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Compound assignment operators in Java

Compound-assignment operators provide a shorter syntax for assigning the result of an arithmetic or bitwise operator. They perform the operation on the two operands before assigning the result to the first operand. The following are all possible assignment operator in java:

Implementation of all compound assignment operator

Rules for resolving the Compound assignment operators

At run time, the expression is evaluated in one of two ways.Depending upon the programming conditions:

• First, the left-hand operand is evaluated to produce a variable. If this evaluation completes abruptly, then the assignment expression completes abruptly for the same reason; the right-hand operand is not evaluated and no assignment occurs.
• Otherwise, the value of the left-hand operand is saved and then the right-hand operand is evaluated. If this evaluation completes abruptly, then the assignment expression completes abruptly for the same reason and no assignment occurs.
• Otherwise, the saved value of the left-hand variable and the value of the right-hand operand are used to perform the binary operation indicated by the compound assignment operator. If this operation completes abruptly, then the assignment expression completes abruptly for the same reason and no assignment occurs.
• Otherwise, the result of the binary operation is converted to the type of the left-hand variable, subjected to value set conversion to the appropriate standard value set, and the result of the conversion is stored into the variable.
• First, the array reference sub-expression of the left-hand operand array access expression is evaluated. If this evaluation completes abruptly, then the assignment expression completes abruptly for the same reason; the index sub-expression (of the left-hand operand array access expression) and the right-hand operand are not evaluated and no assignment occurs.
• Otherwise, the index sub-expression of the left-hand operand array access expression is evaluated. If this evaluation completes abruptly, then the assignment expression completes abruptly for the same reason and the right-hand operand is not evaluated and no assignment occurs.
• Otherwise, if the value of the array reference sub-expression is null, then no assignment occurs and a NullPointerException is thrown.
• Otherwise, the value of the array reference sub-expression indeed refers to an array. If the value of the index sub-expression is less than zero, or greater than or equal to the length of the array, then no assignment occurs and an ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException is thrown.
• Otherwise, the value of the index sub-expression is used to select a component of the array referred to by the value of the array reference sub-expression. The value of this component is saved and then the right-hand operand is evaluated. If this evaluation completes abruptly, then the assignment expression completes abruptly for the same reason and no assignment occurs.

Examples : Resolving the statements with Compound assignment operators

We all know that whenever we are assigning a bigger value to a smaller data type variable then we have to perform explicit type casting to get the result without any compile-time error. If we did not perform explicit type-casting then we will get compile time error. But in the case of compound assignment operators internally type-casting will be performed automatically, even we are assigning a bigger value to a smaller data-type variable but there may be a chance of loss of data information. The programmer will not responsible to perform explicit type-casting. Let’s see the below example to find the difference between normal assignment operator and compound assignment operator. A compound assignment expression of the form E1 op= E2 is equivalent to E1 = (T) ((E1) op (E2)), where T is the type of E1, except that E1 is evaluated only once.

For example, the following code is correct:

and results in x having the value 7 because it is equivalent to:

Because here 6.6 which is double is automatically converted to short type without explicit type-casting.

Refer: When is the Type-conversion required?

Explanation: In the above example, we are using normal assignment operator. Here we are assigning an int (b+1=20) value to byte variable (i.e. b) that’s results in compile time error. Here we have to do type-casting to get the result.

Explanation: In the above example, we are using compound assignment operator. Here we are assigning an int (b+1=20) value to byte variable (i.e. b) apart from that we get the result as 20 because In compound assignment operator type-casting is automatically done by compile. Here we don’t have to do type-casting to get the result.

Reference: http://docs.oracle.com/javase/specs/jls/se7/html/jls-15.html#jls-15.26.2

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Java Booleans Explained [Easy Examples]

September 1, 2021

Introduction to Java booleans

Java Boolean is an inbuilt class that wraps are used for wrapping the value of primitive data type, i.e. boolean in an object. The boolean class contains two values, i.e. true or false . Java provides a wrapper class Boolean in java.lang package. The Boolean class wraps a value of the primitive type boolean in an object. An object of type Boolean contains a single field, whose type is boolean. In this tutorial, we will learn about java booleans in detail. We will see how we can use booleans in conditions, loops, and functions. Moreover, we will also cover some of the java operators that return a boolean value, along with examples. All in all, this will be one of the detailed tutorials about java booleans.

