of India is incomplete whilst we take our unsung heroes along this journey of growth and development. Their ethos and principles ought to be recalled and respected.

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Freedom fighters

SHILLONG, OCT 4:  Union Minister of State for Parliamentary Affairs Arjun Ram Meghwal today assured to take necessary steps for including the history of the freedom fighters from Meghalaya in the school textbooks.

These include U Tirot Sing, U Kiang Nangbah and Pa Togan Sangma from the three tribes – Khasi, Jaintia and Garo – of the state.

Speaking to reporters, Meghwal, who earlier paid rich tributes to the Khasi legendary freedom fighter – U Tirot Sing while addressing at a function held here, said, “I will keep your suggestions in mind and I will convey   your feelings to the HRD Ministry.”

With regards to the citizenship Bill, the union minister said that the matter is still pending with a parliamentary committee.

“The moment, committee submits its report, it will be taken up before the Cabinet where it will be decided whether the Bill should be brought to Parliament or not,” he said.

It may be mentioned that the Citizenship (Amendment) Bill 2016   which seeks to provide citizenship to Hindu Bangladeshi migrants in India is facing stiff resistance in Assam and other parts of the region.

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Shillong, Oct 14: Meghalaya Chief Minister, Conrad Sangma today unveiled the statues of U Tirot Sing, U Kiang Nangbah and Pa Togan Sangma at U Soso Tham Auditorium here in a befitting tribute to the state’s freedom fighters as the state celebrate 50 years of  Statehood. It has been tweeted by the chief minister.

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Essay on Meghalaya

Students are often asked to write an essay on Meghalaya in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Meghalaya

Introduction.

Meghalaya is a beautiful state in Northeast India. Known as the ‘Abode of Clouds’, it is famous for its scenic beauty, rich culture, and biodiversity.

Geography and Climate

Meghalaya is surrounded by Assam and Bangladesh. It has a cool, wet climate, and receives the highest rainfall in India.

Culture and People

The state is home to three major tribes: Khasis, Jaintias, and Garos. They have unique traditions and festivals.

Flora and Fauna

Meghalaya’s forests are rich in wildlife, including elephants and rare bird species. It’s a heaven for nature lovers.

Meghalaya’s beauty and culture make it a must-visit destination in India.

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250 Words Essay on Meghalaya

Meghalaya, a northeastern Indian state, is a paradise for nature lovers. Its name, meaning “abode of clouds” in Sanskrit, resonates with its high rainfall, misty landscapes, and mesmerizing natural beauty.

Geographical Features

Nestled in the Eastern Himalayas, Meghalaya is characterized by a diverse topography of hills, valleys, and rivers. It is home to the wettest places on Earth, Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, which receive the highest annual rainfall. The state’s unique geological formations have led to the creation of intricate cave systems, some of which are among the longest and deepest in the world.

Meghalaya’s rich biodiversity includes subtropical forests that host a wide array of endemic species. The state’s wildlife sanctuaries, such as Nongkhyllem and Siju, provide refuge to numerous endangered species, reflecting the state’s commitment to conservation.

Cultural Diversity

Meghalaya is a melting pot of cultures, primarily inhabited by three tribal groups: the Khasis, the Garos, and the Jaintias. Each tribe has its own unique traditions, festivals, and languages, contributing to the state’s vibrant cultural fabric.

The economy is predominantly agrarian, with a significant contribution from mining, especially coal. However, environmental concerns have led to a shift towards sustainable practices, with tourism emerging as a key economic sector.

In conclusion, Meghalaya’s unique combination of diverse geography, rich biodiversity, and cultural heritage make it a fascinating study. It embodies a harmonious coexistence of tradition and modernity, nature and culture, demonstrating the potential of sustainable development in preserving our planet’s treasures.

500 Words Essay on Meghalaya

Meghalaya, aptly named the “abode of clouds,” is a mesmerizing state in the northeastern region of India. The state’s geographical location, rich biodiversity, cultural diversity, and historical significance make it a fascinating subject of study.

Geographical Splendour

Situated in the northeastern part of India, Meghalaya is bordered by Assam to the north and east, and Bangladesh to the south. The state is predominantly hilly with three major plateaus that contribute to its stunning landscapes. The Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia Hills are home to the state’s highest peak, Shillong Peak, which offers breathtaking panoramic views of the region. Meghalaya is also known for its high rainfall, with Cherrapunji and Mawsynram being among the wettest places on earth.

Rich Biodiversity

Meghalaya’s diverse topography supports a rich biodiversity. The state is home to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, including the Nokrek National Park, known for its population of red pandas, and the Balpakram National Park, believed to be the home of departed souls in Garo mythology. Moreover, Meghalaya’s caves and rivers house numerous species of fish, bats, and other cave-dwelling organisms, contributing to the state’s unique biodiversity.

