intro dissertation phedre

Phèdre, Racine : fiche de lecture

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Phèdre de Racine est une tragédie d’un auteur classique au sommet de son art.

Elle met en scène la lutte désespérée de personnages poursuivis par la fatalité .

La violence de l’intrigue, de l’orgueil et des passions qui se déploient est tempérée par une écriture mesurée, maîtrisée et un respect des règles classiques comme celles des trois unités et de la bienséance.

Phèdre : analyse en vidéo

Qui est Jean Racine ?

Orphelin à l’âge de 4 ans, Jean Racine est élevé par sa grand-mère et reçoit une éducation janséniste à Port-Royal qui l’influence considérablement. Protégé par le roi Louis XIV , ses tragédies rencontrent un grand succès à la Cour.

Il excelle dans la peinture des passions humaines qui conduisent inéluctablement les hommes à leur chute. Son oeuvre s’inscrit dans le classicisme dont il respecte les règles.

Comment résumer Phèdre ?

Tu peux lire ici un résumé détaillé de Phèdre de Racine .

Phèdre , jeune épouse de Thésée, confie à sa nourrice Oenone son amour coupable pour Hippolyte , le fils de Thésée.

L’annonce de la mort de Thésée bouleverse l’action. En effet, Phèdre déclare son amour à son beau-fils , qui reste pétrifié par cet aveu.

Mais on annonce le retour de Thésée . Effrayée qu’Hippolyte puisse trahir son secret, Phèdre laisse Oenone accuser Hippolyte d’avoir voulu abuser de Phèdre.

Hors de lui, Thésée maudit Hippolyte et prie Neptune de le venger. Hippolyte garde le silence et ne dénonce pas Phèdre.

Apprenant le suicide d’Oenone, Thésée a des doutes et prie Neptune de ne pas exaucer sa malédiction.

Mais le destin est lancé : le messager Théramène annonce la mort d’Hippolyte dans un combat épique face à un monstre marin.

Phèdre , rongée par le remord, absorbe un poison et avoue avant de mourir sa culpabilité à Thésée.

Analyses issus de Phèdre :

• Phèdre, acte I scène 3
• Phèdre, acte II scène 5
• Phèdre, acte V scène 6
• Phèdre, acte V scène 7

Quels sont les thèmes importants dans Phèdre ?

L’amour et la passion.

L’amour dans Phèdre est toujours un amour impossible .

L’amour de Phèdre pour Hippolyte est marqué du sceau de la culpabilité et de l’inceste et l’amour entre Hippolyte et Aricie est un amour interdit pour des raisons politiques .

L’amour de Phèdre est surtout un amour passion d’une violence extrême contre lequel ni la raison ni la volonté ne peuvent lutter.

Cette passion furieuse et dévastatrice est d’autant plus condamnable pour un spectateur du XVIIème siècle qui valorise la raison, l’ordre et la mesure.

La culpabilité

Phèdre est coupable de laisser sa passion conduire et maîtriser sa raison , ce qui constitue une faute morale grave dans un XVIIème siècle où la maîtrise des passions est une vertu essentielle.

Thésée est également marqué par la culpabilité : en envoyant son fils à la mort, il laisse l’ orgueil et la colère voiler son discernement.

On peut voir dans cette culpabilité un reflet du jansénisme , doctrine religieuse selon laquelle l’homme est coupable du fait du péché originel et n’a que peu de chance de rédemption (pour les jansénistes, seuls quelques hommes sont prédestinés au salut éternel).

De ce point de vue, Phèdre est une allégorie de l’humanité pécheresse , conduite par ses passions et non par la raison et la foi.

La fatalité

L’univers mythologique rappelle à tout instant que les personnages sont les jouets des dieux : Phèdre ne peut lutter contre une fatalité qui s’est abattue sur sa lignée depuis des temps immémoriaux.

Le destin est inflexible. Il s’incarne aussi dans le monstre hideux qui tue Hippolyte, réalisant la malédiction lancée par Thésée, en dépit des remords de ce dernier.

(Voir l’ analyse de l’acte V scène 6 de Phèdre dans lequel Théramène fait le récit de la mort d’Hippolyte).

Racine écrit dans sa préface «  Phèdre n’est ni tout à fait coupable ni tout à fait innocente . Elle est engagée, par sa destinée et par la colère des dieux, dans une passion illégitime (…). Elle fait tous ses efforts pour la surmonter. »

C’est là que réside une des clés de compréhension du personnage de Phèdre.

Phèdre reste une héroïne, mais d’un héroïsme particulier, propre à Jean Racine, un héroïsme intérieur qui est celui du combat contre sa passion coupable .

Phèdre, en effet, ne s’abandonne pas à cette passion funeste. Par tous les moyens elle essaie de la combattre même si elle échoue.

On le voit notamment à l’acte I scène 3 : Phèdre n’avoue à Oenone son amour pour Hippolyte qu’après avoir évité par tous les moyens de cacher le mal qui la ronge. En ce sens, elle fait preuve d’héroïsme.

Quelles sont les caractéristiques de l’écriture dans Phèdre ?

Racine écrit dans une langue noble, poétique, aux rythmes et aux sonorités très travaillés. Il maîtrise parfaitement les règles du théâtre classique édictées par Boileau dans son Art poétique : règle des trois unités, de la vraisemblance et de la bienséance.

C’est sans doute là que réside la fascination qu’exerce cette pièce sur les spectateurs : les passions les plus extrêmes et dévastatrices sont exprimées dans une langue mesurée, maîtrisée, chargée de symboles et de références mythologiques.

Que signifie le parcours « Passion et tragédie » ?

Le parcours littéraire associé à Phèdre pour le bac de français 2020 est : Passion et tragédie .

Ces deux notions s’appliquent parfaitement à cette œuvre : Phèdre est en effet l’histoire d’une passion violente, dévastatrice et c’est aussi une tragédie classique en cinq actes et en vers.

Mais ce n’est pas suffisant pour comprendre ce parcours !

Par la conjonction de coordination « et » qui lie ces deux termes, « Passion et tragédie », le parcours ne t’invite pas à définir séparément ces deux notions mais à explorer les rapports qu’elles entretiennent entre elles .

Ces notions sont-elles opposées, complémentaires ? Qu’induisent-elles du point de vue de l’écriture, de l’esthétique, du message de l’auteur ?

La passion est le ressort tragique de la pièce

La passion est tout d’abord le ressort tragique de la pièce. Elle est la faute qui entraîne la tragédie.

Dans Phèdre , il s’agit d’une passion incestueuse qui vient d’une malédiction lointaine puisque Phèdre, «  fille de Minos et de Pasiphaé « , était condamnée à vivre une passion interdite en raison de la vengeance de Vénus.

La passion interdite entraîne alors des péripéties qui donnent à la tragédie son efficacité : aveu, jalousie, suicide… La passion entraîne inéluctablement la tragédie.

Phèdre est la tragédie de la passion

Phèdre , c’est également la tragédie de la passion , c’est à dire la tragédie d’une âme esclave de ses passions.

Dans un XVIIème siècle rationaliste, qui prône la mesure et la maîtrise des passions, le destin de Phèdre montre la submersion de la raison par la passion, l’égarement dans le mal.

Racine met en scène l’âme de Phèdre avec ses emportements, ses hésitations, sa résistance à la culpabilité et son abandon à la faute.

Or cette représentation a une fonction morale comme l’indique Aristote dans sa Poétique : la tragédie,  » suscitant pitié et crainte, opère la purgation propre à de pareilles émotions » . C’est ce qu’on appelle la catharsis : parce qu’elle inspire terreur et pitié, la tragédie permet au spectateur de se purger de ses propres passions, de ses propres émotions néfastes.

Le spectacle de la passion réalise donc la fonction morale de la tragédie : elle permet au spectateur de voir l’âme de Phèdre tomber dans le péché afin de lui éviter de s’y abandonner lui-même.

Tu étudies Phèdre de Racine ? Regarde aussi :

♦ Le Cid, Corneille [fiche de lecture] ♦ Pour un oui ou pour un non, Sarraute [Fiche de lecture] ♦ La Princesse de Clèves, Madame de la Fayette [fiche de lecture] ♦ Fables, La Fontaine [Fiche de lecture] ♦ Molière, Le misanthrope : résumé ♦ Le malade imaginaire : fiche de lecture ♦ Molière, L’École des femmes : résumé ♦ Molière, Tartuffe : résumé ♦ Molière, Dom Juan : résumé ♦ La Bruyère, Les Caractères, « Gnathon » : analyse ♦ Arrias a tout lu, a tout vu, La Bruyère : analyse ♦ Pascal, Pensées, fragment divertissement : analyse ♦ Fontenelle, la dent d’or : analyse

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5 commentaires

Bonjour madame J’avais juste une petite question est ce que Phèdre a eu une malédictions dans sa famille ou pas Merci beaucoup

Oui je crois que Phèdre à était maudite à cause de sa mère qui a eu une aventure avec Zeus. Je ne suis pas sûr de cette information, mais je te la partage.

