how to harvard reference department of education

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Answered by: site admin last updated: aug 10, 2023 views: 164968.

Following a webpage format in the Cite Them Right Harvard style , references should appear as follows:

The primary curriculum

Department for Education (2013) The national curriculum in England: key stages 1 and 2 framework document. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-primary-curriculum (Accessed: 16 May 2022).

The secondary curriculum

Department for Education (2014) The national curriculum in England: key stages 3 and 4 framework document. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-curriculum-in-england-secondary-curriculum (Accessed: 16 May 2022).

When citing either document, remember to cite the author of the document, for example:

The Department for Education's (DfE, 2013) framework document sets the context and aims of the primary curriculum.

The primary curriculum framework emphasises the provision of PSHE in schools (Department for Education, 2013).

Further documentation, including programmes of study by subject, can be found on the National Curriculum page of the gov.uk website . The National Archives contains information about older QCA schemes of work .

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Harvard Style Guide: Official publications

Introduction
Harvard Tutorial
In-text citations
Book with one author
Book with two or three authors
Book with four or more authors
Book with a corporate author
Book with editor
Chapter in an edited book
Translated book
Translated ancient texts
Print journal article, one author
Print journal article, two or three authors
Print journal article, four or more authors
eJournal article
Journal article ePublication (ahead of print)
Secondary sources
Generative AI
Images or photographs
Lectures/ presentations
Film/ television
YouTube Film or Talk
Music/ audio
Encyclopaedia and dictionaries
Email communication
Conferences
Official publications
Book reviews
Case studies
Group or individual assignments
Legal Cases (Law Reports)
No date of publication
Personal communications
Repository item
Citing same author, multiple works, same year

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Report/Government agency publication

Reference : Name of government department (Year) Title . Place of publication: Publisher (Series if applicable). Available at: URL [Accessed Day Month Year].

Example : Department of Health & Children (2006) ‘ A vision for change’ report of the expert group on mental health policy '. Dublin: Stationery Office. Available at: http://www.dohc.ie/publications/vision_for_change.html [Accessed 11 April 2010].

In-Text-Citation :

Department (Year)
(Department, Year)
The Department of Health & Children (2006) have shown….
In a similar report (Department of Health & Children, 2006) it was shown…

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .

Still unsure why you need to reference all this information? Check here .

Parliamentary and legal material

Reference : Government of Country. Title (Year) Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example : Government of Ireland. Human Rights Commission Act. (2000) Dublin: Stationery Office.

(Country. Title of Legislation Year )
Legislation outlawing any barriers to education (Ireland. Human Rights Commission Act 2000 )....

Still unsure what in-text citation and referencing mean? Check here .

EU publications

Reference : Name of EU Institution (Year) Title . Place of Publication: Publisher.

Example : European Commission (2003) Making globalisation work for everyone . Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.

(Name of EU Institution, Year)
The predicted growth (European Commission, 2003) did not occur….

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Bibliography
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Religious text
Thesis or dissertation
Translated work
Census data
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Mathematical equation
Scientific dataset
Book illustration, Figure or Diagram
Inscription on a building
Installation
Painting or Drawing
Interview (on the internet)
Interview (newspaper)
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Act of the UK parliament (statute)
Bill (House of Commons/Lords)
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Personal communication
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Referencing glossary

Government/Official publications

To be made up of:

Name of government department or committee.
Year of publication (in round brackets).
Title (in italics).
Place of publication: publisher.
Series or paper number (in brackets) - if applicable.

In-text citation:

(Great Britain. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011).

Reference list:

Great Britain. Department of Education Science (1991). History in the national curriculum (England) . London: HMSO. (DES circular no. 4/91)

Online Government/Official publication

Follow the same format as for a print publication, and add:

Available at: URL.
(Accessed: date).

Great Britain. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (2011). Bigger, better business: Helping small firms start, grow and prosper . Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/32225/11-515-bigger-better-business-helping-small-firms.pdf (Accessed: 21 June 2013).

