research reports mcq

Prepare a Research Report MCQ

The frequent use of abbreviations is encouraged in apa style writing..

Note: This Question is unanswered, help us to find answer for this one

The following is correct when writing a research report in APA style: The data were collected in a small group context.

If six or more authors are associated with a citation in the text, you should cite all six authors the first time because they all contributed to the article., the subheading “apparatus or instruments” is found in the method section., according to apa style guidelines, there is one space put between the end of a sentence and the beginning of the next sentence., when writing a mixed research report, writers should ______., when writing a qualitative research report ______..

Correct Answer: You must consider the outlet you plan to use to disseminate your study results

If 25 people participated in your research study, which sentence is correctly written in APA style?

Which would be most appropriate when referring to research participants, which statement is true, which of the following is one of the seven main sections in a report using the apa style, which of the following is correct when citing authors in text, how frequently should one use italics in apa style writing, when referring to all people, which of the following is acceptable according to apa style guidelines, the method section of a quantitative study ______..

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Understanding ⁢the​ Structure of Research​ Report‌ MCQs

When delving ⁢into the realm of research report‍ multiple-choice questions‍ (MCQs), it is crucial to grasp their underlying structure. This structure often consists of distinct components ⁢that​ facilitate comprehension and evaluation. Commonly​ found elements include:

• Title: Indicates ⁣the ⁤focus of the research.
• Abstract: ​ Summarizes the purpose and findings.
• Introduction: ‌Provides background and context.
• Methodology: Explains ‍the ⁢research design and methods used.
• Results: Displays the key findings of the ​study.
• Conclusion: Offers⁢ interpretations and implications of the results.

Understanding these parts can significantly enhance one’s ability to answer related⁤ MCQs effectively. Below is ‌a ​simple comparison table illustrating the main purposes of each⁣ section:

Key Strategies for Mastering Research​ Report Multiple Choice Questions

Effectively tackling multiple choice questions (MCQs) related to ⁣research​ reports⁤ requires a strategic approach. Begin by familiarizing ⁢yourself with the core concepts and terminologies ‌used in ⁤research reporting. This foundational ⁤knowledge⁣ provides a clear framework for understanding the questions. When you encounter an MCQ, quickly skim‍ through all options, discarding ⁤those that seem irrelevant or less‌ plausible. ⁢This ​technique not only narrows down your choices but also enhances your⁢ confidence. Remember to look for keywords in the questions and choices; they often serve⁢ as clues that can guide you‍ towards ‌the correct answer.

Another vital aspect is​ to practice with sample questions⁣ and past⁢ papers. ‌Engaging with a variety of MCQs helps you identify patterns in⁢ questioning and common traps set by examiners. Create a study group ⁤to‌ discuss these questions, as collaborative learning can deepen your ​understanding. Additionally, consider these key strategies:

• Time Management: Allocate specific time limits ⁤for each question.
• Contextual⁢ Learning: Relate questions to real-life research scenarios.
• Review Errors: Analyze which ‌questions you ‌got wrong and understand why.

Common Pitfalls in Research Report MCQs and How to Avoid Them

When tackling multiple-choice questions ⁢(MCQs) based on research⁤ reports, numerous ⁤missteps can undermine ⁣your performance. One ⁢significant pitfall is misunderstanding the question’s intent . Often, questions can be phrased in a way that misleads readers into selecting an incorrect option. Pay attention to keywords like “except,” “always,” or‍ “most ⁢likely,” ⁣as these can significantly ⁣alter⁢ the meaning. Secondly, overlooking‍ the context of the research is critical. ‌Ensure ​you grasp the core findings and conclusions drawn by the authors, as this⁢ knowledge is essential for answering⁣ questions‌ accurately.

