undergraduate vs phd

Quick Guide: Your College Degree Options

Find the right college for you.

There are generally four categories of college degrees: associate degree, bachelor’s degree, graduate degree, and doctorate or professional degree. Each category comes with its own particular subcategories, and there are some subtle differences between a doctorate and a professional degree.

If you ever find yourself lost in the sea of abbreviations for degrees, you're not alone. This quick guide is here to clear the air regarding the types of degrees available to you and what each one means.

Guide to College Degrees, Professional Studies & Certifications

Associate degree.

An associate degree is a two-year degree typically offered at community colleges, technical colleges, and career colleges. However, some four-year universities offer them as well. Examples of some associate degrees include Associate of Arts (AA) and Associate of Science (AS).

AS degrees are generally more narrowly focused and prepare students for science and math-related careers. AA degrees are broader and focus on fields outside of math and science such as liberal arts, business administration, criminal justice, and culinary arts.

Some students who earn an associate degree transfer to a four-year program to earn a bachelor’s degree. Others complete associate degrees and then go straight to work.

Bachelor's or Baccalaureate Degree

Bachelor’s degrees require students to complete four- or five-year programs in a specific academic discipline. The two most common types of bachelor’s degrees are bachelor of arts (BA) and bachelor of science (BS). Other types of bachelor’s degrees include the bachelor of fine arts (BFA), and bachelor of architecture (BArch).

Because bachelor’s degrees train students to enter a specific field, many professional careers require them. Earning a bachelor’s degree can open the door to many job opportunities and increase your potential income.

Some institutions offer a liberal arts and career combination program, also called a 3-2 program. This is a type of dual degree in which a student completes three years of liberal arts study followed by two years of professional or technical study. In the end, students earn two bachelor’s degrees, usually a BA and a BS.

An example of this is Columbia University’s 3-2 Combined Plan program in which students can earn a BA and a BS in five years.

Some colleges also let you earn a teacher certification by combining bachelor's degree study with state certification requirements. State requirements vary, but these programs usually feature professional education courses, including student teaching.

Graduate Degree

Graduate degrees are advanced degrees that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. The two most common are master of arts (MA) and master of science (MS). Other examples include master of fine arts (MFA) and master of business administration (MBA). A graduate degree is like an extension of a bachelor’s degree whereby a student further enriches their knowledge of their field and narrows their f ocus of study .

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree. This may require some extra credit hours, though.

Professional Degree

Students earn professional degrees to become licensed to work in professions like medicine or law. The M.D. degree is an example. Professional programs generally require a college degree before you start them and then at least three years of study to complete.

Doctoral Degree and Professional Degree

The doctorate and professional degrees are the highest levels of education one can attain. They signify mastery of a subject and often come with the coveted title “doctor.” Although the two are similar, there are some important differences.

A doctorate or doctoral degree is a research-oriented degree focused on scholarly development. The most common doctorate is the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). Despite the name, a PhD covers many disciplines, not just philosophy.

A professional degree is an application-oriented degree, meaning it prepares students for a specific working position. There are many types of professional degrees. Some examples are: doctor of medicine (MD), doctor of pharmacy (PharmD), and doctor of medicine in dentistry (DMD) in the field of medicine, and juris doctor (JD) and doctor of juridical science (SJD) in the field of law.

A graduate degree does not need to precede a doctorate or professional degree. Often, students will go straight into a doctorate or professional program following their bachelor’s, however some programs will require a master’s degree to gain entry. Completion can take anywhere from four to eight years, depending on the field of study.

Many doctoral students work either full-time or part-time while they study in the program. This, along with the field they are studying, will significantly affect the time it takes to complete their degree.

Joint Degrees

Some students may choose to pursue a joint degree, also known as a dual degree, which means they simultaneously study for a bachelor’s degree and a graduate degree. Joint degrees can be pursued in the same college or can be split between two different colleges. For example, Berklee College of Music and Harvard University offer a dual bachelor’s/master’s program in which a student receives a bachelor of arts (BA) at Harvard and a master of music (MM) or master of arts (MA) at Berklee.

Depending on the program, it may be possible to study at the same time for a master's degree and a doctorate. For example, the University of Southern California offers a program leading to doctor of pharmacy and master of public health degrees.

How do academic degrees go in order?

There are four types of degrees. In order of level of education, they rank as associate degree, bachelor’s degree, master’s or graduate degrees, and doctorate or professional degrees.

How many degrees are there in college?

Most community colleges offer only two-year associate degrees, while most four-year colleges offer bachelor’s, graduate, and doctorate or professional degrees. Some four-year colleges may also have associate degree programs.

How many years do you have to be in college to achieve certain degrees?

Though it will vary between academic disciplines, associate degrees usually take two years to achieve, bachelor’s degrees take four years, master’s degrees take two years, and doctorate or professional degrees can take anywhere from four to eight years.

What is an eight-year degree?

An “eight-year degree” typically refers to a doctorate degree or PhD. Although some doctorates can be completed in as little as three years, these degrees typically require more time studying highly specialized subjects. Students in these programs often must defend a dissertation while already working a professional job.

What are the four years of college called?

The first four years of college are the undergraduate years, and a student studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate. The four years refer to the total accumulated credit hours; a student may take fewer or more than four years to attain their undergraduate degree.

What does a graduate degree mean?

A graduate degree or master’s degree is an advanced degree that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. Earning a graduate degree signifies mastery of a particular field of study and focuses more intensely on a subject than a bachelor’s degree does. Graduate degrees usually take two years to attain.

What do you call a master's student?

A master's student is called a graduate student or “grad student” for short. A student still studying for a bachelor’s degree is called an undergraduate student or “undergrad student.”

How many years is a master's degree?

Graduate degrees usually take around two years to attain, but this can vary based on the degree. Many institutions allow students to enroll in a graduate program in a field unrelated to their bachelor’s degree, although it may require some extra credit hours.

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The Difference Between Graduate and Undergraduate Degrees: 10 Things That Matter

Updated: October 13, 2023

Published: September 4, 2019

While both achieve the same goal, to prepare you for something new, and to push your academics further, graduate and undergraduate studies have some very important differences. Most notably, they both have very different possible outcomes, have varying levels of difficulty and commitment, and students’ reasoning for entering programs will vary quite a bit. Some of these are minor, but some matter quite a bit. Read on to learn all about degree levels and the difference between graduate and undergraduate studies.

Photo by Liam Anderson from Pexels

10 differences between graduate and undergraduate school that matter, 1. time commitment.

One of the first things you will realize as a grad student, is where did your life go? In undergraduate school, there is time to split between sports, social activities, volunteering, the list goes on. You’re always busy, but it might not always be school-related.

In graduate school, it can seem like you are always working on school-related tasks, but at least they will be interesting tasks! You’ve thought long and hard about going to graduate school, therefore it’s likely that you are studying something that you love, so the extra time commitment won’t seem so bad. Finally, graduate courses are much more research intense, so the work you do will inevitably take more time. But at least you are working towards something for you as well.

2. Professor-Student Relationship

The relationships between you and your professors are likely to be different than when you were an undergrad. As an undergraduate, you might find yourself in a class of over 300 students! Graduate courses are much more intimate, including online degrees.

Professors can also be more invested in their graduate students, especially if you are doing research together. Make that relationship work for you — learn all you can from your professors, and don’t forget to network towards the end of your studies. You never know who might be a great connection for a job.

3. Entrance Requirements

Requirements to get into graduate school are very different from that of undergraduate school. All undergraduate programs require a high school diploma or equivalent, and graduate programs require undergraduate degrees.

When it comes to standardized testing, requirements also change. To get into most undergraduate programs, especially four-year institutions, standardized tests are usually needed. For graduate school, the same might be true, but you will also find variance on which tests are required depending on the program. Some schools, such as University of the People , do not require entrance exams at all! See here what requirements you’d need in order to study at UoPeople.

Letters of recommendation will vary by school and program but are much more common for graduate school. Most public, four-year universities will not require recommendations for undergrad applications.

4. Post Grad Opportunities

Now here’s a difference between graduate and undergraduate that really matters: What you will do after. Both can lead to further education — undergrad degrees lead to graduate programs, and from there, you can complete post-graduate education such as a PhD.

School programs aside, the doors are much more open if you have completed a graduate degree. You are likely to get paid more with a graduate degree, and more management and upper level positions will be open to you, compared to applicants with undergraduate education.

5. Research

Graduate school is all about research. And while it is still possible to find research opportunities in undergrad, they are seen more as side projects or extracurriculars, instead of a culmination of your graduate education.

In your graduate studies, you will also have opportunities to research something that really matters to you, whereas in undergrad, you might have less of a say in research content.

6. Course Content

Course content as well as course structure is different in graduate school. Content and material is likely to be more challenging in graduate courses. You will also be expected to produce more materials such as papers, presentations, projects, and discussions during your graduate courses when compared to undergraduate courses that may rely on textbooks and passive lectures.

7. Evaluation

How you are graded will depend on programs and schools regardless of graduate or undergraduate status, but there are still some important differences between the two. First of all, when it comes to curving grades, or adjusting grades based on the class’ performance, undergraduate courses are much more likely to implement it. Here’s a little known fact — you can’t graduate with honors in graduate school!

8. Change of Majors

In your undergraduate studies, a change of majors requires little more than a trip and a form signature from an academic counselor. It might mean taking a few extra classes than anticipated, but it is still relatively easy to. In graduate school, however, changing majors or study tracks is extremely difficult because you are admitted into your program as part of the application process.

9. Older & Wiser?

Graduate students already know the ropes. They have learned their best study habits, the subjects they do well on, and the ones they may need extra help in, compared to undergraduate students, who may need some adjustment period to get used to higher education.

Graduate students might, however, also have spent considerable time away from school and may need extra help getting back in the mindset of studying, while undergrad students often come straight from high school and are ready to learn.

10. Interactive Classes

Undergrad classes might be all about reviewing materials, turning in assignments and taking exams. This isn’t always the case, but it is much more likely when compared to graduate school, where classes might have more discussions, require more participation and project-based assignments.

The Undergraduate vs Graduate Student

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Undergrads are usually younger and full of energy. They are likely using a degree to find out what they want to do, take the next step in life, and have a fun social atmosphere. Graduate students have a different outlook. Some will have more work experience, and all have more school experience. Grad students may already have established their lives, families, and social groups and are more looking to school for just academics.

How Hard is Graduate School Compared to Undergraduate?

It’s harder! We can’t lie to you — graduate school is another ball game when it comes to academics. There is much more of an expectation to use your mind to make inferences and intelligent contributions to your work, compared to recall and memory exercises in undergrad. Graduate school requires much more applied skills and knowledge, and be prepared for a larger time commitment for graduate courses.

Admissions requirements can be harder as well for graduate school. While you might not be required to take a standardized test, if you do, the GMAT and the GRE are much more challenging than undergrad entrance exams.

You may also be asked to submit a portfolio for graduate school admissions, which takes lots of time and effort. On the positive side, however, you will get to show your best work and explain in your own way what makes you a great candidate, instead of relying on test scores.

What is an Undergraduate Student?

Undergraduate studies include Associate’s degrees, such as University of the People’s Associate’s in Health Studies , Associate’s in Computer Science , and Associate’s in Business Administration . Associate’s degrees are shorter and can offer an introduction into a field.

Bachelor’s degrees are also undergraduate programs. There are several types of Bachelor’s degrees, including Bachelor of Science, Bachelor of Arts, and Bachelor of Fine Arts. University of the People offers three Bachelor of Science degrees in Health Studies , Computer Science , and Business Administration .

What is a Graduate Student?

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Graduate studies include Master’s degrees such as Master of Art, Master of Education , Master of Science, Master in Business Administration , Master in Social Work, Master in Fine Arts, and Master in Law (LLM).

University of the People offers flexible online graduate degree programs in Education ( M.Ed ) and Business ( MBA ).