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Cite A Government publication in Harvard style

Select style:
Archive material
Chapter of an edited book
Conference proceedings
Dictionary entry
Dissertation
DVD, video, or film
E-book or PDF
Edited book
Encyclopedia article
Government publication
Music or recording
Online image or video
Presentation
Press release
Religious text

Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a government publication. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator .

Reference list

Place this part in your bibliography or reference list at the end of your assignment.

In-text citation

Place this part right after the quote or reference to the source in your assignment.

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How to cite a Court case in Harvard style
How to cite a Dictionary entry in Harvard style
How to cite a Dissertation in Harvard style
How to cite a E-book or PDF in Harvard style
How to cite a Edited book in Harvard style
How to cite a Email in Harvard style
How to cite a Encyclopedia article in Harvard style
How to cite a Government publication in Harvard style
How to cite a Interview in Harvard style
How to cite a Legislation in Harvard style
How to cite a Magazine in Harvard style
How to cite a Music or recording in Harvard style
How to cite a Newspaper in Harvard style
How to cite a Patent in Harvard style
How to cite a Podcast in Harvard style
How to cite a Presentation or lecture in Harvard style
How to cite a Press release in Harvard style
How to cite a Religious text in Harvard style
How to cite a Report in Harvard style
How to cite a Software in Harvard style

How it works

How to Cite a Government Website or Report in Harvard Style

Published by Alaxendra Bets at August 27th, 2021 , Revised On August 23, 2023

In Harvard referencing, the basic format for citing government publications is like that of a book.

The basic format for in-text citations is: (Author Surname, Year Published). And that for reference list entries is: Author Surname, Author Initial. (Year Published). Title in italics. City: Publisher, p.#.

For example:

In-text citation: Report bullying; advocate for no cyber bullying (Ministry of Education, 2014)

Reference list entry: Ministry of Education, (2014). Character Citizenship Education – Cyberwellness . Singapore, p.24.

However, government websites or reports themselves can have many other types of material included in them. Furthermore, some details—such as author name—might be missing or is the same as, for instance, the title of the government itself. In such cases, Harvard referencing slightly varies for citing such sources. They are further discussed below.

Types of Government Sources and How They’re Cited in Harvard Style

1. government documents with departmental author(s).

Sometimes, a government website may publish content according to department names instead of author names. For instance, an article might be listed under the category or ‘department’ of commerce. Such publications follow this format according to Harvard referencing style:

In-Text Citation: (Name of Government Organization Year) OR (Name of Government Organization Year, page number)

Reference list entry: Name of Government Name, Name of Government Agency Year, Title in italics (Report No. xxx [if available]), Publisher, Place of Publication. Government Name, Name of Government Agency Year, Title (Report No. xxx [if available]), Publisher, Place of Publication, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

For example:

In-text citation: (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2016) (Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2016, p. 149)

Reference list entry: Department of Industry, Innovation and Science 2016, How regional universities drive regional innovation , viewed 22 March 2016, <http://www.industry.gov.au/Office-of-the-ChiefEconomist/Publications/Document/How-regional-universities-drive-regional-innovationreport.pdf>.

Example of a government document with a departmental author in print form:

In-Text Citation: (Department of Education, Science and Training 2006) OR (Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, p. 5)

Reference list entry: Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, The Australian Government’s innovation report 2005-06: real results, real jobs , Dept. of Education, Science and Training, Canberra.

Example of a government document with a departmental author in electronic (online) form:

In-Text Citation: (Foreign Investment Review Board 2012) OR (Foreign Investment Review Board 2012, p. 1)

Reference list entry: Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) 2012, Australia’s foreign investment framework , FIRB, Canberra, viewed 24 September 2013, <http://www.firb.gov.au/content/guidance/downloads/gn1_jan2012.pdf>.