D’ailleurs merci infiniment chère professeure pour vos efforts. Est ce que vous pouvez m’expliquer comment faire une bonne introduction ?

Bonjour Amna, Tu peux trouver mes conseils pour l’introduction dans mes fiches méthodes (onglet méthodes dans le menu). Bon courage !

Bonjour, mon professeur de français a été absent durant ces trois derniers et ils nous certaines lecture analytique, notamment un extrait de Phèdre dont l’ensemble de la classe n’arrive pas à réaliser . Acte 2, scene 5 de « madame il n’est pas temps de vous troubler encore » à »aurai-je perdu tout le sang de ma gloire ». On vous sera énormément reconnaissant si vous pouvez nous aider. MERCI

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• > Racine: Phèdre
• > The context of Phèdre

Book contents

• Frontmatter
• Prefatory note
• 1 The context of Phèdre
• 2 Phèdre , the play
• 3 The posterity of Phèdre
• Further reading

1 - The context of Phèdre

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 June 2012

• 2 Phèdre, the play

Introduction: versions of a legend

Phèdre represents the culmination of seventeenth-century French classical tragedy and can be fully understood only against the background of seventeenth-century French political, social, and literary history, of which we provide a brief sketch. It should not be supposed, however, that some evolutionary process was at work from which Racine's greatest tragedy emerged by an inherent logic. It is the highly individual work of an original genius, a play organically related to his previous plays, but not their inevitable outcome, and still less that of the creations of his French predecessors who, like himself, were indebted to Seneca and, indirectly at least, to Euripides.

Euripides' Hippolytus (429 BC) is the story of the revenge of Aphrodite, goddess of love, on Hippolytus for neglecting her in favour of Artemis, goddess of chastity. Hippolytus is the son of Theseus and stepson of Phaedra, Theseus' second wife. While Theseus is away, Phaedra falls in love with Hippolytus, and her nurse reveals her feelings to him. He rejects her advances. Phaedra hangs herself, leaving tablets denouncing Hippolytus as her seducer. Theseus banishes Hippolytus and calls upon Poseidon to punish him. A monstrous bull sent from the sea terrifies his horses and he is dragged to his death. Theseus learns belatedly of his misjudgement from Artemis. In a final exchange with his dying son, Theseus is forgiven by him.

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• The context of Phèdre
• Edward D. James , Gillian Jondorf
• Book: Racine: Phèdre
• Online publication: 05 June 2012
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139166423.003

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Dissertation sur Phèdre : Innocente ou coupable?

Par Diethelm   •  7 Février 2023  •  Dissertation  •  417 Mots (2 Pages)  •  1 454 Vues

Introduction

Depuis l’Antiquité, Phèdre est l’un des personnages les plus célèbres de la littérature mondiale. Dans la pièce de Racine, elle est présentée comme un être complexe, sous le conflit de ses sentiments amoureux et de sa responsabilité morale. La question sur la culpabilité ou l’innocence de Phèdre est ainsi l’un des sujets les plus débattus par les critiques littéraires et les penseurs. Dans ce devoir, je vais donc examiner le personnage de Phèdre et tenter de comprendre si elle est innocente ou coupable.

I. Innocence de Phèdre

A. Une passion impossible à contrôler

Phèdre est un personnage tragique qui est entraîné par une passion impossible à contrôler. Elle est victime d’un amour illicite pour son beau-fils Hippolyte, qui est la source de sa détresse. Elle est constamment en proie à des sentiments contradictoires qui la torturent et la poussent à commettre des actes qui vont à l'encontre de ses devoirs moraux et de sa conscience. Sa passion est trop forte pour être dominée par la raison, ce qui la rend incapable de contrôler ses émotions et ses actions.

B. Une femme qui n’a pas prémédité ses actes

De plus, Phèdre n'est pas une personne qui a prémédité ses actes. Elle est prise au dépourvu par ses sentiments et elle ne comprend pas ce qui se passe en elle. Elle est aussi prise dans un tourbillon de jugements erronés et de mensonges qui entravent sa liberté et sa raison. Elle se sent impuissante face à ses actes et ne peut pas les contrôler.

II. La culpabilité de Phèdre

A. Une trahison de sa condition de femme

Malgré son innocence, Phèdre est considérée comme coupable car elle a trahi sa condition de femme et ses devoirs moraux. Elle a enfreint les règles sociales et la morale en avouant ses sentiments interdits. Elle a renié sa responsabilité et sa fonction dans la société, ce qui lui a valu de la honte et de la culpabilité

B. Des actes qui ont causé du tort à ses proches

En outre, Phèdre est responsable des conséquences négatives de ses actes et de ses décisions. Elle a causé des souffrances à ses proches et à ses amis, ce qui est une preuve de sa culpabilité.

En conclusion, bien que Phèdre soit entraînée par un amour impossible à contrôler et qu'elle n'ait pas prémédité ses actes, elle est quand même coupable car elle a trahi sa condition de femme et causé des souffrances à ses proches. Malgré son innocence, Phèdre est donc considérée comme coupable.

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‘Neither Completely Guilty nor Completely Innocent’: Representing Injustice in Jean Racine’s Phèdre

2020, Early Modern French Studies 42.2

The eponymous protagonist of Phèdre emerges as a true tragic heroine by exercising her own free will to commit wrong instead of being a mere victim of fate. Criticism focusing on injustice has tended to shine light on Thésée, denying Phèdre royal sovereignty just as French Salic law did to queens. By shifting the spotlight from Thésée to Phèdre, and from the idea of judgment as a means of redressing injustice to injustice resulting from the challenges of governance and self-governance in royal leaders, we will see that Phèdre’s gender has tended to obscure the important connection suggested between injustice and the exercise of monarchical power. The gender of the eponymous heroine of the play operates as a cover: by associating wrongdoing with a female monarch, a literal impossibility in France, Racine is able to delve into particularly controversial aspects of unjust governance as experienced in his day and age.

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This paper is an attempt to reconsider the aesthetics of tragedy in the work of the seventeenth-century dramatist Jean Racine. The purpose of the essay is twofold. On the one hand, the intention is to re-invigorate the reading of a dramatist whose work is too easily buried beneath labels such as "French Classicism." On the other, an attempt is made to use this re-reading to cast new light on some of the central questions of representation, pleasure and tragedy that were to become fundamental to later developments in aesthetic theory in the century that followed. We could cast Racine's rejection of his mentor Pierre Nicole in familiar terms, describing it as the rejection of a repressive theological moralizing in favor of a hard-won "expressive freedom." However, a closer examination of both Nicole's aesthetics and Racine's dramatic art reveals a different picture. As this paper will show, Nicole's critique of seventeenth-century aesthetic practice is complex, nuanced, and trenchant. It is a critique that succeeds in posing significant questions about representation, self and other, and about the mechanics of "tragic pleasure." In turn, Racine's more private reflections (in his notes on Aristotle) as well as the development of his dramatic practice, indicate not a rejection, but a serious attempt to appropriate this critique, and transform his own dramatic practice in response to it.

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• Héroïnes littéraires

Sujets de dissertations sur Phèdre

Dissertations ou exposés

• Racine est-il, dans Phèdre , resté fidèle à l’idéal tragique qu’il définissait ainsi dans la première Préface de Britannicus  : « Une action simple, chargée de peu de matière, et qui, s’avançant par degrés vers sa fin, n’est soutenue que par les intérêts, les sentiments et les passions des personnages » ?
• Dans quelle mesure peut-on appliquer aux personnages de Phèdre ce jugement d’un critique : « Tandis que Corneille montre le tragique autour de l‘homme, Racine montre le tragique dans l‘l’homme : ce qui fait le drame, qui porte les sentiments de Corneille, est dans Racine porté par eux » ?
• En quel sens peut-on dire que Phèdre est la plus païenne des tragédies de Racine ?
• Partagez-vous cette opinion d’un critique : «  Phèdre n’est pas inspirée par le jansénisme, et c’est en vain qu’on veut y découvrir les problèmes chrétiens, les scrupules chrétiens » ?
• Originalité et convention dans le personnage d’Aricie.
• L’amour et ses fureurs d’Hermione à Phèdre.
• La couleur locale dans Phèdre .
• La poésie dans Phèdre .
• Faut-il croire à la sincérité de Racine écrivant dans la Préface de Phèdre qu’il n’a point fait de tragédie « où la vertu soit plus mise en jour que dans celle-ci » ?
• Le personnage de Phèdre éclipse tous les autres pour Paul Valéry, qui écrit : « Ils ne survivent pas, mais Elle survit. L’œuvre se réduit dans le souvenir à un monologue, et passe en moi de l’état dramatique initial à l’état lyrique pur. » Éprouvez-vous la même impression ?
• Appliquer à Phèdre cette remarque de Jean Giraudoux : « Une fois que le héros de Racine entre en scène, tous les ponts sont coupés derrière lui et, à sa première parole, il est condamné. »
• François Mauriac a écrit que l’œuvre de Racine « la plus achevée qui soit dans notre littérature atteint dans Phèdre son achèvement ». Qu’en pensez-vous ?

