whats the purpose of thesis

Thesis Statements

What this handout is about.

This handout describes what a thesis statement is, how thesis statements work in your writing, and how you can craft or refine one for your draft.

Introduction

Writing in college often takes the form of persuasion—convincing others that you have an interesting, logical point of view on the subject you are studying. Persuasion is a skill you practice regularly in your daily life. You persuade your roommate to clean up, your parents to let you borrow the car, your friend to vote for your favorite candidate or policy. In college, course assignments often ask you to make a persuasive case in writing. You are asked to convince your reader of your point of view. This form of persuasion, often called academic argument, follows a predictable pattern in writing. After a brief introduction of your topic, you state your point of view on the topic directly and often in one sentence. This sentence is the thesis statement, and it serves as a summary of the argument you’ll make in the rest of your paper.

What is a thesis statement?

A thesis statement:

• tells the reader how you will interpret the significance of the subject matter under discussion.
• is a road map for the paper; in other words, it tells the reader what to expect from the rest of the paper.
• directly answers the question asked of you. A thesis is an interpretation of a question or subject, not the subject itself. The subject, or topic, of an essay might be World War II or Moby Dick; a thesis must then offer a way to understand the war or the novel.
• makes a claim that others might dispute.
• is usually a single sentence near the beginning of your paper (most often, at the end of the first paragraph) that presents your argument to the reader. The rest of the paper, the body of the essay, gathers and organizes evidence that will persuade the reader of the logic of your interpretation.

If your assignment asks you to take a position or develop a claim about a subject, you may need to convey that position or claim in a thesis statement near the beginning of your draft. The assignment may not explicitly state that you need a thesis statement because your instructor may assume you will include one. When in doubt, ask your instructor if the assignment requires a thesis statement. When an assignment asks you to analyze, to interpret, to compare and contrast, to demonstrate cause and effect, or to take a stand on an issue, it is likely that you are being asked to develop a thesis and to support it persuasively. (Check out our handout on understanding assignments for more information.)

How do I create a thesis?

A thesis is the result of a lengthy thinking process. Formulating a thesis is not the first thing you do after reading an essay assignment. Before you develop an argument on any topic, you have to collect and organize evidence, look for possible relationships between known facts (such as surprising contrasts or similarities), and think about the significance of these relationships. Once you do this thinking, you will probably have a “working thesis” that presents a basic or main idea and an argument that you think you can support with evidence. Both the argument and your thesis are likely to need adjustment along the way.

Writers use all kinds of techniques to stimulate their thinking and to help them clarify relationships or comprehend the broader significance of a topic and arrive at a thesis statement. For more ideas on how to get started, see our handout on brainstorming .

How do I know if my thesis is strong?

If there’s time, run it by your instructor or make an appointment at the Writing Center to get some feedback. Even if you do not have time to get advice elsewhere, you can do some thesis evaluation of your own. When reviewing your first draft and its working thesis, ask yourself the following :

• Do I answer the question? Re-reading the question prompt after constructing a working thesis can help you fix an argument that misses the focus of the question. If the prompt isn’t phrased as a question, try to rephrase it. For example, “Discuss the effect of X on Y” can be rephrased as “What is the effect of X on Y?”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? If your thesis simply states facts that no one would, or even could, disagree with, it’s possible that you are simply providing a summary, rather than making an argument.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? Thesis statements that are too vague often do not have a strong argument. If your thesis contains words like “good” or “successful,” see if you could be more specific: why is something “good”; what specifically makes something “successful”?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? If a reader’s first response is likely to  be “So what?” then you need to clarify, to forge a relationship, or to connect to a larger issue.
• Does my essay support my thesis specifically and without wandering? If your thesis and the body of your essay do not seem to go together, one of them has to change. It’s okay to change your working thesis to reflect things you have figured out in the course of writing your paper. Remember, always reassess and revise your writing as necessary.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? If a reader’s first response is “how?” or “why?” your thesis may be too open-ended and lack guidance for the reader. See what you can add to give the reader a better take on your position right from the beginning.

Suppose you are taking a course on contemporary communication, and the instructor hands out the following essay assignment: “Discuss the impact of social media on public awareness.” Looking back at your notes, you might start with this working thesis:

Social media impacts public awareness in both positive and negative ways.

You can use the questions above to help you revise this general statement into a stronger thesis.

• Do I answer the question? You can analyze this if you rephrase “discuss the impact” as “what is the impact?” This way, you can see that you’ve answered the question only very generally with the vague “positive and negative ways.”
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not likely. Only people who maintain that social media has a solely positive or solely negative impact could disagree.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? No. What are the positive effects? What are the negative effects?
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? No. Why are they positive? How are they positive? What are their causes? Why are they negative? How are they negative? What are their causes?
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? No. Why should anyone care about the positive and/or negative impact of social media?

After thinking about your answers to these questions, you decide to focus on the one impact you feel strongly about and have strong evidence for:

Because not every voice on social media is reliable, people have become much more critical consumers of information, and thus, more informed voters.

This version is a much stronger thesis! It answers the question, takes a specific position that others can challenge, and it gives a sense of why it matters.

Let’s try another. Suppose your literature professor hands out the following assignment in a class on the American novel: Write an analysis of some aspect of Mark Twain’s novel Huckleberry Finn. “This will be easy,” you think. “I loved Huckleberry Finn!” You grab a pad of paper and write:

Mark Twain’s Huckleberry Finn is a great American novel.

You begin to analyze your thesis:

• Do I answer the question? No. The prompt asks you to analyze some aspect of the novel. Your working thesis is a statement of general appreciation for the entire novel.

Think about aspects of the novel that are important to its structure or meaning—for example, the role of storytelling, the contrasting scenes between the shore and the river, or the relationships between adults and children. Now you write:

In Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain develops a contrast between life on the river and life on the shore.

• Do I answer the question? Yes!
• Have I taken a position that others might challenge or oppose? Not really. This contrast is well-known and accepted.
• Is my thesis statement specific enough? It’s getting there–you have highlighted an important aspect of the novel for investigation. However, it’s still not clear what your analysis will reveal.
• Does my thesis pass the “how and why?” test? Not yet. Compare scenes from the book and see what you discover. Free write, make lists, jot down Huck’s actions and reactions and anything else that seems interesting.
• Does my thesis pass the “So what?” test? What’s the point of this contrast? What does it signify?”

After examining the evidence and considering your own insights, you write:

Through its contrasting river and shore scenes, Twain’s Huckleberry Finn suggests that to find the true expression of American democratic ideals, one must leave “civilized” society and go back to nature.

This final thesis statement presents an interpretation of a literary work based on an analysis of its content. Of course, for the essay itself to be successful, you must now present evidence from the novel that will convince the reader of your interpretation.

Works consulted

We consulted these works while writing this handout. This is not a comprehensive list of resources on the handout’s topic, and we encourage you to do your own research to find additional publications. Please do not use this list as a model for the format of your own reference list, as it may not match the citation style you are using. For guidance on formatting citations, please see the UNC Libraries citation tutorial . We revise these tips periodically and welcome feedback.

Anson, Chris M., and Robert A. Schwegler. 2010. The Longman Handbook for Writers and Readers , 6th ed. New York: Longman.

Lunsford, Andrea A. 2015. The St. Martin’s Handbook , 8th ed. Boston: Bedford/St Martin’s.

Ramage, John D., John C. Bean, and June Johnson. 2018. The Allyn & Bacon Guide to Writing , 8th ed. New York: Pearson.

Ruszkiewicz, John J., Christy Friend, Daniel Seward, and Maxine Hairston. 2010. The Scott, Foresman Handbook for Writers , 9th ed. Boston: Pearson Education.

You may reproduce it for non-commercial use if you use the entire handout and attribute the source: The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

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Thesis and Purpose Statements

Use the guidelines below to learn the differences between thesis and purpose statements.

In the first stages of writing, thesis or purpose statements are usually rough or ill-formed and are useful primarily as planning tools.

A thesis statement or purpose statement will emerge as you think and write about a topic. The statement can be restricted or clarified and eventually worked into an introduction.

As you revise your paper, try to phrase your thesis or purpose statement in a precise way so that it matches the content and organization of your paper.

Thesis statements

A thesis statement is a sentence that makes an assertion about a topic and predicts how the topic will be developed. It does not simply announce a topic: it says something about the topic.

Good: X has made a significant impact on the teenage population due to its . . . Bad: In this paper, I will discuss X.

A thesis statement makes a promise to the reader about the scope, purpose, and direction of the paper. It summarizes the conclusions that the writer has reached about the topic.

A thesis statement is generally located near the end of the introduction. Sometimes in a long paper, the thesis will be expressed in several sentences or an entire paragraph.

A thesis statement is focused and specific enough to be proven within the boundaries of the paper. Key words (nouns and verbs) should be specific, accurate, and indicative of the range of research, thrust of the argument or analysis, and the organization of supporting information.

Purpose statements

A purpose statement announces the purpose, scope, and direction of the paper. It tells the reader what to expect in a paper and what the specific focus will be.

Common beginnings include:

“This paper examines . . .,” “The aim of this paper is to . . .,” and “The purpose of this essay is to . . .”

A purpose statement makes a promise to the reader about the development of the argument but does not preview the particular conclusions that the writer has drawn.

A purpose statement usually appears toward the end of the introduction. The purpose statement may be expressed in several sentences or even an entire paragraph.

A purpose statement is specific enough to satisfy the requirements of the assignment. Purpose statements are common in research papers in some academic disciplines, while in other disciplines they are considered too blunt or direct. If you are unsure about using a purpose statement, ask your instructor.

This paper will examine the ecological destruction of the Sahel preceding the drought and the causes of this disintegration of the land. The focus will be on the economic, political, and social relationships which brought about the environmental problems in the Sahel.

Sample purpose and thesis statements

The following example combines a purpose statement and a thesis statement (bold).

The goal of this paper is to examine the effects of Chile’s agrarian reform on the lives of rural peasants. The nature of the topic dictates the use of both a chronological and a comparative analysis of peasant lives at various points during the reform period. . . The Chilean reform example provides evidence that land distribution is an essential component of both the improvement of peasant conditions and the development of a democratic society. More extensive and enduring reforms would likely have allowed Chile the opportunity to further expand these horizons.

For more tips about writing thesis statements, take a look at our new handout on Developing a Thesis Statement.

Writing Process and Structure

This is an accordion element with a series of buttons that open and close related content panels.