Another ​common error involves neglecting the details presented in ⁣tables or figures. Many MCQs reference specific data‌ points, and failing ⁤to study these visuals can result in missed answers.⁢ Developing the habit‌ of skim reading is a valuable strategy; first, look for ⁣the main arguments and then focus ‍on finer details.​ Here’s a simple‌ checklist to consider while preparing for ‌research‌ report MCQs:

Resources and Tools to Enhance Your Research ‌Report MCQ Skills

To refine ⁢your skills in crafting effective research reports, consider integrating ⁤various⁤ resources and tools into your study routine. Utilizing online platforms like Google Scholar for literature searches can⁣ enhance ‍your ‌understanding of existing research. Additionally, tools⁢ such as Mendeley or Zotero can assist​ in⁢ managing ‌your references and citations efficiently, ensuring your report‍ maintains a standard of accuracy and reliability. Engaging with interactive learning modules ‌on⁣ websites like Coursera or edX can also provide valuable insights⁣ into the research process, from literature reviews to methodological frameworks.

Furthermore, ⁣practicing with online quizzes and ⁢MCQs can solidify your grasp of research report​ components. Websites like Purdue ‍OWL offer extensive resources ​on writing styles and ⁤formats, crucial for structuring your report correctly.‍ Consider creating a study schedule that ​incorporates these‌ tools, and make good​ use of brainstorming apps like MindMeister or Coggle to outline your ideas visually. By diversifying your⁣ resources, you⁤ can enhance both your comprehension and ⁤your ⁣ability to convey information succinctly, ​thereby improving your overall performance in research report writing.

Concluding Remarks

mastering the ​realm of research‍ report multiple-choice questions is⁤ not merely an academic exercise; it is a gateway‍ to deeper understanding and critical analysis. By ⁣embracing the nuances of these assessments, learners can enhance their ability to synthesize information,‍ evaluate sources, and engage with‌ complex ideas. As you navigate through the​ intricate landscape of research‍ findings and methodologies, remember ⁢that the skills you cultivate⁢ through these studies will serve you well beyond the classroom.⁣ Whether⁤ you are preparing for exams, ​writing ‍papers, or embarking ⁣on research projects, the knowledge and strategies gleaned from ​mastery of research​ report MCQs ⁣will empower ⁤you to think critically and approach challenges with confidence. So, as ‌you continue your educational journey, may you tackle each question not just as a challenge, ‍but ‍as an opportunity for growth and exploration. Happy studying!

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25 MCQ on Reporting of Research

25 mcq on reporting of research .

Question 1: What is a common format used for reporting research findings? a) APA (American Psychological Association) style b) MLA (Modern Language Association) style c) Chicago style d) Harvard style

Answer: a) APA (American Psychological Association) style

Question 2: In research reporting, the "Abstract" typically provides a brief summary of: a) The entire study, including objectives, methods, results, and conclusions b) The methodology used in the study c) The statistical tests conducted d) The limitations of the study

Answer: a) The entire study, including objectives, methods, results, and conclusions

Question 3: In research reporting, the "Introduction" section usually includes: a) The research question, objectives, and context of the study b) Detailed methodology and data analysis c) The results and findings of the study d) The limitations and future recommendations

Answer: a) The research question, objectives, and context of the study

Question 4: Which section of a research report typically presents a detailed overview of the research methods and techniques used? a) Methodology b) Introduction c) Results d) Discussion

Answer: a) Methodology

Question 5: In research reporting, the "Discussion" section is focused on: a) Interpreting the results and comparing them to existing literature b) Presenting the raw data and figures c) Describing the research methods used in the study d) Summarizing the study's objectives

Answer: a) Interpreting the results and comparing them to existing literature

Question 6: Which section of a research report is dedicated to acknowledging individuals or organizations that contributed to the study? a) Acknowledgments b) Abstract c) Introduction d) Conclusion

Answer: a) Acknowledgments

Question 7: What is the purpose of the "Conclusion" section in a research report? a) Summarizing the study and presenting the key findings b) Detailing the research methodology c) Discussing the limitations of the study d) Acknowledging the individuals who contributed to the study

Answer: a) Summarizing the study and presenting the key findings

Question 8: In a research report, the "Results" section typically: a) Presents the findings of the study in a clear and organized manner b) Discusses the theoretical framework of the study c) Provides recommendations for future research d) Acknowledges any conflicts of interest

Answer: a) Presents the findings of the study in a clear and organized manner

Question 9: The "References" or "Bibliography" section in a research report contains: a) A list of all sources cited in the report b) A summary of the research findings c) A brief overview of the research methodology d) Raw data used in the study