Commentaire et dissertation

Sujet de dissertation.

Sujet de dissertation. Dans ce cours, nous te proposons un sujet de dissertation. (pour retrouver toute la méthodologie de la dissertation clique ICI ). D’abord, le sujet sera analysé puis traité sous forme de plan détaillé. Nous prendrons un sujet de dissertation qui porte sur Phèdre de Jean Racine. Il s’agira de montrer comment étudier un sujet de dissertation. Puis, nous proposerons un plan afin de répondre à la question posée par le sujet.

Enoncé du sujet de dissertation

Dans sa pièce La Machine infernale , Jean Cocteau dit de la tragédie que c’est « une des plus parfaites machines construites par les dieux infernaux pour l’anéantissement mathématique d’un mortel ».   Cette définition vous paraît-elle rendre entièrement compte de la tragédie Phèdre de Racine ? Vous aurez soin d’argumenter en illustrant votre point de vue avec des exemples précis empruntés à la pièce Phèdre de Racine.

1. L’analyse du sujet de dissertation

A. relever les mots-clés.

D’abord, tu dois relever les mots-clés pour essayer de comprendre les enjeux du sujet:

• Premièrement, on relève « tragédie ».
• Puis « machines »
• Ensuite « dieux »
• « Anéantissement »
• Enfin « mortel »
• Il ne faudra pas oublier d’appliquer la réflexion à Phèdre de Racine UNIQUEMENT.

Cette première étape du travail au brouillon te permet de ne pas faire de hors sujet.

B. Reformuler le sujet de dissertation

L’idéal est de pouvoir s’aider du dictionnaire afin de chercher la définition des mots. En effet, cela te permet de vérifier que tu n’as pas oublié un sens important du mot. Si le travail est effectué en classe ou dans les conditions du baccalauréat, prends le temps de réfléchir et de vérifier que tu as pris en compte les différents aspects des mots.

Ici: est-ce que la tragédie est une construction mécanique des dieux amenant inévitablement les humains vers la mort?

2. La recherche des arguments et des exemples

A. rappel méthodologique.

• D’abord, tu dois lister les idées qui te viennent concernant le sujet directement sur ton brouillon.
• De même, note les exemples du texte dont tu te souviens. Soit, tu connais des citations précises du texte, tu dois alors les reporter dans leur intégralité. Soit, tu ne connais pas les citations mais tu te souviens que dans tel acte, il se produit telle chose. Tu vas alors raconter le passage de sorte à montrer le lien avec ton propos.
• Puis, une fois que tu as un nombre suffisant d’exemples et d’arguments, tu vas devoir les organiser dans un plan progressif .

B. Application de la méthodologie au sujet de dissertation

Problématique : qui est à l’origine de la machine à détruire qu’est la tragédie ?

Introduction de la dissertation (si tu veux la méthode et un exemple rédigé , clique ICI )

I) thèse : une machine des dieux infernaux pour détruire les mortels (machine à tuer), a/construction d’une machine théâtrale.

• D’abord, les règles du théâtre classique : unité de lieu, de temps et d’action.
• Ensuite, la vraisemblance et la bienséance .
• Enfin, l’écriture racinienne avec des alexandrins à rimes plates .

B/Anéantissement mathématique : une programmation

• Premièrement, la tension dramatique est employée, en particulier lors de la disparition de Thésée puis son retour.
• Deuxièmement, la mort de Phèdre semble programmée dès son entrée en scène à l’acte I, scène 3.

C/Destruction des mortels par les dieux

• En effet, dans la tragédie classique racinienne, les mortels semblent les jouets de dieux démiurgiques. Ainsi, le destin de Phèdre semble tracé. D’une part, elle est marquée par le sceau d’une lignée maudite, d’autre part Vénus semble régir sa vie.
• De même, la mort d’Hippolyte est inéluctable. Son père Thésée demande aux dieux de venger l’offense de son fils qui aurait abusé de Phèdre pendant l’absence de son père. Mais, dès que celui-ci découvre qu’il a été trompé par Phèdre et par Oenone, il en appelle aux dieux pour protéger son fils mais il est déjà trop tard et Hippolyte a succombé face au monstre.

II) Antithèse : la tragédie est-elle alors « la plus parfaite machine » pour l’anéantissement de l’humain ?

A/honneur et grandeur des héros et héroïnes .

• Hippolyte est une figure exemplaire qui refuse de se compromettre quoi qu’il lui en coûte dans sa relation avec son père, il ose même avouer son amour interdit pour Aricie.
• Il en va de même pour Aricie qui fait preuve de dignité face aux épreuves que le destin lui impose: captive de Thésée, puis amoureuse d’Hippolyte…

B/Des héros imparfaits

• Mais les héros tragiques sont aussi ceux de la vraisemblance, ils ne doivent pas être tout à fait coupables ni tout à fait innocents pour revêtir l’humanité nécessaire. S’ils étaient trop idéalisés, ils ne permettraient pas aux spectateurs de se reconnaître en eux, dans leur condition humaine.
• Ainsi, Thésée apparaît comme une figure paternelle et responsable. Pourtant comme le souligne Phèdre, il n’est pas un héros manichéen car il est un époux volage.

C/Catharsis : pitié et terreur

• Or cette humanité est absolument essentielle pour que les spectateurs soient touchés par le mécanisme de la catharsis . Cette purification des passions est au coeur de la tragédie. Il s’agit en fait de montrer aux spectateurs des héros qui commettent des erreurs et qui sont punis pour ces erreurs.
• Ainsi, la catharsis repose sur la pitié pour le personnage qui souffre. Effectivement, parce qu’il est imparfait, le héros est humain. La souffrance qu’il ressent peut être ressentie également par le public.
• En outre, la catharsis doit provoquer la terreur du spectateur qui, à l’issue de la représentation, ne sera pas tenté de commettre les mêmes erreurs que le héros car il a pu observer quelles en sont les conséquences terribles. Par exemple, les erreurs commises par Phèdre montrent son humanité, sa faiblesse. Or le public ne peut que constater qu’elle est châtiée pour son infidélité, pour sa passion, pour ses mensonges etc.

III)Synthèse : Morale et passion comme mécanisme tragique

La question qui se pose alors est de savoir si les dieux infernaux ont la maitrise de la situation ou si la tragédie se résout au niveau humain. En effet, la mise en évidence du seul aspect sacré ne suffit pas à rendre compte de la perfection du Phèdre de Racine.

A/La question morale de la culpabilité et du libre arbitre

• Au fond, la question se pose de savoir si comme le dit la pensée jésuite, Phèdre pourrait racheter son âme par une attitude pieuse ou, si comme le montre la pièce, les Dieux ont la main mise sur sa vie entière.
• En effet, à divers moments dans la pièce Phèdre se sent coupable. A l’acte I, scène 3, d’aimer son beau-fils, puis à la fin de la pièce d’être à l’origine de sa mort. Mais peut-elle se racheter par des actes positifs?

B/La passion humaine et ses limites

• D’abord, la question du rôle néfaste des passions sur la vie humaine est largement débattue au XVIIème siècle. La littérature comme la philosophie s’en emparent.
• La question de l’amour incestueux de Phèdre pour son beau-fils est mise en scène elle renonce à son propre fils pour accomplir son rôle  de femme. D’ailleurs la mise en scène de Patrice Chéreau le montre bien, elle tient la main de son fils qui n’est qu’un jeune garçon. Puis, elle finit par lâcher sa main pour aller vers celui qu’elle aime.

C/La question politique

• Avant tout, il convient de rappeler que la tragédie classique combine deux sujets de prédilection: la passion et la politique.
• La tragédie pose toujours une interrogation humaine qui est celle de la gestion de la cité, du règne sur la population de la ville de Trézène acte I scène 1 (Hippolyte/Théramène).

Nous espérons que cette fiche a pu t’intéresser. N’hésite pas à poster des questions dans les commentaires. Tu seras peut-être intéressé par les fiches suivantes:

– Méthode de la dissertation

– Exemple sujet de dissertation

– Introduction de la dissertation

– Comment faire une dissertation?