2. Government Documents with Individual Author(s)

If a government website mentions one or more authors, they’re cited and referenced using the following Harvard format:

In-text citation: (Author Surname Year) OR (Author Surname Year, p.# if available)

Reference list entry: Author Surname, Initial(s) Year, Title in italics (Report No. xxx [if available]), Publisher, Place of Publication.

The important point to note: Harvard referencing uses the same format for both print and electronic government documents having individual author(s).

Some examples are:

Example of a government document with individual author published online:

In-text citation: (Henry et al. 2010) OR (Henry et al. 2010, p. 14)

Reference list entry: Henry, DK, Harmer, J, Piggott, J, Rideout, H & Smith, G 2010, Australia’s future tax system , Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Treasury, Canberra, viewed 24 April 2011, <http://taxreview.treasury.gov.au/content/

content.aspx?doc=html/pubs_reports.htm>.

Example of a government document with individual author published in print:

In-text citation: (Dawkins 1987) OR (Dawkins 1987, p. 16)

Reference list entry: Dawkins, J 1987, Higher education: a policy discussion paper , Australian Government Publication Service, Canberra.

3. Government Publications Published Online

These publications mostly include articles, reports and the like. No matter which types of material it is, Harvard style uses the following format for in-text and reference list entry for online government publications:

In-Text citation: (Government Year) OR (Government Year, page number)

Reference list entry: Name of Government Year, Title of publication(s) in italics, Publisher, Place of Publication if applicable, viewed Date Month Year, <URL>.

Here are some examples of online government publications in the above format:

In-text citation: (South Australia State Government 2001)

Reference list entry: South Australia State Government 2001, Midyear budget review , Department of Treasury and Finance (South Australia), viewed 8 May 2002, <http://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/finance/pdf/ mybr2001-02.pdf>

In-text citation: (Australian Government 2004)

Reference list entry: Australian Government 2004, Australia’s demographic challenges, Commonwealth of Australia, Canberra, viewed 20 August 2012, <http://demographics.treasury.gov.au/content/_download/australias_demographic_challenges/australias_demographic_challenges.pdf>.

4. Hansard (Parliament debates in Print Form)

Parliamentary debates are officially referred to as Hansard. This term is specific to the UK only. Hansard report and articles published are cited and referenced in the same way as other printed government documents, for example:

In-text citation: Australia, Senate 2000, Debates , vol. S25, p. 65 OR

Australia, House of Representatives 2000, Debates , vol. HR103, pp. 2-9

In-text citation: Mr. Ruddock outlined the two initiatives … (Australia, House of Representatives 2001, pp. 24483-24488).

Reference list entry: Australia, House of Representatives 2001, Parliament debates , vol. HR238, pp 24483-24488.

5. Hansard Online Publications

When citing and referencing online material published by Hansard, in case the volume number is not available, the day on which the debate occurred is used instead, while the remaining format is the same as for sources mentioned above. For example, the reference list entry for the source given above under Hansard print will be:

Reference list entry: Australia, House of Representatives 2016, Debates , no.6, Wednesday, 23 November, viewed 20 January 2017, <http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/>.

In-text citation: Mr. Singh (Australia, Senate 2015, p. 3235) addressed the issue of …

Reference list entry: Australia, Senate 2015, Parliamentary Debates , no. 5, 14 May, viewed 30 May 2016, http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Hansard/ Hanssen261110#2015

6. Books Published by Governmental Organizations

In-text citation: … in the case of an institution (Australian Government Publishing Service 1987, p. 3).

Reference list entry: Australian Government Publishing Service 1987, Commonwealth Printing and Publishing Manual, 2nd edn, A.G.P.S., Canberra, ACT.

Note: In Harvard referencing style, ‘edn.’ is used instead of ‘ed.’ to denote ‘edition.’

7. Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) Publications

The Harvard format for citing documents from Australian Bureau of Statistics contains the following important elements:

‘Australian Bureau of Statistics’ as the Author name.
The ABS catalogue number after the title is written if the item has one.
‘cat. no.’ is used for the catalogue number.

