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NLIU Journal for Labour and Employment Law (NLIU-JLEL)

The Journal of Labour and Employment Law (JLEL) is a flagship publication aimed at fostering a critical and constructive dialogue on the development and application of laws that govern workplaces. By providing a platform for rigorous scholarly research, practical insights, and diverse perspectives, JLEL seeks to advance the understanding and practice of labour and employment law in India and beyond. With a strong commitment to social justice and equality, JLEL encourages interdisciplinary and intersectional approaches to address the complex challenges facing workers and employers today.

Through its annual publication and related events, JLEL engages with legal practitioners, policymakers, academics, and students to facilitate meaningful debate and discourse and to promote a fair and equitable regime of laws that promote decent work and respect for workers’ rights.

Labour and employment laws have become increasingly relevant in the contemporary world, as workers’ rights and working conditions are constantly changing due to technological advancements, globalization, and economic challenges.

Theme for the Volume III of the journal shall be “ Contemporary Developments and Trends in Labour and Employment Laws: Analysis and Implications ”. The Journal seeks to explore the latest developments and trends in labour and employment laws, and to analyze their implications on society, economy, and governance. This theme invites papers that analyze the legal framework of labour and employment, the role of social and political actors in shaping workplace regulations, the impact of emerging technologies on labour relations, and the intersectionality of labour laws with human rights, gender, race, and other dimensions of social identity.

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  • “Challenges in Enforcement of Labour Law: Access to justice.”
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  • “The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Labour Law Compliance.”
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  • “Globalization and the Harmonization of Labour Standards.”
  • “Labour Law and the Right to Strike: Balancing Workers’ Rights and Public Interest.”
  • “The Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on Labour Law.”
  • “The Interplay between Labour Law and Economic Development.”
  • “Labour Law and Indigenous Peoples’ Rights.”
  • “Child Labour: Issues and Challenges in Regulation and Abolition.”
  • “The Role of International conventions on formulation of National Labour Policies.”
  • “Skill India and Labour Law: Bridging the Gap between Training and Employment.”
  • “Compassionate Appointments and Related Policies.”

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Labour and Employment in India: A 50-Year Perspective

  • Published: 24 February 2020
  • Volume 63 , pages 1–19, ( 2020 )

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labour law research paper topics india

  • Gerry Rodgers 1  

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This article reviews changes in knowledge and thinking about labour and employment issues in India, on the basis of the author’s experience over the last 50 years. It examines six issues: employment deficits; the mode of production; labour institutions and labour market segmentation; wages; the quality of work; and poverty and inequality. In each case there is a brief overview of the history of research into and perceptions of these issues, followed by comments on some key outstanding questions today. The article then draws on the views of some leading participants in the Indian Society of Labour Economics to identify the highest priorities for research and policy in the coming years, concluding that the central issue is the quantity and quality of employment, and the social and economic processes that drive employment patterns, but that new approaches need to be developed if India’s employment problems are to be adequately addressed.

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This is a slightly revised version of the Presidential address given to the 61st Conference of the Indian Society of Labour Economics, held at Punjabi University, Patiala, December 2019. I would like to thank J. Krishnamurty for advice on sources and Dennis Rodgers and Janine Rodgers for helpful comments on an earlier draft.

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Rodgers, G. Labour and Employment in India: A 50-Year Perspective. Ind. J. Labour Econ. 63 , 1–19 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41027-020-00204-x

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The Evolution of Labour Law in India: An Overview and Commentary on Regulatory Objectives and Development

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  • Labour codes: Accelerating India’s Labour Law Revolution

India’s economic landscape has been undergoing significant transformations, driven by technological advancements, globalization...

  • KPMG India Blog Home
  • Parizad Sirwalla , Partner |

India's economic landscape has been undergoing significant transformations, driven by technological advancements, globalization, and evolving global geopolitical scenario. Amidst these changes, the introduction of new labour codes by the Indian Government aims to reshape the way companies compensate, regulate, and manage their workforce. In this dynamic environment, Indian companies must proactively prepare themselves to adapt to the new regulatory framework while remaining agile and competitive.