– Plan de dissertation

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Here is yet another tragedy, the subject of which is taken from Euripides. Although I have followed a somewhat different route from that of this author in the conduct of the action, I have not stopped enriching my play with all that seemed to me most brilliant in his. When I owed him only the sole idea of ​​Phèdre’s character, I could say that I owe him what I have perhaps put most reasonable on the stage. I am not surprised that this character had such a happy success in Euripides’ time, and that it has still succeeded so well in our century, since it has all the qualities that Aristotle asks for in the hero of tragedy. , and which are calculated to excite compassion and terror. Indeed, Phèdre is neither entirely guilty, nor entirely innocent: she is committed, by her destiny and by the anger of the gods, in an illegitimate passion of which she was the first to abhor: she made all her efforts to overcome it: she preferred to let herself die than to declare it to no one; and when she is forced to discover it, she speaks of it with a confusion which shows clearly that her crime is rather a punishment from the gods than a movement of her will.

I even took care to make her a little less odious than she is in the tragedies of the Ancients, where she resolves of herself to accuse Hippolyte. I believed that there was something too low and too dark in calumny to put it in the mouth of a princess who, moreover, has such noble and virtuous feelings. This baseness seemed to me more suitable for a nurse, who might have more servile inclinations, and who nevertheless only undertakes this false accusation to save the life and honor of her mistress. Phèdre only gives her hands to it because she is in an agitation of the mind which puts her beside herself; and it comes a moment later for the purpose of justifying innocence, and declaring the truth.

Hippolyte is accused, in Euripides and in Seneca, of having indeed raped his stepmother:  vim corpus tulit  [1]  . But here he is only accused of having had the design. I wanted to spare Theseus a confusion which could have made him less pleasant to the spectators.

As for the character of Hippolytus, I had noticed in the Ancients that Euripides was reproached for having represented him as a philosopher free from all imperfection: which meant that the death of this young prince caused much more damage. indignation that pity. I thought it my duty to give him some weakness which would make him a little guilty towards his father, without however depriving him of that greatness of soul with which he spares the honor of Phèdre, and allows himself to be oppressed without accusing him. I call weakness the passion he feels in spite of himself for Aricie, who is the daughter and sister of his father’s mortal enemies.

This Aricia is not a character of my invention. Virgil says that Hippolytus married him, and had a son, after Aesculapius had raised him  [2]  . And I read again in a few authors that Hippolytus had married and brought to Italy a young Athenian of great birth, who was called Aricia, and who had given her name to a small town in Italy.

I report these authorities, because I have very scrupulously attached myself to following the fable. I even followed the story of Theseus, as it is in Plutarch.

It was in this historian that I found that what had given occasion to believe that Theseus had descended into hell to abduct Proserpina, was a trip that this prince had made in Epirus to the source of Acheron, to a king whose wife Pirithoüs wanted to kidnap, and who arrested Theseus prisoner, after having killed Pirithoüs. Thus I have tried to preserve the verisimilitude of the story, without losing any of the ornaments of the fable, which furnishes poetry extremely; and the rumor of Theseus’ death, based on this fabulous journey, gives rise to Phèdre to make a declaration of love which becomes one of the main causes of her misfortune, and which she would never have dared to do as long as she would have thought her husband was alive.

Besides, I still dare not assure that this play is indeed the best of my tragedies. I leave it to the readers and to the time to decide on its true price. What I can assure is that I have not done any where virtue is more brought to light than in this one; the slightest faults are severely punished there: the mere thought of crime is regarded with as much horror as the crime itself; the weaknesses of love pass there for real weaknesses: the passions are only presented to the eyes to show all the disorder to which they are the cause; and vice is painted there everywhere with colors which make its deformity known and hated. This is properly the goal that every man who works for the public must propose to himself; and that’s what the first tragic poets had everything in view. Their theater was a school where virtue was no less well taught than in the schools of the philosophers. Also Aristotle was kind enough to give rules of the dramatic poem; and Socrates, the wisest of philosophers, did not disdain to put his hand in the tragedies of Euripides. It would be hoped that our works were as solid and as full of useful instructions as those of these poets. This would perhaps be a way of reconciling the tragedy with many people famous for their piety and for their doctrine, who have condemned it in recent times and who would doubtless judge it more favorably, if the authors thought so much of instructing their spectators than to entertain them, and whether they followed in this the true intention of the tragedy.

• ↑   Act. III, sc  ii  .
• ↑  Æneid  . lib VII.

“Phèdre (Racine), Didot, 1854.”  Wikisource . 14 Oct 2017, 22:30 UTC. Oct. 14, 2017, <// fr.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Ph%C3%A8dre_(Racine), _ Didot, _1854 & oldid = 6983741> . The English version was transferred to Pressbooks by Ryerson Library. The texts in Wikisource are available under  the Creative Commons Attribution-Sharing license  under  the same conditions.

Phaedra: A Tragedy Copyright © 2020 by "Phèdre (Racine), Didot, 1854." Wikisource. 14 Oct 2017, 22:30 UTC. Oct. 14, 2017. The English version was transferred to Pressbooks by Ryerson Library. is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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L'histoire de Phèdre a inspiré de nombreux dramaturges, tels qu'Euripide ou Sénèque. Jean Racine s'est donc inspiré de cette figure de la mythologie grecque afin de créer une tragédie classique en cinq actes. Nous sommes à la scène 5 de l'acte II, soit le deuxième aveu de l'héroïne. La...

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How To Write A Dissertation Introduction

A Simple Explainer With Examples + Free Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Reviewed By Dr Eunice Rautenbach (D. Tech) | March 2020

If you’re reading this, you’re probably at the daunting early phases of writing up the introduction chapter of your dissertation or thesis. It can be intimidating, I know. 

In this post, we’ll look at the 7 essential ingredients of a strong dissertation or thesis introduction chapter, as well as the essential things you need to keep in mind as you craft each section. We’ll also share some useful tips to help you optimize your approach.

Overview: Writing An Introduction Chapter

• The purpose and function of the intro chapter
• Craft an enticing and engaging opening section
• Provide a background and context to the study
• Clearly define the research problem
• State your research aims, objectives and questions
• Explain the significance of your study
• Identify the limitations of your research
• Outline the structure of your dissertation or thesis

A quick sidenote:

You’ll notice that I’ve used the words dissertation and thesis interchangeably. While these terms reflect different levels of research – for example, Masters vs PhD-level research – the introduction chapter generally contains the same 7 essential ingredients regardless of level. So, in this post, dissertation introduction equals thesis introduction.

Start with why.

To craft a high-quality dissertation or thesis introduction chapter, you need to understand exactly what this chapter needs to achieve. In other words, what’s its purpose ? As the name suggests, the introduction chapter needs to introduce the reader to your research so that they understand what you’re trying to figure out, or what problem you’re trying to solve. More specifically, you need to answer four important questions in your introduction chapter.

These questions are:

• What will you be researching? (in other words, your research topic)
• Why is that worthwhile? (in other words, your justification)
• What will the scope of your research be? (in other words, what will you cover and what won’t you cover)
• What will the limitations of your research be? (in other words, what will the potential shortcomings of your research be?)

Simply put, your dissertation’s introduction chapter needs to provide an overview of your planned research , as well as a clear rationale for it. In other words, this chapter has to explain the “what” and the “why” of your research – what’s it all about and why’s that important.

Simple enough, right?

Well, the trick is finding the appropriate depth of information. As the researcher, you’ll be extremely close to your topic and this makes it easy to get caught up in the minor details. While these intricate details might be interesting, you need to write your introduction chapter on more of a “need-to-know” type basis, or it will end up way too lengthy and dense. You need to balance painting a clear picture with keeping things concise. Don’t worry though – you’ll be able to explore all the intricate details in later chapters.

Now that you understand what you need to achieve from your introduction chapter, we can get into the details. While the exact requirements for this chapter can vary from university to university, there are seven core components that most universities will require. We call these the seven essential ingredients . 

The 7 Essential Ingredients

• The opening section – where you’ll introduce the reader to your research in high-level terms
• The background to the study – where you’ll explain the context of your project
• The research problem – where you’ll explain the “gap” that exists in the current research
• The research aims , objectives and questions – where you’ll clearly state what your research will aim to achieve
• The significance (or justification) – where you’ll explain why your research is worth doing and the value it will provide to the world
• The limitations – where you’ll acknowledge the potential limitations of your project and approach
• The structure – where you’ll briefly outline the structure of your dissertation or thesis to help orient the reader

By incorporating these seven essential ingredients into your introduction chapter, you’ll comprehensively cover both the “ what ” and the “ why ” I mentioned earlier – in other words, you’ll achieve the purpose of the chapter.

Side note – you can also use these 7 ingredients in this order as the structure for your chapter to ensure a smooth, logical flow. This isn’t essential, but, generally speaking, it helps create an engaging narrative that’s easy for your reader to understand. If you’d like, you can also download our free introduction chapter template here.

