critical analysis of education system in pakistan essay

Critical Analysis of the Education System in Pakistan

• Introduction

Definition of education

Goals of education.

• Private vs Government institutes
• Lack of uniformity

Outdated curriculum

• Lack of professional/quality/trained teachers
• Examination system
• Internal influences
• External influences
• Lack of resources
• A large number of dropouts
• Implementation of policies
• Fewer budgets
• Conclusion 

Introduction 

Education plays an important role in the advancement of a nation.

“When you have got that knowledge by means of education and when you have made yourselves strong economically and industrially, then you have got to prepared yourselves for defense, defense against external aggression and to maintain internal security” Quaid-e-Azam

(presidential address at the conference of Punjab Muslim federation, 2nd March 1947) 

“Education is the process of acquiring knowledge, developing skills, training, learning of moral values, beliefs or habits, etc. Education is important for every age. It is irrespective of caste, creed, or gender.  It is necessary for a stable life, self-independence, self-confidence, etc. it brings reforms on the political, social, and economic levels.” 

The education system was first decided to form in the national educational conference held in Karachi in 1947. The decision of this conference was that the education system would work according to the national aspirations of Pakistan. The leader of the nation Quaid-e-Azam Muhamad Ali Jinnah said that the main goal of the education system is to develop the national character of the Pakistani generation. The national character, here, meant a high sense of responsibility, social integrity, and selfless service to the nation and to the country.

At that time many educational committees were formed. But the rules and policy implementation criteria were very poor. Pakistan instead of progressing suffered a lot. Parental participation is very crucial for ensuring quality aspects. Home is the first school of the child. So without parental involvement, there will be less effective implementation of policies that will remain a far cry. In Pakistan, nowadays the education system suffers a lack of budget, lack of implementation of policies, poor physical facilities, political interference, old and outdated curriculum, lack of research, lack of facilities like science labs and computer labs, dropout at a high level.

All these problems can be solved by providing adequate budget and proper policy implementation. Education is directly responsible for people’s development and growth in every sector.

Critical analysis

Pvt vs govt. sector.

The education system is divided into two sectors. PVT and Govt. sector which promotes discrimination among people. The private sector is usually attracted by the elite class who can afford to send their children to expensive schools and don’t compromise on the quality of education. On the other hand, government schools are of low quality due to lack of accountability, inadequate budget, lack of qualified and trained staff is also the main reason for the poor education system. This is the reason people always look for a good education for their children.

Lack of uniformity/poor

The most important problem is also the lack of a single uniform education system. Different education systems are working in society, e.g: Madrassas, private schools, or govt. Schools. These are not working on uniform principles. These institutes have their own curriculum. And also a different environment. So, due to these reasons, the pace of polarization is accelerated in society. And due to this polarization, there is a huge social division in the social, political, or economic ground. The purpose of education is to bring national unity but this polarized system brought differences and gaps among the nation. And the circumstances further leading the division on the linguistic and regional ground which is gradually demolishing cohesion.

The curriculum is a vital component through which goals of education can be achieved. But the curriculum of the education system in Pakistan does not meet the demands of present times. It is an outdated curriculum which only compels the learners to memorization of certain facts and figures. No further improvements are made according to the time and modern world. So this curriculum is unable to achieve the basic need for education. A curriculum should be based on research work, psychological, philosophical, and sociological foundations of education. Without practical work, research work, and adequate scientific knowledge, we cannot compete with the rest of the world. This curriculum only emphasizes memory or theory.

Lack of Professional/Quality/Trained teachers

Teacher’s important role in the education system. Without teachers, an education system cannot work. Professional/trained teachers are essential for quality performances. There are very small opportunities for training. Although there were different teacher training institutes formed now either these institutes are not well-resourced or being poor due to lack of pf funds/administrators. Thus, the consequences of their skills are not well-reformed and unskilled. According to research, teachers do not use new methods or strategies of teaching.

Teachers encourage students to cram for the subjects. They don’t teach students how to work in science labs or how to use the equipment. They do not encourage the use of the libraries, and also do not develop reading habits in students. Teachers just ze the students rely on cramming to pass the examination. Teachers are responsible for all this mess.

Dropouts at a high level

Due to the lack of effective management of the educational institutions, there is a lack of discipline which eventually results in alarming dropouts. The reasons for dropouts from the education system in Pakistan are maybe, the punishments in schools, poor motivating environment, poor infrastructure of schools, and also weak parenting plays a huge role in school dropouts. This trend adds more to illiteracy rates as well.

System of examination

The examination is the process of evaluation of a student’s learnings. An examination should evaluate the students from all aspects of learning but unfortunately, the education system of Pakistan only evaluates on the basis of memorization. There is another factor for a poor examination system which is internal/external force. These forces encourage the trend of illegal or unfair means of exams.

Lack of Resources

There are no sufficient resources in educational institutes of Pakistan. Educational resources like laboratories, libraries, books, etc. Are not available in appropriate amounts. Other than the resources like books, there is also a lack of educational institutes according to the students, ill-equipped labs, and inadequate teachers also responsible for the poor education system.

Policy implementations

Policy implementation is also another reason for the poor education system. After the independence of Pakistan, different policies were formed to be implemented but could not be implemented in true sense. The different causes of poor policy implementation, lack of funds, lack of resources, corruption, political interference, etc.

Low budgets

The main reason for every department to flourish is the proper sufficient financial resources. The successive government of Pakistan, allocating less than 2.5% of the total budget of Pakistan which is insufficient for the education system to fulfill the needs of.

In many developing countries, the budget for the education system has increased but in Pakistan, it is decreasing day by day. According to the research of the International crisis group, Pakistan is amongst those 12 countries that spent less than 2% of their GPT on the education sector. With the insufficient financial condition, it is impossible for the education system to achieve the goals of education in level.

Corruption is ruining the education system of Pakistan. There is a weak level of accountability and check/balance in the education system, which encourages many illegal practices in students, teachers, or in examination systems e.g use of authority illegally, unnecessary favors promotions, and decision making. The examination system also experiences illegal external/internal favors for students and also the members of the education system.

The education system develops nations. It is important in all domains of life such as social, spiritual, political, or economic. The reason for the development of countries is having an established education system. But in Pakistan, the education system is not playing a vital role in nation-building due to various factors. 