Getting started with Java booleans

The Boolean class is simply a wrapper class for the primitive type boolean. It wraps the boolean primitive value to an object. An object of type Boolean contains a single field whose type is boolean. The simple syntax of creating a boolean object from  a boolean class looks like this;

Now let us create a boolean object and then use it in our java code. See the example below:

Notice that we get true for the first three cases which means that the java boolean class is not case sensitive. It will return true does not matter which alphabetic case we use.  And it will return false if we provide an argument other than true , that is why for the last case we get false .

Logical operators and Java booleans

We know that the logical operators in Java return booleans value. You can learn more about logical operators . There are three logical operators in Java which are as follow:

• &&  ; Return true if both the conditions are true.
• || ; Return true if any of the conditions are true.
• ! ; Return true if the condition is not true

Now, in this section, we will take examples of each of these operators and get a boolean value.

Example-1 AND operator and Java booleans

AND operator returns boolean value true if both the conditions are satisfied, otherwise, it will return the boolean value false . See the example below which uses the logical AND operator.

Notice that the logical AND operator only returns true if both the conditions are true , else it returns false .

Example-2 OR operator and Java booleans

Java logical OR operator returns true if any of the conditions are true and only returns false if all the conditions are false . See the example below:

Notice that we only get false when both of the conditions were False .

Example-3 NOT operator and Java booleans

NOT operator simply reverses the condition, which means if the condition is true , it will return false and if the condition is false it will return true . See the example below:

Notice that we get true for the False condition and vice versa.

Rational operators and Java booleans

Relational operator refers to the relationships that values or operands can have with one another. Java provides 6 relational operators for comparing numbers and characters. They are mostly used for comparison purposes. After the comparison, they return the result in boolean datatype. The rational operators in Java are listed below:

• == : Return true if both the operands are equal.
• !=  ; Return true if both the operands are not equal.
• <  ; Return true if left-hand side operand is less than right side one.
• >  ; Return true if right-hand side operand is less than left side one.
• <= ; Return true if left side operand is less than or equal to right side one.
• >=  ; Return true if right side operand is less than or equal to left side one.

In this section, we will take these rational operations and see how and when they return java booleans.

Example-1 Equal and not equal assignment operators and Java booleans

Equal to the operator ( == ) return true if both the operands are equal. It can be used to compare lists, int, float dict, strings, and other data types. While not equal to ( != ) operator returns true if both of the operands are not equal. It can also be used to compare various data types.

Now let us take an example and see how they are used to compare data types. See the example below:

Example-2 Greater than or less than operators and Java booleans

Greater than ( > ) operator returns true if the left side is greater than the right side one else, it returns false . Similarly, the less than ( < ) operator returns true if the left side is smaller than the right side one, else it will also return false .

See the example below which uses these operators.

Notice that we get the result accordingly.

Java booleans in conditional statements

One of the important uses of java booleans is in conditional statements. If the condition is true , the java statements inside the condition will be executed and if the condition is false then none of the statements inside the condition will be executed. So the java booleans are important parts of if-else statements. In this section, we will be discussing how the java booleans control the if-else statements in the java programming language.

Example-1 Direct use of java booleans

First, let us directly use the java booleans in our conditional statements so it will give us a depth understanding of how it works in if-else statements. See the example below:

Notice that the first condition was true so it was executed. Now if we make the first condition false , then the else statement will be executed. See the example below:

Example-2 Using conditions that return Java booleans

We already had discussed some of the java operators that return booleans in a couple of sections above. Now, let us see how we can use those operators in java conditions and executed the required statements only. See the example below:

Notice that the operators in the if and else if statements, return false because the conditions were false and it only executes the last statement.

Java booleans in while loop

Java while loop is a control flow statement that allows code to be executed repeatedly based on a given Boolean condition. The while loop can be thought of as a repeating if statement. ... If the condition evaluates to true then we will execute the body of the loop and go to update expression inside the loop. In this section let us use java while loop with java booleans.

Example-1 Direct use of java booleans in while loop

If we use direct true in the while loop without any break statement or condition, it will be an infinity loop and if we use direct false in our while loop, then the loop will never be executed. See the example below which uses direct true boolean in while loop:

This is an infinity loop because the condition is never going to be false and we don't have any break statements as well. This kind of loop is prohibited in any programming language because it returns unexpected values. It is always recommended to use either break or conditional statements inside loops.

Now let us see what will happens if we use direct false booleans value while loop. See the example below:

This time we will get an error because we had used a direct the false boolean value and java will through an error saying that the code inside the loop is not reachable. See the error below:

Example-2 using condition in while loop

Now let us use a condition that returns true if it is true and returns false if it becomes false . See the example below:

Notice that as the condition was true , the loop was executing and as soon as the condition becomes false , the loop stops executing.