Alright – let’s look at each of the ingredients now.

#1 – The Opening Section

The very first essential ingredient for your dissertation introduction is, well, an introduction or opening section. Just like every other chapter, your introduction chapter needs to start by providing a brief overview of what you’ll be covering in the chapter.

This section needs to engage the reader with clear, concise language that can be easily understood and digested. If the reader (your marker!) has to struggle through it, they’ll lose interest, which will make it harder for you to earn marks. Just because you’re writing an academic paper doesn’t mean you can ignore the basic principles of engaging writing used by marketers, bloggers, and journalists. At the end of the day, you’re all trying to sell an idea – yours is just a research idea.

So, what goes into this opening section?

Well, while there’s no set formula, it’s a good idea to include the following four foundational sentences in your opening section:

1 – A sentence or two introducing the overall field of your research.

For example:

“Organisational skills development involves identifying current or potential skills gaps within a business and developing programs to resolve these gaps. Management research, including X, Y and Z, has clearly established that organisational skills development is an essential contributor to business growth.”

2 – A sentence introducing your specific research problem.

“However, there are conflicting views and an overall lack of research regarding how best to manage skills development initiatives in highly dynamic environments where subject knowledge is rapidly and continuously evolving – for example, in the website development industry.”

3 – A sentence stating your research aims and objectives.

“This research aims to identify and evaluate skills development approaches and strategies for highly dynamic industries in which subject knowledge is continuously evolving.”.

4 – A sentence outlining the layout of the chapter.

“This chapter will provide an introduction to the study by first discussing the background and context, followed by the research problem, the research aims, objectives and questions, the significance and finally, the limitations.”

As I mentioned, this opening section of your introduction chapter shouldn’t be lengthy . Typically, these four sentences should fit neatly into one or two paragraphs, max. What you’re aiming for here is a clear, concise introduction to your research – not a detailed account.

PS – If some of this terminology sounds unfamiliar, don’t stress – I’ll explain each of the concepts later in this post.

#2 – Background to the study

Now that you’ve provided a high-level overview of your dissertation or thesis, it’s time to go a little deeper and lay a foundation for your research topic. This foundation is what the second ingredient is all about – the background to your study.

So, what is the background section all about?

Well, this section of your introduction chapter should provide a broad overview of the topic area that you’ll be researching, as well as the current contextual factors . This could include, for example, a brief history of the topic, recent developments in the area, key pieces of research in the area and so on. In other words, in this section, you need to provide the relevant background information to give the reader a decent foundational understanding of your research area.

Let’s look at an example to make this a little more concrete.

If we stick with the skills development topic I mentioned earlier, the background to the study section would start by providing an overview of the skills development area and outline the key existing research. Then, it would go on to discuss how the modern-day context has created a new challenge for traditional skills development strategies and approaches. Specifically, that in many industries, technical knowledge is constantly and rapidly evolving, and traditional education providers struggle to keep up with the pace of new technologies.

Importantly, you need to write this section with the assumption that the reader is not an expert in your topic area. So, if there are industry-specific jargon and complex terminology, you should briefly explain that here , so that the reader can understand the rest of your document.

Don’t make assumptions about the reader’s knowledge – in most cases, your markers will not be able to ask you questions if they don’t understand something. So, always err on the safe side and explain anything that’s not common knowledge.

#3 – The research problem

Now that you’ve given your reader an overview of your research area, it’s time to get specific about the research problem that you’ll address in your dissertation or thesis. While the background section would have alluded to a potential research problem (or even multiple research problems), the purpose of this section is to narrow the focus and highlight the specific research problem you’ll focus on.

But, what exactly is a research problem, you ask?

Well, a research problem can be any issue or question for which there isn’t already a well-established and agreed-upon answer in the existing research. In other words, a research problem exists when there’s a need to answer a question (or set of questions), but there’s a gap in the existing literature , or the existing research is conflicting and/or inconsistent.

So, to present your research problem, you need to make it clear what exactly is missing in the current literature and why this is a problem . It’s usually a good idea to structure this discussion into three sections – specifically:

• What’s already well-established in the literature (in other words, the current state of research)
• What’s missing in the literature (in other words, the literature gap)
• Why this is a problem (in other words, why it’s important to fill this gap)

Let’s look at an example of this structure using the skills development topic.

Organisational skills development is critically important for employee satisfaction and company performance (reference). Numerous studies have investigated strategies and approaches to manage skills development programs within organisations (reference).

(this paragraph explains what’s already well-established in the literature)

However, these studies have traditionally focused on relatively slow-paced industries where key skills and knowledge do not change particularly often. This body of theory presents a problem for industries that face a rapidly changing skills landscape – for example, the website development industry – where new platforms, languages and best practices emerge on an extremely frequent basis.

(this paragraph explains what’s missing from the literature)

As a result, the existing research is inadequate for industries in which essential knowledge and skills are constantly and rapidly evolving, as it assumes a slow pace of knowledge development. Industries in such environments, therefore, find themselves ill-equipped in terms of skills development strategies and approaches.

(this paragraph explains why the research gap is problematic)

As you can see in this example, in a few lines, we’ve explained (1) the current state of research, (2) the literature gap and (3) why that gap is problematic. By doing this, the research problem is made crystal clear, which lays the foundation for the next ingredient.

#4 – The research aims, objectives and questions

Now that you’ve clearly identified your research problem, it’s time to identify your research aims and objectives , as well as your research questions . In other words, it’s time to explain what you’re going to do about the research problem.

So, what do you need to do here?

Well, the starting point is to clearly state your research aim (or aims) . The research aim is the main goal or the overarching purpose of your dissertation or thesis. In other words, it’s a high-level statement of what you’re aiming to achieve.

Let’s look at an example, sticking with the skills development topic:

“Given the lack of research regarding organisational skills development in fast-moving industries, this study will aim to identify and evaluate the skills development approaches utilised by web development companies in the UK”.

As you can see in this example, the research aim is clearly outlined, as well as the specific context in which the research will be undertaken (in other words, web development companies in the UK).

Next up is the research objective (or objectives) . While the research aims cover the high-level “what”, the research objectives are a bit more practically oriented, looking at specific things you’ll be doing to achieve those research aims.

Let’s take a look at an example of some research objectives (ROs) to fit the research aim.

• RO1 – To identify common skills development strategies and approaches utilised by web development companies in the UK.
• RO2 – To evaluate the effectiveness of these strategies and approaches.
• RO3 – To compare and contrast these strategies and approaches in terms of their strengths and weaknesses.

As you can see from this example, these objectives describe the actions you’ll take and the specific things you’ll investigate in order to achieve your research aims. They break down the research aims into more specific, actionable objectives.

The final step is to state your research questions . Your research questions bring the aims and objectives another level “down to earth”. These are the specific questions that your dissertation or theses will seek to answer. They’re not fluffy, ambiguous or conceptual – they’re very specific and you’ll need to directly answer them in your conclusions chapter .

The research questions typically relate directly to the research objectives and sometimes can look a bit obvious, but they are still extremely important. Let’s take a look at an example of the research questions (RQs) that would flow from the research objectives I mentioned earlier.

• RQ1 – What skills development strategies and approaches are currently being used by web development companies in the UK?
• RQ2 – How effective are each of these strategies and approaches?
• RQ3 – What are the strengths and weaknesses of each of these strategies and approaches?

As you can see, the research questions mimic the research objectives , but they are presented in question format. These questions will act as the driving force throughout your dissertation or thesis – from the literature review to the methodology and onward – so they’re really important.

A final note about this section – it’s really important to be clear about the scope of your study (more technically, the delimitations ). In other words, what you WILL cover and what you WON’T cover. If your research aims, objectives and questions are too broad, you’ll risk losing focus or investigating a problem that is too big to solve within a single dissertation.

Simply put, you need to establish clear boundaries in your research. You can do this, for example, by limiting it to a specific industry, country or time period. That way, you’ll ringfence your research, which will allow you to investigate your topic deeply and thoroughly – which is what earns marks!

Need a helping hand?

#5 – Significance

Now that you’ve made it clear what you’ll be researching, it’s time to make a strong argument regarding your study’s importance and significance . In other words, now that you’ve covered the what, it’s time to cover the why – enter essential ingredient number 5 – significance.

Of course, by this stage, you’ve already briefly alluded to the importance of your study in your background and research problem sections, but you haven’t explicitly stated how your research findings will benefit the world . So, now’s your chance to clearly state how your study will benefit either industry , academia , or – ideally – both . In other words, you need to explain how your research will make a difference and what implications it will have .

Let’s take a look at an example.

“This study will contribute to the body of knowledge on skills development by incorporating skills development strategies and approaches for industries in which knowledge and skills are rapidly and constantly changing. This will help address the current shortage of research in this area and provide real-world value to organisations operating in such dynamic environments.”