In furtherance of its motto of ease of doing business and with a view to harmonize the multiple labour legislations prevailing in the country, the government has consolidated 29 central labour laws (out of 44 existing central laws) into four labour codes i.e. Code on Wages, 2019; Code on Social Security, 2020; Industrial Relations Code, 2020 and Occupational, Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 – (collectively referred to as the “Labour Codes”).

It is worthwhile to note that labour codes had received the approval of both houses of the parliament as well as Hon. President’s assent in the year 2019 and 2020 and the draft central rules on all the four labour codes have already been pre-published by the Central Government. As labour is a concurrent subject any change requires even the State Governments to be on board. As per the latest published data, many of the states and Union Territories had also published the state level draft rules for all four or few of the Labour codes. However, the final notification of making these codes effective is something which has been on the anvil for some time now.

With the groundwork laid and the spotlight on post-election priorities, the implementation of the labor codes may take center stage for the new government. But the pressing question remains: are businesses adequately prepared for this monumental shift?

As the countdown to potential enforcement begins, we have unveiled key strategies that companies may need to consider to stay ahead of the curve in India's evolving business landscape.

Analyzing the codes and assessing the financial impact

The first step in testing for readiness could be to understand the changes introduced by the new labour codes and its impact on the business from a financial perspective. Introduction of uniform definition of ‘wages’; social security benefits/scheme for ‘fixed term employees’, 'gig worker' and 'platform worker' etc. requires a detailed assessment of its impact on the existing compensation structure, social security contributions, retirement/terminal benefits payable to the employees.

The financial impact (if any) may need to be assessed when developing future business plans. Some of the big-ticket compensation elements which are likely to undergo a change and have a direct financial impact includes gratuity, provident funds, leave encashments, maternity benefits, overtime, etc.

Re-visiting / drafting new HR policies

There may be a need to identify the amendments to the HR policies and procedures to comply with the new labour codes. In this regard, the existing HR policies and processes relating to (but not limited to) the working hours, over-time, leave entitlements, provision of health benefits, grievance redressal mechanism, appointment letter, employing of contractual workers for business operations, fixed term staff, full and final settlements, etc may need to be re-visited. The changes may vary depending on the region and industry in which the company is operating.

New age businesses which engage employees in a more non-traditional manner – e.g., platform workers, gig workers could also have to factor in social security policies and benefits for this type of workforce.

Decode compliance requirements and training employees

To ensure adherence to the applicable labour laws and regulations, businesses would need to establish robust processes and systems as per the provisions of the new labour codes. Companies should adopt a proactive approach in identifying and addressing new/modified compliance requirements under the new labour codes.

Companies may need to focus on investing in upgrading their compliance processes including technology and training of the employees responsible for carrying out the labour law compliances to ensure smooth implementation and transition to the new labour codes.

Aligning internal systems with updated reporting requirements

Implementation of new labour codes may necessitate significant changes as to how companies manage employee data and track compliance. This could lead to the need for modifications to existing IT systems, including:

  • Payroll Systems:  New regulations regarding minimum wages, overtime pay, leave entitlements, gratuity payouts, etc. might require updates to payroll calculations and reporting functions;
  • HR management software (‘HRMS’):  Any changes to record-keeping requirements, additional benefits, administration of employee facilities might necessitate adjustments to HRMS functionalities.

By proactively identifying and addressing potential IT system issues, companies can ensure a smooth transition to compliance with new labour codes.

Becoming future ready for the new labour codes as and when enacted requires a proactive outlook and multi-faceted approach. By analyzing the impact of changes, conducting a comprehensive review of existing policies and compliance requirements, building a cross-functional team and keeping the internal systems ready can help with smooth transition to the labour codes.

A version of this article was published on May 06, 2024 by The Times of India

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labour law research paper topics india

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Partner, National Head – Tax, Global Mobility Services

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  1. Full article: An analysis of the impact of India's Labour Codes on its

    Labour law in India consisted of various legislations, most of whose underlying objectives were furthering social welfare and security. India's labour laws saw a supposed revolution in 2020, with the consolidation of the existing laws into four new Labour Codes. ... To research on the aforesaid questions and prove the stated hypothesis, this ...