Doctorate students are also graduate students. The most common types of degrees you can earn post graduate are PhD, Doctor of Law, Doctor of Physical Therapy, and Doctor of Medicine.

All in all, while there are many very important differences between undergraduate and graduate school, both have amazing pluses and incredible, yet different, opportunities from each one.

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What is the Difference Between an Undergraduate and a Graduate Degree?

There are different options for higher education in the American education system for international students. International students can pursue undergraduate degrees as well as graduate degrees. These degree options are often confused because the terminology in much of the world is different. We are here to make it easier!

What is an Undergraduate Degree?

An undergraduate degree is a 2-year associate's degree obtained at a college, community college, or vocational/technical school, or a bachelor's degree typically awarded through a four-year college program. An undergraduate degree in the U.S. is referred to as a graduate degree in most other countries.

In almost all instances, students pursuing an associate's degree are required to have a 2.0 grade point average (GPA) and a high school diploma or equivalent. They may also be asked to take a school's entrance exam and pass language and communication capability screening .

Students pursuing a bachelor's degree usually must take the Scholastic Aptitude/Assessment Test (SAT) or the American College Testing (ACT) test before admission. International students may also be required to take the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL). The test scores from all of these exams can influence a student's choice of schools and chance of being admitted to them. 

What is a Graduate Degree?

The equivalent for graduate degrees in the U.S. is known as post-graduate degrees in most of the world. A graduate degree is earned once a student has built a strong foundation through an undergraduate degree. A graduate degree is any degree earned after earning a bachelor's degree, such as a master's, a Ph.D., or even certification level programs.

A master's degree usually requires two years to complete and can be completed in any study area after a bachelor's. A Ph.D. is the highest level of academic credentials that a student can hold in a particular area of specialization and can take longer to complete than any other degree. On average, students take around 4+ years to earn a Ph.D. as they work and earn a Ph.D. at the same time.

Students, in most cases, have to have a high GPA in academic achievement for graduate school admissions. Applicants will likely be required to have taken the Graduate Record Examinations (GRE) standardized test and submit test scores with a graduate school application. Also needed are the applicant's undergraduate transcript and, typically, letter(s) of commendation. 

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Guide on Getting Into Grad School

Helpful information and exercises for prospective graduate students

Graduate Degrees Awarded at Stanford 2020-21

• 1,822 MA/MS
• 817 PhD, DMA, JSD

If you’re considering grad school for your future, you are probably asking yourself many questions:

• Is grad school the best option for me now? 
• What are the benefits and challenges? 
• What’s the difference between undergrad and grad school? 
• Should I seek a master’s or doctoral program? 
• Which grad programs should I apply for? 
• What’s involved in an application to grad school? 
• What are admissions committees looking for? 
• Who can help me? What resources are available? 
• What are some alternatives to grad school?

These are all important questions to consider, and they should be considered carefully. This guide is organized around the main aspects of the decision-making process and application, which can help address many of your questions. 

Because these decisions and your application for graduate school are complex and time-consuming, this guide was prepared to provide critical information and advice. This guide  also contains questions to ask yourself and exercises to help you prepare your application for graduate programs. Be as honest as possible with yourself, and talk about your answers with close friends and family. You may need to adjust the wording of your answers for your application, but it’s important to begin with an honest self-assessment as you prepare your application.

Using this guide and working on these exercises can help you get started in the right direction. Additional resources and tools are incorporated within this guide. However, remember to also seek help from other people: faculty, advisors, grad students, postdocs, peers, and career counselors. This guide is meant to provide an overview and does not cover everything. Your specific situation can only be addressed by close friends and mentors who know you personally. 

As you address multiple decisions, this can be a stressful time period. But it may help to realize that you are not alone, and that many others have approached these decisions and have  successfully embarked on new adventures. So, remember to find friends to encourage you in this process. We wish you the best in these new adventures.

Undergraduate vs Graduate (PhD) Programs

The experiences of an undergraduate and graduate student can appear deceptively similar. They are both at a university doing coursework and research. However, there are significant differences. Not understanding the depth of these differences can hinder your chances of being admitted and succeeding in grad school.

Undergraduate Programs You are a student “at school X” • Focus on courses and grades  • More objective evaluations of performance from exams and homework • Feedback is relatively frequent • Most activities and performance evaluations are individualistic

You apply to a university or college • Your interests can be very broad • You apply to a discipline or major • Extracurricular activities are valued

Graduate (PhD) Programs You are a student of “Dr. Z” (research advisor) •  Focus on research •  More subjective evaluations and longer periods without concrete feedback •  Collaboration and independence are valued together, which will likely appear to be counter-intuitive— most activities and performance evaluations are individualistic •  Relationship-driven

You apply into a specific graduate program •  Your interests need to be much more specific •  You apply into a specific field within a discipline •  Some programs require you to apply to work directly with a specific professor •  Extracurricular activities are valued less, unless they demonstrate critical skills related to your field

Master’s vs Doctoral Programs

While a typical 4-year undergraduate program refers to pursuing a bachelor’s degree (often a BS or BA degree), a graduate program can refer to pursuing a master’s or doctoral degree.

Master’s Programs (MS or MA) •  Master’s programs usually provide much less financial support.  •  Master’s programs usually last about 2 years, but there are shorter and longer programs, with the range usually between 1 to 3 years. •  All master’s programs require coursework, and only some require research that leads to a thesis (a write-up of your research). •  Requirements for master’s programs are usually less than those for doctoral programs.

Doctoral Programs (PhD) •  Doctoral programs usually provide financial support. •  Doctoral programs have a wide range of typical lengths, from 4 to 8 years. The length of the program is very specific to the field. •  In some doctoral programs (e.g. some engineering programs), you earn a master’s degree before earning a PhD. But in many other programs, the master’s degree is not required before pursuing a PhD. •  All doctoral programs require research that leads to a dissertation (longer than a master’s thesis, a write-up of multiple years of research). •  For some doctoral programs, if you are not able to complete all of the requirements, you might be allowed to exit with a master’s degree.

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A Guide to Different Types of College Degrees

From associate degrees to doctorates, options are plentiful for prospective higher education students.

College Degree Levels Explained

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There are numerous higher education options, from credentials such as badges and certificates to a range of college degree levels.

Earning a college degree leads to higher lifetime earnings and lower unemployment rates than those with just a high school diploma, research indicates. There are also nonmonetary advantages, including gaining transferable workforce skills and being more active citizens, experts say.

There are numerous higher education options, from credentials such as badges and certificates to a range of college degree levels. But different jobs or fields strongly encourage or require varying credentials, so students must do their research.

To be an air traffic controller, for instance, an applicant needs at least an associate degree , while a candidate pursuing dentistry must earn a professional degree, such as the Doctor of Dental Surgery (D.D.S.).

Students "should go into college knowing that there are opportunities to move on and that learning is a lifelong process," says Lynn Pasquerella, president of the American Association of Colleges and Universities, an organization focused on advancing equity within higher education.

"Rapidly changing technology means rapid obsolescence," she says. "Circumstances in peoples' lives change, as we saw with COVID-19. There's always an opportunity to use the education that they've earned as a foundation for more education and greater career opportunities, or just for a more fulfilling life."

The guide below offers a look at college degree programs, from associate to professional degrees.

Associate Degrees

Commonly offered at community colleges and some universities, a full-time student can earn an associate degree – which typically requires 60 credit hours or more – in two years. Colleges that offer associate degrees have fewer or no residential options on campus.

Some degree options include Associate of Arts (A.A.), Associate of Science (A.S.), Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.) and Associate of General Studies (A.G.S.).

"Often individuals are working toward an associate degree with the long-term goal of earning a four-year degree," says Brian Troyer, dean of undergraduate admissions at Marquette University in Wisconsin. "But associate degrees are often degrees that lead to a successful career in a particular field. They provide outstanding training in a very specific discipline."

According to the National Center for Education Statistics , 49% of Americans between the ages of 25 and 29 had an associate degree or higher in 2021. American workers age 25 and over with an associate degree earned a median weekly income of $963 in 2021 compared with $809 for those with a high school diploma and no college, per figures from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.

Associate degrees are "usually a very good return on investment because they are inexpensive to begin with" and "targeted toward career preparation," Pasquerella says.

Bachelor's Degrees

A full-time student can expect to finish a bachelor's degree within four years, though that length of time varies by program. A bachelor's degree – which is offered at four-year institutions and a small number of community colleges – typically requires 120 credit hours, sometimes more and occasionally fewer.

Colleges that offer a bachelor's degree are often associated with the more "traditional" residential setting. But that's not always the case, as there are options to commute or attend an online bachelor's program .

Bachelor's degree types include Bachelor of Arts ( B.A. ), Bachelor of Science (B.S.), Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.) and other specialty designations.

"You get more of a broad-based approach in taking classes in different subject areas, building both knowledge and skill, as well as critical-thinking and problem-solving skills," says Joe B. Whitehead, Jr., provost and senior vice president of academic and student affairs at Bowling Green State University in Ohio. "Some are more professionally oriented, like a degree in business or engineering."

According to NCES, 39% of Americans between the ages of 25 and 29 had a bachelor's degree or higher in 2021. In 2019, a bachelor's degree was worth nearly $2.8 million in median lifetime earnings, a 2021 report from Georgetown University 's Center on Education and the Workforce found.

Unemployment rates in 2021, in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, were much higher for American workers age 25 and over with a high school diploma and no college – 6.2%, compared with those with a bachelor's degree, 3.5%, per BLS figures.

Master's Degrees

A master's degree follows a bachelor's degree for many continuing their postsecondary education. But enrolling directly into a master's program after graduating with a bachelor's degree is not always necessary.

Experts advise students to first ask themselves what steps are required to achieve their career goals and why they want to earn a particular degree.

If an advanced degree is required to meet job qualifications, a student may want to consider an accelerated combined degree program , often known as 4+1 programs – an option to earn both a bachelor's and master's degree in five years rather than six years separately.

Going straight into a master's or doctoral program may cause less of an interruption in the life of a student already focused on academic pursuits, says Mildred García, president of the American Association of State Colleges and Universities.

But in other cases, it may be better for a student to enter the workforce first in a field of interest before committing to a master's degree.

"Waiting some time to go back to school to earn a master’s or doctorate can allow the prospective student to gain or deepen their professional experiences, further increase their maturity level and appreciation of the profession they want to enter, and have a higher understanding or focus on the need and use of an advanced degree," García wrote in an email.

Credit hour requirements vary by graduate school , but most require at least 30. A master's degree typically takes an average of two full years to complete, and students often need to submit a final project or thesis to graduate.

Common master's degrees include the Master of Business Administration ( MBA ), Master of Fine Arts ( MFA ) and Master of Science (M.S.). An MFA is considered a terminal degree, the highest degree available in that particular field.

Nine percent of Americans between the ages of 25 and 29 had a master's degree or higher in 2021, according to NCES data. Average lifetime earnings for a master's degree recipient in 2019 were $3.2 million, Georgetown's CEW research shows.

Doctorate Degrees

A doctorate is a research-based degree "intended to develop specific academic skills, like how to design, conduct and analyze research activity," García says.

Earning a doctorate degree – the highest traditional academic degree – can be an arduous and lengthy endeavor, taking anywhere from three to seven years, or more, of study. Candidates can choose from various types, most commonly Doctor of Education (Ed.D.) or Doctor of Philosophy ( Ph.D. ).

Doctoral candidates also are expected to conduct research and write a dissertation, although some programs do not require the extensive research paper.

"Dissertations are publications that showcase a body of work over the students' graduate career," Pasquerella says. "So to get a Ph.D, you often have to pass comprehensive exams – which test you over the first two years – and qualifying exams to qualify to write a thesis. And then you have the thesis itself, where you have to demonstrate that you are making unique and distinctive contributions to the field through your research."

Georgetown's CEW found that average lifetime earnings for doctoral degree holders were $4 million in 2019, with median weekly earnings of $1,909 in 2021, per BLS data.