As you can see in this example, the paragraph clearly explains how the research will help fill a gap in the literature and also provide practical real-world value to organisations.

This section doesn’t need to be particularly lengthy, but it does need to be convincing . You need to “sell” the value of your research here so that the reader understands why it’s worth committing an entire dissertation or thesis to it. This section needs to be the salesman of your research. So, spend some time thinking about the ways in which your research will make a unique contribution to the world and how the knowledge you create could benefit both academia and industry – and then “sell it” in this section.

#6 – The limitations

Now that you’ve “sold” your research to the reader and hopefully got them excited about what’s coming up in the rest of your dissertation, it’s time to briefly discuss the potential limitations of your research.

But you’re probably thinking, hold up – what limitations? My research is well thought out and carefully designed – why would there be limitations?

Well, no piece of research is perfect . This is especially true for a dissertation or thesis – which typically has a very low or zero budget, tight time constraints and limited researcher experience. Generally, your dissertation will be the first or second formal research project you’ve ever undertaken, so it’s unlikely to win any research awards…

Simply put, your research will invariably have limitations. Don’t stress yourself out though – this is completely acceptable (and expected). Even “professional” research has limitations – as I said, no piece of research is perfect. The key is to recognise the limitations upfront and be completely transparent about them, so that future researchers are aware of them and can improve the study’s design to minimise the limitations and strengthen the findings.

Generally, you’ll want to consider at least the following four common limitations. These are:

• Your scope – for example, perhaps your focus is very narrow and doesn’t consider how certain variables interact with each other.
• Your research methodology – for example, a qualitative methodology could be criticised for being overly subjective, or a quantitative methodology could be criticised for oversimplifying the situation (learn more about methodologies here ).
• Your resources – for example, a lack of time, money, equipment and your own research experience.
• The generalisability of your findings – for example, the findings from the study of a specific industry or country can’t necessarily be generalised to other industries or countries.

Don’t be shy here. There’s no use trying to hide the limitations or weaknesses of your research. In fact, the more critical you can be of your study, the better. The markers want to see that you are aware of the limitations as this demonstrates your understanding of research design – so be brutal.

#7 – The structural outline

Now that you’ve clearly communicated what your research is going to be about, why it’s important and what the limitations of your research will be, the final ingredient is the structural outline.The purpose of this section is simply to provide your reader with a roadmap of what to expect in terms of the structure of your dissertation or thesis.

In this section, you’ll need to provide a brief summary of each chapter’s purpose and contents (including the introduction chapter). A sentence or two explaining what you’ll do in each chapter is generally enough to orient the reader. You don’t want to get too detailed here – it’s purely an outline, not a summary of your research.

Let’s look at an example:

In Chapter One, the context of the study has been introduced. The research objectives and questions have been identified, and the value of such research argued. The limitations of the study have also been discussed.

In Chapter Two, the existing literature will be reviewed and a foundation of theory will be laid out to identify key skills development approaches and strategies within the context of fast-moving industries, especially technology-intensive industries.

In Chapter Three, the methodological choices will be explored. Specifically, the adoption of a qualitative, inductive research approach will be justified, and the broader research design will be discussed, including the limitations thereof.

So, as you can see from the example, this section is simply an outline of the chapter structure, allocating a short paragraph to each chapter. Done correctly, the outline will help your reader understand what to expect and reassure them that you’ll address the multiple facets of the study.

By the way – if you’re unsure of how to structure your dissertation or thesis, be sure to check out our video post which explains dissertation structure .

Keep calm and carry on.

Hopefully you feel a bit more prepared for this challenge of crafting your dissertation or thesis introduction chapter now. Take a deep breath and remember that Rome wasn’t built in a day – conquer one ingredient at a time and you’ll be firmly on the path to success.

Let’s quickly recap – the 7 ingredients are:

• The opening section – where you give a brief, high-level overview of what your research will be about.
• The study background – where you introduce the reader to key theory, concepts and terminology, as well as the context of your study.
• The research problem – where you explain what the problem with the current research is. In other words, the research gap.
• The research aims , objectives and questions – where you clearly state what your dissertation will investigate.
• The significance – where you explain what value your research will provide to the world.
• The limitations – where you explain what the potential shortcomings and limitations of your research may be.
• The structural outline – where you provide a high-level overview of the structure of your document

If you bake these ingredients into your dissertation introduction chapter, you’ll be well on your way to building an engaging introduction chapter that lays a rock-solid foundation for the rest of your document.

Remember, while we’ve covered the essential ingredients here, there may be some additional components that your university requires, so be sure to double-check your project brief!

Psst... there’s more!

This post was based on one of our popular Research Bootcamps . If you're working on a research project, you'll definitely want to check this out ...

44 Comments

Thanks very much for such an insight. I feel confident enough in undertaking my thesis on the survey;The future of facial recognition and learning non verbal interaction

Glad to hear that. Good luck with your thesis!

Thanks very much for such an insight. I feel confident now undertaking my thesis; The future of facial recognition and learning non verbal interaction.

Thanks so much for this article. I found myself struggling and wasting a lot of time in my thesis writing but after reading this article and watching some of your youtube videos, I now have a clear understanding of what is required for a thesis.

Thank you Derek, i find your each post so useful. Keep it up.

Thank you so much Derek ,for shedding the light and making it easier for me to handle the daunting task of academic writing .

Thanks do much Dereck for the comprehensive guide. It will assist me queit a lot in my thesis.

thanks a lot for helping

i LOVE the gifs, such a fun way to engage readers. thanks for the advice, much appreciated

Thanks a lot Derek! It will be really useful to the beginner in research!

You’re welcome

This is a well written, easily comprehensible, simple introduction to the basics of a Research Dissertation../the need to keep the reader in mind while writing the dissertation is an important point that is covered../ I appreciate the efforts of the author../

The instruction given are perfect and clear. I was supposed to take the course , unfortunately in Nepal the service is not avaialble.However, I am much more hopeful that you will provide require documents whatever you have produced so far.

Thank you very much

Thanks so much ❤️😘 I feel am ready to start writing my research methodology

This is genuinely the most effective advice I have ever been given regarding academia. Thank you so much!

This is one of the best write up I have seen in my road to PhD thesis. regards, this write up update my knowledge of research

I was looking for some good blogs related to Education hopefully your article will help. Thanks for sharing.

This is an awesome masterpiece. It is one of the most comprehensive guides to writing a Dissertation/Thesis I have seen and read.

You just saved me from going astray in writing a Dissertation for my undergraduate studies. I could not be more grateful for such a relevant guide like this. Thank you so much.

Thank you so much Derek, this has been extremely helpful!!

I do have one question though, in the limitations part do you refer to the scope as the focus of the research on a specific industry/country/chronological period? I assume that in order to talk about whether or not the research could be generalized, the above would need to be already presented and described in the introduction.

Thank you again!

Phew! You have genuinely rescued me. I was stuck how to go about my thesis. Now l have started. Thank you.

This is the very best guide in anything that has to do with thesis or dissertation writing. The numerous blends of examples and detailed insights make it worth a read and in fact, a treasure that is worthy to be bookmarked.

Thanks a lot for this masterpiece!

Powerful insight. I can now take a step

Thank you very much for these valuable introductions to thesis chapters. I saw all your videos about writing the introduction, discussion, and conclusion chapter. Then, I am wondering if we need to explain our research limitations in all three chapters, introduction, discussion, and conclusion? Isn’t it a bit redundant? If not, could you please explain how can we write in different ways? Thank you.

Excellent!!! Thank you…

Thanks for this informative content. I have a question. The research gap is mentioned in both the introduction and literature section. I would like to know how can I demonstrate the research gap in both sections without repeating the contents?

I’m incredibly grateful for this invaluable content. I’ve been dreading compiling my postgrad thesis but breaking each chapter down into sections has made it so much easier for me to engage with the material without feeling overwhelmed. After relying on your guidance, I’m really happy with how I’ve laid out my introduction.

Thank you for the informative content you provided

Hi Derrick and Team, thank you so much for the comprehensive guide on how to write a dissertation or a thesis introduction section. For some of us first-timers, it is a daunting task. However, the instruction with relevant examples makes it clear and easy to follow through. Much appreciated.

It was so helpful. God Bless you. Thanks very much

I thank you Grad coach for your priceless help. I have two questions I have learned from your video the limitations of the research presented in chapter one. but in another video also presented in chapter five. which chapter limitation should be included? If possible, I need your answer since I am doing my thesis. how can I explain If I am asked what is my motivation for this research?

You explain what moment in life caused you to have a peaked interest in the thesis topic. Personal experiences? Or something that had an impact on your life, or others. Something would have caused your drive of topic. Dig deep inside, the answer is within you!