In Java, the boolean keyword is a primitive data type. It is used to store only two possible values, either true or false . It specifies 1-bit of information and its "size" can't be defined precisely. The boolean keyword is used with variables and methods. Its default value is false . It is generally associated with conditional statements. In this tutorial, we learned about java booleans in detail.

We learned how we can create a java boolean object from the boolean class in java by taking examples. Moreover, we also learned about the java operators that return boolean values depending on the condition and we also discussed how booleans play important role in java while loop. All in all, this tutorial, contains all the information that you need to start working with java booleans.

Further Reading

Java booleans Java booleans documentation Java operators

Bashir Alam

He is a Computer Science graduate from the University of Central Asia, currently employed as a full-time Machine Learning Engineer at uExel. His expertise lies in Python, Java, Machine Learning, OCR, text extraction, data preprocessing, and predictive models. You can connect with him on his LinkedIn profile.

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Boolean Logic

One of the primitive data types in Java is the boolean . A boolean object takes a value of true or false .

Boolean logic describes how boolean values can be combined and manipulated. Java implements boolean logic through a set of operators and methods .

Boolean Logical Operators

The boolean logical operators available in Java are described in the following table:

Boolean Logical Methods

The boolean logical methods available in Java are described in the following table:

Use in Conditionals

Boolean logic is commonly used within conditionals to control the flow of a program.

The following example illustrates the use of boolean logical operators within conditionals.

The above example gives following output:

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1. Overview

Operators are a fundamental building block of any programming language. We use operators to perform operations on values and variables.

Java provides many groups of operators. They are categorized by their functionalities.

In this tutorial, we’ll walk through all Java operators to understand their functionalities and how to use them.

2. Arithmetic Operators

We use arithmetic operators to perform simple mathematical operations. We should note that arithmetic operators only work with primitive number types and their boxed types , such as int and  Integer .

Next, let’s see what operators we have in the arithmetic operator group.

2.1. The Addition Operator

The addition operator (+) allows us to add two values or concatenate two strings:

2.2. The Subtraction Operator

Usually, we use the subtraction operator (-) to subtract one value from another:

2.3. The Multiplication Operator

The multiplication operator (*) is used to multiply two values or variables:

2.4. The Division Operator

The division operator (/) allows us to divide the left-hand value by the right-hand one:

When we use the division operator on two integer values ( byte , short , int , and long ), we should note that the result is the quotient value. The remainder is not included .

As the example above shows, if we calculate 15 / 2 , the quotient is 7, and the remainder is 1 . Therefore, we have 15 / 2 = 7 .

2.5. The Modulo Operator

We can get the quotient using the division operator. However, if we just want to get the remainder of a division calculation, we can use the modulo operator (%):

3. Unary Operators

As the name implies, unary operators only require one single operand . For example, we usually use unary operators to increment, decrement, or negate a variable or value.

Now, let’s see the details of unary operators in Java.

3.1. The Unary Plus Operator

The unary plus operator (+) indicates a positive value. If the number is positive, we can omit the ‘+’ operator:

3.2. The Unary Minus Operator

Opposite to the unary plus operator, the unary minus operator (-) negates a value or an expression:

3.3. The Logical Complement Operator

The logical complement operator (!) is also known as the “NOT” operator . We can use it to invert the value of a boolean variable or value:

3.4. The Increment Operator

The increment operator (++) allows us to increase the value of a variable by 1:

3.5. The Decrement Opeartor

The decrement operator (–) does the opposite of the increment operator. It decreases the value of a variable by 1:

We should keep in mind that the increment and decrement operators can only be used on a variable . For example, “ int a = 5; a++; ” is fine. However, the expression “ 5++ ” won’t be compiled.

4. Relational Operators

Relational operators can be called “comparison operators” as well. Basically, we use these operators to compare two values or variables.

4.1. The “Equal To” Operator

We use the “equal to” operator (==) to compare the values on both sides. If they’re equal, the operation returns true :

The “equal to” operator is pretty straightforward. On the other hand, the Object class has provided the equals() method. As the Object class is the superclass of all Java classes, all Java objects can use the equals() method to compare each other.

When we want to compare two objects – for instance, when we compare Long objects or compare String s –  we should choose between the comparison method from the equals() method and that of the “equal to” operator wisely .