Professional Degrees

To become licensed to work in professions like medicine or law, students need to earn professional degrees.

Aspiring attorneys generally attend law school to earn a Juris Doctor (J.D.) degree, which typically take three years of full-time study to complete. To become a licensed lawyer, graduates must also pass the bar exam in their jurisdiction.

On the other hand, prospective doctors attend medical school to earn a degree such as Doctor of Medicine (M.D.), Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine (D.O.) or another degree more specific to their field of study.

Medical degrees typically take four years to complete in addition to a residency program – a period of training for graduates to practice first-hand what was taught in the classroom. The length of residency programs varies by specialty but can last between three and seven years.

Those who completed a professional degree have lifetime earnings of more than $4.7 million, Georgetown's CEW found, with average annual earnings of $117,500 – 68% higher than pay for workers with a bachelor's degree.

Deciding on the Right Degree

To find the right degree fit, students should consider several factors, including their professional and personal goals, program costs , salary expectations – both at the beginning and long term – and employment rates of graduates with the same degree, García says.

Troyer advises students to meet with or shadow a professional in their field of interest to learn what it took for that individual to earn their particular degree and job position.

"These educational opportunities exist for individuals who are arriving to this post-secondary journey perhaps in different stages of their own life, with different priorities and different needs," he says. "So I'm a firm believer that there's no particular degree or there's no specific institution per se that's perfect for any given student. What really matters is what matters to the student and what they are looking for."

It's always advantageous to formally gain more knowledge, depending on "when one does it and when they can do it," Whitehead says.

"Students should aspire to be the best they can be," he adds. "We're becoming a highly technical world, an information economy. So with that said, the more knowledge one can acquire will be beneficial going forward."

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Undergraduate vs. Graduate Degree Programs [2024 Guide]

What is an undergraduate vs. graduate degree? What is the difference between college vs. graduate school? How many years is an undergraduate degree compared to a graduate degree?

Compare the duration, cost, degrees, and earning potential for undergraduate and graduate programs.

Some of the terminology surrounding college life can be confusing. The easiest way to remember the difference between these two terms is whether you’ve graduated yet and have received a conferred degree .

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If you haven’t graduated yet, you’re in an undergraduate program. If you have graduated from college, you’re ready for a graduate degree. Graduate and undergraduate degrees vary in the length of time that is required to complete each program.

Undergraduate vs. Graduate Degree

Before enrolling in a degree program, you should be able to answer what’s an undergraduate degree and what’s a graduate degree .

Undergraduate programs are typically completed in two years to four years depending on the degree level. An associates degree typically takes two years to complete. A bachelors degree usually takes four years.  To move on to graduate school, you must first complete your bachelor degree.

A graduate student is a student who already has their four year bachelor’s degree and is pursuing a graduate degree. A graduate degree can be a master’s, professional, or doctoral degree.

Most people attend undergraduate school between the ages of 18 and 21 years. The student body tends to be mostly be composed of young adults, and many live on campus the first year or two.

A graduate studies student body tends to be older, and the coursework focuses on your individual field. Many graduate students live off-campus and attend school between jobs or other life obligations. The average graduate student is 33 years old.

Admission Requirements

A major difference between graduate and undergraduate programs is the admission process. You will need a high school diploma or GED to attend undergraduate school. You will also likely need to submit your SAT, ACT, and TOEFL scores.

Many colleges ask for letters of recommendation from teachers or other school officials.

Undergraduate school admission usually requires a GPA of 3.0 or higher. Ivy league schools usually require a GPA of 3.75 or more, and occupation or vocational schools usually require a GPA of 2.0 or higher for admission.

Colleges and universities of all sizes and degree pursuits will require you to complete an application. This will usually involve writing an essay on a subject relevant to the university or your academic pursuit.

The submission of your application will likely require an application fee of between $35 and $60. You will need to have more schooling under your belt to apply for a graduate program. The school to which you’re applying will likely require you to have a 4-year bachelor’s degree.

They may also ask you to submit your GRE test scores, transcripts, financial aid documents (if applicable), and letters of recommendation. Many graduate programs will also require you to have a GPA of 3.0-3.3 or higher to attend graduate school.

The coursework required for a graduate degree is much different than that required for an undergraduate degree. Undergraduate programs tend to be more general and include a wide variety of class subjects.

Classes typically include far more students and include little one-on-one time with the professor. Undergraduate programs involve classwork and examinations, similar to high school but at a more challenging level.

This is where graduate vs. undergraduate studies vary greatly. Graduate degrees are much more specialized, and you’ll often work closely with your professor.

Graduate school professors will likely treat you more like a peer than a student. You’ll likely work side-by-side at times.

Graduate programs primarily focus on reading, writing, and research preparation. They usually involve less classwork and exams than undergraduate programs. Class time is usually designed to be a more inclusive and collaborative experience.

Showing up to your graduate school classes means you should be fully prepared to contribute to the class. You will be a part of conversations, ideas, and learn from your professors as well as your peers.

Simply put, graduate school cuts out all of the fluff. You’re expected to be focused and driven to advance your skillset in your specific field. Graduate schooling is designed to provide the knowledge you need to pursue work in your field immediately upon graduating.

Difficulty of Undergraduate vs. Graduate Programs

If you choose to enter a graduate program, you should be ready for a more demanding curriculum than you experienced in undergraduate school.

You should experience more freedom in terms of fewer due dates and daily check-ins. You’ll be expected to know how to manage your time on your own. As a graduate student, you should always be on top of your reading, writing, and research.

Length of Program

Undergraduate programs are often longer than graduate programs. What that means is you’ll likely be cramming a lot more learning into a shorter amount of time when pursuing your graduate degree.

You can think of an undergraduate program as an extended amount of training leading up to a 10K. While graduate school is the equivalent of running a marathon.

Undergraduate school typically requires taking five or six courses per semester or trimester for a total of 15 to 18 credits. An associate’s degree usually takes 2 years to complete. While a bachelor’s degree is typically completed over 4 years.

Graduate school generally involves taking four courses or 12 credits per semester or trimester.

Graduate programs vary significantly in length depending on what you’re studying. A typical master’s degree takes 2 years to complete. A doctoral degree usually takes four or more. In general, graduate programs may take between 1 and 6 years to complete.

Tuition fees vary greatly from school to school. The following are some general ideas of the cost of associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees. It’s important to note that these numbers can be higher, depending on the university you choose to attend.

Tuition is also generally much more expensive if you attend a school in a different state than the one in which you’re registered.

Associate’s Degree – According to a recent College Board  survey, an associate’s degree typically costs around $3,770 for a 2-year degree.

Bachelor’s Degree – A bachelor’s degree usually costs around $10,560 for in-state schooling and $27,020 for out-of-state tuition. This number can be higher depending on the college or university you choose.

Graduate Degree – Graduate degrees at public colleges typically cost around $8,950. The same degree at a private university may be $29,670.

It’s important to remember that you’ll need to complete your bachelor’s degree before beginning a graduate program. This means you’ll need to pay for both programs.

Earning Potential

A graduate degree will likely be more financially rewarding than an associate’s or bachelor’s degree. According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics , workers with a bachelor’s degree earned a median salary of $77,920 per year.

Those with a graduate degree earned a median salary of $78,210 per year. Typically, a person earns more with a master’s degree than a peer with an undergraduate degree in a comparable position. Pursue a doctoral or professional degree, and you might earn $110,200 or around $30,000 more annually.

Of course, these salaries can vary significantly based on the subject you studied, the occupation you have, and any experience.

Advanced degrees, such as master’s, professional, or doctoral degrees, will generally provide more earnings throughout your lifetimes. Of course, these earnings can vary greatly depending on the program and occupation you choose.

Is a Bachelor’s Degree a Graduate Degree?

No, a bachelor’s degree is not a graduate degree. Studying for a bachelor’s degree will classify you as an undergraduate student.

Studying for a master’s, professional, or doctoral degree will classify you as a graduate student pursuing a graduate degree.

Do You Have to Take an Undergraduate Program Before a Graduate Program?

Yes, you’ll need to complete your undergraduate studies before applying for a graduate program.

The graduate school will probably expect you to have at least a 3.0 or 3.3 minimum GPA in your undergraduate studies before applying.

Am I an Undergraduate or a Graduate?

You’re an undergraduate student if you’re currently studying for your associate’s or bachelor’s degree. You are a graduate student if you’re studying for a master’s, professional, or doctoral degree.

Graduate students already have a bachelor’s degree in their field and are typically more than 21 years old. The average age of a graduate student is 33, so it’s not uncommon to already be working in your field while pursuing this degree.

It’s common for these terms to be confused, especially among international students. That’s because the terminology used in the United States is different from nearly every other country. International students will often refer to undergraduate studies in the United States as graduate studies.

An international student in a graduate program in the United States would be in a post-graduate program in most other parts of the world.

While it can be confusing, it’s important to note that within the United States, students are either in undergraduate or graduate programs. The former being in pursuit of an associate’s or bachelor’s degree, and the latter in pursuit of a master’s, doctoral, or professional degree.

What Is the Difference Between Undergraduate and Graduate Education?

What’s the difference between undergraduate and graduate? The difference between graduate and undergraduate education is what level of degree you are earning. Undergraduate degrees include associate and bachelor degrees. Graduate degrees include master, professional, and doctorate degrees.

The programs are drastically different in terms of length, cost, difficulty, and coursework.

Undergraduate vs. Graduate: Educate Yourself On The Difference

• Undergraduate Meaning
• Undergraduate Student And Degree
• Graduate Meaning
• Graduate Degree And Student
• Graduate Origin
• Postgraduate Meaning

⚡ Quick summary

The main difference between undergraduate and graduate is that undergraduate is always used in the context of the first level of college or university education (the level where you can earn a bachelor’s degree ). In terms like graduate student and graduate degree , graduate refers to a level of advanced education beyond the undergraduate level, especially a master’s degree or doctorate . The noun graduate is more general, simply referring to a person who has completed a level of education (someone who has graduated ).

The difference between undergraduate and graduate is a difference of degrees (*throws graduation cap in the air to celebrate the pun*).

The level of education that each word involves varies depending on how the word is being used, and there are situations in which both words can be used in the same situation. For example, you can become a graduate student after graduating with an undergraduate degree.

The word graduate can mean very different things depending on whether it’s used as a noun (as in recent   high school graduates ), an adjective (as in graduate student and graduate degree ), or a verb (as in I plan to graduate next May ). The same goes for its shortened form, grad , which can be used as a noun (as in Congrats, grads! ) or an adjective (as in grad program ).

Undergraduate can also be used both as a noun (as in I’m an undergraduate at Stanford University ) or an adjective (as in I’m working toward my undergraduate degree ). It can be shortened to undergrad in both cases.

By the end of this article, you’ll have an advanced degree in all the different ways graduate, grad , undergraduate , and undergrad are used, and what they mean in each case.

What does undergraduate mean?

An undergraduate is “a student in a university or college who has not received a first, especially a bachelor’s, degree.” For example, a college student might say I’m an undergraduate at the University of Texas if they were pursuing a bachelor’s degree there.

Undergraduate is also commonly used as an adjective in this same context, in terms like undergraduate student , undergraduate degree , and undergraduate studies.

Undergraduate is often shortened to undergrad as both a noun and an adjective.

In undergraduate, the prefix under- is used to indicate a lower rank or status. The educational status of an undergraduate student is below that of a graduate student.

What’s the difference between wisdom and knowledge ? Here’s a lesson on the two terms.

What is an undergraduate student ? And what is an undergraduate degree ?

An undergraduate student is a student who is pursuing a degree at the first level of higher education (meaning the level after high school) at a college or university. Undergraduate students are typically those working to earn a bachelor’s degree (or, less commonly, an associate’s degree ). These degrees are often referred to with the general term undergraduate degree.

Outside of the US, an undergraduate degree is sometimes called a first degree. There are also other types of undergraduate degrees outside of the US, such as a foundation degree (which, like an associate’s degree, is typically a two-year degree).