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Critical analysis of the problems of education in Pakistan: possible solutions

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• Ahmad, Iqbal (Author)
• Ur Rehman, Kahil (Author)
• Ali, Asghar (Author)
• Khan, Itbar (Author)
• Khan, Fazal Akber (Author)

Education System of Pakistan: Issues, Problems and Solutions

Introduction

It is mandated in the Constitution of Pakistan to provide free and compulsory education to all children between the ages of 5-16 years and enhance adult literacy. With the 18th constitutional amendment the concurrent list which comprised of 47 subjects was abolished and these subjects, including education, were transferred to federating units as a move towards provincial autonomy.

The year 2015 is important in the context that it marks the deadline for the participants of Dakar declaration (Education For All [EFA] commitment) including Pakistan. Education related statistics coupled with Pakistan’s progress regarding education targets set in Vision 2030 and Pakistan’s lagging behind in achieving EFA targets and its Millennium Development Goals(MDGs) for education call for an analysis of the education system of Pakistan and to look into the issues and problems it is facing so that workable solutions could be recommended.

What is Education System?

The system of education includes all institutions that are involved in delivering formal education (public and private, for-profit and nonprofit, onsite or virtual instruction) and their faculties, students, physical infrastructure, resources and rules. In a broader definition the system also includes the institutions that are directly involved in financing, managing, operating or regulating such institutions (like government ministries and regulatory bodies, central testing organizations, textbook boards and accreditation boards). The rules and regulations that guide the individual and institutional interactions within the set up are also part of the education system.

Education system of Pakistan:

The education system of Pakistan is comprised of 260,903 institutions and is facilitating 41,018,384 students with the help of 1,535,461 teachers. The system includes 180,846 public institutions and 80,057 private institutions. Hence 31% educational institutes are run by private sector while 69% are public institutes.

Analysis of education system in Pakistan

Pakistan has expressed its commitment to promote education and literacy in the country by education policies at domestic level and getting involved into international commitments on education. In this regard national education policies are the visions which suggest strategies to increase literacy rate, capacity building, and enhance facilities in the schools and educational institutes. MDGs and EFA programmes are global commitments of Pakistan for the promotion of literacy.

A review of the education system of Pakistan suggests that there has been little change in Pakistan’s schools since 2010, when the 18th Amendment enshrined education as a fundamental human right in the constitution. Problems of access, quality, infrastructure and inequality of opportunity, remain endemic.

A)    MDGs and Pakistan

Due to the problems in education system of Pakistan, the country is lagging behind in achieving its MDGs of education. The MDGs have laid down two goals for education sector:

Goal 2 : The goal 2 of MDGs is to achieve Universal Primary Education (UPE) and by 2015, children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling. By the year 2014 the enrolment statistics show an increase in the enrolment of students of the age of 3-16 year while dropout rate decreased. But the need for increasing enrolment of students remains high to achieve MDGs target. Punjab is leading province wise in net primary enrolment rate with 62% enrolment. The enrolment rate in Sindh province is 52%, in Khyber Pakhtunkhawa (KPK) 54% and primary enrolment rate in Balochistan is 45%.

Goal 3: The goal 3 of MDGs is Promoting Gender Equality and Women Empowerment. It is aimed at eliminating gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2005 and in all levels of education not later than 2015. There is a stark disparity between male and female literacy rates. The national literacy rate of male was 71% while that of female was 48% in 2012-13. Provinces reported the same gender disparity. Punjab literacy rate in male was 71% and for females it was 54%. In Sindh literacy rate in male was 72% and female 47%, in KPK male 70% and females 35%, while in Balochistan male 62% and female 23%.

B)    Education for All (EFA) Commitment

The EFA goals focus on early childhood care and education including pre-schooling, universal primary education and secondary education to youth, adult literacy with gender parity and quality of education as crosscutting thematic and programme priorities.

EFA Review Report October 2014 outlines that despite repeated policy commitments, primary education in Pakistan is lagging behind in achieving its target of universal primary education. Currently the primary gross enrolment rate stands at 85.9% while Pakistan requires increasing it up to 100% by 2015-16 to fulfil EFA goals.  Of the estimated total primary school going 21.4 million children of ages 5-9 years, 68.5% are enrolled in schools, of which 8.2 million or 56% are boys and 6.5 million or 44% are girls. Economic Survey of Pakistan confirms that during the year 2013-14 literacy remained much higher in urban areas than in rural areas and higher among males.

C)    Vision 2030

Vision 2030 of Planning Commission of Pakistan looks for an academic environment which promotes the thinking mind. The goal under Vision 2030 is one curriculum and one national examination system under state responsibility. The strategies charted out to achieve the goal included:

(i)                  Increasing public expenditure on education and skills generation from 2.7% of GDP to 5% by 2010 and 7% by 2015.

(ii)                Re-introduce the technical and vocational stream in the last two years of secondary schools.

(iii)             Gradually increase vocational and technical education numbers to 25-30% of all secondary enrolment by 2015 and 50 per cent by 2030.

(iv)              Enhance the scale and quality of education in general and the scale and quality of scientific/technical education in Pakistan in particular.

Problems: The issues lead to the comprehension of the problems which are faced in the development of education system and promotion of literacy. The study outlines seven major problems such as:

1)      Lack of Proper Planning: Pakistan is a signatory to MDGs and EFA goals. However it seems that it will not be able to achieve these international commitments because of financial management issues and constraints to achieve the MDGs and EFA goals.

2)      Social constraints: It is important to realize that the problems which hinder the provision of education are not just due to issues of management by government but some of them are deeply rooted in the social and cultural orientation of the people. Overcoming the latter is difficult and would require a change in attitude of the people, until then universal primary education is difficult to achieve.

3)      Gender gap: Major factors that hinder enrolment rates of girls include poverty, cultural constraints, illiteracy of parents and parental concerns about safety and mobility of their daughters. Society’s emphasis on girl’s modesty, protection and early marriages may limit family’s willingness to send them to school. Enrolment of rural girls is 45% lower than that of urban girls; while for boys the difference is 10% only, showing that gender gap is an important factor.

4)      Cost of education: The economic cost is higher in private schools, but these are located in richer settlements only. The paradox is that private schools are better but not everywhere and government schools ensure equitable access but do not provide quality education.