Answer: a) A list of all sources cited in the report

Question 10: In research reporting, the "Literature Review" section typically focuses on: a) Previous research relevant to the current study b) Presenting the raw data collected in the study c) Acknowledging the limitations of the study d) Describing the research methods used in the study

Answer: a) Previous research relevant to the current study

Question 11: Which section of a research report is crucial for ethical transparency, detailing the financial and non-financial conflicts of interest? a) Conflict of Interest b) Methodology c) Acknowledgments d) Results

Answer: a) Conflict of Interest

Question 12: What should be included in the "Appendix" section of a research report? a) Supplementary materials that provide more detailed information b) Summary of the study's key findings c) List of references and citations d) Main research methods and techniques

Answer: a) Supplementary materials that provide more detailed information

Question 13: In research reporting, which section includes details about the study participants and data collection process? a) Methodology b) Abstract c) Introduction d) Results

Question 14: What does the "Ethical Considerations" section in a research report typically discuss? a) Ethical principles followed in the study and treatment of human or animal subjects b) Theoretical framework of the study c) Statistical analyses performed in the study d) The limitations of the study

Answer: a) Ethical principles followed in the study and treatment of human or animal subjects

Question 15: Which section of a research report provides additional supporting information that aids in understanding the main content? a) Supplementary Materials b) Conclusion c) Introduction d) Acknowledgments

Answer: a) Supplementary Materials

Question 16: In a research report, the "Limitations" section typically: a) Discusses the weaknesses or constraints of the study b) Highlights the major findings of the study c) Provides recommendations for future research d) Lists the references and citations

Answer: a) Discusses the weaknesses or constraints of the study

Question 17: In research reporting, the "Implications" section usually discusses: a) The potential applications or consequences of the study's findings b) The methodology and data analysis c) The limitations of the study d) The theoretical framework of the study

Answer: a) The potential applications or consequences of the study's findings

Question 18: What is the purpose of the "Glossary" section in a research report? a) To define specialized terms and jargon used in the study b) To present the raw data in a clear format c) To acknowledge the funding sources of the study d) To summarize the study's key findings

Answer: a) To define specialized terms and jargon used in the study

Question 19: Which section of a research report provides information on the funding sources and financial support for the study? a) Funding and Financial Support b) Acknowledgments c) Conflict of Interest d) Conclusion

Answer: a) Funding and Financial Support

Question 20: In a research report, the "Procedure" or "Methods" section typically provides details about: a) The step-by-step approach and methods used in the study b) The conclusions and recommendations of the study c) The limitations of the study d) The theoretical background of the study

Answer: a) The step-by-step approach and methods used in the study

Question 21: Which section of a research report may include graphical representations, tables, and figures to illustrate the data? a) Results b) Discussion c) Conclusion d) Acknowledgments

Answer: a) Results

Question 22: What is the purpose of the "Review Process" section in a research report? a) To describe the peer review process undergone by the study b) To present the raw data used in the study c) To outline the study's limitations d) To summarize the study's key findings

Answer: a) To describe the peer review process undergone by the study

Question 23: Which section of a research report is dedicated to explaining the theoretical framework or model used in the study? a) Theoretical Framework b) Introduction c) Methodology d) Conclusion

Answer: a) Theoretical Framework

Question 24: In a research report, the "Population and Sample" section typically provides information about: a) The characteristics of the target population and the sample selection process b) The limitations and constraints of the study c) The conclusions drawn from the study d) The theoretical framework of the study

Answer: a) The characteristics of the target population and the sample selection process

Question 25: What is the purpose of the "Citations and References" section in a research report? a) To provide a list of sources cited within the report b) To discuss the ethical considerations of the study c) To summarize the key findings of the study d) To present the limitations of the study

Answer: a) To provide a list of sources cited within the report

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• Research Ethics MCQs with answers

In this blog post, researchers can understand the concepts of research ethics with provided MCQs.

It is the primary responsibility of a researcher to be sincere in the work. Care must be taken to execute research in the utmost responsible and correct way, at every step.

• Data collection;
• Data analysis;
• Writing the research report;
• Publication of report.