Getting Started with Your Paper

Interpreting Writing Assignments from Your Courses

Generating Ideas for Your Paper

Creating an Argument

Thesis vs. Purpose Statements

Developing a Thesis Statement

Architecture of Arguments

Working with Sources

Quoting and Paraphrasing Sources

Using Literary Quotations

Citing Sources in Your Paper

Drafting Your Paper

Introductions

Paragraphing

Developing Strategic Transitions

Conclusions

Revising Your Paper

Peer Reviews

Reverse Outlines

Revising an Argumentative Paper

Revision Strategies for Longer Projects

Finishing Your Paper

Twelve Common Errors: An Editing Checklist

How to Proofread your Paper

Writing Collaboratively

Collaborative and Group Writing

Think of yourself as a member of a jury, listening to a lawyer who is presenting an opening argument. You'll want to know very soon whether the lawyer believes the accused to be guilty or not guilty, and how the lawyer plans to convince you. Readers of academic essays are like jury members: before they have read too far, they want to know what the essay argues as well as how the writer plans to make the argument. After reading your thesis statement, the reader should think, "This essay is going to try to convince me of something. I'm not convinced yet, but I'm interested to see how I might be."

An effective thesis cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no." A thesis is not a topic; nor is it a fact; nor is it an opinion. "Reasons for the fall of communism" is a topic. "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" is a fact known by educated people. "The fall of communism is the best thing that ever happened in Europe" is an opinion. (Superlatives like "the best" almost always lead to trouble. It's impossible to weigh every "thing" that ever happened in Europe. And what about the fall of Hitler? Couldn't that be "the best thing"?)

A good thesis has two parts. It should tell what you plan to argue, and it should "telegraph" how you plan to argue—that is, what particular support for your claim is going where in your essay.

Steps in Constructing a Thesis

First, analyze your primary sources.  Look for tension, interest, ambiguity, controversy, and/or complication. Does the author contradict himself or herself? Is a point made and later reversed? What are the deeper implications of the author's argument? Figuring out the why to one or more of these questions, or to related questions, will put you on the path to developing a working thesis. (Without the why, you probably have only come up with an observation—that there are, for instance, many different metaphors in such-and-such a poem—which is not a thesis.)

Once you have a working thesis, write it down.  There is nothing as frustrating as hitting on a great idea for a thesis, then forgetting it when you lose concentration. And by writing down your thesis you will be forced to think of it clearly, logically, and concisely. You probably will not be able to write out a final-draft version of your thesis the first time you try, but you'll get yourself on the right track by writing down what you have.

Keep your thesis prominent in your introduction.  A good, standard place for your thesis statement is at the end of an introductory paragraph, especially in shorter (5-15 page) essays. Readers are used to finding theses there, so they automatically pay more attention when they read the last sentence of your introduction. Although this is not required in all academic essays, it is a good rule of thumb.

Anticipate the counterarguments.  Once you have a working thesis, you should think about what might be said against it. This will help you to refine your thesis, and it will also make you think of the arguments that you'll need to refute later on in your essay. (Every argument has a counterargument. If yours doesn't, then it's not an argument—it may be a fact, or an opinion, but it is not an argument.)

This statement is on its way to being a thesis. However, it is too easy to imagine possible counterarguments. For example, a political observer might believe that Dukakis lost because he suffered from a "soft-on-crime" image. If you complicate your thesis by anticipating the counterargument, you'll strengthen your argument, as shown in the sentence below.

Some Caveats and Some Examples

A thesis is never a question.  Readers of academic essays expect to have questions discussed, explored, or even answered. A question ("Why did communism collapse in Eastern Europe?") is not an argument, and without an argument, a thesis is dead in the water.

A thesis is never a list.  "For political, economic, social and cultural reasons, communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" does a good job of "telegraphing" the reader what to expect in the essay—a section about political reasons, a section about economic reasons, a section about social reasons, and a section about cultural reasons. However, political, economic, social and cultural reasons are pretty much the only possible reasons why communism could collapse. This sentence lacks tension and doesn't advance an argument. Everyone knows that politics, economics, and culture are important.

A thesis should never be vague, combative or confrontational.  An ineffective thesis would be, "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe because communism is evil." This is hard to argue (evil from whose perspective? what does evil mean?) and it is likely to mark you as moralistic and judgmental rather than rational and thorough. It also may spark a defensive reaction from readers sympathetic to communism. If readers strongly disagree with you right off the bat, they may stop reading.

An effective thesis has a definable, arguable claim.  "While cultural forces contributed to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of economies played the key role in driving its decline" is an effective thesis sentence that "telegraphs," so that the reader expects the essay to have a section about cultural forces and another about the disintegration of economies. This thesis makes a definite, arguable claim: that the disintegration of economies played a more important role than cultural forces in defeating communism in Eastern Europe. The reader would react to this statement by thinking, "Perhaps what the author says is true, but I am not convinced. I want to read further to see how the author argues this claim."

A thesis should be as clear and specific as possible.  Avoid overused, general terms and abstractions. For example, "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe because of the ruling elite's inability to address the economic concerns of the people" is more powerful than "Communism collapsed due to societal discontent."

Copyright 1999, Maxine Rodburg and The Tutors of the Writing Center at Harvard University

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How to Write a Strong Thesis Statement: 4 Steps + Examples

What’s Covered:

What is the purpose of a thesis statement, writing a good thesis statement: 4 steps, common pitfalls to avoid, where to get your essay edited for free.

When you set out to write an essay, there has to be some kind of point to it, right? Otherwise, your essay would just be a big jumble of word salad that makes absolutely no sense. An essay needs a central point that ties into everything else. That main point is called a thesis statement, and it’s the core of any essay or research paper.

You may hear about Master degree candidates writing a thesis, and that is an entire paper–not to be confused with the thesis statement, which is typically one sentence that contains your paper’s focus. 

Read on to learn more about thesis statements and how to write them. We’ve also included some solid examples for you to reference.

Typically the last sentence of your introductory paragraph, the thesis statement serves as the roadmap for your essay. When your reader gets to the thesis statement, they should have a clear outline of your main point, as well as the information you’ll be presenting in order to either prove or support your point. 

The thesis statement should not be confused for a topic sentence , which is the first sentence of every paragraph in your essay. If you need help writing topic sentences, numerous resources are available. Topic sentences should go along with your thesis statement, though.

Since the thesis statement is the most important sentence of your entire essay or paper, it’s imperative that you get this part right. Otherwise, your paper will not have a good flow and will seem disjointed. That’s why it’s vital not to rush through developing one. It’s a methodical process with steps that you need to follow in order to create the best thesis statement possible.

Step 1: Decide what kind of paper you’re writing

When you’re assigned an essay, there are several different types you may get. Argumentative essays are designed to get the reader to agree with you on a topic. Informative or expository essays present information to the reader. Analytical essays offer up a point and then expand on it by analyzing relevant information. Thesis statements can look and sound different based on the type of paper you’re writing. For example:

• Argumentative: The United States needs a viable third political party to decrease bipartisanship, increase options, and help reduce corruption in government.
• Informative: The Libertarian party has thrown off elections before by gaining enough support in states to get on the ballot and by taking away crucial votes from candidates.
• Analytical: An analysis of past presidential elections shows that while third party votes may have been the minority, they did affect the outcome of the elections in 2020, 2016, and beyond.

Step 2: Figure out what point you want to make

Once you know what type of paper you’re writing, you then need to figure out the point you want to make with your thesis statement, and subsequently, your paper. In other words, you need to decide to answer a question about something, such as:

• What impact did reality TV have on American society?
• How has the musical Hamilton affected perception of American history?
• Why do I want to major in [chosen major here]?

If you have an argumentative essay, then you will be writing about an opinion. To make it easier, you may want to choose an opinion that you feel passionate about so that you’re writing about something that interests you. For example, if you have an interest in preserving the environment, you may want to choose a topic that relates to that. 

If you’re writing your college essay and they ask why you want to attend that school, you may want to have a main point and back it up with information, something along the lines of:

“Attending Harvard University would benefit me both academically and professionally, as it would give me a strong knowledge base upon which to build my career, develop my network, and hopefully give me an advantage in my chosen field.”

Step 3: Determine what information you’ll use to back up your point

Once you have the point you want to make, you need to figure out how you plan to back it up throughout the rest of your essay. Without this information, it will be hard to either prove or argue the main point of your thesis statement. If you decide to write about the Hamilton example, you may decide to address any falsehoods that the writer put into the musical, such as:

“The musical Hamilton, while accurate in many ways, leaves out key parts of American history, presents a nationalist view of founding fathers, and downplays the racism of the times.”

Once you’ve written your initial working thesis statement, you’ll then need to get information to back that up. For example, the musical completely leaves out Benjamin Franklin, portrays the founding fathers in a nationalist way that is too complimentary, and shows Hamilton as a staunch abolitionist despite the fact that his family likely did own slaves. 

Step 4: Revise and refine your thesis statement before you start writing

Read through your thesis statement several times before you begin to compose your full essay. You need to make sure the statement is ironclad, since it is the foundation of the entire paper. Edit it or have a peer review it for you to make sure everything makes sense and that you feel like you can truly write a paper on the topic. Once you’ve done that, you can then begin writing your paper.

When writing a thesis statement, there are some common pitfalls you should avoid so that your paper can be as solid as possible. Make sure you always edit the thesis statement before you do anything else. You also want to ensure that the thesis statement is clear and concise. Don’t make your reader hunt for your point. Finally, put your thesis statement at the end of the first paragraph and have your introduction flow toward that statement. Your reader will expect to find your statement in its traditional spot.

If you’re having trouble getting started, or need some guidance on your essay, there are tools available that can help you. CollegeVine offers a free peer essay review tool where one of your peers can read through your essay and provide you with valuable feedback. Getting essay feedback from a peer can help you wow your instructor or college admissions officer with an impactful essay that effectively illustrates your point.

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How to write a thesis statement + examples

What is a thesis statement?

Is a thesis statement a question, how do you write a good thesis statement, how do i know if my thesis statement is good, examples of thesis statements, helpful resources on how to write a thesis statement, frequently asked questions about writing a thesis statement, related articles.

A thesis statement is the main argument of your paper or thesis.

The thesis statement is one of the most important elements of any piece of academic writing . It is a brief statement of your paper’s main argument. Essentially, you are stating what you will be writing about.

You can see your thesis statement as an answer to a question. While it also contains the question, it should really give an answer to the question with new information and not just restate or reiterate it.

Your thesis statement is part of your introduction. Learn more about how to write a good thesis introduction in our introduction guide .

A thesis statement is not a question. A statement must be arguable and provable through evidence and analysis. While your thesis might stem from a research question, it should be in the form of a statement.

Tip: A thesis statement is typically 1-2 sentences. For a longer project like a thesis, the statement may be several sentences or a paragraph.

A good thesis statement needs to do the following:

• Condense the main idea of your thesis into one or two sentences.
• Answer your project’s main research question.
• Clearly state your position in relation to the topic .
• Make an argument that requires support or evidence.