4.2. The “Not Equal To” Operator

The “not equal to” operator (!=) does the opposite of the ‘==’ operator. If the values on both sides are not equal, the operation returns true :

4.3. The “Greater Than” Operator

When we compare two values with the “greater than” operator (>), it returns true if the value on the left-hand side is greater than the value on the right-hand side:

4.4. The “Greater Than or Equal To” Operator

The “greater than or equal to” operator (>=) compares the values on both sides and returns true if the left-hand side operand is greater than or equal to the right-hand side operand:

4.5. The “Less Than” Operator

The “less than” operator (<) compares two values on both sides and returns true if the value on the left-hand side is less than the value on the right-hand side:

4.6. The “Less Than or Equal To” Operator

Similarly, the “less than or equal to” operator (<=) compares the values on both sides and returns true if the left-hand side operand is less than or equal to the right-hand side:

5. Logical Operators

We have two logical operators in Java: the logical AND and OR operators. Basically, their function is pretty similar to the AND gate and the OR gate in digital electronics.

Usually, we use a logical operator with two operands, which are variables or expressions that can be evaluated as boolean .

Next, let’s take a closer look at them.

5.1. The Logical AND Operator

The logical AND operator ( && ) returns true only if both operands are true :

5.2. The Logical OR Operator

Unlike the ‘ && ‘ operator, the logical OR operator ( || ) returns true if at least one operand is  true :

We should note that the logical OR operator has the short-circuiting effect : It returns true as soon as one of the operands is evaluated as true, without evaluating the remaining operands.

6. Ternary Operator

A ternary operator is a short form of the if-then-else statement. It has the name ternary as it has three operands. First, let’s have a look at the standard if-then-else statement syntax:

We can convert the above if-then-else statement into a compact version using the ternary operator:

Let’s look at its syntax:

Next, let’s understand how the ternary operator works through a simple example:

7. Bitwise and Bit Shift Operators

As the article “ Java bitwise operators ” covers the details of bitwise and bit shift operators, we’ll briefly summarize these operators in this tutorial.

7.1. The Bitwise AND Operator

The bitwise AND operator (&) returns the bit-by-bit AND of input values:

7.2. The Bitwise OR Operator

The bitwise OR operator (|) returns the bit-by-bit OR of input values:

7.3. The Bitwise XOR Operator

The bitwise XOR (exclusive OR) operator (^) returns the bit-by-bit XOR of input values:

7.4. The Bitwise Complement Operator

The bitwise complement operator (~) is a unary operator. It returns the value’s complement representation, which inverts all bits from the input value:

7.5. The Left Shift Operator

Shift operators shift the bits to the left or right by the given number of times.

The left shift operator (<<) shifts the bits to the left by the number of times defined by the right-hand side operand. After the left shift, the empty space in the right is filled with 0.

Next, let’s left shift the number 12 twice:

n << x has the same effect of multiplying the number  n  with x power of two.

7.6. The Signed Right Shift Operator

The signed right shift operator (>>) shifts the bits to the right by the number of times defined by the right-hand side operand and fills 0 on voids left as a result.

We should note that the leftmost position after the shifting depends on the sign extension .

Next, let’s do “signed right shift” twice on the numbers 12 and -12 to see the difference:

As the second example above shows, if the number is negative, the leftmost position after each shift will be set by the sign extension.

n >> x has the same effect of dividing the number n by x power of two.

7.7. The Unsigned Right Shift Operator

The unsigned right shift operator (>>>) works in a similar way as the ‘>>’ operator. The only difference is that after a shift, the leftmost bit is set to 0 .

Next, let’s unsigned right shift twice on the numbers 12 and -12 to see the difference:

As we can see in the second example above, the >>> operator fills voids on the left with 0 irrespective of whether the number is positive or negative .

8. The “ instanceof ” Operator

Sometimes, when we have an object, we would like to test if it’s an instance of a given type . The “ instanceof ” operator can help us to do it:

9. Assignment Operators

We use assignment operators to assign values to variables. Next, let’s see which assignment operators we can use in Java.

9.1. The Simple Assignment Operator

The simple assignment operator (=) is a straightforward but important operator in Java. Actually, we’ve used it many times in previous examples. It assigns the value on its right to the operand on its left:

9.2. Compound Assignments

We’ve learned arithmetic operators. We can combine the arithmetic operators with the simple assignment operator to create compound assignments.

For example, we can write “ a = a + 5 ” in a compound way: “ a += 5 “.