Meghalaya is a cultural melting pot, predominantly inhabited by the Garo, Khasi, and Jaintia tribes. Each tribe has its own unique customs, traditions, and languages. The state is known for its matrilineal society where lineage and inheritance are traced through women. This cultural aspect challenges the patriarchal norms prevalent in most parts of the world, making Meghalaya a unique sociological study.

Historical Significance

Meghalaya’s history is as captivating as its landscapes. The state was once a part of Assam but became a separate entity in 1972. Meghalaya has witnessed several historical events, including British colonial rule and the freedom struggle. The state’s history is deeply intertwined with its culture, as seen in its folklore, music, dance, and festivals.

Economic Aspects

Meghalaya’s economy is primarily agrarian, with a significant portion of the population engaged in farming. The state is rich in minerals like coal, limestone, and uranium, and mining has been a significant economic activity. However, environmental concerns have led to restrictions on mining, pushing the state to explore sustainable economic activities like tourism, which is now a significant contributor to the state’s economy.

Meghalaya, with its stunning landscapes, rich biodiversity, cultural diversity, and historical significance, presents a fascinating study. The state’s unique societal structure and its efforts to balance economic development with environmental conservation make it a model for sustainable development. As we delve deeper into understanding Meghalaya, we uncover its many layers, each more intriguing than the last.

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Essay on Freedom Fighters for Students and Children

500+ words essay on freedom fighters.

Freedom fighters were people who sacrificed their lives selflessly for the freedom of their country. Every country has its fair share of freedom fighters . People look up to them in terms of patriotism and love for one’s country. They are considered the epitome of patriotic people.

Freedom fighters made sacrifices which one cannot even imagine of doing for their loved ones, leave alone the country. The amount of pain, hardships, and opposite they have endured cannot be put into words. The generations after them will always be indebted to them for their selfless sacrifices and hard work .

Importance of Freedom Fighters

One cannot emphasize enough on the importance of freedom fighters. After all, they are the ones because of whom we celebrate Independence Day . No matter how small a role they played, they are very much significant today as they were in those times. Moreover, they revolted against the colonizers so as to stand up for the country and its people.

Furthermore, most of the freedom fighters even went to war to safeguard the freedom of their people. It did not matter that they had no training; they did it for the pure intention of making their country free. Most of the freedom fighters sacrificed their lives in the war for independence.

Most importantly, freedom fighters inspired and motivated others to fight injustice. They are the pillars behind the freedom movement. They made people aware of their rights and their power. It is all because of the freedom fighters that we prospered into a free country free from any kind of colonizers or injustice.

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My Favourite Freedom Fighters

Secondly, Rani Lakshmi Bai was a great freedom fighter. I have learned so many things from this empowering woman. She fought for the country despite so many hardships. A mother never gave up her country because of her child, instead took him to the battlefield to fight against injustice. Moreover, she was so inspiring in numerous ways.

Next, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose comes in my list. He led the Indian National Army to show the power of India to the British. His famous line remains to be ‘give me your blood and I will give you freedom.’

Finally, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru was also one of the greatest leaders. Despite being from a rich family, he gave up the easy life and fought for India’s freedom. He was imprisoned a number of times but that did not stop him from fighting against injustice. He was a great inspiration to many.

In short, freedom fighters are what made our country what it is today. However, we see nowadays people are fighting for everything they stood against. We must come together to not let communal hatred come between and live up to the Indian dream of these freedom fighters. Only then will we honor their sacrifices and memory.

FAQ on Freedom Fighters

Q.1 Why were freedom fighters important?

A.1 Freedom fighters made our country independent. They gave up their lives so we could have a bright future free from colonization.

Q.2 Name some of the Indian freedom fighters.

A.2 Some of the famous India freedom fighters were Mahatma Gandhi, Rani Lakshmi Bai, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose, and Jawaharlal Nehru.

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Pentagon chief extends deployment of aircraft carrier, ships in the Red Sea as Houthi attacks go on

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The U.S. Navy aircraft carrier strike group that for months has launched crucial strikes against Houthi rebels in Yemen to protect military and commercial ships in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden will remain in the region for at least another month, according to U.S. officials.

U.S. Defense Secretary Lloyd Austin signed the order last week to extend the four ships’ deployment for a second time, rather than bring the carrier, the USS Dwight D. Eisenhowe r, and its three warships home. The other ships in the strike group are the USS Philippine Sea, a cruiser, and two destroyers, the USS Gravely and the USS Mason. All together they include about 6,000 sailors.