Research Ethics Multiple Choice Questions

Every researcher views all societal problems in the same picture. Is this statement true or false?  a. True  b . False

The two important components of research responsibility are: sincerity in work and avoiding ________________. a. Plagiarism b. Writing the thesis c. Research techniques d. Confidentiality

Which of the following options most appropriately explains ‘Research Ethics’? a. It states how to write a research report flawlessly. b. It gives the methodology of researching within social norms  c. It governs the prevention of plagiarism  d. It provides a common set of dos and don’ts of conducting an ethical research

Which of the following factors make the compliance of research ethics difficult? a. Societal norms  b. Respect for confidentiality  c. Lack of Checks  d. Self-check

Which among the following is not a kind of plagiarism? a. Patch Writing  b. Untainted Plagiarism  c. Indirect Plagiarism  d. Direct Plagiarism

Plagiarism is against the principles of morality, but no legal action can be taken against the plagiariser. a. True  b. False

Research emerges from the societal problems and the observation of a researcher. a. True b. False

In the capacity of a researcher, how can you solve the problems that exist in the society? a. Eradicate unethical people from the society.  b. Request the research institute to form a body of members for solving the problems.  c. Participate in the activities of a suitable NGO to help in fighting the problems.  d. None of the above.

The interplay of imagination and innovation on a researcher’s part creates a unique research report. a. True  b. False

Ethics in research lays the bounds of discipline for a researcher.  a. True b. False

Standard research ethics changes from person to person. a. True b. False

Following standard research ethics is the sole responsibility of the Institute.  a. True b. False

Where a researcher publishes previously published material by himself, it is not plagiarism. a. True b. False

The final aim of every research is a  a. Ethical research  b. Research report  c. Sponsorship  d. Future research

Before beginning research, the researcher must obtain authorization to research from the participants to be researched and the… a. Researcher’s parents  b. Research library  c. Research Institute  d. Sponsors

Copying the work of other authors in whole pieces is called as a. Self-plagiarism  b. Indirect plagiarism  c. Direct plagiarism  d. Patch writing

More MCQs with answers on Research

• MCQs on Qualitative Research with answers
• 20 MCQs on literature review with answers
• Solved MCQ on legal Reasoning in Research
• MCQ on data analysis in research methodology
• Research Report writing MCQs with answers
• All Solved MCQs on Research Methodology
• MCQs on Legal Research with answers
• MCQs on sampling in research methodology with answers
• MCQs with answers on plagiarism
• MCQ on Citation and Referencing in Research
• Solved MCQs on Sampling in research methodology
• Solved MCQs on Basic Research

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Research Methodology

Student resources, multiple choice questions.

Research: A Way of Thinking

The Research Process: A Quick Glance

Reviewing the Literature

Formulating a Research Problem

Identifying Variables

Constructing Hypotheses

The Research Design

Selecting a Study Design

Selecting a Method of Data Collection

Collecting Data Using Attitudinal Scales

Establishing the Validity and Reliability of a Research Instrument

Selecting a Sample

Writing a Research Proposal

Considering Ethical Issues in Data Collection

Processing Data

Displaying Data

Writing a Research Report

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Research reveals impact of gut microbiome on hormone levels in mice

• Date created: 26 September 2024
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Researchers at the Francis Crick Institute have shown that the balance of bacteria in the gut can influence symptoms of hypopituitarism in mice.

They also showed that aspirin was able to improve hormone deficiency symptoms in mice with this condition.

Christophe Galichet and Robin Lovell-Badge were researching mouse Sox3 mutations, which cause hypopituitarism in mice and humans, at the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR). When they transferred mice with Sox3  mutations from the NIMR to the Crick, they made an unexpected discovery.  

People with mutations in a gene called Sox3 develop hypopituitarism, where the pituitary gland doesn’t make enough hormones. It can result in growth problems, infertility and poor responses of the body to stress.

In research published today in PLOS Genetics , the scientists at the Crick removed Sox3 from mice, causing them to develop hypopituitarism around the time of weaning (starting to eat solid food).

They found that mutations in Sox3 largely affect the hypothalamus in the brain, which instructs the pituitary gland to release hormones. However, the gene is normally active in several brain cell types, so the first task was to ask which specific cells were most affected by its absence.

The scientists observed a reduced number of cells called NG2 glia, suggesting that these play a critical role in inducing the pituitary gland cells to mature around weaning, which was not known previously. This could explain the associated impact on hormone production.