Finally, let’s walk through all supported compound assignments in Java through examples:

10. Conclusion

Java provides many groups of operators for different functionalities. In this article, we’ve passed through the operators in Java.

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Very often in programming, you will need a data type that can only have one of two values, like:

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For this, Java has a boolean data type, which can only take the values true or false :

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Boolean values are mostly used for conditional testing.

You will learn much more about booleans and conditions later in this tutorial.

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The Java Tutorials have been written for JDK 8. Examples and practices described in this page don't take advantage of improvements introduced in later releases and might use technology no longer available. See Java Language Changes for a summary of updated language features in Java SE 9 and subsequent releases. See JDK Release Notes for information about new features, enhancements, and removed or deprecated options for all JDK releases.

Now that you've learned how to declare and initialize variables, you probably want to know how to do something with them. Learning the operators of the Java programming language is a good place to start. Operators are special symbols that perform specific operations on one, two, or three operands , and then return a result.

As we explore the operators of the Java programming language, it may be helpful for you to know ahead of time which operators have the highest precedence. The operators in the following table are listed according to precedence order. The closer to the top of the table an operator appears, the higher its precedence. Operators with higher precedence are evaluated before operators with relatively lower precedence. Operators on the same line have equal precedence. When operators of equal precedence appear in the same expression, a rule must govern which is evaluated first. All binary operators except for the assignment operators are evaluated from left to right; assignment operators are evaluated right to left.

In general-purpose programming, certain operators tend to appear more frequently than others; for example, the assignment operator " = " is far more common than the unsigned right shift operator " >>> ". With that in mind, the following discussion focuses first on the operators that you're most likely to use on a regular basis, and ends focusing on those that are less common. Each discussion is accompanied by sample code that you can compile and run. Studying its output will help reinforce what you've just learned.

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Is there a post-assignment operator for a boolean?

Hi is something like this possible in Java?

To clarify. The above works, but is assigns false first. Want I want to achieve is to return the flag as soon as its true and reset it to false afterwards.

The structure looks something like this:

I was thinking about to do it in one go by return flag = false;

• boolean-expression

• Why don't you just use if(flag){ flag = false; return true; } ? –  Kevin Cruijssen Commented May 30, 2016 at 14:02
• 1 Use an atomic boolean: docs.oracle.com/javase/7/docs/api/java/util/concurrent/atomic/… –  StephaneM Commented May 30, 2016 at 14:03
• 1 If you return a value, then the function is over, and no more assignments may be performed. Your question is either too broad, or XY resolution on the wrong problem. Please, edit your question, add details, the wanted behavior, and the seen behavior. –  Bonatti Commented May 30, 2016 at 14:04
• 1 "but is assigns false first" - Of course it does. Much in the same way that x = 1 + 2 performs the addition first , before assigning the result to x . How else would it work? –  David Commented May 30, 2016 at 14:08
• 1 ideone.com/QWXOrL –  zapl Commented May 30, 2016 at 15:26

3 Answers 3

No, there's nothing built-in that does what you describe. You'd do it with a temporary variable:

Or based on your further edit to the question ( "The structure looks something like this") , you can use ! :

I really, really would not do that . It's unnecessarily obtuse.

• 4 @MuratK.: Fatigue. There are so many questions posted with very little explanation and even less thought, that when a vague question is posted (and the original question was very vague), people are just so tired of it they react more harshly than they arguably should, or would in real life. It's well worth spending time reviewing your question before posting, asking yourself if you're assuming information you haven't included, trying to ensure you're concise but not unclear, etc., so that the initial version of the question looks more like your final version. –  T.J. Crowder Commented May 30, 2016 at 14:16

Have a look at java.util.concurrent.AtomicBoolean. I haven't tried this, but it might give the behavior you're asking about:

No, there isn't a way to do that.

Well you would need to ask the Java language designers for the real answer, but I imagine that they would have dismissed such a proposal out of hand. Java is designed to be a language that is easy to learn, read and understand. Adding operators that are designed to do "clever" things in a concise way is liable to make the language harder to learn, and harder to read ... for the average programmer. And, if the operator is only really useful in a tiny number of use-cases, that makes the readability versus utility argument even harder to win.

Also, adding new features to Java is often more technically difficult than you would imagine because of interactions with other (existing) language features.

And actually, there is precedent to back this up. One of the Java 7 / 8 revision proposals in Project Coin was to add an elvis operator to Java. The proposal was considered ... and ultimately dismissed .

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