5)      War on Terror: Pakistan’s engagement in war against terrorism also affected the promotion of literacy campaign. The militants targeted schools and students; several educational institutions were blown up, teachers and students were killed in Balochistan, KPK and FATA. This may have to contribute not as much as other factors, but this remains an important factor.

6)      Funds for Education: Pakistan spends 2.4% GDP on education. At national level, 89% education expenditure comprises of current expenses such as teachers’ salaries, while only 11% comprises of development expenditure which is not sufficient to raise quality of education.

7)      Technical Education: Sufficient attention has not been paid to the technical and vocational education in Pakistan. The number of technical and vocational training institutes is not sufficient and many are deprived of infrastructure, teachers and tools for training. The population of a state is one of the main elements of its national power. It can become an asset once it is skilled. Unskilled population means more jobless people in the country, which affects the national development negatively. Therefore, technical education needs priority handling by the government.

Poverty, law and order situation, natural disasters, budgetary constraints, lack of access, poor quality, equity, and governance have also contributed in less enrolments.

An analysis of the issues and problems suggest that:

The official data shows the allocation of funds for educational projects but there is no mechanism which ensures the proper expenditure of those funds on education.

• The existing infrastructure is not being properly utilized in several parts of the country.
• There are various challenges that include expertise, institutional and capacity issues, forging national cohesion, uniform standards for textbook development, and quality assurance.
• The faculty hiring process is historically known to be politicized. It is because of this that the quality of teaching suffers and even more so when low investments are made in teachers’ training. As a result teachers are not regular and their time at school is not as productive as it would be with a well-trained teacher.
• Inside schools there are challenges which include shortage of teachers, teacher absenteeism, missing basic facilities and lack of friendly environment.
• Out of school challenges include shortage of schools, distance – especially for females, insecurity, poverty, cultural norms, parents are reluctant or parents lack awareness.

There is a need for implementation of national education policy and vision 2030 education goals. An analysis of education policy suggests that at the policy level there are several admirable ideas, but practically there are some shortcomings also.

It may not be possible for the government at the moment to implement uniform education system in the country, but a uniform curriculum can be introduced in educational institutes of the country. This will provide equal opportunity to the students of rural areas to compete with students of urban areas in the job market.

Since majority of Pakistani population resides in rural areas and the access to education is a major problem for them, it seems feasible that a balanced approach for formal and informal education be adopted. Government as well as non-government sector should work together to promote education in rural areas.

The government should take measures to get school buildings vacated which are occupied by feudal lords of Sindh, Balochistan and Punjab. Efforts should be made to ensure that proper education is provided in those schools.

The federal government is paying attention to the vocational and technical training, but it is important to make the already existing vocational and technical training centres more efficient so that skilled youth could be produced.

Since education is a provincial subject, the provincial education secretariats need to be strengthened. Special policy planning units should be established in provinces’ education departments for implementation of educational policies and formulation of new policies whenever needed. The provincial education departments need to work out financial resources required for realising the compliance of Article 25-A.

Federal Government should play a supportive role vis-à-vis the provinces for the early compliance of the constitutional obligation laid down in Article 25-A. Special grants can be provided to the provinces where the literacy rate is low.

Pakistan is not the only country which is facing challenges regarding promotion of literacy and meeting EFA and MDGs commitments. Education remains a subject which is paid least attention in the whole South Asian region. UNDP report 2014 suggests that there has been an improvement in other elements of human development such as life expectancy, per capita income and human development index value (in past 3 years); but there has been no progress in the number of schooling years. The expected average for years of schooling in 2010 was 10.6 years but the actual average of schooling remained 4.7 for all South Asian countries. In the year 2013 the expected average of number of years increased to 11.2 but the actual average of years of schooling of South Asian countries remained 4.7.  Regional cooperation mechanism can also be developed to promote literacy in South Asian region. Sharing success stories, making country-specific modifications and their implementation can generate positive results.

Recommendations

• Technical education should be made a part of secondary education. Classes for carpentry, electrical, and other technical education must be included in the curriculum.
• Providing economic incentives to the students may encourage the parents to send their children to school and may help in reducing the dropout ratio.
• Local government system is helpful in promoting education and literacy in the country. In local government system the funds for education would be spent on a need basis by the locality.
• Corruption in education departments is one of the factors for the poor literacy in the country. An effective monitoring system is needed in education departments.
• For any system to work it is imperative that relevant structures are developed. Legislation and structure should be framed to plan for the promotion of education in the country. After the 18 th amendment the education has become a provincial subject, therefore, the provinces should form legislations and design educational policies which ensure quality education.
• Unemployment of educated men and women is a major concern for Pakistan. There should be career counselling of the pupils in schools so that they have an understanding of job market and they can develop their skills accordingly.
• Counselling of parents is required, so that they can choose a career for their child which is market friendly.
• There are two approaches to acquiring education: First, which is being followed by many in Pakistan is to get education to earn bread and butter. The second approach is to get education for the sake of personal development and learning. This approach is followed by affluent and economically stable people who send their children to private schools and abroad for education. The problem arises when non-affluent families send their children to private schools, and universities. This aspiration for sending children for higher education is wrong, because the country does not need managers and officers only. There are several other jobs where people are needed. Hence the mind-set of sending one’s children to university only for becoming officers and managers needs to be changed.

Conclusion:                                                        

The reforms required in the education system of Pakistan cannot be done by the government alone, public-private participation and a mix of formal as well as non-formal education can pull out majority of country’s population from illiteracy. Similarly, to make the youth of the country an asset, attention should also be paid to vocational and technical training.

References:

Human Development Report 2014 “Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience,” United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) (New York: UNDP, 2014).

Mehnaz Aziz et al, “Education System Reform in Pakistan: Why, When, and How?” IZA Policy Paper No. 76, January 2014 (Institute for the Study of Labor, 2014), P 4.

Annual Report: Pakistan Education Statistics 2011-12, National Education Management Information System Academy of Educational Planning and Management, Ministry of Education, Trainings & Standards in Higher Education, Government of Pakistan, (Islamabad, AEPAM, 2013).

Economic Survey of Pakistan 2014, Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan.