The decision means the sailors and the carrier’s Air Wing won’t be home until the middle of the summer, according to the officials, who spoke on condition of anonymity to discuss a decision not made public. The officials declined to provide exact dates.

A normal ship deployment lasts for about seven months, and the ships left their homeport of Norfolk, Virginia, in October. Austin approved the first order to extend their deployment about four weeks ago.

Austin had weighed the decision for a further extension for some time. Navy leaders routinely press to bring ships home in order to maintain a repair schedule and give sailors a needed break. But U.S. Central Command leaders have long argued that having a carrier in the region is critical for international security, including as a deterrent to Iran.

In recent months, the ships have played a critical role in protecting commercial and military vessels from a dramatic surge in attacks in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden by the Iranian-backed Houthis in Yemen. And officials say that a significant U.S. naval commitment to the region sends a strong signal to the commercial shipping industry that vessels can get protection as they travel the crucial transit route through the Red Sea, from the Suez Canal to the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.

About 12% of the world’s trade typically passes through the waterway that separates Africa and the Arabian Peninsula, including oil, natural gas, grain and everything from toys to electronics.

The Houthis have attacked ships since November, saying they want to force Israel to end its offensive in the Gaza Strip against Hamas . But the ships targeted by the Houthis have largely had little or no connection to Israel, the U.S. or other nations involved in the war. The rebels have also fired missiles toward Israel, though they have largely fallen short or been intercepted.

The Eisenhower and its strike group have been involved in routine operations against the Houthis all year. They also have participated in five major joint missions with British forces to target dozens of the militant group’s drones, missile launchers and other facilities and targets.

The ships are also spearheading Operation Prosperity Guardian, which was announced by Austin in December as a multinational mission to ensure security and freedom of navigation in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden.

On Thursday, for example, F/A-18 fighter jets off the Eisenhower struck an array of targets in Yemen, in response to a recent increase in attacks by the group. And other ships in the strike group also launched missiles as part of the operation.

Any decision to bring the carrier home would leave the region without the ship-based fighter jets, and commanders would have to rely more heavily on land-based aircraft or other warships, which don’t have fighter jets, to take out Houthi drones or other munitions that are preparing to launch.

According to Lt. Cmdr. Lauren Chatmas, the strike group’s aircraft have flown more than 12,100 sorties, totaling over 27,200 flight hours, and they’ve launched more than 350 air-to-surface weapons and more than 50 air-to-air missiles. The warships have each traveled more than 55,000 miles, and they’ve launched more than 100 Standard and Tomahawk missiles. In all, the strike group has gone after about 430 either pre-planned or dynamic targets in its mission to defend U.S., coalition and merchant ships.

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Facing Global Outrage, Netanyahu Calls Civilian Deaths in Rafah Strike ‘Tragic Accident’

The strike on Sunday, which Israeli officials said targeted two Hamas leaders taking cover near a civilian encampment, ignited a fire that killed 45 people, according to the Gazan authorities.

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By Isabel Kershner

Reporting from Jerusalem

With international condemnation mounting, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu of Israel said on Monday that the killing of dozens of people a day earlier at a camp for displaced Palestinians in Rafah was “a tragic accident,” but gave no sign of curbing the Israeli offensive in the southern Gaza city.

The deadly fire that tore through the encampment on Sunday after an airstrike came at a particularly delicate time for Israel, just days after the International Court of Justice appeared to order the country’s military to halt its offensive in Rafah and as diplomats were aiming to restart negotiations for a cease-fire deal between Israel and Hamas.

The Israel military said that the target of the strike in Rafah on Sunday was a Hamas compound, and that “precise munitions” had been used to target a commander and another senior militant official there.

But at least 45 people, including children, were killed by the blast and by the fires it set off, according to the Gaza health ministry. The ministry said that 249 people were wounded.

In a speech to the Israeli Parliament on Monday, Mr. Netanyahu said the military had sought to protect noncombatants, by issuing evacuation orders, adding that about a million civilians had left Rafah ahead of, or during, the offensive. “Despite our supreme effort not to harm uninvolved civilians,” he said, “a tragic accident occurred to our regret last night.”

He accused Hamas of hiding among the general population, and said: “For us, every uninvolved civilian who is hurt is a tragedy. For Hamas it’s a strategy. That’s the whole difference.”

As images of the dead and maimed reached screens around the world, the condemnation was instant. The latest opprobrium appeared likely to make it still harder for Israel to continue its campaign against Hamas in Rafah, the southern city to which about a million displaced Gazans have fled.

On Monday, one Israeli ally, President Emmanuel Macron of France, said he was “outraged” by the airstrike in Rafah and declared that these operations “must stop.” He called “for full respect for international law and an immediate cease-fire.”