The basic format for such a source in Harvard style is therefore:

In-Text Citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics Year)

Reference list entry: Australian Bureau of Statistics Year, Title in italics, catalogue number, ABS, Canberra. Australian Bureau of Statistics Year, Title, catalogue number, ABS, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.

Example of an ABS print publication is:

In-text citation: (Australian Bureau of Statistics 1995)

Reference list entry: Australian Bureau of Statistics 1995, National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander survey 1994: detailed findings , cat. no. 4190.0, ABS, Canberra.

Example of an ABS online publication is:

In-text citation: (ABS 2014) OR (ABS 2014, p.5)

Reference list entry: Australian Bureau of Statistics 2014, Overseas arrivals and departures, Australia , cat. no. 3401.0, viewed 3 October 2014, <http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/ [email protected] /Lookup/3401.0Main+Features1Aug%202014?OpenDocument>.

Using Government Abbreviations and Acronyms while Citing in Harvard Style

Some governmental organizations might have very long names. Often, word count is limited while writing academic texts. It becomes quite tedious and repetitive to write the same, lengthy name of a governmental group again and again. If it has an abbreviation, it’s used instead within the in-text citation.

For instance, in the example for ABS given above, since ABS is an abbreviation for a group name that’s otherwise a bit lengthy, the initials are used instead.

Important point to remember: When an abbreviated title or a group or agency or an acronym is written for the first time in the manuscript, its complete name must be written. In subsequent mentions from there on out, though, the abbreviation or the acronym can be used.

In Harvard referencing, if the in-text citation is not in the form of narration (in the ongoing text) but the parenthetical form (after the text), an abbreviation or acronym must be included within the parenthesis. It, therefore, becomes a double parenthesis, for example:

… discovered by their findings (Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 1995)

Tips for Citing and Referencing Government Websites or Reports in Harvard Style

While citing and referencing government publications in Harvard (AGPS) style, the format should not be confused with books, for often, the two looks like. However, in the case of government publications, it can sometimes be difficult to identify the publications’ authors or author agencies (the ‘departmental author’ mentioned above).

Some things to keep in mind while citing government websites or reports are:

Treat the government document as a report, book, or brochure is treated while citing and referencing.
In case a person’s name is indeed listed on the government website, use that as the author’s name. But,
If the government publication does not mention any author name anywhere on the website, the sponsoring or supporting agency name is used in place of the author’s name.
In case the publisher and the author organization/department are the same, the author’s/author agency’s abbreviated title is written in place of the publisher’s name. However, while citing the author’s name, the complete name is written. It’s only abbreviated in the publisher details’ section of the reference list entry.
If a document has been prepared and/or published by another division or branch of a government body itself, the agency’s name is cited as the author’s name. Furthermore, the title of the division or branch of the government is also mentioned after the document title. In the text citation for such a source, however, only the government agency is mentioned.

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Frequently Asked Questions

How do you cite a government website.

To cite a government website, follow this general format: Author/Agency. (Year). Title of the webpage. Name of the Website. URL For in-text citation: (Author/Agency, Year) or (Title, Year). Always consult a specific style guide (e.g., APA, MLA) for precise formatting.

Education - Early Childhood, Primary and Secondary

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How to reference key online resources for Education (APA 7th)

Use this template for webpages & for PDFs retrieved from the web:

Author. (Year or Year, Month Date). Title [Form, if needed ]. Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL

This table shows how to format in-text citations and full references for key educational resources in APA 7th:

Tips for referencing websites and online documents (using APA 7th)

Visit our fedcite guide for examples of references and in-text citations for webpages and online documents. , see below for supplementary advice to help you with specific referencing issues that you may encounter., referencing websites.

You must include an in-text citation and reference list entry for a website/ webpage if you mention specific information from it, whether you are paraphrasing or quoting directly.
If you are talking in general about a website, without mentioning any specific information on that site, simply give the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses. There is no need to include a reference list entry.