Once you have written down a thesis statement, check if it fulfills the following criteria:

• Your statement needs to be provable by evidence. As an argument, a thesis statement needs to be debatable.
• Your statement needs to be precise. Do not give away too much information in the thesis statement and do not load it with unnecessary information.
• Your statement cannot say that one solution is simply right or simply wrong as a matter of fact. You should draw upon verified facts to persuade the reader of your solution, but you cannot just declare something as right or wrong.

As previously mentioned, your thesis statement should answer a question.

If the question is:

What do you think the City of New York should do to reduce traffic congestion?

A good thesis statement restates the question and answers it:

In this paper, I will argue that the City of New York should focus on providing exclusive lanes for public transport and adaptive traffic signals to reduce traffic congestion by the year 2035.

Here is another example. If the question is:

How can we end poverty?

A good thesis statement should give more than one solution to the problem in question:

In this paper, I will argue that introducing universal basic income can help reduce poverty and positively impact the way we work.

• The Writing Center of the University of North Carolina has a list of questions to ask to see if your thesis is strong .

A thesis statement is part of the introduction of your paper. It is usually found in the first or second paragraph to let the reader know your research purpose from the beginning.

In general, a thesis statement should have one or two sentences. But the length really depends on the overall length of your project. Take a look at our guide about the length of thesis statements for more insight on this topic.

Here is a list of Thesis Statement Examples that will help you understand better how to write them.

Every good essay should include a thesis statement as part of its introduction, no matter the academic level. Of course, if you are a high school student you are not expected to have the same type of thesis as a PhD student.

Here is a great YouTube tutorial showing How To Write An Essay: Thesis Statements .

• Walden University
• Faculty Portal

Writing a Paper: Thesis Statements

Basics of thesis statements.

The thesis statement is the brief articulation of your paper's central argument and purpose. You might hear it referred to as simply a "thesis." Every scholarly paper should have a thesis statement, and strong thesis statements are concise, specific, and arguable. Concise means the thesis is short: perhaps one or two sentences for a shorter paper. Specific means the thesis deals with a narrow and focused topic, appropriate to the paper's length. Arguable means that a scholar in your field could disagree (or perhaps already has!).

Strong thesis statements address specific intellectual questions, have clear positions, and use a structure that reflects the overall structure of the paper. Read on to learn more about constructing a strong thesis statement.

Being Specific

This thesis statement has no specific argument:

Needs Improvement: In this essay, I will examine two scholarly articles to find similarities and differences.

This statement is concise, but it is neither specific nor arguable—a reader might wonder, "Which scholarly articles? What is the topic of this paper? What field is the author writing in?" Additionally, the purpose of the paper—to "examine…to find similarities and differences" is not of a scholarly level. Identifying similarities and differences is a good first step, but strong academic argument goes further, analyzing what those similarities and differences might mean or imply.

Better: In this essay, I will argue that Bowler's (2003) autocratic management style, when coupled with Smith's (2007) theory of social cognition, can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover.

The new revision here is still concise, as well as specific and arguable.  We can see that it is specific because the writer is mentioning (a) concrete ideas and (b) exact authors.  We can also gather the field (business) and the topic (management and employee turnover). The statement is arguable because the student goes beyond merely comparing; he or she draws conclusions from that comparison ("can reduce the expenses associated with employee turnover").

Making a Unique Argument

This thesis draft repeats the language of the writing prompt without making a unique argument:

Needs Improvement: The purpose of this essay is to monitor, assess, and evaluate an educational program for its strengths and weaknesses. Then, I will provide suggestions for improvement.

You can see here that the student has simply stated the paper's assignment, without articulating specifically how he or she will address it. The student can correct this error simply by phrasing the thesis statement as a specific answer to the assignment prompt.

Better: Through a series of student interviews, I found that Kennedy High School's antibullying program was ineffective. In order to address issues of conflict between students, I argue that Kennedy High School should embrace policies outlined by the California Department of Education (2010).

Words like "ineffective" and "argue" show here that the student has clearly thought through the assignment and analyzed the material; he or she is putting forth a specific and debatable position. The concrete information ("student interviews," "antibullying") further prepares the reader for the body of the paper and demonstrates how the student has addressed the assignment prompt without just restating that language.

Creating a Debate

This thesis statement includes only obvious fact or plot summary instead of argument:

Needs Improvement: Leadership is an important quality in nurse educators.

A good strategy to determine if your thesis statement is too broad (and therefore, not arguable) is to ask yourself, "Would a scholar in my field disagree with this point?" Here, we can see easily that no scholar is likely to argue that leadership is an unimportant quality in nurse educators.  The student needs to come up with a more arguable claim, and probably a narrower one; remember that a short paper needs a more focused topic than a dissertation.

Better: Roderick's (2009) theory of participatory leadership  is particularly appropriate to nurse educators working within the emergency medicine field, where students benefit most from collegial and kinesthetic learning.

Here, the student has identified a particular type of leadership ("participatory leadership"), narrowing the topic, and has made an arguable claim (this type of leadership is "appropriate" to a specific type of nurse educator). Conceivably, a scholar in the nursing field might disagree with this approach. The student's paper can now proceed, providing specific pieces of evidence to support the arguable central claim.

Choosing the Right Words

This thesis statement uses large or scholarly-sounding words that have no real substance:

Needs Improvement: Scholars should work to seize metacognitive outcomes by harnessing discipline-based networks to empower collaborative infrastructures.

There are many words in this sentence that may be buzzwords in the student's field or key terms taken from other texts, but together they do not communicate a clear, specific meaning. Sometimes students think scholarly writing means constructing complex sentences using special language, but actually it's usually a stronger choice to write clear, simple sentences. When in doubt, remember that your ideas should be complex, not your sentence structure.

Better: Ecologists should work to educate the U.S. public on conservation methods by making use of local and national green organizations to create a widespread communication plan.

Notice in the revision that the field is now clear (ecology), and the language has been made much more field-specific ("conservation methods," "green organizations"), so the reader is able to see concretely the ideas the student is communicating.

Leaving Room for Discussion

This thesis statement is not capable of development or advancement in the paper:

Needs Improvement: There are always alternatives to illegal drug use.

This sample thesis statement makes a claim, but it is not a claim that will sustain extended discussion. This claim is the type of claim that might be appropriate for the conclusion of a paper, but in the beginning of the paper, the student is left with nowhere to go. What further points can be made? If there are "always alternatives" to the problem the student is identifying, then why bother developing a paper around that claim? Ideally, a thesis statement should be complex enough to explore over the length of the entire paper.

Better: The most effective treatment plan for methamphetamine addiction may be a combination of pharmacological and cognitive therapy, as argued by Baker (2008), Smith (2009), and Xavier (2011).

In the revised thesis, you can see the student make a specific, debatable claim that has the potential to generate several pages' worth of discussion. When drafting a thesis statement, think about the questions your thesis statement will generate: What follow-up inquiries might a reader have? In the first example, there are almost no additional questions implied, but the revised example allows for a good deal more exploration.

Thesis Mad Libs

If you are having trouble getting started, try using the models below to generate a rough model of a thesis statement! These models are intended for drafting purposes only and should not appear in your final work.

• In this essay, I argue ____, using ______ to assert _____.
• While scholars have often argued ______, I argue______, because_______.
• Through an analysis of ______, I argue ______, which is important because_______.

Words to Avoid and to Embrace

When drafting your thesis statement, avoid words like explore, investigate, learn, compile, summarize , and explain to describe the main purpose of your paper. These words imply a paper that summarizes or "reports," rather than synthesizing and analyzing.

Instead of the terms above, try words like argue, critique, question , and interrogate . These more analytical words may help you begin strongly, by articulating a specific, critical, scholarly position.

Read Kayla's blog post for tips on taking a stand in a well-crafted thesis statement.

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Home » Thesis – Structure, Example and Writing Guide

Thesis – Structure, Example and Writing Guide

Table of contents.

Definition:

Thesis is a scholarly document that presents a student’s original research and findings on a particular topic or question. It is usually written as a requirement for a graduate degree program and is intended to demonstrate the student’s mastery of the subject matter and their ability to conduct independent research.

History of Thesis

The concept of a thesis can be traced back to ancient Greece, where it was used as a way for students to demonstrate their knowledge of a particular subject. However, the modern form of the thesis as a scholarly document used to earn a degree is a relatively recent development.

The origin of the modern thesis can be traced back to medieval universities in Europe. During this time, students were required to present a “disputation” in which they would defend a particular thesis in front of their peers and faculty members. These disputations served as a way to demonstrate the student’s mastery of the subject matter and were often the final requirement for earning a degree.

In the 17th century, the concept of the thesis was formalized further with the creation of the modern research university. Students were now required to complete a research project and present their findings in a written document, which would serve as the basis for their degree.

The modern thesis as we know it today has evolved over time, with different disciplines and institutions adopting their own standards and formats. However, the basic elements of a thesis – original research, a clear research question, a thorough review of the literature, and a well-argued conclusion – remain the same.

Structure of Thesis

The structure of a thesis may vary slightly depending on the specific requirements of the institution, department, or field of study, but generally, it follows a specific format.

Here’s a breakdown of the structure of a thesis:

This is the first page of the thesis that includes the title of the thesis, the name of the author, the name of the institution, the department, the date, and any other relevant information required by the institution.

This is a brief summary of the thesis that provides an overview of the research question, methodology, findings, and conclusions.

This page provides a list of all the chapters and sections in the thesis and their page numbers.

Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the research question, the context of the research, and the purpose of the study. The introduction should also outline the methodology and the scope of the research.

Literature Review

This chapter provides a critical analysis of the relevant literature on the research topic. It should demonstrate the gap in the existing knowledge and justify the need for the research.

Methodology

This chapter provides a detailed description of the research methods used to gather and analyze data. It should explain the research design, the sampling method, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures.

This chapter presents the findings of the research. It should include tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate the results.

This chapter interprets the results and relates them to the research question. It should explain the significance of the findings and their implications for the research topic.

This chapter summarizes the key findings and the main conclusions of the research. It should also provide recommendations for future research.

This section provides a list of all the sources cited in the thesis. The citation style may vary depending on the requirements of the institution or the field of study.

This section includes any additional material that supports the research, such as raw data, survey questionnaires, or other relevant documents.