The team then treated the mice with a low dose of aspirin for 21 days. This caused the number of NG2 glia in the hypothalamus to increase and reversed the symptoms of hypopituitarism in the mice.

NG2 glia (red) in the median eminence, which connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, are reduced in the mice with  Sox3  mutations (right-hand panel). 

Although it’s not yet clear how aspirin had this effect, the findings suggest that it could be explored as a potential treatment for people with Sox3 mutations or other situations where the NG2 glia are compromised.

It was a huge surprise to find that changes in the gut microbiome reversed hypopituitarism in the mice without Sox3. Christophe Galichet

An incidental discovery revealed the role of gut bacteria in hormone production

When the National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR) merged with the Crick in 2015, mouse embryos were transferred from the former building to the latter, and this included the mice with Sox3 mutations.

When these mice reached the weaning stage at the Crick, the researchers were surprised to find that they no longer had the expected hormonal deficiencies.

After exploring a number of possible causes, lead author Christophe Galichet compared the microbiome – bacteria, fungi and viruses that live in the gut – in the mice from the Crick and mice from the NIMR, observing several differences in its makeup and diversity. This could have been due to the change in diet, water environment, or other factors that accompanied the relocation.

He also examined the number of NG2 glia in the Crick mice, finding that these were also at normal levels, suggesting that the Crick-fed microbiome was somehow protective against hypopituitarism.

To confirm this theory, Christophe transplanted faecal matter retained from NIMR mice into Crick mice, observing that the Crick mice once again showed symptoms of hypopituitarism and had lower numbers of NG2 glia. 

Although the exact mechanism is unknown, the scientists conclude that the make-up of the gut microbiome is an example of an important environmental factor having a significant influence on the consequences of a genetic mutation, in this case influencing the function of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland.

Christophe Galichet , former Senior Laboratory Research Scientist at the Crick and now Research Operations Manager at the Sainsbury Wellcome Centre , said: “It was a huge surprise to find that changes in the gut microbiome reversed hypopituitarism in the mice without Sox3 . It’s reinforced to me how important it is to be aware of all variable factors, including the microbiome, when working with animals in research and how nurture can influence nature.”

Robin Lovell-Badge , Group Leader of the Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics Laboratory at the Crick, said: “Hypopituitarism can result from trauma as well as rare mutations, and it can have some profound effects on health in general. As well as suggesting potential options for treatment, our work reinforces how important the gut-brain link is. The next step for this research will be to work out exactly how aspirin and the microbiome influence NG2 glia, and then study this effect in people so we can see if these relatively accessible interventions could help treat hypopituitarism.”

Related links

• Read the paper in PLOS Genetics

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tables should supplment not duplicate information in paper and well integrated. All reported to same degree of precision (decimals) and values consistent with headings. Choose matching term 1 Methods 2 results: table 3 Good result sections 1. state purpose of analysis 2. identify descriptive statistic (mean median total frequency) used to summarize results for dependent variable 4 Introduction includes summary of related research studies Don't know?

Report reveals impact of industrial biotechnology investments

24 September 2024

Sustained public investment in industrial biotechnology between 2010 and 2021 has led to a wide range of economic and social benefits for the UK.

That’s according to a report published today, titled ‘Evaluation of the effectiveness and impact of the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council’s (BBSRC) investments in industrial biotechnology (IB)’.

The report is written by an independent panel of experts appointed by BBSRC to evaluate the IB portfolio.

Spin-out companies

Economic impacts include numerous spin-out companies, such as:

• Colorifix, which uses the products of microbes to dye textiles
• Deep Branch, which uses carbon dioxide to create ingredients for a more sustainable animal feed system
• Holiferm, which makes biobased surfactants used in household and personal care products

Cross-disciplinary approaches

IB is a set of cross-disciplinary approaches that use biological resources for the production and processing of materials and chemicals.

Its principal aim is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by replacing fossil chemical feedstocks or fossil chemical powered processes.

The applications of IB are vast and span a wide range of industry sectors, including:

• energy carriers
• pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals
• waste processing
• remediation

It also extends to agriculture, food and construction sectors.

Bio-based solutions have the potential to transform everyday life by reducing our reliance on fossil fuels and their derivatives, as well as making a significant contribution to growing the UK economy.