Reference list entries for webpages and PDFs

Give name of corporate author in full (not as an abbreviation or acronym) in the reference list.
Include only the specific agency responsible for the publication - do not include the name of parent organisations (e.g. State Government of Victoria) unless you need to avoid ambiguity.
Provide as specific a date as possible for webpages (as displayed on the individual page) or use (n.d.) if there is no date given.
Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date rather than the year of creation or copyright.
Give the title of the specific page. If there is no title, give a short descriptive phrase in square brackets.
In many cases, the website's name is the same as the name of the corporate author. Whenever this is the case, omit the site name from the reference list entry to avoid repetition.

In-text citations for webpages and PDFs

The first time you refer to an organisation or government body in an in-text citation, include the full name, followed by the abbreviated form or acronym (if it is well-known and commonly-used) in square brackets. e.g. (Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations [DEEWR], 2009).
In subsequent in-text citations, include only the abbreviated form or acronym (if it is well-known and commonly-used) e.g. (DEEWR, 2009)
When quoting directly from a PDF, include a page number, e.g. (DEEWR, 2009, p. 11).
When quoting directly from a webpage, include the section title or paragraph number, e.g. (VCAA, n.d., para. 3). If paragraphs are not numbered, simply count them yourself.

Referencing multiple pages from within the same website

Reference each webpage separately and use lower case letter suffixes (as described in following section below) to distinguish between each one.

Referencing multiple sources with same author and same year of publication

When you refer to more than one source published by the same author in the same year, distinguish each source by using a lower-case letter immediately after the year within the brackets.
In the reference list, order these works alphabetically by title. In-text citations should include the same corresponding letter.
NOTE: If the date is given as (n.d.), add a hyphen before the lower-case letter. e.g. (n.d.-a)

Example: In-text

… other strategies are mentioned (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2019a)

… as described in the Toolkit (DET, 2019b)

Example: Reference list

Department of Education and Training. (2019a). High impact teaching strategies: Excellence in teaching and learning.

https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/school/teachers/support/high-impact-teaching-strategies.pdf

Department of Education and Training. (2019b ). Literacy teaching toolkit. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/

school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/default.aspx

APA Style website

For more information on how to reference webpages, visit the APA Style website:

American Psychological Association. (2020). Webpage on a website references . APA style. https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/references/examples/webpage-website-references

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Government sources

Use acronyms or abbreviations

If the name of an authoring organisation, e.g. government agency, is long and cited often in the text, it may be necessary to abbreviate the name in the in-text citation.
The first time an acronym or abbreviated name is used, you must give the full name followed by the acronym in parenthesis.

For example:

… (australian bureau of statistics [abs] 2021), australian bureau of statistics (abs 2021) ...

You may use just the acronyms in subsequent citations.

(ABS 2021) (ABS 2021:5)

For reports published online, hyperlink the title of the report and include an accessed date . If you’re citing a PDF, avoid linking directly to the PDF. Instead link to the page that hosts the PDF.
Sources with title pages will detail the author and publisher. Follow the authoring details on the title page of the document.

Report by an Australian Government agency

Elements of the reference, author a or agency name (year) title of report: subtitle of report , name of agency, name of government, accessed day month year., in-text citation, (baslum 2000), (department of health and aged care [dhac] 1999), department of conservation (2000), reference list, baslum s (2000) payments to vietnam veterans: a summary , department of veterans’ affairs, australian government., dhac (department of health and aged care) (1999) hepatitis c: a review of australia’s response , report prepared by d lowe and r cotton, dhac, australian government., department of conservation (2000) hydrogen-powered cars: progress to date , sustainable energy branch, department of conservation, northern territory government., unpublished report by an australian government agency.

For unpublished reports include the word ‘unpublished’ instead of the year in in-text citations.

Author A or Agency Name (unpublished) Title of report: subtitle of report , Name of Agency, Name of Government, accessed Day Month Year.

In their report, white and jackson (unpublished) .., white n and jackson d (unpublished) testing for epo , australian sports drug agency, australian government, accessed 3 march 2020., report that is part of a series.