What does graduate mean?

As a noun, the word graduate  [  graj -oo-it ] refers to “a person who has received a degree or diploma on completing a course of study.” In other words, a graduate is someone who has completed a particular level of schooling or an educational program—a child who just finished kindergarten and a doctor who just completed medical school are both graduates. It can even be used figuratively , as in She’s a graduate of the school of hard knocks.

As a verb, graduate [  graj -oo-eyt ] means “to receive a degree or diploma on completing a course of study.” The process of graduating—and the ceremony itself—is called graduation .

As an adjective, graduate [  graj -oo-it ] means something more specific. It’s used to indicate that a student, degree, or educational program is an advanced one, beyond the level of a bachelor’s degree. This sense of graduate is most commonly used in terms like graduate degree, graduate school , graduate program, and graduate student.

What is a graduate degree ? And what is a graduate student ?

Graduate degree typically refers to a degree beyond a bachelor’s, most commonly a master’s.

A graduate student is a student who’s pursuing an advanced degree after having earned their undergraduate degree (such as a bachelor’s degree) by graduating from an undergraduate program. Calling someone a graduate student most often means they are pursuing their master’s degree, but it may be another advanced degree, such as a PhD (You’d most commonly call such students PhD students. Or you might say they are working toward their doctorate or their doctoral degree.)

To earn a graduate degree, graduate students go to a division of a university known as graduate school , and such a program is often called a graduate program. In all of these terms, graduate is often shortened to grad : grad school , grad student , grad program . (A student doesn’t become a graduate student until they take graduate-level courses. For example, if a student graduates with a bachelor’s degree and then later pursues a different bachelor’s degree, they are still an undergraduate student .)

Some graduate studies are referred to in more specific ways: medical students go to medical school to earn their medical degree ; law students go to law school to earn their law degree.

Do you know the difference between these highly-esteemed graduate degrees and titles: PhD, MD, and Dr ?

Where does the word graduate come from?

Graduate comes from the Medieval Latin graduārī, meaning “to take a degree.” It ultimately derives from the Latin gradus, meaning “a step.” Each time you graduate, you take a step to the next level of education.

What does postgraduate mean?

The adjective postgraduate is sometimes used in the same way as the adjective sense of the word graduate, especially in the UK, as in postgraduate student or postgraduate studies.

Postgraduate should not be confused with postdoctoral , which refers to studies, research, or professional work above the level of a doctorate.

How to use undergraduate vs. graduate

The best way to sort out the different meanings of undergraduate and graduate is to determine whether each word is being used as a noun, an adjective, or a verb. Here’s an easy breakdown of the differences.

• undergraduate (noun): A college student pursuing a non-advanced degree, most commonly a bachelor’s degree. Can be shortened to undergrad.
• undergraduate (adjective): Used in the context of colleges and university programs ( undergraduate programs ) where students are pursuing a degree (generally referred to as an undergraduate degree ) that is not an advanced degree. Also sometimes shortened to undergrad.
• graduate (noun): A person who has completed a particular level of schooling or educational program. Can be shortened to grad.
• graduate (verb): To complete a level of schooling (and, typically, to receive a degree or diploma). You can graduate from kindergarten, high school, college, graduate school, medical school, etc.
• graduate (adjective): Used in the context of advanced schooling—a level beyond a bachelor’s degree, most commonly a master’s program. Used in terms like graduate student , graduate school , graduate degree , graduate program , graduate courses , etc. Often shortened to grad.

Examples of undergraduate, undergrad, graduate, and grad used in a sentence

Let’s look at some examples of these words in actual, real-life use to get the meanings straight.

• As an undergraduate, she had studied engineering; as a graduate student, she switched to architecture.
• I completed my undergraduate degree after five years and a lot of hard work.
• As a graduate student, you will be expected to complete a thesis.
• You should start thinking about graduate school applications before you graduate.
• Most of the applicants for this position are recent college graduates.
• I’m still an undergrad, but I’m hoping to start grad school next fall.
• I’m a UGA grad, but I almost went to Georgia Tech.

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No matter who is graduating, here are tips on how to craft a perfect congratulations card for their achievement.

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Graduate vs Undergraduate Degree: Which Is Best for You?

Deciding between a graduate vs undergraduate degree can be challenging. After completing your undergraduate degree program, should you enter the job market or apply to graduate schools? Understanding key differences between these types of degrees can help you make the best choice for your career goals.

In this article, we’ll discuss the difference between graduate vs undergraduate degrees. We’ll also look at how a graduate or undergraduate degree can allow you to achieve your professional goals and enhance your future earnings potential. 

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What is a graduate degree.

A graduate degree is an advanced degree in a particular field of study that you pursue after earning an undergraduate degree. A graduate student is someone who is studying for a more advanced degree than the undergraduate degree that they already have. 

Types of Graduate Degrees

• Master’s degrees, such as a Master of Science (MS) or Master of Arts (MA)
• Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees
• Professional doctoral degrees

What Is an Undergraduate Degree?

An undergraduate degree is a degree that you earn by completing an undergraduate program at a college or university. Undergraduate students work to achieve this degree after completing their high school education. It involves all post-secondary programs up to the bachelor’s degree level. This degree is also sometimes called a first degree or college degree.

Types of Undergraduate Degrees

• Associate degrees
• Bachelor’s degrees, such as a Bachelor of Science (BS), Bachelor of Arts (BA), or Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA) 

Is a Graduate Degree Faster Than an Undergraduate Degree?

Yes, a graduate degree is often faster than an undergraduate degree. You can complete graduate programs within a shorter timeframe. Typically, a full-time student will take six month to two years to earn a graduate degree like a Master of Education or Master of Business Administration. Undergraduate study requires an average of 120 credit hours and at least three years of coursework.

Is a Graduate Degree Easier Than an Undergraduate Degree?

No, a graduate degree is not easier than an undergraduate degree. Education USA reveals that graduate courses are more advanced and require more in-depth training than undergraduate courses. During a graduate program, professors ask students to apply concepts, skills, and knowledge that they have acquired from their undergraduate programs.

Is a Graduate Degree Better Than an Undergraduate Degree?

Yes, a graduate degree is better than an undergraduate degree. Workers with a higher level of education have higher earning potential and better career opportunities than those with lower qualifications. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, in 2020, bachelor’s degree holders had an unemployment rate of 5.5 percent compared to 4.1 percent for those with a graduate degree.

5 Key Differences Between a Graduate Degree and an Undergraduate Degree

1. entry requirements.

A student must have completed a bachelor’s degree program to apply for graduate programs. In comparison, a high school diploma or GED is the only prerequisite when applying to an undergraduate program.

2. Classification of Degrees

Undergraduate programs award associate degrees and bachelor’s degrees. An associate degree is a college program that takes two to three years, compared to a bachelor’s degree, which usually takes four years. In comparison, graduate degrees include master’s degrees, doctoral programs, and professional programs.

3. Level of Focus

Undergraduate studies are broader than graduate studies and require that students take classes in a wide variety of fields. An undergrad takes more courses per semester than a grad student. 

For a full-time undergraduate student, this is generally between 15 and 18 credits per semester or four to six courses. Grad students take fewer classes per semester, but graduate-level courses are more intensive with a specialized focus on a student’s fields of study.

4. Classroom Settings

Most institutions accept more undergraduate students than graduate students. This results in smaller class sizes in graduate classes, allowing for better class discussions and more opportunities for mentoring. By contrast, an undergraduate should expect a larger class size, especially in the first few years of their program.

5. Potential Job Earnings

Graduate degree holders tend to earn more than undergraduate degree holders due to their advanced knowledge and professional experience. The US Bureau of Labor Statistics reveals that workers with a graduate degree have weekly earnings of $1,497 , which is higher than the average salary of $1,248 earned by bachelor’s degree holders.

Jobs That Require a Graduate Degree

• Engineering Manager. This job involves overseeing engineering activities and implementing new initiatives. It requires a Master’s Degree in Engineering Management and offers an average annual salary of $149,530 .
• Human Resources Manager. This job is concerned with the administrative, recruitment, and welfare operations of a company. Becoming a human resources manager requires a Master’s Degree in Human Resources or a Master’s Degree in Business Administration and offers an average salary of $121,220 .
• Chief Information Security Officer. This role involves overseeing a company’s data and cyber security operations . To qualify as a chief information security officer, you need to have a Master’s Degree in Cyber Security. The average pay for this job is $159,877 .

Jobs That Require an Undergraduate Degree

• Information Systems Manager. This job requires a Bachelor’s Degree in Computer Programming or Computer Science. Professionals on this career path specialize in maintaining an organization’s infrastructure systems and databases. They oversee debugging, building, and updating plans.
• Petroleum Engineer. This job involves the drilling, extraction, exploration, and production of crude oil. Petroleum managers tackle problems that arise in oil operations. The requirement for this career is a Bachelor’s Degree in Chemical Engineering.
• Accountant: An accountant manages the finances of a business or organization. Accountants specialize in auditing the organization’s accounts and assessing risks. They are relevant in every organization that engages in business transactions.

Should You Get a Graduate Degree or an Undergraduate Degree?

You should consider getting at least an undergraduate degree. Undergraduate classes offer foundational knowledge and typically prepare you for an entry-level position . A four-year degree is also typically the main prerequisite for admission into an advanced-level graduate program. A graduate degree will allow you to access better career opportunities.

Graduate Degree vs Undergraduate Degree FAQ

Yes, you can work toward an undergraduate degree and a graduate degree at the same time thanks to accelerated degree programs . In these programs, students take undergraduate degree courses in their first three years and begin their graduate study in the fourth year. This way, students graduate with two degrees in four or five years. 

Yes, distance learning is possible for undergraduate and graduate degrees. There is a wide variety of distance learning programs offered by universities worldwide. This is especially useful for students who must work a job during their studies.

The admission requirements for an undergraduate program will differ based on the institution you’re applying to. They will generally include the completion of a high school diploma and good grades on your high school transcript. 

No, you can’t enroll in a traditional graduate program without an undergraduate degree. You must have a bachelor’s degree in your field of study. At some schools, you may be accepted as a graduate student if you have an associate degree and many years of in-field experience. 

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• Scholarships

Difference Between Undergraduate, Graduate and Postgraduate

Jennifer Finetti Aug 12, 2022

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As a high school student , you’ve probably started thinking about college. Maybe you even started to do research and narrow down your options. You may have come across the following terms: undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate degrees.

So, what is the difference between undergraduate and graduate and postgraduate?

Read on to learn more! 

What is an undergraduate degree?

After students finish high school, they get an undergraduate degree. An undergraduate degree refers to either a bachelor’s degree or an associate’s degree. When people talk about going to college or university , they are talking about getting an undergraduate degree.

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How many years is an undergraduate degree?

There are two levels of undergraduate degrees: associate degrees and bachelor’s degrees. An associate degree requires 2 years to complete, and typically is earned at a community college . A bachelor’s degree requires completion of four years of study.

Students interested in earning a bachelor’s degree can either complete their entire degree at a four-year college or university OR they can attend a community college for their first two years, and then transfer to a university for their final two years.

What is a graduate degree?

After a student gets their undergraduate degree, they have two options. They may either get a job or continue with their studies. If they choose to continue with their studies, they pursue a graduate degree.

A graduate degree is any degree that is above a bachelor’s degree. This includes a master’s degree or doctoral degree . Master’s degrees take around 2-3 years to complete. Doctoral degrees take around 5-6 years.

Graduate degrees are typically more narrowly-focused than an undergraduate degree. This enables students to dive more deeply into their specific career interest, gaining the knowledge and expertise needed in their chosen field. Oftentimes, a student must have a graduate degree to get a job. Somebody seeking a career as a clinical social worker, must have their Master’s of Social Work.

You don’t have to get a graduate degree right after you finish your undergraduate degree. Many students take a break after their undergraduate degree and decide to work or travel instead. It’s common to see mature students in their late 20s and 30s (and even older) who decide to go back to school to get a graduate degree later in life.