How to write Thesis

Here are some steps to help you write a thesis:

• Choose a Topic: The first step in writing a thesis is to choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. You should also consider the scope of the topic and the availability of resources for research.
• Develop a Research Question: Once you have chosen a topic, you need to develop a research question that you will answer in your thesis. The research question should be specific, clear, and feasible.
• Conduct a Literature Review: Before you start your research, you need to conduct a literature review to identify the existing knowledge and gaps in the field. This will help you refine your research question and develop a research methodology.
• Develop a Research Methodology: Once you have refined your research question, you need to develop a research methodology that includes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures.
• Collect and Analyze Data: After developing your research methodology, you need to collect and analyze data. This may involve conducting surveys, interviews, experiments, or analyzing existing data.
• Write the Thesis: Once you have analyzed the data, you need to write the thesis. The thesis should follow a specific structure that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.
• Edit and Proofread: After completing the thesis, you need to edit and proofread it carefully. You should also have someone else review it to ensure that it is clear, concise, and free of errors.
• Submit the Thesis: Finally, you need to submit the thesis to your academic advisor or committee for review and evaluation.

Example of Thesis

Example of Thesis template for Students:

Title of Thesis

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Chapter 4: Results

Chapter 5: Discussion

Chapter 6: Conclusion

References:

Appendices:

Note: That’s just a basic template, but it should give you an idea of the structure and content that a typical thesis might include. Be sure to consult with your department or supervisor for any specific formatting requirements they may have. Good luck with your thesis!

Application of Thesis

Thesis is an important academic document that serves several purposes. Here are some of the applications of thesis:

• Academic Requirement: A thesis is a requirement for many academic programs, especially at the graduate level. It is an essential component of the evaluation process and demonstrates the student’s ability to conduct original research and contribute to the knowledge in their field.
• Career Advancement: A thesis can also help in career advancement. Employers often value candidates who have completed a thesis as it demonstrates their research skills, critical thinking abilities, and their dedication to their field of study.
• Publication : A thesis can serve as a basis for future publications in academic journals, books, or conference proceedings. It provides the researcher with an opportunity to present their research to a wider audience and contribute to the body of knowledge in their field.
• Personal Development: Writing a thesis is a challenging task that requires time, dedication, and perseverance. It provides the student with an opportunity to develop critical thinking, research, and writing skills that are essential for their personal and professional development.
• Impact on Society: The findings of a thesis can have an impact on society by addressing important issues, providing insights into complex problems, and contributing to the development of policies and practices.

Purpose of Thesis

The purpose of a thesis is to present original research findings in a clear and organized manner. It is a formal document that demonstrates a student’s ability to conduct independent research and contribute to the knowledge in their field of study. The primary purposes of a thesis are:

• To Contribute to Knowledge: The main purpose of a thesis is to contribute to the knowledge in a particular field of study. By conducting original research and presenting their findings, the student adds new insights and perspectives to the existing body of knowledge.
• To Demonstrate Research Skills: A thesis is an opportunity for the student to demonstrate their research skills. This includes the ability to formulate a research question, design a research methodology, collect and analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.
• To Develop Critical Thinking: Writing a thesis requires critical thinking and analysis. The student must evaluate existing literature and identify gaps in the field, as well as develop and defend their own ideas.
• To Provide Evidence of Competence : A thesis provides evidence of the student’s competence in their field of study. It demonstrates their ability to apply theoretical concepts to real-world problems, and their ability to communicate their ideas effectively.
• To Facilitate Career Advancement : Completing a thesis can help the student advance their career by demonstrating their research skills and dedication to their field of study. It can also provide a basis for future publications, presentations, or research projects.

When to Write Thesis

The timing for writing a thesis depends on the specific requirements of the academic program or institution. In most cases, the opportunity to write a thesis is typically offered at the graduate level, but there may be exceptions.

Generally, students should plan to write their thesis during the final year of their graduate program. This allows sufficient time for conducting research, analyzing data, and writing the thesis. It is important to start planning the thesis early and to identify a research topic and research advisor as soon as possible.

In some cases, students may be able to write a thesis as part of an undergraduate program or as an independent research project outside of an academic program. In such cases, it is important to consult with faculty advisors or mentors to ensure that the research is appropriately designed and executed.

It is important to note that the process of writing a thesis can be time-consuming and requires a significant amount of effort and dedication. It is important to plan accordingly and to allocate sufficient time for conducting research, analyzing data, and writing the thesis.

Characteristics of Thesis

The characteristics of a thesis vary depending on the specific academic program or institution. However, some general characteristics of a thesis include:

• Originality : A thesis should present original research findings or insights. It should demonstrate the student’s ability to conduct independent research and contribute to the knowledge in their field of study.
• Clarity : A thesis should be clear and concise. It should present the research question, methodology, findings, and conclusions in a logical and organized manner. It should also be well-written, with proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
• Research-Based: A thesis should be based on rigorous research, which involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources. The research should be well-designed, with appropriate research methods and techniques.
• Evidence-Based : A thesis should be based on evidence, which means that all claims made in the thesis should be supported by data or literature. The evidence should be properly cited using appropriate citation styles.
• Critical Thinking: A thesis should demonstrate the student’s ability to critically analyze and evaluate information. It should present the student’s own ideas and arguments, and engage with existing literature in the field.
• Academic Style : A thesis should adhere to the conventions of academic writing. It should be well-structured, with clear headings and subheadings, and should use appropriate academic language.

Advantages of Thesis

There are several advantages to writing a thesis, including:

• Development of Research Skills: Writing a thesis requires extensive research and analytical skills. It helps to develop the student’s research skills, including the ability to formulate research questions, design and execute research methodologies, collect and analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.
• Contribution to Knowledge: Writing a thesis provides an opportunity for the student to contribute to the knowledge in their field of study. By conducting original research, they can add new insights and perspectives to the existing body of knowledge.
• Preparation for Future Research: Completing a thesis prepares the student for future research projects. It provides them with the necessary skills to design and execute research methodologies, analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.
• Career Advancement: Writing a thesis can help to advance the student’s career. It demonstrates their research skills and dedication to their field of study, and provides a basis for future publications, presentations, or research projects.
• Personal Growth: Completing a thesis can be a challenging and rewarding experience. It requires dedication, hard work, and perseverance. It can help the student to develop self-confidence, independence, and a sense of accomplishment.

Limitations of Thesis

There are also some limitations to writing a thesis, including:

• Time and Resources: Writing a thesis requires a significant amount of time and resources. It can be a time-consuming and expensive process, as it may involve conducting original research, analyzing data, and producing a lengthy document.
• Narrow Focus: A thesis is typically focused on a specific research question or topic, which may limit the student’s exposure to other areas within their field of study.
• Limited Audience: A thesis is usually only read by a small number of people, such as the student’s thesis advisor and committee members. This limits the potential impact of the research findings.
• Lack of Real-World Application : Some thesis topics may be highly theoretical or academic in nature, which may limit their practical application in the real world.
• Pressure and Stress : Writing a thesis can be a stressful and pressure-filled experience, as it may involve meeting strict deadlines, conducting original research, and producing a high-quality document.
• Potential for Isolation: Writing a thesis can be a solitary experience, as the student may spend a significant amount of time working independently on their research and writing.

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Thesis Statements

A thesis statement is a sentence (sometimes more than one sentence) in the introduction that tells the reader the following information:

• What the topic of the paper is
• How the writer intends to discuss that topic
•  It gives a blueprint for how the essay will be structured
•  How the writer intends to prove or demonstrate his or her main points.

Think of your paper as a human body, and your thesis statement as the spinal cord. Without it, there is no structure.

For you as the writer, the thesis statement:

Develops through the interrelationship of thinking, reading, and writing;

Limits your research by providing you with one controlling main idea that intrigues you;

Narrows your writing to one specific claim that you can develop or prove;

Organizes your ideas so you know the important points you want to make in your paper; and

Clarifies your writing by keeping you on target to fulfill your proposed purpose.

For your readers, the thesis statement:

 Identifies the main point and sub-points of your essay clearly and quickly;

Functions as a road map so your readers can easily follow your ideas; and

Gives satisfaction at the conclusion of the paper when your readers discover you have fulfilled your promise by proving or developing your main point.

Characteristics of Effective Thesis Statements

An effective thesis statement must be  factual and narrow.

An effective thesis statement prepares readers for facts and details, but it cannot itself be a fact. It must always be an inference that demands proof or further development. These proofs come from the literature. 

UNT Dallas campus has two buildings.

Not factual enough: The UNT Dallas campus is the perfect size.

Just Right:  While some might see small universities as a disadvantage, the small campus of UNT Dallas holds many advantages for students, including a close-knit campus community, smaller class sizes, and better support from professors.

2. Narrow Topic

A good thesis should be narrow, and not too broad or too vague. If the topic is too broad, you won’t be able to cover the entire topic in your paper.  If it’s too narrow, you might not be able to find research, and your paper probably won’t be long enough. 

Too Broad: College students have a lot of responsibilities.

Too Narrow: Student workers in the Learning Commons at UNT Dallas have many responsibilities in their course work and tutoring. 

Just Right: College students who are financially independent have many responsibilities as they must maintain good grades, pay living expenses, and balance work and school.

Remember, a thesis statement is not: 

• Instead , you should argue, based on facts and literature, why or why not NASA should receive more funding.  
• Ask yourself--can I find anything in literature to prove this point, or is this MY opinion? 
• Instead, you should argue why or why not people like chocolate OR why or why not chocolate is healthy for you based on facts and literature findings. 
• Similar to the subjective opinion, ask yourself is this statement is based on facts and literature findings or if this is YOUR opinion. Although it is ok to have your own opinion, professors usually do not like to read articles about beliefs (students have been writing about these for years and years). 
• Instead, you could discuss theories about politics or religions and use literature to prove or disprove those theories.
• This is too factual (the Himalayas WERE formed from a collision of tectonic plates), and there is nothing to discuss because this IS a fact in itself. 
• Instead, you could compare and contrast the tectonic plate formation of different mountains. 

Examples of Thesis Statements

A thesis statement f or a 5 paragraph essay conta ins three parts:.

1. A Topic: the main idea of the essay

2. The Controlling Idea: what you want to say about the topic

3. The subtopics: usually 3 examples/reasons you will discuss in your paper

Here is an example  of a thesis statement.

Ex: Regularly visiting the Writing Center at UNT Dallas will help you become the best writer on the planet because it offers superhero tutors, current technology, and fantastic handouts.

The main topic explores the idea that regularly vsiting the writing center will help you become the best writer on the planet, and the subtopics further expand this opinion with three distinct examples: 1) tutors, 2) technology, and 3) the handouts.

Outline Example

The paper should be organized around the subtopics.  For example, for the thesis written above, the writer would write one body paragraph about the tutors, one about technology, and one about the handouts. 