Thank you guys for the great work you are doing. Honestly, you have made the research to be interesting and simplified. Even a novice will easily grasp the ideas you put forward, Thank you once again.

Excellent piece!

I feel like just settling for a good topic is usually the hardest part.

Thank you so much. My confidence has been completely destroyed during my first year of PhD and you have helped me pull myself together again

Happy to help 🙂

I am so glad I ran into your resources and did not waste time doing the wrong this. Research is now making so much sense now.

Gratitude to Derrick and the team I was looking for a solid article that would aid me in drafting the thesis’ introduction. I felt quite happy when I came across the piece you wrote because it was so well-written and insightful. I wish you success in the future.

thank you so much. God Bless you

Thank you so much Grad Coach for these helpful insights. Now I can get started, with a great deal of confidence.

It’s ‘alluded to’ not ‘eluded to’.

This is great!

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• Dissertation

How to Write a Thesis or Dissertation Introduction

Published on September 7, 2022 by Tegan George and Shona McCombes. Revised on November 21, 2023.

The introduction is the first section of your thesis or dissertation , appearing right after the table of contents . Your introduction draws your reader in, setting the stage for your research with a clear focus, purpose, and direction on a relevant topic .

Your introduction should include:

• Your topic, in context: what does your reader need to know to understand your thesis dissertation?
• Your focus and scope: what specific aspect of the topic will you address?
• The relevance of your research: how does your work fit into existing studies on your topic?
• Your questions and objectives: what does your research aim to find out, and how?
• An overview of your structure: what does each section contribute to the overall aim?

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Table of contents

How to start your introduction, topic and context, focus and scope, relevance and importance, questions and objectives, overview of the structure, thesis introduction example, introduction checklist, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about introductions.

Although your introduction kicks off your dissertation, it doesn’t have to be the first thing you write — in fact, it’s often one of the very last parts to be completed (just before your abstract ).

It’s a good idea to write a rough draft of your introduction as you begin your research, to help guide you. If you wrote a research proposal , consider using this as a template, as it contains many of the same elements. However, be sure to revise your introduction throughout the writing process, making sure it matches the content of your ensuing sections.

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Begin by introducing your dissertation topic and giving any necessary background information. It’s important to contextualize your research and generate interest. Aim to show why your topic is timely or important. You may want to mention a relevant news item, academic debate, or practical problem.

After a brief introduction to your general area of interest, narrow your focus and define the scope of your research.

You can narrow this down in many ways, such as by:

• Geographical area
• Time period
• Demographics or communities
• Themes or aspects of the topic

It’s essential to share your motivation for doing this research, as well as how it relates to existing work on your topic. Further, you should also mention what new insights you expect it will contribute.

Start by giving a brief overview of the current state of research. You should definitely cite the most relevant literature, but remember that you will conduct a more in-depth survey of relevant sources in the literature review section, so there’s no need to go too in-depth in the introduction.

Depending on your field, the importance of your research might focus on its practical application (e.g., in policy or management) or on advancing scholarly understanding of the topic (e.g., by developing theories or adding new empirical data). In many cases, it will do both.

Ultimately, your introduction should explain how your thesis or dissertation:

• Helps solve a practical or theoretical problem
• Addresses a gap in the literature
• Builds on existing research
• Proposes a new understanding of your topic

Perhaps the most important part of your introduction is your questions and objectives, as it sets up the expectations for the rest of your thesis or dissertation. How you formulate your research questions and research objectives will depend on your discipline, topic, and focus, but you should always clearly state the central aim of your research.

If your research aims to test hypotheses , you can formulate them here. Your introduction is also a good place for a conceptual framework that suggests relationships between variables .

• Conduct surveys to collect data on students’ levels of knowledge, understanding, and positive/negative perceptions of government policy.
• Determine whether attitudes to climate policy are associated with variables such as age, gender, region, and social class.
• Conduct interviews to gain qualitative insights into students’ perspectives and actions in relation to climate policy.

To help guide your reader, end your introduction with an outline  of the structure of the thesis or dissertation to follow. Share a brief summary of each chapter, clearly showing how each contributes to your central aims. However, be careful to keep this overview concise: 1-2 sentences should be enough.

I. Introduction

Human language consists of a set of vowels and consonants which are combined to form words. During the speech production process, thoughts are converted into spoken utterances to convey a message. The appropriate words and their meanings are selected in the mental lexicon (Dell & Burger, 1997). This pre-verbal message is then grammatically coded, during which a syntactic representation of the utterance is built.

Speech, language, and voice disorders affect the vocal cords, nerves, muscles, and brain structures, which result in a distorted language reception or speech production (Sataloff & Hawkshaw, 2014). The symptoms vary from adding superfluous words and taking pauses to hoarseness of the voice, depending on the type of disorder (Dodd, 2005). However, distortions of the speech may also occur as a result of a disease that seems unrelated to speech, such as multiple sclerosis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

This study aims to determine which acoustic parameters are suitable for the automatic detection of exacerbations in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by investigating which aspects of speech differ between COPD patients and healthy speakers and which aspects differ between COPD patients in exacerbation and stable COPD patients.

Checklist: Introduction

I have introduced my research topic in an engaging way.

I have provided necessary context to help the reader understand my topic.

I have clearly specified the focus of my research.

I have shown the relevance and importance of the dissertation topic .

I have clearly stated the problem or question that my research addresses.

I have outlined the specific objectives of the research .

I have provided an overview of the dissertation’s structure .

You've written a strong introduction for your thesis or dissertation. Use the other checklists to continue improving your dissertation.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

Research bias

• Survivorship bias
• Self-serving bias
• Availability heuristic
• Halo effect
• Hindsight bias
• Deep learning
• Generative AI
• Machine learning
• Reinforcement learning
• Supervised vs. unsupervised learning

 (AI) Tools

• Grammar Checker
• Paraphrasing Tool
• Text Summarizer
• AI Detector
• Plagiarism Checker
• Citation Generator

The introduction of a research paper includes several key elements:

• A hook to catch the reader’s interest
• Relevant background on the topic
• Details of your research problem

and your problem statement

• A thesis statement or research question
• Sometimes an overview of the paper

Don’t feel that you have to write the introduction first. The introduction is often one of the last parts of the research paper you’ll write, along with the conclusion.

This is because it can be easier to introduce your paper once you’ve already written the body ; you may not have the clearest idea of your arguments until you’ve written them, and things can change during the writing process .

Research objectives describe what you intend your research project to accomplish.

They summarize the approach and purpose of the project and help to focus your research.

Your objectives should appear in the introduction of your research paper , at the end of your problem statement .

Scope of research is determined at the beginning of your research process , prior to the data collection stage. Sometimes called “scope of study,” your scope delineates what will and will not be covered in your project. It helps you focus your work and your time, ensuring that you’ll be able to achieve your goals and outcomes.

Defining a scope can be very useful in any research project, from a research proposal to a thesis or dissertation . A scope is needed for all types of research: quantitative , qualitative , and mixed methods .

To define your scope of research, consider the following:

• Budget constraints or any specifics of grant funding
• Your proposed timeline and duration
• Specifics about your population of study, your proposed sample size , and the research methodology you’ll pursue
• Any inclusion and exclusion criteria
• Any anticipated control , extraneous , or confounding variables that could bias your research if not accounted for properly.

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What is a Dissertation Preface? Definition and Examples 

A dissertation preface is an integral part of the dissertation writing process for both graduate and doctoral students. Even though the preface is found at the beginning of the dissertation, it is essentially a task that authors engage in at the very end of their dissertation work.  

What is a Dissertation Preface?  

A dissertation preface is a section that precedes the main body of your dissertation. Unlike other sections of the dissertation, which are strictly academic and formal, the preface offers a more personal touch as it provides context and insight into your research journey. In this section, the author outlines the background and criticality of the work they have done, acknowledges contributions, and reflects on the experiences and challenges they faced during the research process. 

The dissertation preface serves various purposes, including:  

• Providing context : The key purpose is to provide the study’s main context so that the reader can understand its relevance and scope. 
• Sharing the author’s experience in writing the document : In the preface, there is space for the author’s personal reflections as they talk about the importance of the work, personal experiences, and issues and challenges they would have faced. The author can discuss their research goals, the particular research methods that were utilized, and the reasons for their choice. 
• Expressing the author’s motivation : The preface is also used to express the interests or motivations that led to the research and its writing.  
• Acknowledging contributions : Although a separate acknowledgements section is often included, most authors choose to mention key institutions, faculty, mentors, family, and friends who contributed in significant ways to the research.  

What to include in a dissertation preface?  

Here are the essential components that should be covered in a dissertation preface: 

• A short personal background of the author. 
• A brief account of your personal experiences with the study matter or circumstances that inspired you to conduct the research. 
• A brief description of how you did your research and any challenges during the research process. 
• Mention the target audience of your dissertation. 
• In the closing of the preface, provide your name and place. And date of writing. 