To get accepted into graduate school, you must have a bachelor’s degree. This means that you must graduate from a 4-year undergraduate college or university. A student can only pursue a graduate degree if they already have a bachelor’s degree.

What is a postgraduate degree?

Students get confused with the term “postgraduate degree.” There actually isn’t a real difference between the two. Postgraduate is used interchangeably with graduate. Like a graduate degree, postgraduate refers to the range of higher degrees past the undergraduate degree. This includes both master’s degrees and Phds .

Difference between undergraduate and graduate and postgraduate

Undergraduate degree programs and graduate degree programs are very different from one another. Undergraduate programs help students gain basic knowledge in a major , or even in a few majors. Students must take a variety of courses, and not only courses relating to their major. They usually spend the first few years fulfilling general course requirements.  

Graduate programs are very different. You go to graduate school to learn something very specific. So, all the courses you take relate to your field of study.

Another big difference between the two is switching majors. In undergraduate programs, students aren’t always sure what they want to major in . Even if they choose a specific major, they may end up changing it. Undergraduate programs allow students to switch majors. It is also fairly easy to transfer to another school for any given reason.

Because graduate programs are so specific, it’s not easy to switch your field of study. You would have to fulfill new requirements and go through the application process all over again.

Another big difference is class size. Undergraduate classes tend to be much larger than graduate classes. In graduate programs, class sizes are much smaller.

Because of the difference in class size, teacher-student interaction also differs. In undergraduate programs, there isn’t much room to interact with your professors. There are also fewer opportunities to participate in class.

Graduate programs are more intimate and thus, more dynamic. Students have more opportunities to participate in class discussions. They also have more opportunities to work with their professors.

To get accepted into an undergraduate program, students must take the SAT or ACT . Other requirements include a minimum GPA , letters of recommendation  and personal statements . Colleges and universities all have their own requirements.

Many graduate programs require students to take an entrance exam such as the GRE, or specialized entrance exams for law school or medical school. Not all graduate programs require an entrance exam, so be sure to check the requirements for the program you are applying for.

Graduate programs also typically require that certain undergraduate classes be completed prior to applying, so you’ll want to check to be sure that you have completed any required courses. Sometimes graduate programs will allow you to complete missing prerequisites while enrolled in your graduate degree program.  

Final thoughts

Whether you have already started your bachelor’s degree or you’re still in high school, it’s nice to get an idea of what your options are. This can help you plan the classes you want to take in college or university and make the most of your degree.

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Jennifer Finetti

As a parent who recently helped her own kids embark on their college journeys, Jennifer approaches the transition from high school to college from a unique perspective. She truly enjoys engaging with students – helping them to build the confidence, knowledge, and insight needed to pursue their educational and career goals, while also empowering them with the strategies and skills needed to access scholarships and financial aid that can help limit college costs. She understands the importance of ensuring access to the edtech tools and resources that can make this process easier and more equitable - this drive to support underserved populations is what drew her to ScholarshipOwl. Jennifer has coached students from around the world, as well as in-person with local students in her own community. Her areas of focus include career exploration, major selection, college search and selection, college application assistance, financial aid and scholarship consultation, essay review and feedback, and more. She works with students who are at the top of their class, as well as those who are struggling. She firmly believes that all students, regardless of their circumstances, can succeed if they stay focused and work hard in school. Jennifer earned her MA in Counseling Psychology from National University, and her BA in Psychology from University of California, Santa Cruz.

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Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, what's the difference between undergraduate and graduate applications.

Hi! I've been researching college applications lately and I've noticed there are undergraduate and graduate applications. How do they differ and what should I expect when applying for a graduate program in the future? Appreciate any help!

Hello! The main difference between undergraduate and graduate applications lies in the focus, requirements, and purpose of each level of education. Here's a breakdown of what to expect:

1. Focus: Undergraduate applications are centered on general and foundational knowledge across various fields, while graduate applications target specialized, advanced knowledge in a specific field of study. Undergraduate applications typically cater to high school students or those seeking a bachelor's degree, whereas graduate applications are for individuals who have completed a bachelor's degree and wish to pursue a master's, doctorate or other advanced degrees.

2. Application Components: Both undergraduate and graduate applications require the submission of transcripts, test scores (if applicable), and letters of recommendation. However, graduate applications place a greater emphasis on prior academic performance and relevant experience in the field. The graduate application often requires a Statement of Purpose (SOP), which outlines your research interests, career goals, and reasons for pursuing a specific program. Some graduate programs also require the submission of a writing sample or research proposal to assess your potential to contribute to and excel in the field.

3. Admission Requirements: Undergraduate applications emphasize a more holistic approach, assessing not only your academic performance but also your extracurricular activities, community service, and school involvement. Graduate applications, however, are more focused on your ability to excel academically and professionally within a specific field, often requiring a higher level of academic achievement and a proven interest in the subject matter.

4. Standardized Tests: Undergraduate applications might require standardized test scores (e.g., SAT or ACT), although a growing number of schools have become test-optional or test-blind due to recent trends. Graduate applications, on the other hand, typically require the submission of scores from graduate-level exams, such as GRE, GMAT, LSAT, or MCAT, depending on the program you're applying to.

5. Professional Experience: Some graduate programs, particularly in fields like Business, Public Policy, or Social Work, value applicants with relevant professional experience. This experience can help demonstrate how well you understand the practical aspects of the field and showcase your commitment to the subject.

Keep in mind that each institution and program may have its own unique set of application requirements and deadlines. If you're considering applying for a graduate program in the future, it's a good idea to research the specific programs that interest you and review the application process for each. Gaining a solid understanding of these differences should help you navigate both undergraduate and graduate applications with greater confidence. Good luck!

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• October 11, 2023
• Education Advice

Ph.D. vs. Doctorate: What are the Differences?

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For those who have a deep-seated attitude, pursuing a doctoral degree can be a tough yet beneficial journey. Currently enrolled in a doctorate program means that a person has already scooched over college admissions, went through high stake tests and exams, and finished all those research papers and long hours spent in university libraries hitting the books. While studying for a doctorate entails asserting oneself to an extensive amount of quality time and money , its significance and purpose usually pave the way to a lucrative end.

After having finished the Master’s Degree , students begin to think about their next step in their academic career. Then, paradoxically, while navigating through academia, they find themselves baffled by the immense terms and terminologies used to label specific degrees. Because the terms “Doctorate” and “Ph.D.” are somehow interlocked and overlap, and because “PhD” is sometimes used inconsistently, it can lead to considerable confusion. Ph.D. vs. Doctorate? You might wonder what their difference is, and why they are important. E xplaining what each of these terms stands for, the difference between them, and why they are valuable, can help you steer yourself down the right path from the outset.

Doctorate Degree vs. Ph.D.

At first glance, it is pretty easy to confuse these two terms. But it is important for everyone to be able to make a distinction between the two. In this article, we will discuss the difference between Ph.D. and Doctorate in detail in order to get rid of any confusion you may have. In the academic world, the terms Doctorate and Ph.D. are currently used interchangeably. Both of them are the top cap of the ladder. However, a doctorate is mostly used as an umbrella term covering many fields ranging from professional degrees, humanities, and scientific disciplines.

A Ph.D. or Doctor of Philosophy, on the other hand, is a subcategory of a doctoral degree, it is much more distinct and clear-cut and is usually narrower in nature encompassing only humanities and scientific fields. In plain English, when someone says they are enrolling on a doctoral degree, it means they are doing a Ph.D. in a specific field. So, technically, in common parlance, there is no difference between the two terms.

But at the other end of the spectrum, one should be careful not to confuse a professional doctoral degree with a Ph.D. The former is more practical and is designed to prepare students to apply existing knowledge to find solutions to real-life problems and has a direct application to a particular profession.

A Ph.D. is theoretical by nature and is more academic and research-focused. it is often fixed on disseminating knowledge by conducting authentic research which means reviewing and identifying gaps in current literature and evaluating the relevance of existing and emerging theories within a particular field.

What Is a Ph.D. Degree and Why Should You Go for It?

Students who acquire a Ph.D. are justly proud — they wear it as a badge of identity in the academic elite. Traditionally, a Ph.D. was associated with teaching, which from Latin licentia docendi meant “license to teach”. However, the concept of Ph.D. has been on shifting sands nowadays and has become a more general term that isn’t necessarily confined to teaching only.

The Value of a PhD

Obtaining a Ph.D. helps you capitalize on the emerging academic opportunities making you more easily identifiable to employers or businesses seeking to fill professional, higher-level job positions. Many of these career options, conversely, are not available to those who do not belong to the Ph.D. club. While pursuing a Ph.D. requires devoting a tremendous effort and time and making significant personal sacrifices pushing the boundaries of knowledge, it’s all in service of the area of study you’re most passionate and zealous about. Ultimately, once you’ve attained your Ph.D., you will have achieved the pinnacle of education— something not too many people have or are able to accomplish.

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A Guide to Choosing and Applying to Ph.D. Programs

Learn everything you need to know about selecting and applying to Ph.D. programs. Learn tips and tricks for a successful application and find your ideal program today!

What Is a Doctorate Degree?

A doctoral or doctorate degree is usually the most advanced degree one can earn in an academic discipline. Many pursue a doctorate degree to increase their professional credibility, be acknowledged as an expert in a specific field, and improve their resume.

A doctorate degree is a graduate-level credential that is usually earned after multiple years of graduate school. Earning a doctoral degree requires a significant level of research and work. In order to get this degree, one has to research a subject thoroughly, conduct new research and analysis, and provide a solution or interpretation into the field. But what types of doctoral degrees are available?

Types of Doctorate Degrees

There are two categories of doctorate degrees: an academic degree and a professional doctorate degree. An academic degree focuses on research, data analysis, and the evaluation of theory. A professional doctorate degree, on the other hand, is considered a terminal degree, which means that one has achieved the most advanced degree in the field. This degree is specifically designed for working professionals who want to grow in their careers.

Professional Doctorate Degrees

A professional doctorate is designed for working professionals who have experience in the field and want to increase their knowledge, improve their credibility, and advance their careers. This degree focuses on applying research to practical issues, coming up with interpretation and solutions, as well as designing effective professional practices within a particular field.

Professional doctoral degrees include:

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

The DBA degree is ideal for students who already have a general business background and are interested in delving deeper into the practical and theoretical aspects that underpin business education. More to the point, in DBA you will develop the ability to solve real-life problems, discover the relevant expertise to innovate and uphold complex business issues and so much more. Upon completion, DBA students will possess enhanced leadership and strategic skills as well as the tools to propel their careers in today’s marketplace. The Business Administration industry is keen on finding such graduates with business skills and this is indicated by the immense job positions currently available.

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)

If you are interested in setting your eyes on creating lifelong learning among your students, making a positive influence in educational culture, contributing to the growing body of research in the education realm , or just enhancing your subject matter expertise, the Doctor of Education program ticks all the boxes. This degree maintains a rigorous approach in academic education that prepares graduates to showcase the skills and expertise to devise solutions in tackling the challenges in contemporary education practice and become transformational leaders in the industry.

Doctor of Computer Science (DCS)

The demand for computer scientists has reached its peak and it is among the most sought-after positions nowadays. With a degree in DCS, you will have the opportunity to design, apply innovative experiments, predict trends and, ultimately, develop a richer understanding and contribute to your area of expertise. After all, who doesn’t want an exciting and financially stable career?

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Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)

The Doctor of Medicine degree is designed to prepare you for various medical challenges in different settings nationally and internationally. This program will further develop your critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills required for safe, high-quality medical practices. It will also improve your leadership, communication, and teamwork skills for collaborative patient care.

Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)

This professional degree typically requires four years of study. It focuses on basic biological sciences such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, neuroanatomy, and so on. This doctoral degree will prepare, educate, and train professionals to practice at the highest level of proficiency, professionalism, and integrity.