Pakistan: Education for All 2015 National Review , Ministry of Education, Trainings and Standards in Higher Education Academy of Educational Planning and Management Islamabad, Pakistan June, 2014 (available at : http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0022/002297/229718E.pdf).

Maliha Naveed, Reasons of Low Levels of Education in Pakistan, Pakistan Herald, January 03, 2013 (available at: http://www.pakistanherald.com/articles/reasons-of-low-levels-of-education-in-pakistan-3065 ).

“Pakistan may miss EFA goals by 2015-16: Report,” Daily Nation , October, 3, 2014.

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Essay Outline: Critical Analysis of Education Systems in Pakistan (By: Mureed Hussain CSP)

Table of Contents

Essay Outline for CSS Exams

Title: critical analysis of education systems in pakistan.

1. Introduction: a. Essential for prosperity and stability b. Make vision c. Infuse objectivity d. Establish national integration

2. Multidimensional Education Systems in Pakistan (Government, Private and Madarsaas) 3. Private Education Systems: a. Strengths i. Higher Student to Faculty Ratio ii. Higher Salary Attracts more Competent Educators iii. Higher Collaboration with Private Corporations iv. Flexible and Expansive Work Hours v. More Competition Amongst Private Institutions vi. More focus on extra-curricular activities vii. Higher Quality of Research b. Weaknesses i. Range of students that can benefit is low ii. Varying Examination systems : Ed-excel , Cambridge , London Board iii. Paucity of institutes in rural areas

4. Public Education Systems: a. Strengths i. Responsibility of government under constitution ii. Schools even in rural areas iii. Affordable education iv. More need based scholarships b. Weaknesses i. Apathetical role of government ii. Burgeoning population results in iii. Lack of resources iv. Ineffective educational infrastructure v. Variations in Curriculum vi. Examination system non reliable

5. Madrassa System: a. Strengths i. Numerous institutes spread across the country ii. Free education iii. Provision of food as well as accommodation iv. Religious learning b. Weaknesses i. No regulation of curriculum ii. Basic level education with a narrow focus iii. Different Madrassas propagate different ideologies iv. Deprived from modern education v. No defined career path

6. Suggestions to Reform Education System in Pakistan: a. Uniform system of examination b. Setting a minimum salary standard for teachers c. Setting a Limit on Fees the Private Institutes can charge d. Strengthening education councils e. Registering Madrassas f. Modern Education system for madrassa students

7. Conclusion

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Education emergency: now or never, pakistan identified the need for education as a critical priority for the nascent state right after its creation.

“Let me read, let me grow”, said a 10-year-old child I met in Mirpurkhas. And this is primarily the voice of every child I have met in Pakistan.

The first word uttered in Islam as the command of revelation to the Holy Prophet (pbuh) was ‘Iqra’; Islam started with the command to read. Education is obligatory in Islam. The Quran urges people to develop their abilities and traits through education. It says, “Allah will raise those who believe and have knowledge.”

Pakistan identified the need for education as a critical priority for the nascent state right after its creation. Seventy-seven years ago, in 1947, Quaid-e-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for a national education conference as “one of the first attempts in the field of education and literacy.”

In his message to the conference he said: “...the importance of education and the type of education cannot be over-emphasized...there is no doubt that the future of our state will and must greatly depend upon the type of education we give to our children, and the way in which we bring them up as future citizens of Pakistan...we should not forget that we have to compete with the world which is moving very fast in this direction.”

The constitution of Pakistan was further amended in 2010 with the introduction of Article 25A, that required the state to “provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years.”

In honouring the constitution’s dictum, the judiciary has been challenging the state and governments over the past decade and more, providing key court judgments and underscoring the paramount importance of education as a fundamental right enshrined in the constitution. There are judgments that are clear about the judicial mandate for educational equity; inclusive education and social justice; and the transformative potential of education, and how all of these will not only contribute to a more equal and just society but also build social cohesion and human capital and provide sustainable national security.

And I can go on quoting from Islamic injunctions and rulings by the highest court of law in the country to my personal experience of interacting with children without overemphasizing that every child, boy and girl, must be in school and learning.

Pakistan was one of the first countries to ratify the Convention on the Rights of the Child in 1990, guaranteeing education under Article 28. Pakistan also confirmed its commitment to the 2030 Agenda for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), with a focus on SDG-4.

And yet, across Pakistan, over 26 million children of school-age are out of school – one of the highest numbers of out-of-school children in the world.

This comprises over 10 per cent of all out-of-school children globally; Pakistan’s population is no more than 3.0 per cent of the world population. The country may actually have the largest number of children out of school globally. Most of these children are girls; the underprivileged; those living with disabilities; and children in hard-to-reach areas.

Even when children do go to school, 77 per cent of them are not able to read and understand a simple text by the age of 10. At a time when investment in education should be increasing, it is decreasing. In 2019, it was 2.3 per cent of the GDP. But for 2023-24, it is 1.7 per cent.

With these staggering figures, it is timely that an education emergency was declared in the country last week. However, a cynic may say: what is new? We have been here before.

Emergency education conferences have been called since day one of Pakistan, this last one being perhaps the sixth or seven, and constitutional amendments and challenges have been made in the courts with clear direction to the state, both at the federal and provincial levels. When will these calls move the needle on the issue and achieve a tangible result to address children out of school and education quality once and for all?

If the moral imperative does not move all of us, denying millions of children the right to education, the learning crisis threatens Pakistan’s future prosperity and national security.

This learning crisis is manifested in other ways as well. For instance, the World Bank defines human capital as consisting of “the knowledge, skills, and health including nutrition and cognitive development that enable people to realize their potential as productive members of society.”

Pakistan ranks the lowest on the World Bank Human Capital Index in the South Asian region – 0.41 compared to the regional average of 0.48. The only way to alter this situation is by investing in children through nutrition, healthcare, quality education, jobs, and skills.

Giving children the opportunities to play and learn in early childhood education classes; providing them with nutritious food and clean water; protecting them from exploitation and abuse; and preventing them from falling into child labour or early marriage are some vital measures that must be taken so these children could contribute to a productive and prosperous Pakistan.

Pakistan is unique in many ways: It is one of the three countries whose official state title includes the word Islam – Islamic Republic – and the first modern state to have such a name.