The report reveals that BBSRC’s investment in IB has contributed to the establishment of at least 44 spin-out companies.

Several of these companies employ a considerable number of staff in well-paid, technologically oriented jobs and have been responsible for bringing multiple products to market.

Major successes

BBSRC’s Networks in Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy (BBSRC NIBB) and the IB Catalyst have been major successes.

BBSRC NIBB Phase I (2014 to 2019) leveraged nearly £98 million of additional funding from an initial BBSRC investment of £18 million.

A total of 277 different businesses contributed funding to collaborative projects supported through the networks during this time.

The membership of the networks within the BBSRC NIBB reflect the reach of this initiative.

The membership encompasses a wide range of scientific areas, across all career stages, with strong involvement from academia and the private sector, nationally and internationally.

Sustained investment

However, the report also reveals that, although good progress is being made in delivering impact from these investments, the potential of the work to deliver greater economic and societal impact is not being fully realised.

The panel identified a need for sustained investment to realise the full potential impact of IB alongside supportive long-term government polices to enable the full potential of IB to be achieved.

Professor Anne Ferguson-Smith, BBSRC Executive Chair, said:

I welcome this important and timely report, which shows the positive contribution BBSRC’s investments in industrial biotechnology makes to the UK’s economy, particularly in the generation of high-quality jobs through innovative activities. It’s also very encouraging to see how successful BBSRC’s Networks in Industrial Biotechnology and Bioenergy scheme has been, both in enabling interactions between the academic and business community and building communities in other areas. I look forward to seeing how the strong and enduring collaborations generated between the academic and business community resulting from BBSRC investments in IB activities continue to provide benefit.

Expert panel

BBSRC appointed an expert panel to conduct an independent evaluation of its investments in IB research and innovation.

BBSRC identified IB as a strategic priority in 2010.

Between 2010 and 2022, the council’s total spend on IB research and innovation was £413 million, including £42.4 million co-funding from the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and Innovate UK.

Current annual BBSRC expenditure on the IB portfolio is roughly £29 million.

The panel reviewed data from various sources including:

• BBSRC’s grants database
• BBSRC research outcomes data
• bibliographic and bibliometric databases
• business information databases
• stakeholder surveys and interviews

Outcomes data was obtained for 568 grants funded by BBSRC which had active spend between 2010 and 2021.

The evaluation encompasses four major themes:

• new knowledge and understanding
• knowledge exchange and supporting collaboration
• economic and societal impact
• BBSRC’s support for IB

Further findings

The report also found that:

• BBSRC’s investments supported high quality research that is internationally competitive
• BBSRC’s investments have built capability and capacity, producing future IB leaders within the UK and beyond
• targeted investments in the IB portfolio aimed at strengthening links between industry and academia are delivering significant impact and benefit
• the BBSRC NIBB initiative was an innovative and effective approach, helping to grow a vibrant IB community across multiple sectors and leveraging significant industry co-investment
• the IB portfolio provided a translational pathway that has significant potential for economic impact, with notable contributions to policy development
• international partnerships within the IB portfolio are helping the UK address global challenges such as net zero
• barriers to accessing specialist infrastructure such as scale-up facilities are limiting the delivery of further impact in BBSRC’s IB portfolio

Further information

Case studies, extraction of sugar from waste.

Fiberight was founded in 2009.

After a couple of pivots in company direction, their focus now is on the recovery of high value products from everyday household waste.

Advanced Microwave Technologies (AMT) was founded in 2008 and specialises in continuous flow microwave technology for various sector applications, including fermentation pre-treatment, microwave assisted reactions and microwave enhanced extraction.

Both Fiberight and AMT have been involved in various BBSRC funded projects with academics to support their development work.

Fiberight received funding in 2016 and 2017 from the IB Catalyst scheme, to work with academics on improving the production of sugars from waste.

Between 2014 and 2018 they participated in several NIBB, namely FoodWasteNet, LB Net and P2P.

AMT were also active members of both FoodWasteNet and HCVfP NIBB projects.

It was at NIBB networking events that the foundations of future working between Fiberight and AMT were formed.