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The Doctoral of Psychology degree concentrates on the clinical and applied aspects of psychology. This type of doctorate prepares students for professional practice and clinical placement. This degree will be highly beneficial when working directly with patients who need psychology services. In addition, this degree allows doctors of psychology to confidently function as researchers and clinicians.

How to Choose a Ph.D. Program?

Choosing a Ph.D. program can be pretty challenging; it is a big academic decision and investment that requires commitment and perseverance. But how can you pick the right Ph.D. program for you? Well, there are some tips to help you choose the best fit for your goals and preferences:

• Think about the reasons why you want a Ph.D., what you expect to gain from it, and whether it is compatible with your professional goals.
• Consider your research environment.
• Take your time to research, compare, and consider multiple opportunities carefully.
• Pick a subject that interests and motivates you but is also practical.
• Ask your professors and other scholars in the field for advice.

All in all, the terms “Doctorate’’ and “Ph.D.” are in essence the same, which means all Ph.D. students are Doctoral students as well. On the other hand, earning a Ph.D. degree is no joke. If anything, Ph.D. students have the tenacity, patience, persistence, and years of hard work that you can vouch for. Ultimately, deciding what type of doctoral degree you should hop on, depends on your career goals, what you are passionate about and how you are going to achieve it.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a doctorate and a ph.d..

In academic contexts, the terms “Doctorate” and “Ph.D.” are often used interchangeably, but there is a distinction. A Doctorate is an umbrella term covering a wide range of fields, including professional degrees, humanities, and scientific disciplines. A Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy, is a specific type of doctoral degree, typically focused on research and academic pursuits in the humanities and scientific fields.

Why should I pursue a Ph.D.?

Pursuing a Ph.D. can be a valuable endeavor, as it opens up academic and research opportunities, enhances your expertise in a specific field, and makes you more attractive to employers seeking candidates for high-level positions. It’s a chance to push the boundaries of knowledge and become an expert in your chosen study area.

What are the benefits of a professional doctorate?

Professional doctorate degrees, such as Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) or Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), are designed for working professionals who want to apply research to practical issues in their field. These degrees can enhance your career prospects, leadership skills, and problem-solving abilities within your profession.

How do I choose the right Ph.D. program?

To choose the right Ph.D. program, consider your career goals, research environment, and personal interests. Take your time to research and compare programs, seek advice from professors and experts in your field, and ensure that the program aligns with your professional aspirations.

What are the main differences between academic and professional doctorate degrees?

Academic doctorate degrees focus on research, theory evaluation, and data analysis, often leading to careers in academia or research. Professional doctorate degrees are more practical, designed for working professionals, and concentrate on applying research to real-world problems within a specific field.

Can I earn a Ph.D. in any field?

Ph.D. programs are available in various fields, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more. However, the specific availability of Ph.D. programs may vary by field and university.

Is a Ph.D. a challenging journey?

Yes, pursuing a Ph.D. can be a challenging journey that requires dedication, patience, and years of hard work. It involves conducting original research, writing a dissertation, and often teaching or assisting in courses. It’s a significant commitment, but it can be highly rewarding.

What are the potential career opportunities after earning a Ph.D.?

With a Ph.D., you can pursue careers in academia as a professor or researcher, work in research and development roles in various industries, or take on leadership positions in organizations. The specific career path will depend on your field of study and personal interests.

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• Masters vs PhD – Differences Explained
• Types of Doctorates

The decision of whether or not to pursue a Masters or PhD (or both) after you complete your undergraduate studies is not necessarily a straightforward one. Both are postgraduate degrees but are different in terms of the academic experience and the career paths taken afterwards.

In short, a Masters degree involves a year of study, primarily through taught lectures and a final dissertation research project, whilst a PhD (also referred to as a doctorate degree) is a three-year commitment of independent research on a specific subject.

There’s more to it than that, however – read on for more information.

What Is a Masters Degree?

A Masters degree is the next level of education after the completion of an undergraduate degree, commonly known as a Bachelors.

These degree levels are often referred to in terms of cycles so that a Bachelor’s is a first-cycle degree, a Masters is a second-cycle and finally, a PhD is the third-cycle of higher education (and the highest).

Masters degrees demand an intense period of study, usually centred around a core series of lectures and taught modules, coupled with coursework assignments and exams, followed by the completion of a contained research project usually taking students 3-4 months to complete.

These types of degrees are attractive to recent graduates who want to delve deeper into their specific field of study, gaining some research experience and more specialised knowledge beyond what an undergraduate degree can offer.

Equally, some pursue a Masters degree program in a subject that is only tangentially related to their Bachelors degree, helping them gain a broader depth of knowledge.

These degrees also serve as a significant stepping stone for those already in employment who want to progress their current career development and earn a higher salary. They can also be an excellent method for helping in changing careers completely by learning new skills and subject knowledge.

What Is a PhD Degree?

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the highest academic degree that can be awarded and is the third and final cycle in the progression of higher education.

A doctoral degree is earned on the basis of producing a significant, independent and novel body of work (a Thesis) that contributes new knowledge to a particular research topic.

These are research degrees that are a significant investment of a candidate’s time, resources and energy and are all but a pre-requisite for anyone considering a career in academia, such as eventually becoming a professor.

There are some exceptions to this, such as those with a medical background who may earn an MD (Doctor of Medicine), which is the equivalent of a PhD.

Doctoral degrees can also have a significant positive impact on career development outside of academia, especially in fields such as engineering, business and finance that have a high demand for highly qualified and capable people.

A graduate student engaged in PhD study is commonly known as a PhD student, PhD candidate or doctoral student.

What are the Benefits of a Masters Degree?

There are several reasons one might consider doing a Masters degree rather than a PhD in their graduate education. These include:

• It takes approximately a third of the time to do compared to a doctorate degree and costs less too.
• It’s a good way to differentiate yourself from those that hold only an undergraduate degree without having to commit to a substantial research degree.
• The end goal is more career-focused as opposed to research-focused. For example, it is practically an ‘easier’ route to changing or progressing your career if that aligns with your professional goals.

What are the Benefits of Doing a PhD?

You may continue on into a doctoral program after a Masters or you may even dive straight in after completing your undergraduate studies. So, what are the advantages of completing this third-cycle?

• You’ll have developed a wealth of transferable skills at graduate school, such as effective communication of complex concepts, multi-tasking time-management and the ability to adapt to and solve unexpected problems.
• A doctorate helps to establish you as an expert within your chosen subject area; your work will hopefully have furthered the knowledge in this.
• It will open up career paths and teaching positions within academia that may otherwise be very difficult to get a hold in (although these career paths will still be very competitive).
• You can add the title ‘Dr’ in front of your name!

Which Degree Is More Impactful: A Masters or a PhD?

On paper, the answer should be clear: A doctorate degree is the highest degree you can earn, so has more impact than a Masters, which in turn has more impact than a Bachelors.

The reality is that the size of the impact (if any) really depends on the subject area and the career path you choose (if the measure of impact is how it positively improves your career prospects, that is).

For someone with aspirations of becoming a professor, a PhD will be of greater value than a Masters alone.

Equally, it’s also possible that someone with a PhD entering a different field or one that doesn’t require a PhD may find that their degree has no bearing on their career or in some cases may even be seen as a ‘negative’ with a concern of the person being ‘over-qualified’ for a position. There are many scenarios in which professional experience would be more valuable to an employer than a doctorate degree.

Check out the links below to our interviews with Prof. Debby Cotton and Dr Nikolay Nikolov to read their experiences of when a going through a PhD program has had a clear benefit (Prof. Cotton) and when it hasn’t been helpful (Dr Nikolov).

Do You Need to Have a Masters to do a PhD?

This really depends on the university, department and sometimes even the project and supervisor.

From a purely application process perspective, some institutions may formally require you to hold a Masters degree relevant to the subject of the PhD project before you can enter their doctoral program.

In another scenario, most universities are unlikely to accept candidates that were awarded below a 2:1 (in the UK) in their undergraduate degree but may consider someone who has ‘made up’ for this with a high-grade Masters.

Lastly, some universities now offer PhD programmes that incorporate an additional year of study in which you would complete a Masters degree before carrying directly on into a PhD project. As you’d expect, even if a university doesn’t formally require you to hold one, a Masters degree can help separate you from other applicants in being accepted on the project.

Check out our detailed guide to doing a PhD without a Master’s .

Why Do a Masters before Your PhD?

Even if you don’t need to have one, it could still be beneficial to begin your postgraduate study by doing a Masters first before you embark on your doctorate journey.

As mentioned previously it’ll help you stand out from applicants that don’t have one, but beyond that, it’ll give you a taster of what research life could be like, especially if you stay at the same university and department for your PhD.

The one-year commitment (in the UK at least) of carrying out a Masters first, and in particular your research project, will help you better understand if this is truly something you want to commit the next three or more years to.

You’ll learn some of the skills of independent research, from performing detailed literature searches to more complex, analytical writing.

At the end of it, you should be in a stronger position to consider your options and decide about whether to continue into a PhD at graduate school.

Finding a PhD has never been this easy – search for a PhD by keyword, location or academic area of interest.

How Long Does It Take to Get a Masters Degree?

In the UK, a full-time Masters degrees take students one calendar year to complete: The programme of study usually starts in September, the final research project the following April and final project viva around August. Part-time degrees are usually double the time.

How Long Does It Take to Get a PhD?

In the UK, most PhD projects take 3-4 years to complete , as reflected by the majority of funded projects offering stipends to cover living expenses of about 3.5 years.

For many reasons, projects may end up taking longer to complete, however. This might be because of difficulties in collecting enough data, or if the project is being done part-time.

Which One is More Expensive to Do?

As you’d expect, as a PhD takes three times as long to complete as a Masters degree, it will cost you more to do as far as university fees are concerned.

Another thing to consider is that many PhD projects come with some level of funding equivalent to a low salary, which may cover the cost of tuition fees and living expenses, whilst it is usually more difficult to obtain funding for Masters study.

Conversely, a Masters graduate may progress into a higher (versus PhD funding) salary sooner whilst a PhD student will endure three years of a comparatively low income.

A Masters vs a PhD: Conclusion

If you’re considering continue further graduate study after your undergraduate degree, the question of doing a Masters vs a PhD is likely to come up. They are both considered an advanced degree, each with their own advantages.

There are benefits to doing either of these graduate programs or even both of them; your decision here can be easier if you have an idea of the career you want to follow or if you know you have a love for research!

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Which psychology field is right for me?

May 15, 2024

Reading time: 4 minutes

Are you interested in using theory, analysis and evidence-based approaches to understand how people think, learn, develop and behave and to help them thrive? If you want to explore new ways to make a difference, the options for discovering your professional path in psychology may seem endless – and you may have found that you need advanced knowledge and skills to take the next step.

What skills can I develop with a psychology degree?

The specific skills that can be useful in the field of psychology will vary depending on the area of study you pursue and your degree level. Some of the broad skills that are important to develop include:

• Communication: Strong communication skills are an asset for helping individuals, groups or organizations, conveying research findings or working with colleagues.
• Ethical awareness: You may be required to handle sensitive information, which means respecting confidentiality.
• Analysis and critical thinking: When you conduct research or work with your stakeholders, you should be able to interpret data and understand how to apply what you know to different situations.
• Patience: Making progress toward specific goals takes time, whether it’s discussing solutions with a patient or conducting research on a study.
• Empathy and active listening: Understanding and recognizing the feelings of others starts with giving your full attention and knowing how to recognize verbal and nonverbal cues.
• Inclusivity: Recognizing the diverse perspectives of people and their communities and examining your own biases can help you adapt your approach to different needs.

Which area of psychology is right for me?

As you explore areas of psychology, these questions may help you figure out your interests:

• Who do you want to help?
• Are you more interested in clinical or applied areas of psychology?
• What issues do you want to focus on?

Your answers to these questions can help you find paths to explore, including degree options that could help you pursue your professional goals. You will need to conduct your own research to understand what opportunities may be available to you. Note that some professional paths may require you to have previous experience, licensure,* certifications or other designations along with a degree.