Here is a sample essay outline based on this thesis:

• Introduce the topic of tutoring
• Thesis (last sentence of intro): Regularly visiting the Writing Center at UNT Dallas will help you become the best writer on the planet because it offers superhero tutors, current technology, and fantastic handouts.
• topic sentence
• Restate thesis
• Concluding remarks

For further assistance with the structure, see our handouts on Introductions and Conclusions and Topic Sentences.

A thesis statement for a LONG ESSAY contains two parts: A Topic: the main idea of the essay The Controlling Idea: what you want to say about the topic 

Throughout the paper, your thesis promises your readers that you will prove specific facts or develop certain ideas ; therefore, every paragraph, sentence, and word in your paper must relate to this controlling idea.

Here are some examples of thesis statements.

• Baseball, once a national pastime and even an addiction, has lost its popularity because of the new interest in more violent sports.
• Since the space program has yet to provide the American people with any substantial, practical returns, it is a waste of money and should be dissolved.
• To stop the alarming rise in the number of violent crimes committed every year, our courts must hand out tougher sentences.
• Detective stories appeal to the basic human desire for thrills.
• Hemingway's war stories helped to create a new prose style.
• Bronte utilizes light and fire to symbolize the emotional expressions of the characters.

Here is a suggested outline for a long essay and how that would look in terms of your thesis statement, topic, and controlling ideas:

• Introduce the novel Jane Eyre and the topic of symbolism
• Thesis (last sentence of intro): Bronte utilizes light and fire to symbolize the emotional expressions of the characters.
• textual examples and elaboration

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What Is the Purpose of Thesis Statements?

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The purpose of a thesis statement is to provide a clear, specific argument that will serve as a guide to the reader so she knows what to expect from your essay. A thesis should be related to the question or prompt that your are responding to, but it should provide a specific argument that goes beyond a simple restatement of the subject. The thesis serves as the backbone of your essay, and you will support the claims that you make in your thesis throughout the piece. A good thesis will also help you as the writer know how to structure your essay and when to leave out information that is not relevant to the thesis.

Does your thesis serve its purpose?

Let's say you are writing about the U.S. Constitution. You write the following thesis statement: "The U.S. Constitution set forth principles that are still very important to our government." Now, ask yourself if this thesis is serving it's purpose. Is it a specific argument? Not really. It is an argument that no one would dispute, and it is so broad that you would need to write a book to cover all of the issues that this thesis covers. Does it serve as a guide to the reader? No, because the reader doesn't know what principles you are going to write about or why they are so important. A better thesis might be something like this: "The 'commerce clause' in Article 1, Section 8 has been the most important single line in the Constitution, influencing the size and scope of the current federal government." This is an argument that is specific enough to defend and will let your reader know exactly what your essay will be about.

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What Are the Attributes of a Good Thesis Statement?

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Thesis/Purpose Statement

Probably the most daunting task for any writer is to generate an effective thesis statement.  In college, academic writing follows a specific pattern— after a brief opening, you state your position in one clear sentence. Whether your essay is explanatory or argumentative, a strong thesis statement will provide the map, guiding the entire essay. Confusion arises, however, over the difference between a purpose statement and a thesis.

What is the function of a purpose statement?

• It gives the paper a focus: scope and direction.
• It foreshadows the development of the argument

Used in many of the sciences for research proposals, in some disciplines, a purpose statement is too blunt or direct, so check with your instructor about using a purpose statement.

Sample purpose statement This paper will examine the ecological damage caused by Katrina on the Gulf Coast. The focus will be on the economic, political and social relationships effected by the environmental problems.

What is the function of a thesis statement? A thesis statement:

• Gives the writer’s declaration of the purpose of the paper.
• Makes an assertion directly answering the question the paper asks.
• Offers a provable claim that reasonable people could argue.
• Provides a map of the arrangement of ideas presented in the essay.

(Note that the thesis statement is more complex than the purpose statement)

Sample thesis statement        The ecological damage produced by Katrina on the Gulf Coast was caused by the political and social environment of the region.

What are the characteristics of a good thesis statement?

• It answers a specific question.
• It is narrow or broad enough to be covered within the assignment parameters.
• It focuses on one main idea.
• It is controversial enough that a reasonable person could disagree.

How do I generate a good thesis statement? After you have completed your research for evidence, you will need to analyze the material to find the possible connections— both similarities and contrasts. Once you have analyzed your evidence, you will have a main idea or a working thesis. Think of the process of creating a thesis like a funnel, beginning with a general subject, narrowed by the purpose, and ending with a specific assertion, claim, or thesis.

How do I generate a thesis if the topic is assigned? Any assignment can be narrowed down to a single question. Your first task is to select the focal question that your essay will answer. If the assignment is a request for information, such as “Write a report on the benefits of expanding the Marina District in Downtown Toledo,” turn the request into a question— “What are the benefits of building the Marina District in Downtown Toledo?” After you have established the focal question, compose a one- to- two-sentence response based on your educated opinion.

Q: What are the benefits of the Marina District in Toledo?

A: The potential benefits of the development of the Marina District are….

How do I generate a thesis if the topic is not assigned?

Even if your instructor has not posed a specific question, you will need to create a question about the issue you plan to investigate. It is best if you first establish your subject; next consider the purpose of the essay. From this point you should be able to ask a question about the topic to then state a position or thesis.

Brainstorm the topic What are your concerns? What concerns are facing your field of study? For example, you are in construction and you are concerned with the slow recovery in New Orleans after Katrina. You begin the thought process like this:

Construction reform.

This is not a thesis; it is a fragment. This is a general subject from which you could take your paper in many directions. Perhaps from your research you have found that there were oversights in the codes for homes constructed in hurricane and flood zones. While everyone will agree that rebuilding flimsy homes is a bad idea, narrowing your topic to who should make the reform and what specific types are needed will assert your position.

Because a majority of the damage caused by Katrina was due to inadequate construction, the federal government needs to establish more stringent building codes before financing reconstruction.

Test your thesis

• Does it take a stand and capture the subject?
• Does it invite a discussion or can a simple statement respond it to?
• Is it specific to your paper?
• Is your claim significant?
• Are the words and phrases a unified by a single idea?

Test the sample thesis Because a majority of the damage caused by Katrina was due to inadequate construction, the federal government needs to establish more stringent building codes before financing reconstruction.

• Does it take a stand? Yes, the damage was due to inadequate construction and the federal government needs to step in.
• Does it invite discussion? Yes, some reasonable people may feel that it is not the government’s responsibility to enforce codes and that no building could withstand the force of Katrina.
• Is the thesis specific? Yes, it focuses on the aftermath of one storm and the steps to be taken before more federal funds should be used.
• Is the claim significant? Yes, rebuilding still needs to take place.
• Are the words focused on a single idea? Yes, not all issues are being addressed, just one aspect of a condition for rebuilding. Yet the thesis is still broad enough to allow the paper to explore examples of the types of destruction, building codes, and financial needs facing those devastated by Katrina.

  For any further questions or more a detailed explanation refer to your instructor,  The Little Brown Compact Handbook,  or the Writing Center.

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M.A. Thesis: What is it and what does it need to do?

The purpose of a M.A. thesis is to demonstrate a student’s capacity to develop an original historical argument based on original research . Given the significant amount of work and effort that—beyond classwork—goes into completing and defending a thesis, students on the thesis track should seriously consider why is it that they want to write a thesis and discuss their reasons (and their intellectual and professional trajectory more broadly) with the History or Public History advisor early on, preferably during their first year in the program. Students should start thinking about possible topics and committee members (one chair and two readers) early on as well.

The Thesis “Pipeline” Students generally start developing their thesis topic during the third semester, as they enroll in the General Research Seminar (GRS) and Thesis A (see the Graduate Student Handbook for details). In consultation with the instructor of record and the History or Public History general advisors, they will select a paper advisor for the course, knowledgeable in the student’s field, who will very likely fulfill the role of thesis director and committee chair for the student after the GRS. During the Seminar, students will be working on research, methodology, and historiography which will serve as the basis of the thesis. To get credit for Thesis A, moreover, students will have to defend a thesis proposal (5-8 pages) before a committee, which will recommend that the student continues with the project or switches to the Comps track.

Scope Students must be able to assess the value of their source base—which can include textual primary sources, material culture, the built environment, oral interviews and oral histories, digital media, musical examples, and visual images—demonstrating the ability to critically evaluate and engage with several archival and non-archival sources. Students then must place their research into conversation with the existing literature on the topic. They must show their ability to summarize the recent historiographical trends on the subject, and then must illustrate the ways that their research contributes to, contends with, or challenges current trends. In other words, the original research needs to be put into a larger intellectual framework. This framing involves the skill to utilize the research of other scholars to help build students’ argument and analysis. Since the historical profession is built on acknowledging the contributions of other scholars, it is vital that the M.A. thesis integrate existing scholarship throughout the thesis.

Another feature of a thesis is that, although the thesis can be structured chronologically or thematically, the argument must address change over time . To effectively do this, the M.A. student must first set up the historical context, thereby establishing the “problem” that will be solved. Lastly, an M.A. thesis must comply with the academic conventions of historical writing . This includes using the Chicago/Turabian citation method, offering a clear and effective organization, and writing in a clear, concise, and readable style.

Public History students must incorporate a Public History component in their thesis. Types of components are categorized and described, with accompanying examples, in a separate guide.

Format M.A. History theses are typically comprised of an Introduction (~10 pages), 2-3 chapters (~20-25 pages each) organized chronologically or thematically, and a conclusion (~10 pages). To form an idea of the Department’s expectations, students are encouraged to peruse previous theses at the library’s website . Students are also encouraged to consult the Graduate College Guide to Preparing and Submitting a Thesis BEFORE beginning the writing process, as the guide provides templates with the proper formatting that will make the final submission a much easier endeavor.

Alternatively, and with the approval of the thesis committee and/or the History or Public History advisor, preferably before taking Thesis B (see the Graduate Student Handbook for details), students can opt for an article-length thesis, which will include a 9000-to-12,000-word standalone article chapter of publishable quality and, to satisfy Graduate College requirements, a thorough introduction chapter and a comprehensive conclusion chapter. Students considering a Ph.D. in History are particularly encouraged to discuss this option with their advisors, for an article chapter would provide a strong writing sample, which will enhance the student’s chances of gaining admission. In consultation with the thesis committee, students working on an article-length thesis should identify suitable publication venues and keep their scope and formatting guidelines in mind during the writing process, so that they can submit their work for consideration after the defense.

As with all M.A. History theses, the committee is the sole arbiter of the quality, scope, and length of all parts of the document.

Ver. 01/15/21

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• What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

What Is a Thesis? | Ultimate Guide & Examples

Published on 15 September 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on 5 December 2023.

A thesis is a type of research paper based on your original research. It is usually submitted as the final step of a PhD program in the UK.