It is home to one of the three oldest civilizations in the world – the Indus Valley civilization. Pakistan stands as a beacon of those civilizations, inheriting a legacy of enlightenment that stretches back to millennia. During the Islamic golden age, our forebears ushered in an era of unparalleled progress leaving an indelible mark on human history.

It ranks 30th on the list of countries by the number of scientific/technical journal articles. It is one of the 14 countries or entities to have sent missions to the moon.

With the declaration of a learning emergency, this could be the start to better rally leadership, partners, and resources.

We must get children back to school – raise awareness amongst parents, children, and communities about not only the lifetime earning benefit of education but also its importance for the economy and society; improve educational standards by equipping and supporting teachers; build climate-resilient schools; ensure schools with proper facilities for girls and differently-abled children; and send a strong message to the children and their parents that we are ready to invest in their futures.

We must make smart investments in education: supporting teachers with structured pedagogy, providing quality pre-primary education for young children, reducing travel times to schools, giving merit-based scholarships to disadvantaged children and youth, and many more.

For us, development partners to the government, it is heartening to know that the urgency of getting every child into school and learning has been realized. This synthesis of legal principles and societal imperatives emphasizes the urgent need for concerted efforts to ensure universal access to quality education, as mandated by the courts.

By holding the government accountable for ensuring universal access to quality education, the judiciary plays a pivotal role in advancing the constitutional mandate of promoting the welfare and dignity of all citizens.

Action is now anticipated: a cost and time-bound action plan - that is funded and implemented. The plan has ambitious but achievable targets: reduce the number of out-of-school children to fewer than 10 million by 2029; increase annual expenditure for education by 0.5 per cent of the GDP; and ensure all children in Pakistan can read at age 10 by 2030.

Before the children of Pakistan sue us all for denying them one of their fundamental rights, let us get them in school and learning – a start to build the productive and prosperous Pakistan we all want to see.

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Critical Analysis of the Problems of Education in Pakistan Possible Solutions

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Bilal Yousaf

This study was meant to explore and report the problems being confronted by the education in Pakistan and suggest for the resolution of these problems. Education plays the role of leadership in the society. The functions of the educational institutions are to develop the people physically, mentally, psychologically, socially and spiritually. It improves and promotes the economic, social, political and cultural life of the nation. There is no doubt in accepting the fact that education brings about a change in the social, political and cultural scenario of the country; though the change remains slow but it does have an impact on the society at large. Until now the role of secondary and college education in Pakistan has been simply preparation for tertiary education, which in the minds of most people means strictly a university education. All over the world universities are guiding and co-operating with the industrial and agricultural development organizations and they are developing their economics rapidly and meaningfully. There is a close link between education and development. In Pakistan, after more than five decades, the developmental indicators are not showing positive results. The participation rate at higher education is low comparatively to other countries of the region. There are problems of quality of staff, students, library and laboratory. Considering the gigantic problems of education in Pakistan, I select this topic for research.

This paper reviews the current key issues and problems in the education system of Pakistan that pose a challenge for the future growth of the country. The paper uses documentary analysis as the research methodology for data collection. The paper attempts to understand which factors have contributed to the downfall of Pakistani education system. The first part of the paper explains how the system is operated by the government. Moving on, the problems be them external or internal in nature are highlighted and it is delineated how these problems have contributed to greater social demise. The paper further looks into some solutions to the problems aforementioned and urges the government to contribute in due diligence what is required to the education system.

Journal of Management and Social …

intzar butt , ashiq hussain dogar , Tahir Mahmood Butt

Pakistan Education System is not according to the Constitution of Pakistan 1973. It is moulding youth in divergent matrixes that cause injustice and disappointment in society. Therefore, it a barrier in achieving the goal of national harmony and social cohesion; and also, it is one of the contributory factors in dispersing the nation from its ideals. This paper discusses the key flaw in the educational structure of Pakistan, and suggests the ways to achieve the goal of " uniform, equitable and effective system of education " through a " national education system " as ensured in the Constitution of Pakistan.

Shamaila Hasan , Eresearch Journal ISSN: 2706-8242

This paper aimed to look at present education system of Pakistan. There exists an inherent promise and intensive potential in educational policies of Pakistan for revolutionizing socioeconomic change in the country through education. Pakistan since its independence in 1947 has faced the insufficient educational institutions and lack of qualified teachers which resulted in challenges of access and quality. To deal with educational problems, a number of educational policies were released. The policies came at different times, during different regimes, in with diverse policy document. They varied in their size, intention and seriousness. The existing education system in Pakistan is considered not being adequately responsive to the demand of quality education. There is a wide range of issues and concerns related to the teaching and learning setup. To improve the existing education system of Pakistan development of any strategy should give due consideration to these issues and concerns. Introduction:

The Pakistan Development Review

Nadia Tahir

After six decades of its existence, Pakistan finds itself in an educational quagmire. There is not much to show in terms of national, provincial and local indicators of a standard variety. At the international level, the country has earned the notoriety of being regularly lower down on all known indices and league tables on human development, competitiveness and governance. Neglect of education lies at the heart of the problem. This is surprising because the thinking on the nature of the educational system required for the newly emerging country had started quite early. An All Pakistan Educational Conference was held on November 27, 1947 in Karachi. Education thus was the subject of the very first professional conference held in the country, bringing together all the stakeholders. The Father of the Nation set the guidelines in his detailed message: “Under foreign rule for over a century, in the very nature of things, I regret, sufficient attention has not been paid to the education ...

International Journal of Academic Research in Progressive Education and Development

Hafsa Fayyaz

Saadat Rana

Pakistan is a rapidly growing economy, with a strategy of reducing poverty and generating prosperity for all through industrial development by technology up-gradation and greater export orientation. Such circumstances define the relevance of a robust education sector in Pakistan, which would allow it to meet its human resource requirements. Pakistan needs to produce more workers, technicians, supervisors, managers, and researchers. It needs to expand its education base by improving the retention rate of students at primary, secondary and tertiary levels and by establishing more educational institutions across the country. Further, the quality of education needs considerable improvement by inducting better qualified teachers, adopting better education techniques and implementing effective examination mechanisms.