While Capella cannot guarantee that a graduate will secure any specific career outcome – such as a job title, promotion, salary increase or other career outcome – we encourage you to research requirements for your job target and career goals.

*It is important to understand all educational and individual requirements for licensing. Capella University cannot guarantee licensure, certification or endorsement. State regulations vary regarding professional licensure. It is your responsibility to understand and comply with requirements for your state.

What can you do with a psychology degree?

Based on where your interests lie, explore some fields of psychology and degree options offered by Capella.

Clinical psychology:  Study human behavior and help people build wellness and emotional resilience.

• BS in Psychology Pre-Counseling & Therapy
• MS in Clinical Psychology
• PsyD in Clinical Psychology

Behavioral health:  Treat populations in distress to improve emotional, social and mental health.

• BS in Psychology, Applied Behavior Analysis
• MS in Applied Behavioral Analysis
• PhD in Behavior Analysis

Developmental psychology:  Promote positive development, social growth and emotional changes throughout all stages of life.

• MS in Psychology, Child & Adolescent Development
• PhD in Psychology, Developmental Psychology

Educational psychology: Study how people learn and retain knowledge.

• MS in Psychology, Educational Psychology
• PhD in Psychology, Educational Psychology

School psychology:  Apply principles of educational and developmental psychology to meet behavior and educational needs in a learning environment.

• MS in School Psychology
• EdS in School Psychology
• PsyD in School Psychology

Industrial/organizational psychology:  Support leaders and organizations through an understanding of human behavior to help create efficiencies and advance team performance.

• MS in Psychology, Industrial/Organizational Psychology
• PhD in Psychology, Industrial/Organizational Psychology  

Learn more about Capella’s  bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral psychology programs and graduate certificates.

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The difference between school counselors and school psychologists

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Electrical Engineering PhD

The Electrical Engineering PhD program studies systems that sense, analyze, and interact with the world. You will learn how this practice is based on fundamental science and mathematics, creating opportunities for both theoretical and experimental research. Electrical engineers invent devices for sensing and actuation, designing physical substrates for computation, creating algorithms for analysis and control, and expanding the theory of information processing. You will get to choose from a wide range of research areas such as circuits and VLSI, computer engineering and architecture, robotics and control, and signal processing.

Electrical engineers at SEAS are pursuing work on integrated circuits for cellular biotechnology, millimeter-scale robots, and the optimization of smart power groups. Examples of projects current and past students have worked on include developing methods to trace methane emissions and improving models for hurricane predictions.

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PhD in Electrical Engineering Degree

Harvard School of Engineering offers a  Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)  degree in Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering , conferred through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). Prospective students apply through the Harvard Griffin GSAS. In the online application, select  “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your program choice and select " PhD Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering ​."

The Electrical Engineering program does not offer an independent Masters Degree.

Electrical Engineering PhD Career Paths

Graduates of the program have gone on to a range of careers in industry in companies such as Tesla, Microsoft HoloLens, and IBM. Others have positions in academia at the University of Maryland, University of Michigan, and University of Colorado.

Admissions & Academic Requirements

Prospective students apply through the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (Harvard Griffin GSAS). In the online application, select  “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your program choice and select "PhD Engineering Sciences: Electrical Engineering​." Please review the  admissions requirements and other information  before applying. Our website also provides  admissions guidance ,   program-specific requirements , and a  PhD program academic timeline .

Academic Background

Applicants typically have bachelor’s degrees in the natural sciences, mathematics, computer science, or engineering. In the application for admission, select “Engineering and Applied Sciences” as your degree program choice and your degree and area of interest from the “Area of Study“ drop-down. PhD applicants must complete the Supplemental SEAS Application Form as part of the online application process.

Standardized Tests

GRE General: Not Accepted

Electrical Engineering Faculty & Research Areas

View a list of our electrical engineering  faculty  and electrical engineering  affiliated research areas , Please note that faculty members listed as “Affiliates" or "Lecturers" cannot serve as the primary research advisor.  

Electrical Engineering Centers & Initiatives

View a list of the research  centers & initiatives  at SEAS and the  electrical engineering faculty engagement with these entities .

Graduate Student Clubs

Graduate student clubs and organizations bring students together to share topics of mutual interest. These clubs often serve as an important adjunct to course work by sponsoring social events and lectures. Graduate student clubs are supported by the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin School of Arts and Sciences. Explore the list of active clubs and organizations .

Funding and Scholarship

Learn more about financial support for PhD students.

• How to Apply

Learn more about how to apply  or review frequently asked questions for prospective graduate students.

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Associate's vs. Bachelor's in Nursing: What's the Difference?

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As healthcare systems evolve to meet the complex needs of patients, there's a growing demand for advanced nursing roles such as nurse practitioners and nurse managers. However, you need high-level skills to become a leader in the healthcare system—and an associate's degree often is not enough to achieve this.

If you want to further your nursing career, earning a bachelor’s degree can open the door to many positions and high-level credentials. By understanding the distinction between an associate vs. bachelor’s in nursing, you can decide which academic path is right for you.

Download our guide to discover which nursing degree is right for you.

What is an associate's degree in Nursing?

An associate's degree in Nursing (ADN) provides a foundation in health sciences and its clinical applications for patients.

“The associate's degree really focuses on your care models—anatomy, physiology, pharmacology, and how to read medical language,” says Deborah Roy, Director of the RN-to-BS in Nursing degree program at Regis College. “It's all of that introductory information you need to go in and take care of patients.”

ADN programs typically cover the most essential knowledge needed to assess patient well-being and implement daily care plans. Nursing students in these programs also learn to manage disease processes and collect diagnostic data, such as blood pressure, medical history, and specimen samples.

Even with this foundational education, graduates with an ADN are eligible to sit for the National Council Licensure Examination for Registered Nurses (NCLEX-RN) to obtain RN licensure. After that, nurses can begin working in two years and even prepare for additional education.

What is a Bachelor’s Degree in Nursing?

A bachelor’s (BS) in nursing combines all the clinical fundamentals of an ADN program with more analytical coursework that examines the reasoning behind nursing methodologies.

“What is not taught in an ADN program is some of the higher-level theory, philosophies, leadership, advanced application of practice, and larger implications of policy,” Roy says. “A BS in nursing program encourages students to assess the effectiveness of nursing practices and to look at contextual factors that influence health outcomes.”

A bachelor's degree in nursing offers two key advantages: higher salary potential and broader career opportunities. This is because many employers prefer or require a bachelor’s degree for RN positions in specialized medical fields or supervisory roles.

Associate vs. Bachelor’s in Nursing: Key Differences

Associate and bachelor’s degrees are both viable educational options that can jumpstart a rewarding career in nursing. However, the option that’s right for you largely depends on your professional goals, how much time and money you are able to invest, and how quickly you want to start working.

Here’s a comprehensive degree comparison to help you determine which is right for you.

Program Duration

Since traditional associate's degree programs only last two years, they are often available at community and technical colleges. This also means that this degree option has fewer financial barriers associated with higher education.

There are even accelerated ADN programs that allow you to shorten enrollment to as little as six months. However, these are rigorous full-time programs that often cost more and require you to demonstrate higher proficiency in math and science. Therefore, an associate's degree is beneficial for prospective nurses who want to enter the field quickly and affordably.

Bachelor’s degree programs are four years and are typically offered through universities and colleges. Students must be able to commit to a longer enrollment period without earning income, which may be challenging if they have personal obligations or limited financial support.

However, students can attend a bachelor’s in nursing program full-time or part-time, which can make a significant difference in whether or not they can work while enrolled. Even the modality of the courses—in-person, online, or hybrid—offers additional scheduling flexibility. Similar to ADN programs, there are also accelerated bachelor’s degree programs that can help you transition back to school after becoming an RN.

Curriculum and Training

Earning an associate's degree prepares graduates for entry-level nursing positions, equipping them with the foundational skills and knowledge to carry out direct care.

“With the associate's degree, you're learning the role of a nurse in a more task-driven environment or educational level,” says Sharon Higgins, Interim Dean of Regis’s Young School of Nursing.

On the other hand, a bachelor’s degree comes with a broader curriculum that includes leadership training, critical thinking, public health analysis, and research shaped by personal interests. As a result, BS degree holders enter the field with the confidence and insight to take on more complex roles.

“Baccalaureate-prepared nurses are going to ask much more targeted questions,” Higgins explains. “They're going to have a language that gives them an advantage over ADN nurses in terms of the interdisciplinary conversations.”

Career Opportunities

Nursing graduates with an ADN can start their nursing careers very quickly, but are limited to patient care responsibilities. Since ADN programs are designed to tackle nursing shortages by reducing barriers, more professionals are entering the field this way to fill the gap in patient care. This is why the curriculum is highly concentrated and includes fewer opportunities for deep critical thinking.

As a result, employers may perceive bachelor’s degree holders as a better long-term investment, even though all RNs have to demonstrate the same proficiencies for licensure.

“Over the course of a person's professional career, they will be very limited in what they can do in terms of branching out into different specialties and different kinds of work,” Roy says. “The ADN tends to be the nurse that stays at the bedside.”

Obtaining a bachelor’s degree gives graduates a career advantage from the beginning. The most prestigious healthcare facilities, such as magnet status hospitals, often prefer a bachelor’s degree in nursing—even for entry-level RN roles. The same applies if you’re interested in specialized departments, such as cardiac care, critical care, emergency care, or hematology.

Salary Potential

Without the ability to take on advanced roles, nurses with an ADN may find their earning potential capped at a certain point. RNs who don’t have a bachelor’s degree already face limitations on which healthcare facilities they can work in, and living in an area with fewer job openings may reduce these options even further.

On the other hand, nurses with a bachelor’s degree have a higher earning potential over the course of their careers. In fact, the income gap between ADN and BS-trained nurses only grows as the latter move into more advanced positions . According to Payscale, nurses with a bachelor’s degree earn an average annual salary of $94,000 , while ADN nurses earn an average of $77,000 per year .

Transitioning from an Associate to a Bachelor’s Degree Program

If an ADN and BS in nursing are both appealing to you, earning each degree and pacing your education may be the best way to achieve a nursing career. To transition from an associate to a bachelor’s degree program, start by evaluating your career goals and whether you can manage this commitment. For instance, what program length can you commit to, and how much time can you devote to coursework?

You also need to consider whether you prefer to start working before continuing your education. RN-to-BS transition programs typically require some work experience, but you can decide if you want to spend more time on the job to develop your skills further, prepare for the financial costs, or qualify for an employer-sponsored reimbursement program.

Research RN-to-BS programs to find a format and curriculum that aligns with your personal needs and professional qualifications. You also need to make sure the programs you’re interested in accept transfer credits from the institution you earned your ADN. This not only ensures you are getting the most out of your previous education, but it can also help with affordability.

Reaching out to financial aid is another way to ensure you can afford to go back to school. In addition to federal aid and personal funds, there are research nursing schools that offer scholarships that you may be eligible for. If you plan to pay out of pocket though, consult an admission counselor to find out what payment plans are offered to help you manage the cost.

Take the Next Step in Your Nursing Career

If you have already obtained RN licensure and want to develop a more versatile career, the RN-to-BS program at Regis College can help you expand your nursing skill set. The program is tailored to nursing professionals who are ready to refine their expertise to become leaders in the field.

The program is in an online format and can be completed in as little as 12 months, building upon your current RN experience. The curriculum strongly emphasizes research and critical thinking to inspire nursing students to think about how they can make an impact within the context of current public health trends, public policy, and healthcare advancements.

To learn more about the program, reach out to a Regis College admissions counselor to request information and find out if this transitional degree aligns with your career goals.

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May 10, 2024

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• Discover Student Loans Details

How to Apply For Discover Student Loans

Types of student loans offered by discover, discover student loans frequently asked questions.