Writing a thesis can be a daunting experience. Indeed, alongside a dissertation , it is the longest piece of writing students typically complete. It relies on your ability to conduct research from start to finish: designing your research , collecting data , developing a robust analysis, drawing strong conclusions , and writing concisely .

Thesis template

You can also download our full thesis template in the format of your choice below. Our template includes a ready-made table of contents , as well as guidance for what each chapter should include. It’s easy to make it your own, and can help you get started.

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Table of contents

Thesis vs. thesis statement, how to structure a thesis, acknowledgements or preface, list of figures and tables, list of abbreviations, introduction, literature review, methodology, reference list, proofreading and editing, defending your thesis, frequently asked questions about theses.

You may have heard the word thesis as a standalone term or as a component of academic writing called a thesis statement . Keep in mind that these are two very different things.

• A thesis statement is a very common component of an essay, particularly in the humanities. It usually comprises 1 or 2 sentences in the introduction of your essay , and should clearly and concisely summarise the central points of your academic essay .
• A thesis is a long-form piece of academic writing, often taking more than a full semester to complete. It is generally a degree requirement to complete a PhD program.
• In many countries, particularly the UK, a dissertation is generally written at the bachelor’s or master’s level.
• In the US, a dissertation is generally written as a final step toward obtaining a PhD.

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The final structure of your thesis depends on a variety of components, such as:

• Your discipline
• Your theoretical approach

Humanities theses are often structured more like a longer-form essay . Just like in an essay, you build an argument to support a central thesis.

In both hard and social sciences, theses typically include an introduction , literature review , methodology section ,  results section , discussion section , and conclusion section . These are each presented in their own dedicated section or chapter. In some cases, you might want to add an appendix .

Thesis examples

We’ve compiled a short list of thesis examples to help you get started.

• Example thesis #1:   ‘Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the “Noble Savage” on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807’ by Suchait Kahlon.
• Example thesis #2: ‘”A Starving Man Helping Another Starving Man”: UNRRA, India, and the Genesis of Global Relief, 1943-1947’ by Julian Saint Reiman.

The very first page of your thesis contains all necessary identifying information, including:

• Your full title
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date.

Sometimes the title page also includes your student ID, the name of your supervisor, or the university’s logo. Check out your university’s guidelines if you’re not sure.

Read more about title pages

The acknowledgements section is usually optional. Its main point is to allow you to thank everyone who helped you in your thesis journey, such as supervisors, friends, or family. You can also choose to write a preface , but it’s typically one or the other, not both.

Read more about acknowledgements Read more about prefaces

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

An abstract is a short summary of your thesis. Usually a maximum of 300 words long, it’s should include brief descriptions of your research objectives , methods, results, and conclusions. Though it may seem short, it introduces your work to your audience, serving as a first impression of your thesis.

Read more about abstracts

A table of contents lists all of your sections, plus their corresponding page numbers and subheadings if you have them. This helps your reader seamlessly navigate your document.

Your table of contents should include all the major parts of your thesis. In particular, don’t forget the the appendices. If you used heading styles, it’s easy to generate an automatic table Microsoft Word.

Read more about tables of contents

While not mandatory, if you used a lot of tables and/or figures, it’s nice to include a list of them to help guide your reader. It’s also easy to generate one of these in Word: just use the ‘Insert Caption’ feature.

Read more about lists of figures and tables

If you have used a lot of industry- or field-specific abbreviations in your thesis, you should include them in an alphabetised list of abbreviations . This way, your readers can easily look up any meanings they aren’t familiar with.

Read more about lists of abbreviations

Relatedly, if you find yourself using a lot of very specialised or field-specific terms that may not be familiar to your reader, consider including a glossary . Alphabetise the terms you want to include with a brief definition.

Read more about glossaries

An introduction sets up the topic, purpose, and relevance of your thesis, as well as expectations for your reader. This should:

• Ground your research topic , sharing any background information your reader may need
• Define the scope of your work
• Introduce any existing research on your topic, situating your work within a broader problem or debate
• State your research question(s)
• Outline (briefly) how the remainder of your work will proceed

In other words, your introduction should clearly and concisely show your reader the “what, why, and how” of your research.

Read more about introductions

A literature review helps you gain a robust understanding of any extant academic work on your topic, encompassing:

• Selecting relevant sources
• Determining the credibility of your sources
• Critically evaluating each of your sources
• Drawing connections between sources, including any themes, patterns, conflicts, or gaps

A literature review is not merely a summary of existing work. Rather, your literature review should ultimately lead to a clear justification for your own research, perhaps via:

• Addressing a gap in the literature
• Building on existing knowledge to draw new conclusions
• Exploring a new theoretical or methodological approach
• Introducing a new solution to an unresolved problem
• Definitively advocating for one side of a theoretical debate

Read more about literature reviews

Theoretical framework

Your literature review can often form the basis for your theoretical framework, but these are not the same thing. A theoretical framework defines and analyses the concepts and theories that your research hinges on.

Read more about theoretical frameworks

Your methodology chapter shows your reader how you conducted your research. It should be written clearly and methodically, easily allowing your reader to critically assess the credibility of your argument. Furthermore, your methods section should convince your reader that your method was the best way to answer your research question.

A methodology section should generally include:

• Your overall approach ( quantitative vs. qualitative )
• Your research methods (e.g., a longitudinal study )
• Your data collection methods (e.g., interviews or a controlled experiment
• Any tools or materials you used (e.g., computer software)
• The data analysis methods you chose (e.g., statistical analysis , discourse analysis )
• A strong, but not defensive justification of your methods

Read more about methodology sections

Your results section should highlight what your methodology discovered. These two sections work in tandem, but shouldn’t repeat each other. While your results section can include hypotheses or themes, don’t include any speculation or new arguments here.

Your results section should:

• State each (relevant) result with any (relevant) descriptive statistics (e.g., mean , standard deviation ) and inferential statistics (e.g., test statistics , p values )
• Explain how each result relates to the research question
• Determine whether the hypothesis was supported

Additional data (like raw numbers or interview transcripts ) can be included as an appendix . You can include tables and figures, but only if they help the reader better understand your results.

Read more about results sections

Your discussion section is where you can interpret your results in detail. Did they meet your expectations? How well do they fit within the framework that you built? You can refer back to any relevant source material to situate your results within your field, but leave most of that analysis in your literature review.

For any unexpected results, offer explanations or alternative interpretations of your data.

Read more about discussion sections

Your thesis conclusion should concisely answer your main research question. It should leave your reader with an ultra-clear understanding of your central argument, and emphasise what your research specifically has contributed to your field.

Why does your research matter? What recommendations for future research do you have? Lastly, wrap up your work with any concluding remarks.

Read more about conclusions

In order to avoid plagiarism , don’t forget to include a full reference list at the end of your thesis, citing the sources that you used. Choose one citation style and follow it consistently throughout your thesis, taking note of the formatting requirements of each style.

Which style you choose is often set by your department or your field, but common styles include MLA , Chicago , and APA.

Create APA citations Create MLA citations

In order to stay clear and concise, your thesis should include the most essential information needed to answer your research question. However, chances are you have many contributing documents, like interview transcripts or survey questions . These can be added as appendices , to save space in the main body.

Read more about appendices

Once you’re done writing, the next part of your editing process begins. Leave plenty of time for proofreading and editing prior to submission. Nothing looks worse than grammar mistakes or sloppy spelling errors!

Consider using a professional thesis editing service to make sure your final project is perfect.

Once you’ve submitted your final product, it’s common practice to have a thesis defense, an oral component of your finished work. This is scheduled by your advisor or committee, and usually entails a presentation and Q&A session.

After your defense, your committee will meet to determine if you deserve any departmental honors or accolades. However, keep in mind that defenses are usually just a formality. If there are any serious issues with your work, these should be resolved with your advisor way before a defense.

The conclusion of your thesis or dissertation shouldn’t take up more than 5-7% of your overall word count.

When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation, you don’t necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations .

If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they won’t be known to your audience, it’s never a bad idea to add one. They can also improve readability, minimising confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organise your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation, such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review, research methods, avenues for future research, etc.)

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On Purpose: Towards a Normative Framework for the Assessment of Commemorative Art

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• Affiliation: College of Arts and Sciences, Department of English and Comparative Literature
• Commemorative artworks, in contradistinction to artworks of other kinds, seem to invite normative judgments. It is unclear, however, in what these normative judgments consist. What are the defining features which are appropriate to commemoration? What are their normative (and arguably ethical) grounds? I reconstruct arguments from the philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel in order to argue that the normative reasons for commemoration – stated simply and imprecisely – are the preservation of that individual’s self-understood identity, deeds, and purposes beyond their death. To these ends, I introduce the problem of commemoration and normativity in the introduction [Section 1]. I then argue that artworks are actions – i.e. “intentional acts”-- and therefore answerable to and assessed by reasons [Section 2]. I then summarize Hegel’s “expressivist” view of action and reconstruct passages on commemoration in the Phenomenology of the Spirit [Phäenomenologie des Geistes] sections 450 and 451 [Section 3]. This view, synthesized with the arguments in section 2, serves as a summation of what I view to be the necessary and sufficient conditions of a commemorative artwork: that it is an artwork, itself a subclass of action, made for the purpose of preserving the expressive development of the deceased individual, by reconciling their private life with the public gaze of the polity.
• German literature
• https://doi.org/10.17615/v764-x809
• Masters Thesis
• In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted
• Flaxman, Gregory
• Stern, Kimberly Jo
• Master of Arts
• University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Graduate School

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J. M. Coetzee and modernist cinema: Viewing the legacy of modernism through film

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Human-in-the-Loop Optimization for Product Design with Gaze Data

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మంచి ముగింపును ఎలా వ్రాయాలి (ఉదాహరణలతో) 

• స్మోడిన్ సంపాదకీయ బృందం
• ప్రచురణ: 31 మే, 2024

ముగింపును అనంతర ఆలోచనగా వదిలివేసేటప్పుడు విద్యార్థులు తరచుగా వ్యాస పరిచయాలను రూపొందించడానికి చాలా సమయాన్ని వెచ్చిస్తారు. ఉపోద్ఘాతం అనేది ఒక వ్యాసం యొక్క అత్యంత ముఖ్యమైన అంశాలలో ఒకటి అయితే, ఒక మంచి ముగింపు దాని ప్రభావంపై కూడా అంతే ప్రభావం చూపుతుంది. మంచి ముగింపును ఎలా వ్రాయాలో తెలుసుకోవడం చాలా ముఖ్యం, ఎందుకంటే ఇది మీ ప్రధాన అంశాలను పొందుపరుస్తుంది మరియు పాఠకులపై శాశ్వత ముద్ర వేస్తుంది.