Both companies then worked together as part of a consortium led by the University of Leeds, on a BBSRC Newton-Bhabha project aiming to translate existing IB technology on extraction of sugar from waste in India.

As well as supporting translation of research in a developing country, a patent application on the methodology supporting this work at a full-scale extraction plant level was approved.

Following on from their participation in BBSRC funded projects, Fiberight has since gained EU Horizon 2020 funding to showcase their work at industrial demonstration scale.

AMT has entered a commercial equipment rental agreement with Fiberight to aid them in the scale-up of their waste recovery technology on this project and others in the future.

Both companies continue to work with academic partners and ECRs, providing them with valuable exposure to industry and aiding in upskilling of the IB community.

Invasive weed provides solution to clean energy

Across many developing countries, there is a lack of suitable fuel for energy needs, particularly in rural areas.

An international team of UK, Indian, and Ugandan scientists and industry partners, through a BBSRC funded Global Challenges Research Fund project, have developed biodigesters that break down waste biomass through anaerobic digestion to generate biogas.

Led by the University of Leeds, the project is delivering demonstration units in rural areas of India and Uganda that are now being used by local communities for cooking.

Water hyacinth was used because it invades waterways, damaging the ecosystem and preventing communities from using the water for fishing or other activities.

The removal and clean-up of rivers is associated with high operational costs, environmental concerns and spread of diseases.

The project focuses on the utilisation of invasive aquatic macrophytes such as water hyacinth in combination with nutrient rich waste and immobilised microbial systems. It maximises the production of biogas, clean water and recovery of these nutrients in low-income communities, by developing innovative biotechnology solutions that promote resource efficiency and long-term sustainable services.

Defiant Renewables is an industry partner to the project and playing a key role in developing the technology in terms of designing bioreactors and highly active bacterial consortium to effectively produce large quantities of biogas from water hyacinth.

Supplied with different mixes of biomass, four demonstration digesters have been built for the use of local communities.

Locals have been engaged in the process, educated, and trained in this work, helping to build their knowledge of anaerobic digestion for producing biogas.

The team are now developing the technology further and exploring its potential for use in other countries.

Formed in 2018, Holiferm is a spin-out company focused on the production of surfactants, a key ingredient in household and personal care products.

Holiferm is facilitating the transition of the $42 billion surfactant market away from harmful, fossil fuel-based chemicals to biobased alternatives, resulting in biodegradable products that are also low in ecotoxicity.

These products have applications in personal care, home care, industrial cleaning and agricultural settings.

The technology was first demonstrated in the lab of a Reader in Chemical Engineering at The University of Manchester, with research being driven by then PhD student, who is now CEO of the organisation.

A number of small grants from various BBSRC NIBB provided targeted support at critical time points in the development of Holiferm’s technology, supporting work with industry partners and allowing the company to grow.

In September 2021, a £5.8 million investment from the US based company, Rhapsody Venture Partners, was the latest capital investment secured by Holiferm.

Holiferm won the Innovation Award at the Chemicals Northwest Awards 2022 for their patented gravity separation fermentation technology.

Holiferm is set to launch its second and third fermentation derived biosurfactants to market in 2024 and now employs 52 people.

These are rhamnolipid and Mannosylerythritol lipids.

They are currently being readied for pilot scale production before they go into a full manufacturing process at their Liverpool plant.

Top image:  Credit: ultramansk, iStock, Getty Images Plus via Getty Images

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Use of supply teachers in schools

Research about the use of supply teachers in state-funded primary, secondary and special schools in England.

Applies to England

Use of supply teachers in schools: research report.

Ref: ISBN 978-1-83870-583-1 , RR1449

PDF , 563 KB , 85 pages

Use of supply teachers: supply teachers survey

MS Excel Spreadsheet , 474 KB

Use of supply teachers: school leader survey

MS Excel Spreadsheet , 255 KB

This research aimed to understand how schools use supply teachers and examined:

• reasons why schools use supply teachers
• school approaches to deploying supply teachers
• different models for the supply teacher procurement
• supply teacher management and CPD
• the characteristics of the supply teacher workforce

This report includes findings from:

• surveys with 1,500 supply teachers and a representative sample of schools
• interviews with 60 supply teachers, 22 leaders and 7 supply teacher providers

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Independent journalist publishes Trump campaign document hacked by Iran despite election interference concerns

An American journalist who runs an independent newsletter published a document Thursday that appears to have been stolen from Donald Trump’s presidential campaign — the first public posting of a file that is believed to be part of a dossier that federal officials say is part of an Iranian effort to manipulate the U.S. election.