Ashraf Muhammad Azeem

This paper aimed to look at past educational developments in Pakistan through case study and its analysis with the present world. It primarily addressed the causes of illiteracy in Pakistan, and overcame the flaws of earlier works. Pakistani government claims that they have accomplished significantly in the educational development. Pakistani law requests government to provide free basic education system to every citizen of Pakistan. However, the enrollment rate has remained below 60%. Similarly, literacy rate has also remained below 60%. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders in education sector could not perform well enough to provide the impressive results so far.

Dr. Z U B A I D A ZAFAR

Education is a key to political stability and socio-economic development of a nation. Unfortunately, there are diverse systems of education providing different types of education leading to stratified education system. The researchers investigated education system of Pakistan, its functioning and problems and used mixed method approach. In quantitative section researchers adopted survey method and questionnaire as tool for a sample of 210 respondents through multi-stage systematic sampling and SPSS for analysis. In qualitative part researchers used interview guide as a tool for 35 respondents (university level teaching faculty and students) and adopted Domain Analysis technique for qualitative data analysis. The results of present study indicate that education brings political stability by realizing the people their national rights and duties and thus through such awareness leads to harmony, participation and cooperation. Education shapes the personality of the people to play part i...

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A Critical Analysis of education system in Pakistan Essay

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A Critical Analysis of Education System Of Pakistan Currently the education system of Pakistan is flaw full. Today education of good quality is only accessible to the elite class. It is because of the private sector has overwhelmingly dominated. Public sector education is of low quality due to lack of accountability, small budget and less number of educational institutions. Peripheral areas are totally ignored in education. Lack of qualified and trained staff is also a reason for poor education system. A little qualified people who come out of this system are never encouraged.

That is why people always look abroad for proper education and good life. Most important problem with our educational system is lack of a single, uniform and proper educational system. We do not have a workable education system. There are mainly two types of education system in our country, one for common people and one for elite class. The education system for common people is divided into primary level, middle, secondary ,higher secondary and university level. Then there is second education system specially designed for an elite class.

That is A-level and O-level education system and then there are many sources available for elite class to go abroad for higher education. There is a vast difference between the quality of these two different forms of educational system. The elite class education system is better then the other one. Obviously elite is the minor proportion of population, thus overall system is poor for education. Similarly as the government has failed to improve public sector education that is why the private sector has over dominated the education system of Pakistan.

Today all parents want to send there children to a private school, for example beacon house school system is o much successful in Pakistan for maintaining quality of education. The only problem with this education system is their fee and curriculum. High fee makes this education out of reach of common people and only elite can afford such education. Private educational is system is much popular in Pakistan that private school enroll about 31-1 % of students at basic level. Len urban areas the ratio is a bait more high where 51% are enrolled in private institutions and 49% enroll in public sector education intuitionist.

Most of countries do not rely on private sector for their education but Netherlands and Libya get 60% of their education from private sector. The reason is their strong hold on the fee and curriculum of private sector that is why the private sector s workable in these countries. Another problem with our education system is the allocation of low funds for education in our country. In the fiscal budget of 2012 which was 2. 6 billion, the budget for Public Sector Development Project (STEPS) was only RSI 870 million. Education department comes in STEPS so this budget is not sufficient.

Government of Pakistan allocates 1. 5-2 % of education which is not enough for education to work properly. The total GAP for education department In any country snouts De AT total to grow smoothly. It Is not ten only problem with funds there is another problem which is bad management of these low funds given for education. It is a dilemma that most of the fund is wasted in this way by spending most of the fund on repairing the buildings and forming useless buildings. It is education which needs to be improved not the infrastructure. One more problem with the finance for education is lack of accountability.

There is no check and balance and no gatekeepers for the whole management of the funds for education. The old traditional system of distribution of funds for different universities still exists as it was sixty years ago. According to the director of Teaching Development Centre (DC), it is not the low budget which is the main problem,the real problem is the lack of accountability. If only the 25% of the allocated budget is used properly the progress will be clearly visible. Corruption has engulfed this department of government as it has others. A proper system for distribution of funds and monitoring of that distribution is the need of time.

Moreover the lack of trained Taft for teaching and research is also hurdle for a good education system. Teachers are not trained and qualified properly in Pakistan. Government has taken no serious steps ever to arrange proper and regular teaching programs and workshops for teachers. Teaching is considered as the least respectful profession in Pakistan. Those who do not get a Job any where or have no other option they adopt teaching as a profession. There is no charm in this profession in Pakistan primarily due to low salaries and less respect. Teaching has got 6. % vacancy rate, which is the highest vacancy rate. Most of the qualified teachers teach in private institutions due to high salaries as government does not provide them attractive salaries. According to a survey there is only one teacher for fifty one students. Not only the teachers are discouraged in education department but also the students. In fact the education field is least encouraged in Pakistan. Talent is on such a peak that one of a Pakistani student recently got record score in A-level examination all over the world. All we need is a little polishing of these diamonds.

There is lack of appreciation for educational achievements. In western countries intellectuals, teachers and students are most encouraged and appreciated that is why they are so developed. In 2nd world war Churchill and Hitler passed a resolution that both armies would not attack the universities of other countries. The importance of education in west can be judged from this example. Lack of appreciation in Pakistan is the reason why the qualified cream of Pakistan settles in western countries. They are encouraged there and provided with high salaries.

In addition to that there are also not enough universities, colleges, schools and research centers for education in Pakistan. Currently there are 128 universities in Pakistan. Only 70 out of these 128 universities are state or public sector universities. Most of private universities are not recognized by Pakistan Higher Education Commission (HECK). Then out of all these private and public sector universities rarely two or three matches the International standards for example GIG and Gag Khan university are according to the international standards.

In peripheries and backward areas there are no universities at all for instance in Balloonists only equate has university all the remaining districts have no university same is true for KIP and Kinds. Only some schools are available in peripheries but these schools are either not functional or they only exist in papers. Feudal lords have made tense cocoons as tenet private property Ana are slung tense cocoons Tort personal comfort. On the other hand USA has 40000 universities almost all matching international standards. Similarly UK produces 5000 Pads annually because of large number of institutions.

While Pakistan is capable of producing only less than 50 Pads annually Jus because of low number of education institutions Along with less number of institutions curriculum is also the major problem. After 60 years of independence we still do not have a basic frame work for education curriculum. All the real facts are amended and quoted wrongly according to the way we want. Historical facts are changed entirely to prove the whatever we did and whenever we did was best. Its tired extensively to convince the students to make them believe that we are great nation on the cost of wrong history education.