చక్కగా రూపొందించబడిన ముగింపు మీ వాదనలకు చివరి పిచ్‌గా ఉపయోగపడుతుంది. మీ రీడర్ వారు ఇప్పుడే చదివిన దాని గురించి మరియు మీ థీసిస్ యొక్క కోర్కి ఎలా వర్తిస్తుంది అనేదానిపై స్పష్టమైన అవగాహనతో దూరంగా నడవాలి. సరైన విధానంతో, మీ ముగింపు మంచి వ్యాసాన్ని గొప్పగా మార్చగలదు, అది గుర్తుండిపోయేలా మరియు ప్రభావవంతంగా ఉంటుంది.

ఈ కథనం బలవంతపు ముగింపులను వ్రాయడానికి నాలుగు సాధారణ దశల ద్వారా మీకు మార్గనిర్దేశం చేస్తుంది. ప్రతి దశ మీ థీసిస్‌ను బలోపేతం చేయడంలో మరియు మీ ఉపాధ్యాయుడు లేదా ప్రొఫెసర్‌తో ప్రతిధ్వనించే విధంగా మీ తుది ఆలోచనలను వ్యక్తీకరించడంలో మీకు సహాయపడేలా రూపొందించబడింది. కొంచెం అభ్యాసంతో, మీరు ల్యాండింగ్‌ను ఎలా అంటుకోవాలో నేర్చుకోవచ్చు మరియు ప్రతి వ్యాసానికి అర్హమైన ముగింపును అందించవచ్చు.

ముగింపు పేరా యొక్క ఉద్దేశ్యం ఏమిటి?

ప్రభావవంతమైన వ్యాస రచన కోసం ముగింపు పేరా యొక్క ఉద్దేశ్యాన్ని అర్థం చేసుకోవడం చాలా అవసరం. ముగింపు పేరా మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క సారాంశం కంటే ఎక్కువగా ఉండాలి. ఇది ఏకీకృతం చేయాలి అన్ని మీ వాదనలు మరియు వాటిని తిరిగి మీ థీసిస్‌తో ముడిపెట్టండి.

గుర్తుంచుకోండి, అన్ని మంచి రచనలు భావోద్వేగాన్ని ప్రేరేపిస్తాయి. ప్రేరేపించడం, రెచ్చగొట్టడం లేదా నిమగ్నం చేయాలా అనేది మీ ఇష్టం, కానీ ముగింపు ఎల్లప్పుడూ శాశ్వతమైన ముద్ర వేయాలి.

అనుమానం ఉంటే, స్మోడిన్ యొక్క AI చాట్ మీ ముగింపు యొక్క భావోద్వేగ ప్రభావాన్ని అంచనా వేయడానికి సాధనం ఉపయోగపడుతుంది.

శక్తివంతమైన ముగింపును వ్రాయడంలో నైపుణ్యం సాధించడం ద్వారా, మీ వ్యాసాలు ప్రత్యేకంగా ఉండేలా చూసుకోవడానికి మీరు సాధనాలతో మిమ్మల్ని మీరు సిద్ధం చేసుకుంటారు. ఇది మీరు తరగతి కోసం వ్రాసే మొదటి లేదా చివరి వ్యాసం అయినా, మీ పాఠకుడిపై ఖచ్చితమైన గుర్తును ఉంచడానికి ఇది మీ అవకాశం.

మంచి ముగింపును ఎలా వ్రాయాలి

ఈ విధానం మీ ముగింపు విలువను జోడిస్తుంది మరియు మీ వాదనల పొందికను బలపరుస్తుంది. మీరు దృఢమైన ముగింపును రూపొందించడంలో సహాయపడటానికి ఇక్కడ మూడు సులభమైన మరియు ప్రభావవంతమైన అభ్యాసాలు ఉన్నాయి.

మీ థీసిస్‌ని పునఃప్రారంభించడం

ముగింపులో మీ థీసిస్‌ను పునఃప్రారంభించడం అనేది వ్యాస రచనలో ఒక సాధారణ అభ్యాసం మరియు మంచి కారణం కోసం. మీరు అందించిన సాక్ష్యాధారాల ఆధారంగా మీ అవగాహన ఎలా లోతుగా పెరిగింది లేదా మార్చబడింది అనేది నొక్కి చెప్పడంలో సహాయపడుతుంది.

కేవలం అర్థం చేసుకోండి a పునః మీ అసలు థీసిస్ పూర్తి అని అర్థం కాదు పదం పదం పునరావృతం. మీరు మీ ఒరిజినల్ థీసిస్‌ను తిరిగి వ్రాయాలి, తద్వారా మీరు వ్యాసం అంతటా తాకిన అంతర్దృష్టులను ఇది విశదపరుస్తుంది. స్మోడిన్ యొక్క AI రీరైటర్ మీ రీస్టేట్‌మెంట్ తాజాగా మరియు ప్రభావవంతంగా ఉందని నిర్ధారించుకోవడానికి దాన్ని మెరుగుపరచడంలో సహాయపడుతుంది.

మీ థీసిస్‌ను ప్రభావవంతంగా పునఃప్రారంభించేందుకు ఇక్కడ కొన్ని చిట్కాలు ఉన్నాయి

• సంక్లిష్టతను చూపించు : మీ వ్యాసం ఒరిజినల్ స్టేట్‌మెంట్‌కు లేయర్‌లు లేదా సూక్ష్మ నైపుణ్యాలను జోడించినట్లయితే, దానిని స్పష్టంగా వ్యక్తీకరించండి.
• కీ అన్వేషణలను ఏకీకృతం చేయండి : వారు మీ థీసిస్‌కు ఎలా మద్దతు ఇచ్చారో లేదా శుద్ధి చేశారో పటిష్టం చేయడానికి మీ వ్యాసంలోని ప్రధాన ఫలితాలను పొందుపరచండి.
• తాజాగా ఉంచండి : మళ్ళీ, మీరు ఒకే విషయాలను రెండుసార్లు పునరావృతం చేయకుండా ఉండాలనుకుంటున్నారు. సూక్ష్మ దృక్పథాన్ని ప్రతిబింబించే విభిన్న పదాలను ఉపయోగించండి.

చివరగా, పునఃప్రారంభించబడిన థీసిస్ మీ మిగిలిన వ్యాసంతో సజావుగా కనెక్ట్ అవుతుందని ఎల్లప్పుడూ నిర్ధారించుకోండి. పాఠకుడికి బలమైన మూసివేత భావనను అందించడానికి ఎల్లప్పుడూ మీ రచన యొక్క పొందికను ప్రదర్శించడానికి ప్రయత్నించండి.

వంటి AI సాధనాలను ఉపయోగించడం స్మోడిన్ యొక్క అవుట్‌లైనర్ మరియు ఎస్సే రైటర్ మీ రచన సజావుగా సాగుతుందని మరియు అనుసరించడం సులభం అని నిర్ధారించుకోవచ్చు.

ప్రభావవంతమైన సంశ్లేషణను అందించడం

సమర్థవంతమైన సంశ్లేషణను అందించడం మీ అసలు థీసిస్‌ను మెరుగుపరుస్తుంది. అన్ని మంచి వాదనలు వ్యాసం అంతటా అభివృద్ధి చెందుతాయి మరియు మారాలి. ఈ ఫలితాలను సంగ్రహించడం కంటే, మీరు లోతైన లేదా మరింత సూక్ష్మమైన అవగాహనను ప్రదర్శించడానికి క్లిష్టమైన అంతర్దృష్టులు మరియు సాక్ష్యాలను ఏకీకృతం చేయాలి.

చర్చించబడిన ప్రధాన అంశాల మధ్య కనెక్షన్‌లను గీయండి మరియు అవి మీ థీసిస్‌కు సమిష్టిగా ఎలా మద్దతిస్తాయో చూపండి. అలాగే, మీ విషయం యొక్క విస్తృత సందర్భం కోసం ఈ అంతర్దృష్టుల యొక్క చిక్కులను ప్రతిబింబించండి. మరియు మరోసారి, పాఠకుల ఆసక్తిని కొనసాగించడానికి ఎల్లప్పుడూ తాజా మరియు ఆకర్షణీయమైన భాషను ఉపయోగించండి.

మీకు కావలసిన చివరి విషయం ఏమిటంటే, మీ పాఠకుడు మీ వ్యాసాన్ని వ్యక్తిగత పాయింట్ల సమాహారంగా చూడటం. ఒక మంచి వ్యాసం ఏకీకృత మొత్తంగా చదవాలి, అన్ని ముక్కలు సహజంగా కలిసి ఉంటాయి. మీరు మీ ముగింపులో అన్ని ముక్కలను కలిపి ఉంచినప్పుడు మీ వాదన యొక్క ప్రాముఖ్యతను మీరు ధృవీకరిస్తారు.

కొత్త అంతర్దృష్టులను అందిస్తోంది

అలాగే, మీ పరిశోధనల ఆధారంగా భవిష్యత్ పరిశోధన దిశలను ప్రతిపాదించడానికి ఈ దశను మీ అవకాశంగా భావించండి. ఒక విద్యార్థి లేదా పరిశోధకుడు తర్వాత ఏమి చదువుకోవచ్చు? సమాధానం లేని ప్రశ్నలు ఏవి మిగిలి ఉన్నాయి? ఈ ప్రశ్నలకు సమాధానమివ్వడంలో మీకు సమస్య ఉంటే, ఉపయోగించడాన్ని పరిగణించండి స్మోడిన్ పరిశోధన సాధనాలు అంశం గురించి మీ జ్ఞానాన్ని విస్తరించడానికి.

మీరు మీ స్వంత థీసిస్ గురించి ఓపెన్-ఎండ్ లేదా సమాధానం లేని ప్రశ్నలను వదిలివేయవచ్చని చెప్పడం కాదు. దీనికి విరుద్ధంగా, మీ ముగింపు మీ వాదన యొక్క ప్రామాణికతను దృఢంగా నిర్ధారించాలి. ఏదైనా లోతైన మరియు తెలివైన విశ్లేషణ సహజంగా మరింత అన్వేషణకు దారి తీస్తుంది. విచారణ యొక్క ఈ సంభావ్య ప్రాంతాలపై దృష్టిని ఆకర్షించండి.

(ఐచ్ఛికం) రీడర్‌తో వ్యక్తిగత సంబంధాన్ని ఏర్పరుచుకోండి

ముగింపులో రీడర్‌తో కనెక్షన్‌ని ఏర్పరచుకోవడం ద్వారా మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క ప్రభావాన్ని వ్యక్తిగతీకరించవచ్చు మరియు బలోపేతం చేయవచ్చు. ఈ సాంకేతికత సరిగ్గా అమలు చేయబడితే శక్తివంతమైనది, మీ రచనను మరింత సాపేక్షంగా, మానవీయంగా మరియు చిరస్మరణీయంగా చేస్తుంది.