The Israeli government, which invaded the Gaza Strip after a Hamas-led attack from there killed some 1,200 people in Israel, argues that it has no choice but to move into Rafah if it wants to wipe out the militants. The city, the Israelis say, is a stronghold from which Hamas fighters earlier on Sunday fired rockets deep into central Israel for the first time in months.

But with Rafah harboring displaced Gazans forced into the city by earlier fighting in the north, world leaders have warned of the dangers of a major military operation there.

The deaths on Sunday appeared to be precisely what those urging Israel to tread carefully had worried about.

Bilal al-Sapti, 30, a construction worker in Rafah, said he had seen charred bodies in the wreckage of the camp and heard people screaming as firefighters tried to put out the flames. “The fire was very strong and was all over the camp,” he said.

Dr. Marwan al-Hams, who was at the Tal Al Sultan Health Center, where many of the casualties first arrived, said that a majority of the dead and injured he had seen were women and children. “Many of the dead bodies were severely burned, had amputated limbs and were torn to pieces,” he said.

Hamas, in a statement, described the Israeli strike on Rafah as “a horrific war crime” and demanded the “immediate and urgent implementation” of the World Court’s decision. The group did not refer to the Israeli military’s assertions that two Hamas officials had been killed in the strike.

The Israeli military said it had taken a number of steps before the strike to reduce the risk of harm to civilians, including conducting aerial surveillance and using munitions characterized as precise. “Based on these measures, it was assessed that there would be no expected harm to uninvolved civilians,” it said.

But an Israeli official, speaking on the condition of anonymity to discuss a sensitive matter, said on Monday that an initial investigation by the military had concluded that the strike, or shrapnel from it, may have unexpectedly ignited a flammable substance at the camp. Eyewitnesses described intense fires in the aftermath of the strike.

Military drone footage of the attack reviewed by The New York Times showed the munition striking an area containing several large cabinlike structures and parked cars.

Two Israeli officials said that the strike had taken place outside of a designated humanitarian zone created to offer safe refuge to evacuees. The officials produced a map showing what it said was the location of the strike in relation to the zone.

The military identified the two targets of the strike as the commander of Hamas’s leadership in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, Yassin Rabi, and a senior official in the same wing of the group, Khaled Nagar.

In an ambiguously worded order, the International Court of Justice, an arm of the United Nations which is hearing arguments pertaining to accusations that Israel has committed genocide in Gaza, called on Israel to immediately halt any actions in Rafah that “may inflict upon the Palestinian group in Gaza conditions of life that would bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part.”

Israeli officials have argued that the 13-2 ruling allowed it to continue fighting in Rafah because it would not inflict such genocidal conditions. But some of Israel’s allies do not view the order that way. Even before the latest civilian deaths, Germany’s vice chancellor, Robert Habeck, said the offensive in Rafah was “incompatible with international law.”

Late Sunday, Israel’s war cabinet met to discuss the continuing efforts to reach a cease-fire deal that would lead to freedom for the hostages seized during the Oct. 7 attacks, according to an Israeli official who spoke on the condition of anonymity given the sensitivity of the talks.

Diplomats are aiming to restart negotiations at some point in the next week, according to three officials briefed on the process. According to the officials, preliminary discussions were held this weekend in Paris.

Reporting was contributed by Hiba Yazbek , Abu Bakr Bashir , Iyad Abuheweila , Patrick Kingsley , Myra Noveck and Johnatan Reiss .

Isabel Kershner , a Times correspondent in Jerusalem, has been reporting on Israeli and Palestinian affairs since 1990. More about Isabel Kershner

Our Coverage of the Israel-Hamas War

News and Analysis

The Israeli military’s announcement that it had seized “tactical control” of a sensitive border strip  between Gaza and Egypt comes after weeks of rising tensions between Egypt and Israel .

Israel’s national security adviser said that he expected Israel’s military operations in Gaza to continue through at least the end of the year , appearing to reject the idea of a quick end to the war.

The bombs used in the Israeli strike that killed dozens of Palestinians in a camp for displaced people in Rafah were made in the United States , according to weapons experts and a Times visual analysis.

A Fateful Encounter: In an Israeli prison infirmary, a Jewish dentist came to the aid of a desperately ill Hamas inmate. Years later, the prisoner became a mastermind of the Oct. 7 attack .

Getting Relatives Out: For Americans racing to evacuate their family members from Gaza, the closure of the Rafah border crossing into Egypt — the only way out for civilians — has thrown an already complicated system into disarray .

Awaiting Her Husband’s Release: Aviva Siegel was held captive by Hamas in Gaza with her husband until late November. She was one of 105 hostages released  as part of a cease-fire deal.