Students are never told about the real history. In addition to that private institutions have their own curriculum which has noting to do with government rules and regulations for making of curriculum. After 18th amendment education is now the business of provincial government but the fact is that we still do not have clear guideline or plan for our education. It is still not cleared the whether the curriculum should be completely Islamic or completely westernizes or it should or the blend of both. In addition to curriculum language is also one of the hurdle in the progress of our educational system.

We use a blend of Urdu and English language in our curriculum. A single medium is required for communication in education. When students go to English medium or university level room Urdu medium the face a lot of trouble in getting themselves compatible to the new medium for education. All the great nations which are developed use their native language as medium for education for example Japan, Italy, Germany and China. They have reserved their culture in this ways in addition to making education easier for understanding.

We are so much impressed by English language that nobody is considered qualified unless he or she is really good at it. It is true English language is important on 21st century but Urdu should be the medium in education. It has been proved psychologically that a child learn more easily in his native engage as compared to any other language. Our curriculum in 90% in English with some subjects in Urdu that makes a lot of confusion and really affects the efficiency of students. One more problem with our education system is the decreasing strength of students in higher education.

The number of students decreases as one surveys from school level to university level. Most of people can not get higher education to increasing fee. Others have to support their families or might have other family and financial problems which do not allow them to continue their education further more. A combined report of National Education Census (NECK) and National Education Management Information System (NEMESIS) shows that 36 million students were enrolled in education system in 2005/2006. In these students 56% studied at primary level, 20. % studied in primary level, 15. 5% in middle elementary level, 6. 9% studied at in secondary level, 2. 5% studied in higher secondary and 4. 9% studied at post secondary level. Low strength is not only attribute to financial and family problems but also to the gender discrimination Girls are not always encouraged in education as compared to boys. It is due to low literacy rate and unawareness that girls are not appreciated. We have seen that girls always make extra ordinary performance in studies and they are more hard working as compared to boys. In males.

This discrimination of gender is more intense in backward and peripheral areas of Pakistan. In FAT literacy rate is 29%in males and only 3% in females. Similarly there are 40% of primary aged children are out of schools, among these more then 70% are female children. As unawareness discourages female education it is also the reason for less efficient madras system. These institutions can contribute a lot and they can be made more efficient as they are in every part of country, but the problem is same. Madras’s are not provided with proper curriculum and qualified teachers.

In past when Muslims were highly developed among all the nations of the world these institutions were responsible for the academic and scientific progress of Muslims. Currently there are eight thousand madras’s in Pakistan, if these are equipped with qualified staff proper religious and scientific education frame work they can really make difference in education yester of Pakistan. Japan is living example, Japanese people take education as their religious obligation that is why they are so much forward in science and technology.

Similarly we can also use religion for the growth of education as Islam gives equal importance to education or even more than any other religion in the world. The government has failed to equip institutions with proper facilities on the other hand it has make education worse by political influence in education. Merit is ignored due to political interference. Teachers are allocated on political approach similarly undeserving students get high marks due to same political approach, in short merit is totally violated due to political influence.

Some of the examination centers become centrifugal point of cheating due to political influence. In addition to that politician instead of taking any positive steps the use education for political gains for example currently the laptop distribution scheme was purely used for political gain and we daily listen about this scheme in talk shows. Our education minister even do not believe in our education system and send his children abroad for education. Same is he case with all ministers and government high officials.

Instead of changing this system they Just think about their own children only. This the reason that Pakistan is least developed country in education. Bangladesh which separated from Pakistan in 1971 has even high literacy rate of as compared to 49. 9% literacy rate of Pakistan. In Pakistan two out of three adults are illiterate; four out often children are missing primary education. About 45% only have access to primary education. Pakistan was last of 14 Asian Pacific countries in “School Report Program” investigating developing countries committed to basic education.

Sardinia which is small country has even high literacy rate then Pakistan. Sardinia got a tie in a survey with Malaysia in education. This is the position of Pakistan in education only compared to the neighboring countries. Pakistan has weak education system since 1947 but it is still not late. We can have a proper education system if government gets serious for progress of education. Proper teacher training programs and workshops should be arranged for teachers. There should be importance of merit and no political influence should have any kind of impact on our education system.

In addition to that more funds should be allocated for education and there should be a proper system of accountability. There should be uniform system of education form every one with no discrimination. Pakistan is now faced with lot of problems but actuation Is one AT ten major problem Ana also ten rout cause AT many toner Issues in Pakistan. There are not enough funds and no accountability of these funds. Students are not encouraged and there is also lack of qualified staff. Government is also not serious in proper planning and any concrete steps for education progress.

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A Critical Analysis of the Education System in Pakistan

• February 1, 2023
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Write a 200 words paragraph on A Critical Analysis of the education system in Pakistan | The following topic was asked in the English Precis and Composition Paper of PMS 2019

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Education makes a nation progress and achieves what it aspires for. However, when a nation lacks quality education, it must dance to foreigners’ tunes. Coming towards Pakistan’s education system, it faces numerous challenges that negatively impact its effectiveness and efficiency. First, the system is plagued by significant disparities in access to education, particularly for girls and marginalized communities in rural areas. This disparity is due to several factors, including poverty, cultural attitudes, and a lack of government investment in education. Second, the quality of education in Pakistan remains poor, with many schools lacking basic facilities and teachers often being underqualified. This is partly because the education sector is underfunded and lacks a sufficient budget to hire highly qualified teachers and improve school infrastructure. Third, the education system is heavily centralized, with the federal government controlling key policies and decision-making processes, leaving little room for local autonomy and innovation. Finally, there is a lack of accountability within the education system, leading to inefficiencies and resource waste. Despite these challenges, there have been some efforts to improve the education system in Pakistan, including introducing free education for girls and developing private schools. Still, much more must be done to address the systemic issues holding back the education sector. In conclusion, a critical analysis of the education system in Pakistan highlights the need for significant reforms to improve access, quality, and accountability in the sector if the country is to provide quality education to all its citizens.