స్లిమ్ విద్యావేత్తలు అధికారిక వ్యాసాలలో "I"ని ఉపయోగించడాన్ని నిరుత్సాహపరుస్తారు. మీ గురువు లేదా ప్రొఫెసర్ వైఖరిని స్పష్టం చేయడం ఎల్లప్పుడూ ఉత్తమం ముందు మీ చివరి డ్రాఫ్ట్‌ను సమర్పించడం.

ఇది అనుమతించబడితే, మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క ప్రధాన ఇతివృత్తాలతో ముడిపడి ఉన్న సంక్షిప్త వ్యక్తిగత ప్రతిబింబం లేదా వృత్తాంతాన్ని భాగస్వామ్యం చేయండి. మీ వాదనలను మానవీకరించడానికి మరియు రీడర్‌తో కనెక్షన్‌ని సృష్టించడానికి వ్యక్తిగత స్పర్శ చాలా దూరం ఉంటుంది.

మీరు ఏది ఎంచుకున్నా, మీ ముగింపు ఎల్లప్పుడూ మీ వ్యాసం యొక్క విశ్లేషణాత్మక ఫలితాలను పూర్తి చేయాలని గుర్తుంచుకోండి. మీ థీసిస్ నుండి లేదా మీరు సమర్పించిన ఫలితాల నుండి తీసివేయబడే ఏదీ ఎప్పుడూ చెప్పకండి.

మంచి ముగింపులకు ఉదాహరణలు

చక్కగా రూపొందించబడిన ముగింపు ఎలా ఉంటుందో మరియు ఎలా ఉంటుందో వివరించడానికి కొన్ని ఉదాహరణలను అన్వేషిద్దాం. సైన్స్ మరియు సాహిత్య రంగాల నుండి క్రింది రెండు ఊహాత్మక థీసిస్ వ్యాసాలు ఉన్నాయి.

• థీసిస్ అంశం: పగడపు దిబ్బలపై వాతావరణ మార్పు ప్రభావం
• పరిచయం: “పగడపు దిబ్బలు సముద్ర జీవవైవిధ్యానికి సంరక్షకులుగా పనిచేస్తాయి. ఈ నీటి అడుగున పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థలు మొత్తం గ్రహం మీద అత్యంత శక్తివంతమైన మరియు అవసరమైన వాటిలో ఒకటి. అయినప్పటికీ, పెరుగుతున్న వాతావరణ మార్పుల ప్రభావం వారి ఆరోగ్యానికి మరియు మనుగడకు తీవ్ర ముప్పును కలిగిస్తుంది. ఈ వ్యాసం పగడపు క్షీణతకు దోహదపడే నిర్దిష్ట పర్యావరణ మార్పులను విడదీయడం లక్ష్యంగా పెట్టుకుంది, అయితే ఉపశమన చర్యలను ప్రతిపాదిస్తుంది.
• ముగింపు: "పగడపు దిబ్బలపై వాతావరణ మార్పుల ప్రభావంపై ఈ పరిశోధన పగడపు బ్లీచింగ్ సంఘటనల యొక్క అవాంతర త్వరణం మరియు రీఫ్ జీవవైవిధ్యం యొక్క గణనీయమైన క్షీణతను వెల్లడించింది. ఈ అధ్యయనంలో సమర్పించబడిన ఫలితాలు పెరిగిన సముద్ర ఉష్ణోగ్రతలు మరియు పగడపు దిబ్బల మరణాల మధ్య స్పష్టమైన సంబంధాన్ని ఏర్పరుస్తాయి. భవిష్యత్ పరిశోధనలు పరిరక్షణ వ్యూహాలను ప్రభావితం చేసే పగడపు జాతుల యొక్క స్థితిస్థాపకత విధానాలపై దృష్టి పెట్టాలి. పగడపు దిబ్బల విధి ప్రపంచ ఉద్గారాలను అరికట్టడానికి మరియు భవిష్యత్ తరాలకు ఈ కీలక పర్యావరణ వ్యవస్థలను సంరక్షించడానికి మానవత్వం యొక్క తక్షణ మరియు కేంద్రీకృత చర్యపై ఆధారపడి ఉంటుంది.

ముగింపు కేవలం థీసిస్‌ను ఎలా పునరుద్ఘాటించలేదని గమనించండి. బదులుగా, ఇది వాతావరణ మార్పు మరియు పగడపు ఆరోగ్యం మధ్య ఖచ్చితమైన సంబంధాన్ని హైలైట్ చేస్తుంది. ఇది సమస్య యొక్క ఆవశ్యకతను పునరుద్ఘాటిస్తుంది మరియు కొనసాగుతున్న జోక్యానికి చర్య యొక్క పిలుపుని కూడా విస్తరిస్తుంది. చివరి వాక్యం సూటిగా, పాయింట్‌కి సంబంధించినది మరియు పాఠకులపై శాశ్వత ముద్ర వేస్తుంది.

మీరు మీ ముగింపు వాక్యంతో పోరాడుతున్నట్లయితే (లేదా ఏదైనా వాక్యం, దాని కోసం) స్మోడిన్ యొక్క రీరైటర్ సెకన్లలో వందలాది విభిన్న వాక్యాలను సృష్టించగలదు. ఆపై, అత్యంత ప్రతిధ్వనించే వాక్యాలను మరియు పదబంధాలను ఎంచుకోండి మరియు బలవంతపు ముగింపును రూపొందించడానికి వాటిని ఉపయోగించండి.

• థీసిస్ అంశం: 20వ శతాబ్దపు అమెరికన్ సాహిత్యంలో అమెరికన్ డ్రీం యొక్క పరిణామం
• పరిచయం: "అమెరికన్ డ్రీం ఒకప్పుడు శ్రేయస్సు మరియు విజయం ద్వారా నిర్వచించబడింది. అయినప్పటికీ, 20వ శతాబ్దం అంతటా, ప్రముఖ సాహిత్యంలో అమెరికన్ డ్రీం యొక్క ప్రాతినిధ్యం గణనీయమైన మార్పులకు గురైంది. ఈ ప్రాతినిధ్యాలు అమెరికన్ ప్రజలలో నిద్రాణమైన సుదూర భావాన్ని సూచిస్తున్నాయా? లేదా ఈ రచనలు కేవలం భ్రమలకు లోనైన రచయితలు కాలంలోని అభివృద్ధి చెందుతున్న సవాళ్లకు ప్రతిస్పందించిన ఫలితమా?
• ముగింపు: "F. స్కాట్ ఫిట్జ్‌గెరాల్డ్, జాన్ స్టెయిన్‌బెక్ మరియు టోని మోరిసన్ రచనలు అమెరికన్ డ్రీమ్ యొక్క హద్దులేని ఆశావాదం నుండి అమెరికన్ ఎథోస్ యొక్క మరింత క్లిష్టమైన పరిశీలన వరకు పరిణామాన్ని వివరిస్తాయి. ఆధునికవాద మరియు పోస్ట్-మాడర్నిస్ట్ సాహిత్యం అంతటా, అమెరికన్ డ్రీం తరచుగా ప్రధాన అమెరికన్ విలువలతో విభేదిస్తుంది. ఈ నవలలు విస్తృత సామాజిక మార్పులను ప్రతిబింబిస్తాయి, ఇవి జాతీయ చైతన్యాన్ని ఆకృతి చేయడం కొనసాగించాయి. సమకాలీన సాహిత్యంపై మరింత పరిశోధన ఈ భావన యొక్క సంక్లిష్టతలపై ఎక్కువ అవగాహనను అందిస్తుంది."

పరిచయం మరియు ముగింపు మాత్రమే చదవడం ద్వారా ఈ వ్యాసం ఏమి కవర్ చేస్తుందో మీకు ఖచ్చితంగా తెలుస్తుంది. ఇది ముగ్గురు ప్రత్యేక రచయితల రచనలను పరిశీలించడం ద్వారా అమెరికన్ డ్రీం యొక్క పరిణామాన్ని సంగ్రహిస్తుంది. ఈ రచనలు విస్తృత సామాజిక మార్పులను ఎలా ప్రతిబింబిస్తాయో ప్రదర్శించడానికి ఇది విశ్లేషిస్తుంది. భవిష్యత్ విచారణలకు వేదికను సెట్ చేయడానికి ముగింపు ఒక క్యాప్‌స్టోన్ మరియు వంతెనగా పనిచేస్తుంది.

స్మోడిన్‌తో మెరుగైన ముగింపులను వ్రాయండి

దాని వెనుక ఉన్న మానవ మూలకాన్ని ఎల్లప్పుడూ గుర్తుంచుకోండి గ్రేడింగ్ ప్రక్రియ మీ వ్యాసాన్ని రూపొందించేటప్పుడు. మీ ఉపాధ్యాయులు లేదా ప్రొఫెసర్లు మనుషులు మరియు ఇలాంటి అంశాలపై వ్యాసాలను సమీక్షించడానికి లెక్కలేనన్ని గంటలు గడిపారు. గ్రేడింగ్ ప్రక్రియ సుదీర్ఘంగా మరియు సమగ్రంగా ఉంటుంది. మీ ముగింపు వారి పనిని సులభతరం చేయడం లక్ష్యంగా ఉండాలి, కష్టతరం కాదు.

చక్కగా రూపొందించబడిన ముగింపు మీ వాదనకు చివరి భాగం. ఇది అంశంపై కొత్త వెలుగును నింపేటప్పుడు పైన చర్చించిన క్లిష్టమైన అంతర్దృష్టులను పునశ్చరణ చేయాలి. వినూత్న అంశాలు మరియు అంతర్దృష్టి పరిశీలనలను చేర్చడం ద్వారా, మీ ముగింపు మీ వ్యాసం గుంపు నుండి నిలబడటానికి సహాయపడుతుంది.

ఇప్పుడు మరియు భవిష్యత్తులో మెరుగైన గ్రేడ్‌ను పొందే అవకాశాలను పెంచుకోవడానికి మీ వ్యాసం అధిక గమనికతో ముగుస్తుందని నిర్ధారించుకోండి. స్మోడిన్ యొక్క AI సాధనాల సమగ్ర సూట్ మీ వ్యాస రచన యొక్క ప్రతి అంశాన్ని మెరుగుపరచడంలో మీకు సహాయపడుతుంది. ప్రారంభ పరిశోధన నుండి నిర్మాణాత్మకంగా, ఈ సాధనాలు ప్రక్రియను క్రమబద్ధీకరించగలవు మరియు మీ వ్యాసాల నాణ్యతను మెరుగుపరుస్తాయి.