• How Discover Student Loans compare
• Why you should trust us

Discover Student Loans Review 2024

Affiliate links for the products on this page are from partners that compensate us (see our advertiser disclosure with our list of partners for more details). However, our opinions are our own. See how we rate student loans to write unbiased product reviews.

Discover Student Loans is a solid student loan lender with a cash reward for borrowers who receive at least a 3.0 GPA. The lender has no fees — but you can find more competitive APRs with the best private student loans . 

0.25% discount on regular rates with automatic payments

6.49% - 17.37% variable and 5.24% - 15.99% fixed

Undisclosed

• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No origination fee
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No prepayment penalty
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. No late fee
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. Cash reward for 3.0 GPA
• Check mark icon A check mark. It indicates a confirmation of your intended interaction. International students eligible with an eligible cosigner
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Credit check required
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. One standard repayment term
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. High APR
• con icon Two crossed lines that form an 'X'. Only one branch location

Discover is a solid student loan lender with a cash reward for borrowers who receive at least a 3.0 GPA. The lender has no fees — but you can find more competitive APRs elsewhere.

• Apply by phone or through your computer or mobile device
• 100% US-based customer service available 24/7
• $1,000 loan minimum
• 15 years standard repayment term length
• Loan amounts available: $1,000 minimum, up to 100% cost of attendance
• Repayment options available:
• Deferred: No payments for up to six months after leaving school
• Interest only: Only make payments on the loan's interest while in school and during grace period
• Fixed payments: Pay $25 per month while in school and during grace period

Discover Student Loans

To qualify for a Discover Student loan, you must:

• Be enrolled at least half-time in a program (undergraduate, graduate, law school, MBA, health program) at an eligible school
• Be pursuing a degree
• Be making adequate academic progress as determined by your school
• Be a US citizen, permanent resident, or international student (international students need to have a cosigner who is a US citizen or permanent resident)
• Be 16 years or older when you apply
• Pass a credit check

Before applying for any private student loan, including with Discover, make sure to consider your federal student loan options, as you can often find more favorable terms and better protections through the government.

To contact customer support, call the lender 24 hours a day, seven days a week. The company has both a US number and an international number. If calling isn't the best work for you, you can also send mail to Discover's Utah address. 

Discover has a well-reviewed app that has received 4.8 out of 5 stars on the Apple store and 4.6 out of  5 stars on the Google Play store. If you want to manage your loan on the go, this could be helpful. 

Discover Student Loan Pros and Cons

• Cash reward for good grades . You may qualify for Discover's one-time 1% cash reward on its student loans if you get a GPA of 3.0 or higher for any academic term covered by the loan. You'll need to redeem your reward within six months after the loan's disbursement or six months after the academic term has ended, whichever is later.  
• No origination fee . Other lenders charge origination fees which are deducted from your overall loan proceeds. 
• No late fees . If you fall behind on your payments, Discover won't hit you with any unexpected charges. 
• Relatively high APRs compared to competitors . You may qualify for lower rates if you pick a different lender and your credit score is in excellent shape.
• Only one term length for undergraduate and graduate loans . When you take out a loan with Discover, you'll get a 15-year term length. This limits your flexibility in how you repay the loan — though you can always pay it off early with no penalty. 
• One physical branch . Borrowers looking for in person support will be hard pressed to find it with Discover. 

Who Is Discover Best For?

Discover student loans are a great option for borrowers looking to avoid fees — you won't pay any with the company. Additionally, the lender has 24/7 support if you have any questions about your loans.

However, borrowers with excellent credit may find better rates elsewhere. 

1. Gather required information . This includes your Social Security number, your school of enrollment, the loan amount you need, your address, and certain financial documents.

2. Fill out the online application . You're apply to complete the application in just several minutes, and after doing so you'll get your rates. 

3. Submit required supplementary documents . Discover may need to see financial documents including proof of income and residency. 

4.  Sign your loan agreement . After you get all your documents in order, Discover will send you a formal loan agreement. Discover will fund your loan after you sign on the dotted line. 

Discover offers student loans for a variety of different types of degrees, including:

• Undergraduate
• Health professions

Discover Undergraduate Student Loans

You may like Discover's undergraduate student loans if you want to avoid fees, as the lender doesn't have any prepayment penalties, origination fees, or late charges. However, you may be able to find lower fixed rates with competitors.

You might be eligible for a one-time 1% cash reward available on Discover student loans if you get a GPA of 3.0 or higher for any academic term covered by the loan. You'll need to redeem your reward within six months after the loan's disbursement or six months after the academic term has ended, whichever is later.  

Discover Graduate Student Loans

Discover's graduate student loans function similarly to the lender's undergraduate loans. The major difference between the two is the repayment term length; the graduate loans are for 20 years, while the undergraduate loans are for 15 years. You'll still get a loan with no fees and will be eligible for Discover's one-time 1% cash reward on its student loans.

Yes, Discover offers student loans at competitive rates and has around the clock customer service for any questions you have.

Discover does not disclose the minimum credit score it will consider for student loans.

You can borrow up to 100% of the cost of attendance. 

While there is always a possibility the company could decide to forgive student loans, the chances are extremely slim. No private loans will likely be forgiven. 

The Better Business Bureau rates Discover with an A+ grade , indicating that the BBB has determined that the is company honest in how it handles business, responds effectively to consumer complaints, and is truthful in its advertising. 

Discover Student Loans Competitors

Compare Discover Student Loans against the competition.

Discover Student Loans vs. College Ave Student Loans

You can get a lower minimum APR on your loan with College Ave than with Discover, so if your credit is in good shape, College Ave might be the better choice. 

College Ave has a quicker application process than Discover, as you can get a rate in a few minutes with College Ave, and it will take roughly 15 minutes with Discover. This may not be a dealbreaker, but if you want to speedily compare multiple rates, College Ave could be a better place to start. 

Discover student loans offer a unique perk that College Ave does not. Discover has a one-time 1% cash reward on its student loans if you achieve a GPA of 3.0 or higher during any academic term covered by the loan. You have to redeem your reward within six months after your loan is disbursed or six months after your academic term is over, whichever is later.  

You won't pay any origination fees, prepayment penalties, or late fees with either company.

College Ave Student Loans Review

Discover Student Loans vs. Ascent Student Loans 

Ascent has five repayment terms available with co-signed loans, five, seven, 10, 12, or 15 years. Discover has only one standard term available, 15 years. 

You may be eligible for a 1% cash reward with Ascent and Discover. Neither company charges origination fees or prepayment penalties, but Ascent may charge a late fee while Discover does not. 

Ascent Student Loans Review

Why you should trust us: How we rated Discover student loans

We rate all student loan products in our reviews and guides on a 1-5 scale. The overall rating is a weighted average that takes into account seven different categories, some of which are judged more heavily than others. They are:

• Interest rate (20% of rating)
• Fees (20% of rating)
• Term lengths (15% of rating)
• Repayment options while in school (15% of rating)
• Borrower accessibility (15% of rating)
• Customer support (7.5% of rating)
• Ethics (7.5% of rating)

Each category's weighting is determined based on its importance to your borrowing experience. Rates and fees have the most significant impact on the total cost of your loan, so we weigh those the most heavily. Customer support and ethics are still crucial parts of the borrowing experience, but do not directly tie to a student loan's terms, so they have less of an impact on the overall rating.

When considering whether or not Discover is right for you, consider its additional product lines:

• Best Discover Credit Cards
• Discover Personal Loan Review
• Discover Bank Review
• Discover Savings Account Review
• Discover CD Rates
• Discover Home Loans Review

Editorial Note: Any opinions, analyses, reviews, or recommendations expressed in this article are the author’s alone, and have not been reviewed, approved, or otherwise endorsed by any card issuer. Read our editorial standards .

Please note: While the offers mentioned above are accurate at the time of publication, they're subject to change at any time and may have changed, or may no longer be available.

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RIT graduate pursues Ph.D. across time zones

Nastaran Nagshineh, center, defended her Ph.D. thesis at RIT in April. Faculty from RIT’s Rochester and Dubai campuses served on her thesis committee and include, from left to right, Kathleen Lamkin-Kennard, Steven Weinstein, Nathaniel Barlow, and David Kofke (a professor at the University at Buffalo). Mohamed Samaha participated remotely and appears on the video screen behind the group and alongside Nagshineh’s picture.

Nastaran Nagshineh is one of the first Ph.D. candidates to bridge RIT’s Rochester and Dubai campuses. Her accomplishment creates a path for future students at the university’s international campuses.

Nagshineh completed her Ph.D. in mathematical modeling while working full time as a mathematics lecturer at RIT Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, teaching as many as five classes a semester. She described her Ph.D. journey as “an exercise in perseverance” due to competing demands and long days. Rochester is eight hours behind Dubai, and the time difference meant many late-night classes and meetings.

“I saw this collaboration as an opportunity, rather than as a challenge, because my primary adviser, Dr. Steven Weinstein (RIT professor of chemical engineering), and my co-adviser, Dr. Mohamed Samaha (RIT Dubai associate professor of mechanical engineering), both have the same area of research interest,” she said. “They both worked toward my success.”

Nagshineh is one of 67 RIT Ph.D. students who defended their thesis this academic year and who will earn their doctorate. RIT awarded 63 Ph.D. degrees in 2023.

In 2020-2021, RIT’s Graduate School met and surpassed the university’s goal of conferring 50 Ph.D. degrees during an academic year. That number will continue to grow as students cycle through the seven new Ph.D. programs that RIT has added since 2017, said Diane Slusarski , dean of RIT’s Graduate School.

Meeting these goals puts RIT on a path toward achieving an “R1,” or research-intensive designation, from the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Learning. RIT is currently ranked as an R2 institution . Many factors go into changing a university’s status, including research investment and maintaining a three-year average of 70 Ph.D. degrees awarded per year, according to Slusarski.

“We have met the goals of the strategic plan, and now we look forward to contributing to the research innovation in the future,” Slusarski said. “We want to help the new programs thrive and win national research awards.”

RIT’s emphasis on high-level research is seen in Nagshineh’s Ph.D. work. She applies mathematical modeling to the field of fluid dynamics. Her research has been published in top-tier journals and has gained notice, said Weinstein, her thesis adviser.

Weinstein describes Nagshineh’s accomplishments as “a testament to a fantastic work ethic and commitment” and is inspirational to younger students at Rochester and Dubai.

“The collaboration between RIT Dubai/Rochester has continued,” he said. “Another paper was submitted a few weeks ago with Mohamed Samaha and Nate Barlow (RIT associate professor in the School of Mathematics and Statistics) as co-authors, as well as Cade Reinberger, a younger Ph.D. student in my research group.”

Mathematical modeling is one of RIT’s newer Ph.D. degree programs, and Nagshineh is among its earliest graduates. The program has doubled in size since it began accepting students in 2017, Slusarski said. This past fall, the mathematical modeling program had 35 students, with two graduating this year.

Altogether, RIT has 13 Ph.D. degree programs currently enrolling 438 students, with computing and information sciences accounting for the largest with 117 students. RIT’s other Ph.D. programs include astrophysical sciences and technology , biomedical and chemical engineering , business administration , color science , electrical and computer engineering, imaging science , mechanical and industrial engineering , microsystems engineering , and sustainability .

New programs in cognitive science and physics will launch in the fall.

The growth in RIT graduate education—with more than 3,000 master’s and doctoral students—reflects a demographic change in the student population, Slusarski said. “We have a higher percentage of women in the graduate programs than we have for RIT undergraduate programs.”

RIT’s graduate programs enroll 42 percent women, according to Christie Leone , assistant dean for the Graduate School.

Nagshineh, who also holds an MS in electrical engineering from RIT Dubai, welcomes her role as a mentor to other women students on both campuses.

“As a young woman in an Arabic country, the power of women is often underestimated and undervalued, and I hope to serve as a role model to female students, especially those that question their path,” Nagshineh said.

She plans to continue in her career as a professor and a researcher. “I would like to pursue a research program where I can advise my own students and teach them more deeply.”

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