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Investigating the internal structure of multiple mini interviews—A perspective from Pakistan

• Ayub, Rukhsana
• Yousuf, Naveed
• Shabnam, Nadia
• Ashraf, Muhammad Azeem
• Afzal, Azam S.
• Rauf, Ayesha
• Khan, Danish Hassan
• Kiran, Faiza

Background Healthcare professionals require many personal attributes in addition to cognitive abilities and psychomotor skills for competent practice. Multiple Mini- Interviews are being employed globally to assess personality attributes of candidates for selection in health professions education at all level of entry; these attributes are namely, communication skills, critical thinking, honesty, responsibility, health advocacy, empathy and sanctity of life. Considering the high stakes involved for students, faculty, institutions and the society, rigorous quality assurance mechanisms similar to those used for student assessment must be employed for student selection, throughout the continuum of medical education. It is a difficult undertaking as these psychological constructs are difficult to define and measure. Though considered to yield reliable and valid scores, studies providing multiple evidences of internal structure especially dimensionality of Multiple Mini-Interviews are sparse giving rise to questions if they are measuring a single or multiple constructs and even if they are measuring what they are purported to be measuring. Objective The main objective is to provide statistical support of the multi-dimensional nature of our Multiple Mini Interviews, hypothesized a-priori, through CFA. Another objective is to provide multiple evidences for the internal structure. Our study highlights the link between content and internal structure evidences of the constructs, thus establishing that our Multiple Mini Interviews measure what they were intended to measure. Method After securing permission from the Institutional review board, an a-priori seven factor-model was hypothesized based on the attributes considered most essential for the graduating student of the institution. After operationally defining the attributes through extensive literature search, scenarios were constructed to assess them. A 5-point rating scale was used to rate each item on the station. A total 259 students participated in the multiple mini interviews over a period of three days. A training workshop had been arranged for the participating faculty. Results The reliability coefficient using Cronbach's alpha were calculated (range from 0.73 to 0.94), Standard Error of Measurement (ranged from 0.80 to1.64), and item to station-total correlation ranged from 0.43–0.50 to 0.75–0.83. Inter-station correlation was also determined. Confirmatory factor analysis endorsed the results of Exploratory factor analysis in the study revealing a seven model fit with multiple indices of Goodness-of-fit statistics such as Root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) value 0.05, Standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) value with less than 0.08. All these indices showed that model fit is good. The Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the multi-dimensional nature of our MMIs and also confirmed that our stations measured the attributes that they were supposed to measure. Conclusion This study adds to the validity evidence of Multiple Mini-Interviews, in selection of candidates, with required personality traits for healthcare profession. It provides the evidence for the multi-dimensional structure of Multiple Mini interviews administered with multiple evidences for its internal structure and demonstrates the independence of different constructs being measured.

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U.S. Counterterrorism Chief Is Stepping Down

The official, Christine Abizaid, recently warned that the Hamas attacks in Israel, and the Gaza conflict, had energized terrorist threats worldwide.

By Eric Schmitt

Reporting from Washington

The director of the National Counterterrorism Center will step down next month, Biden administration officials said on Wednesday.

The director, Christine S. Abizaid, has served three years as the country’s top counterterrorism official. In recent years, a resurgent China and Russia, as well as the wars in Ukraine and in Gaza, have replaced counterterrorism as the country’s main national security priorities.

But speaking to a security conference in Doha, Qatar, last month, Ms. Abizaid warned that the Hamas attacks against Israel on Oct. 7, and the ensuing Gaza conflict, had energized an increasingly diverse set of worldwide terrorist threats.

The Islamic State no longer controls vast swaths of territory in Iraq and Syria, but its fighters and groups aligned with Al Qaeda are on the march in Africa. The Islamic State affiliate in Afghanistan, ISIS Khorasan , dramatically demonstrated its expanding reach earlier this year, conducting deadly attacks in Iran and Russia . In addition to supporting Hamas in Gaza, Iran backs extremist groups in Lebanon, Syria, Iraq and Yemen.

“We are in an elevated global threat environment,” Ms. Abizaid said at the conference.

Ms. Abizaid, 45, had previously served as a senior counterterrorism official at the White House and as a senior Pentagon official for Southwest Asia policy before taking over the counterterrorism center in June 2021.

The counterterrorism center, created in the wake of the attacks on Sept. 11, 2001, integrates, analyzes and shares counterterrorism information to address threats.

“Christy Abizaid is an extraordinary leader who is not only incredibly effective but principled, courageous and kind,” Avril D. Haines, the director of national intelligence, said in a statement.

Ms. Abizaid started her government career as a counterterrorism intelligence analyst at the Defense Intelligence Agency, specializing in Afghanistan and Pakistan, as well as the Middle East, and including a tour as the agency’s senior representative in Iraq. She is the daughter of John P. Abizaid, a retired Army general who formerly led the Pentagon’s Central Command, overseeing military operations in the Middle East and parts of Asia.

“Christy has played an indispensable role in driving the counterterrorism enterprise for the U.S. government even as other high-priority national security challenges draw resources and attention,” said Nicholas J. Rasmussen, a former director of the counterterrorism center who is now at the Homeland Security Department.

Brett M. Holmgren, the assistant secretary of state for intelligence and research, will serve as the acting director of the counterterrorism center when Ms. Abizaid departs in mid-July, administration officials said.

Eric Schmitt is a national security correspondent for The Times, focusing on U.S. military affairs and counterterrorism issues overseas, topics he has reported on for more than three decades. More about Eric Schmitt

Inside the Biden Administration

Here’s the latest news and analysis from washington..

Europe Visit:  President Biden arrived in France for a visit meant to mark the 80th anniversary  of the D-Day invasion and showcase Western unity. But as he rallies American allies in defense of Ukraine, he will defy them on the war in Gaza.

Immigration:  Biden issued an executive order  that prevents migrants from seeking asylum at the U.S.-Mexico border when crossings surge, a dramatic election-year move  to ease pressure on the immigration system.

Israel and Ukraine:  Biden has promised to support the two countries for as long as it takes. Both their wars appear to be at critical turning points .

Attacks on Justice Dept.:  Attorney General Merrick Garland lashed out at House Republicans , accusing them of seeking to undermine the rule of law, peddling “conspiracy theories” and spreading falsehoods.

‘Corporate Offender’ Registry:  The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau finalized a plan to create a public registry  of nonbank businesses that have been penalized for violating consumer protection laws.