The PDF document is a 271-page opposition research file on former President Donald Trump’s running mate, Sen. JD Vance, R-Ohio.

For more than two months, hackers who the U.S. says are tied to Iran have tried to persuade the American media to cover files they stole. No outlets took the bait.

But on Thursday, reporter Ken Klippenstein, who self-publishes on Substack after he left The Intercept this year, published one of the files.

“If the document had been hacked by some ‘anonymous’ like hacker group, the news media would be all over it. I’m just not a believer of the news media as an arm of the government, doing its work combating foreign influence. Nor should it be a gatekeeper of what the public should know,” he wrote.

Publication of the document reflects how a shifting media ecosystem featuring more high-profile independent journalists on platforms like Substack can influence the ability of state-sponsored hackers to carry out election influence operations. 

In an interview, Klippenstein said: “It’s been a vibes election. They are so vague on policy. There’s so few specifics, and something like this can give you some sense of what the campaign thinks.” 

At least three major news outlets and two independent journalists previously received a document described as a JD Vance dossier but did not publish it, citing what they have described as a lack of newsworthy information in it. 

The dissemination of the Vance file appears to be a hack-and-leak operation akin to how Russian intelligence leaked files from Hillary Clinton’s presidential campaign in 2016. Those emails got significant media attention at the time, a decision that prompted much media criticism .

Politico, which says it began receiving unpublished Trump documents on July 22, was the first news outlet to report that it had received them. The Trump campaign acknowledged last month that it had been hacked and accused Iran, but it has not shared details, and it did not immediately respond to a request for comment Thursday. Research published by Google and Microsoft indicates the hack occurred in June.

Three U.S. agencies have publicly attributed the hack and the subsequent distribution of the files to Iran.

Iranian officials have denied involvement with the hack. Mohammad Javad Zarif, Iran’s vice president for strategic affairs, told NBC News on Tuesday that the country has “no interest in changing the results or affecting the results of this election” and that “the government and official agencies of Iran have not hacked anybody. People working for us haven’t, either.”

The Office of the Director of National Intelligence has repeatedly said since July that Iran seeks to damage Trump’s candidacy. As president, Trump authorized the assassination of military leader Qassem Soleimani. Intelligence officials have also briefed Trump on what they say are ongoing Iranian attempts to assassinate him. The Trump campaign did not respond to a request for comment.

Reporters who have received the documents describe the same pattern: An AOL account emails them files, signed by a person using the name “Robert,” who is reluctant to speak to their identity or reasons for wanting the documents to receive coverage.

NBC News was not part of the Robert persona’s direct outreach, but it has viewed its correspondence with a reporter at another publication. 

One of the emails from the Robert persona previously viewed by NBC News included three large PDF files, each corresponding to Trump’s three reported finalists for vice president. The Vance file appears to be the one Klippenstein hosts on his site.

X, formerly known as Twitter, appears to have taken the strongest initial stance against Klippenstein following his Substack post, blocking accounts that share links to his post and suspending his account. Elon Musk, who owns the site, was a staunch critic of how Twitter’s previous leadership limited access to an “October surprise” story in the New York Post about scandalous material found on a laptop belonging to President Joe Biden’s son Hunter.

Former intelligence officials at the time cautioned that the laptop was consistent with the work of Russian intelligence, though no direct connection has been publicly substantiated. 

An X spokesperson told NBC News that Klippenstein “was temporarily suspended for violating our rules on posting unredacted private personal information” pertaining to Vance.

Klippenstein wrote an additional post on Substack on Thursday defending his decision to post the file while acknowledging that it did appear to violate X’s rules.

“Did I make a mistake in not redacting the ‘private’ information on J.D. Vance? If I wanted a Twitter account, apparently so. But on principle? I stand by it absolutely,” he said.

Representatives for Substack did not immediately respond to a request for comment.

Kevin Collier is a reporter covering cybersecurity, privacy and technology policy for NBC News.