Is Preface and Acknowledgements same?  

While both the preface and the acknowledgements sections are personal, they are two very distinct sections that serve different purposes and are placed differently within a dissertation. Usually, dissertations contain either a preface or an acknowledgement section. As detailed above, the preface provides context, shares personal experiences while writing and the circumstances that motivated the conduct of the study. Institutions and critical individuals are also acknowledged for their contributions. The acknowledgements section is focused entirely on expressing gratitude to all persons and institutions that contributed significantly to the research and dissertation writing process. 

How to write a dissertation preface?  

• Provide a brief introduction to your topic: Begin with an engaging statement or anecdote that captures the reader’s attention and introduces your dissertation topic. Offer a glimpse of the content, key topics you discuss, and why your central theme or argument is crucial to be studied in depth. 
• Express what inspired you to conduct the study: Briefly discuss the rationale for your research, including aspects that motivated you to delve deeper into the study. 
• Detail your research process: Mention how you conducted the research, the setbacks or challenges, the choice of methods and so on can be outlined. 
• Specify your target audience: This is important to engage the interest of the concerned people in your research work. 
• Thank those who supported your research and dissertation: Give due credit to the people and institutions that helped you complete your research and dissertation. 

Preface example  

Understanding the existential issue of climate change and its impact on our environment, specifically on fragile coral reef ecosystems, has been a persistent goal for me since high school. The work before you is the result of this passion and my desire to discover ways to mitigate the damages caused by quickly changing climate conditions.  Over the years, I have followed and put in many years of research and hard work to find ways to preserve these “rainforests of the sea.” Engaging with subject experts and advocates of environmental sustainability across academic circles and also the industry gave me the necessary wherewithal to start thinking of this research work.   

As I went along this challenging journey, I learned many things that have enriched this study. From navigating the complexities of data collection to balancing academic commitments, each step taught me valuable lessons in perseverance and critical thinking. This would not have been possible without the encouragement and support of many people.   

I am deeply grateful to my mentor and supervisor, Professor Janine Forsythe, for her guidance and support throughout this project. Her expertise and encouragement were invaluable in my research. A special thanks to my faculty for their support and for providing me with an enriching research environment. It would be remiss of me not to mention and thank the National Endowment Fund for providing me with the necessary grant, without which this work would not have been completed. Lastly, I am grateful to my family and friends for putting up with my long working hours and often distracted self. I hope my work will inspire others to take up further research and study in this field.  

Peter Morris  

Washington DC, 11 June 2022  

  In writing the dissertation preface, always remember to keep it brief, engaging, and impactful. Providing a personalized account of your motivations and study approach helps the intended audience to relate to your work. While you can write in the first person, ensure that you do not stray from an academic tone.

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Related Reads:

• What is an Argumentative Essay? How to Write It (With Examples)
• How to Write a Scientific Paper in 10 Steps 
• What is a Literature Review? How to Write It (with Examples)

How to Choose a Dissertation Topic

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2020 Bulkers: Smart Asset Sales Cut Net Debt By 40%

• 2020 Bulkers is a small shipping company with a strong financial performance so far this year.
• The company's strategy of selling assets has helped improve its balance sheet and generate significant cash flow.
• Despite positive results, I remain cautious about the long-term outlook for bulk vessels, but I definitely consider 2020 Bulkers a top choice for exposure.
• Looking for a helping hand in the market? Members of European Small-Cap Ideas get exclusive ideas and guidance to navigate any climate. Learn More »

Larina Marina/iStock via Getty Images

Introduction

It’s been almost three years since I started covering 2020 Bulkers ( OTCPK:TTBKF ) a small shipping company focusing on bulk vessels. The company is run by Norwegians but is headquartered in Bermuda, where the tax regime is much better for a company like 2020.

Earlier this year, in February, I moved to the sidelines as I wasn’t quite sure what I could expect from the bulk shipping sector, and the share price had just run up by about 50%. That’s why I was a bit more careful but I wanted to continue to keep an eye on the company as it remains one of the better companies to gain exposure to the bulk shipping sector thanks to its small, versatile and young fleet.

Yahoo Finance

As mentioned in the previous article, I’d recommend to trade in 2020 Bulkers' shares through the facilities of the Oslo Stock Exchange where the company is trading with 2020 as its ticker symbol. There are currently 22.9M shares outstanding, resulting in a market capitalization of 3.4B NOK. That's around $330M using the current exchange rate of approximately 10.50 NOK per USD.

The freight rates remained higher for longer

After a stronger than expected first quarter, 2020 Bulkers’ financial results in the second half of the year were also somewhat stronger than I had anticipated. As you can see below, the total revenue from the normal operations came in at just over $18M and the main reason why the total reported revenue came in at almost $39M and the operating profit at $32M is the fact that the company includes the gain on the sale of a vessel in the revenue rather than booking it as a finance gain. So while the $32.1M operating profit definitely is phenomenal, keep in mind the underlying operating profit, excluding the impact of the sale of a vessel, was just under $12M.

2020 Bulkers Investor Relations

As explained in my previous article, the company’s financial management and debt strategy is very sound, and the interest expenses remain very low (and continued to decrease as the proceeds from asset sales were used to retire debt). This, in combination with having its tax domicile in Bermuda, resulted in a net income of $31.1M in the second quarter of the year, which brought the H1 2024 net profit to $59.6M. Keep in mind almost 70% of the pre-tax income was generated from the sale of those vessels.

The cash flow statement provides a better look under the hood as the impact of the gain on the sale of vessels is filtered out. As you can see below, the reported operating cash flow was $10.5M in the second quarter, although this includes approximately $2.6M in working capital changes, so on an adjusted basis, the operating cash flow was closer to $13M.

That’s pretty consistent with the results we have seen in the first quarter, as the company’s adjusted operating cash flow in the first half of the year came in at just under $27M. And then of course the almost $126M cash inflow in the first half that was related to the sale of vessels is what was a tremendous help to the balance sheet as the company used the majority of the proceeds to pay down debt while shareholders were treated to some outsized dividends . The total number of dividends that has been distributed on a year to date basis was approximately 29.57 NOK per share, which represented just over $2.60 per share when they were declared (as 2020 Bulkers reports its financial results in USD, its dividends are generally declared in USD as well before the company calculates the corresponding amount in NOK.

I truly tip my hat to the performance of the 2020 Bulkers. Additionally, I like management’s strategy to sell assets, as this will allow the company to recycle the capital and perhaps become a buyer again if/when prices for vessels come down.

Meanwhile, the third quarter of the year also started pretty strong for the company as it achieved earnings of $37,600/day on a gross basis , and that’s approximately 10% higher than the time charter equivalent rate it earned in the second quarter of the year.

2020 Bulkers also provides a sensitivity analysis to make it easier for its investors to figure out how much free cash flow the company will generate based on the different charter rates. So even at the lower rate of $25,000/day, the net free cash flow result would be around 24 NOK. Not bad considering the stock is trading below 150 NOK per share.

Investment thesis

It looks like I moved to the sidelines prematurely as the bulk charter rates remained stronger than I had anticipated while the sale of the two vessels earlier this year has really spiked the company’s earnings (of course on a non-recurring basis). But more importantly, the total gross debt level was cut by in excess of 40% and at the end of the first semester, the company had a net debt position of approximately $90M, backed by over $250M in vessels based on their book value. But as we saw with the recent sales, the fair value of the vessels is likely quite a bit higher than the book value.

Despite all these elements, I’m still on the sidelines, as I am not very comfortable with the longer-term outlook for bulk vessels. But as I consider 2020 Bulkers to be one of the best-managed dry bulk shipping companies out there, the company tops my list as a candidate to get exposure.

Editor's Note: This article discusses one or more securities that do not trade on a major U.S. exchange. Please be aware of the risks associated with these stocks.

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This article was written by

The Investment Doctor is a financial writer, highlighting European small-caps with a 5-7 year investment horizon. He strongly believes a portfolio should consist of a mixture of dividend and growth stocks.

Analyst’s Disclosure: I/we have no stock, option or similar derivative position in any of the companies mentioned, and no plans to initiate any such positions within the next 72 hours. I wrote this article myself, and it expresses my own opinions. I am not receiving compensation for it (other than from Seeking Alpha). I have no business relationship with any company whose stock is mentioned in this article.

Seeking Alpha's Disclosure: Past performance is no guarantee of future results. No recommendation or advice is being given as to whether any investment is suitable for a particular investor. Any views or opinions expressed above may not reflect those of Seeking Alpha as a whole. Seeking Alpha is not a licensed securities dealer, broker or US investment adviser or investment bank. Our analysts are third party authors that include both professional investors and individual investors who may not be licensed or certified by any institute or regulatory body.

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