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    By providing a platform for rigorous scholarly research, practical insights, and diverse perspectives, JLEL seeks to advance the understanding and practice of labour and employment law in India and beyond. With a strong commitment to social justice and equality, JLEL encourages interdisciplinary and intersectional approaches to address the ...

  3. Migration, Vulnerability, and Protection: Changing Labour Law Regime in

    The Inter-State Migrant Workmen Act, 1979: A non-starter. The policy ecosystem of labour laws in India is complex and multi-layered. There are multiple labour laws, which often overlap, but these laws only cover the formal sector, which comprises between 8 and 10 per cent of the workforce (GoI, Citation 2022, 371-372; Citation 2023).The rest of the workforce has been denied worker rights and ...

  4. Labour Law Reforms and Women's Work in India: Assessing the New Labour

    The reforms to labour laws during the pandemic, devastating as they are for workers across the country, are not surprising. ... Chigateri, Shraddha, Labour Law Reforms and Women's Work in India: Assessing the New Labour Codes from a Gender Lens (October 21, 2021). Available at SSRN: ... Research Paper Series; Conference Papers; Partners in ...

  5. The Evolution of Labour Law in India: An Overview and Commentary on

    The contents of the Labour Law Journal of India, which has been in publication for more than sixty years, are almost entirely comprised of reported case decisions. 6.

  6. PDF Labour Law, Enforcement and the Rise of Temporary ...

    and overall compliance costs of regular workers as stipulated by the Indian labour laws. Our results are robust to alternative specifications. Keywords: India, Contract Workers, Labour Regulation, Enforcement JEL: J16,K21,K31 1 The author is a Doctoral Fellow with the European Doctorate Programme in Law and Economics at the

  7. Labour laws in India: history, evolution and critical analysis

    Dr Dwivedi has authored several papers in peer reviewed journals and presented papers in prestigious national/international conferences. He also writes regularly on current economic issues for various newspapers/portals. His research interests are India's Energy Transition, Labour issues in India, Economics of Innovation, Informality in India ...

  8. (PDF) Labour Law Reforms and Women's Work in India ...

    A significant component of the labour law reforms at the central level have come through a heavily contested exercise to consolidate and simplify (what was eventually to be 29) labour laws into ...

  9. The Evolution of Labour Law in India: An Overview and Commentary on

    This paper conducts a brief analysis of the pervasive issue of labor exploitation in India, with a specific emphasis on forced labor. Despite its status as the seventh-largest global economy and the world's largest democracy, boasting a population exceeding one billion, India confronts substantial hurdles in safeguarding the fundamental human ...

  10. Labour laws and innovation: Evidence from Indian states

    The importance of labour regulation in influencing innovative activity has attracted significant attention in the literature. What has not been adequately explored is the role played by different categories of such laws. In this context, employing state-level data for India during 1992-2010, we investigate how political federalism interacts with labour laws to influence innovative activity ...

  11. Labour Law Reforms in Country: The Need of an Hour

    Irregular changes in labour laws have been unimpressive in attracting foreign investors or provide an impetus to domestic entrepreneurs interested in expanding manufacturing facilities. The paper presents the requirement for labour reforms in India and also discusses the initiatives taken by current government to make such reforms.

  12. Labour Law Reforms and Women's Work in India: Assessing the New Labour

    Labour Law Reforms and Women's Work in India: Assessing the New Labour Codes from a Gender Lens. 60 Pages Posted: ... Subscribe to this free journal for more curated articles on this topic FOLLOWERS. 828. PAPERS. 3,433. Gender & Social Protection eJournal ... Research Paper Series; Conference Papers; Partners in Publishing; Jobs & Announcements;

  13. (DOC) TOPIC-Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India SUBMITTED

    Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University NEW LAW COLLEGE, PUNE RESEARCH PAPER TOPIC- Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India SUBMITTED BY- ANSHIKA SRIVASTAVA B.B.A LL.B SEM-VIII(4THYEAR) DIVISION-D ROLL NO- D-34 ABSTRACT No matter labour legal guidelines been widely studied for almost a decade and numerous suggestions to re-invent/evolve labour legal guidelines in the contemporary leg of ...

  14. PDF SHRI VILE PARLE KELAVANI MANDAL's JITENDRA CHAUHAN COLLEGE OF LAW

    Roll No. Name of the Student Project Topics A001 ADHYARU UTSAVI JATIN Historical background of Labour legislations A002 AGARWAL ABHINAV Child Labour in India: Issues and Concerns ... Labour laws in India and UK, USA and Russisa B116 THAKKAR NOOPUR SHIRISH Provision relating to health, safety and welfare of workers under the Factories Act B117

  15. (PDF) Measuring the Gap between Labour Laws and Work in India's IT

    This research paper examines the implementation and consequences of the introduced labor codes, in India. These codes aim to modernize and streamline the framework governing employment relations ...

  16. PDF Protection of Human Rights of Workers in India: A Socio-Legal ...

    7' Labour law and Industrial relations- cases and material', 3rd ed. ( 2007), The Indian Law Institute, New Delhi, p3 8 Ibid 9 R.C. Datta & Milly Sil,' Issues Contemporary on Labour Law Reform in India, An Overview', Mumbai (2007) says 47; the background paper for the 45th Indian Labour Conference says 44.

  17. An Analysis of the Labour Rights of Gig Workers in India

    Abstract. Labour rights are quintessential for the working class, it induces a feeling of social security and trust in the working class. Labour Laws apply to a wide ambit of workers in India spreading across multiple industries regulating the conditions at the workplace, social security benefits, rules relating to salary and wages etc...

  18. PDF Contemporary Issues on Labour Law Reform in India: An Overview

    In all there are 47 central labour laws and 200 state labour laws. The three main acts that are the cause of contention are the Industrial Disputes Act (1947), the Contract Labour (Regulation and Abolition) Act (1970) and the Trade Union Act (1926). Industrial Disputes Act (1947)3. 2 Various items of legislation have been enumerated under three ...

  19. Labour and Employment in India: A 50-Year Perspective

    This article reviews changes in knowledge and thinking about labour and employment issues in India, on the basis of the author's experience over the last 50 years. It examines six issues: employment deficits; the mode of production; labour institutions and labour market segmentation; wages; the quality of work; and poverty and inequality. In each case there is a brief overview of the history ...

  20. The Evolution of Labour Law in India: An Overview and Commentary on

    The Crisis of Indian Labour Law--Book Review: Human Rights and Law: Bonded Labour in India by Ramesh Tiwari (New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 2011) was published in Economic & Political Weekly, Vol. XLVII, No. 8 (February, 25), pp. 36-38.

  21. The Evolution of Labour Law in India: An Overview and Commentary on

    A revised version of this paper has been published in the Asian Journal of Law and Society (2014), v.1 (2), pp. 413-453. Workplace and Corporate Law Research Group, Department of Business Law and Taxation, Monash University, Working Paper no. 18.

  22. An analysis of the impact of India's Labour Codes on its organized and

    India's labour laws saw a supposed revolution in 2020, with the consolidation of the existing. laws into four new Labour Codes. This article focuses exclusively on the impact of the Codes on India's unorganized sector as well as its Information Technology ("IT") Sector in which the pink-slip trend is rampant.

  23. Labour codes: Accelerating India's Labour Law Revolution

    In furtherance of its motto of ease of doing business and with a view to harmonize the multiple labour legislations prevailing in the country, the government has consolidated 29 central labour laws (out of 44 existing central laws) into four labour codes i.e. Code on Wages, 2019; Code on Social Security, 2020; Industrial Relations Code, 2020 ...

  24. Labour Reforms in India: Issues & Challenges by Srirang Jha

    The paper presents an incisive account of emerging issues and challenges that pose roadblocks for labour reforms in India and imperatives for enhancing labour productivity and lowering labour cost without compromising international labour standards. Keywords: Labour Market, Labour Reforms. undefined. JEL Classification: M00, M10.