Italicise the name of the series , not the title of the report

Author A or Agency Name (Year) ‘Title of report: subtitle of report’, Name of Series , catalogue number, Name of Agency, Name of Government, accessed Day Month Year.

Australian institute of health and welfare (aihw 2019) .., aihw (australian institute of health and welfare) (2019) ‘ australia’s welfare 2019 data insights ’, australia’s welfare series 14 , catalogue number aus 226, aihw, australian government, accessed 5 february 2020., report to an australian government agency, author a or agency name (year) title of report: subtitle of report , report to agency name, organisation name or abbreviation., white and green (2020:7) .., white n and green j (2020) hydrogen-powered cars: progress to date , report to the australian government department of agriculture, water and the environment, slr consulting., mja (marsden jacob associates) (2020) hydrogen-powered cars: progress to date , report to the australian government department of agriculture, water and the environment, mja., published internal report, author a or organisation name or abbreviation (year) title of report: subtitle of report , organisation name or abbreviation., terracycle (2018) reports .., terracycle (2018) report on recycling in canberra offices , terracycle., report known by a short title.

Sometimes a report is better known by a short title or unofficial title. If you’re citing a source like this, use the short title in text.
In the reference list, use the short title followed by a spaced em dash and the full source information (author / organisation name, etc)

The Gonski report (2011) suggests that ...

Gonski report – gonski d, boston k, greiner k, lawrence, c, scales b and tannock p (2011) review of funding for schooling: final report , department of education, employment and workplace relations, australian government, accessed 11 february 2020., media releases.

Hyperlink the title of media releases and include an accessed date if the media release is published online.

Media release with authors listed

Author a (day month year) title of media release: subtitle of media release [media release], organisation name, accessed day month year., black and jacobsen (2020) or (black and jacobsen 2020), black f and jacobsen n (4 february 2020) act has highest student participation and employment [media release], act government, accessed 5 february 2020., media release with no authors listed, organisation name or abbreviation (day month year) title of media release: subtitle of media release [media release], organisation name or abbreviation, accessed day month year., in- text citation, act government (2020) or (act government 2020), act government (4 february 2020) act has highest student participation and employment [media release], act government, accessed 5 february 2020..

For online data sets, hyperlink the title and include the accessed date . If you’re citing a PDF or spreadsheet, avoid linking directly to the document. Instead link to the webpage that hosts the document.

Author A (Year) Title of data set [data set], Name of Website website, accessed Day Month Year.

National native title tribunal (2014) .., national native title tribunal (2014) native title determination outcomes [data set], data.gov.au, accessed 4 january 2020., australian bureau of statistics (abs).

The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has a guide to referencing ABS material .
Follow the ABS advice for information to include, but adjust capitalisation and punctuation to be in line with the rest of the reference list for your content (Harvard style).

Australian Bureau of Statistics (Year) Title , ABS, Canberra.

Australian bureau of statistics (year) title, abs, accessed day month year., australian bureau of statistics (abs 1995) .., abs (australian bureau of statistics) (1995) national aboriginal and torres strait islander survey 1994: detailed findings , abs, canberra., abs (australian bureau of statistics) (2016) 2016 census – cultural diversity [tablebuilder], abs website, accessed 16 november 2020., parliamentary sources.

Parliamentary papers, such as budget papers, white papers and annual reports, are published:

as individual documents
as bound volumes of all documents tabled in a parliamentary sitting.

For individual documents, cite them as you would any document of that type. For example, if you access an annual report on a departmental website, cite it as a government report.

Bound parliamentary papers

For documents you access as part of a bound volume from a parliamentary sitting:

use the name of the parliament as the author
include the paper number.

Name of Parliament (Year) Title of document: subtitle of document , Parl Paper X, Name of Government.

Parliament of australia (2000) .., parliament of australia (2000) department of finance and administration annual report 1999–2000 , parl paper 32, australian government., parliamentary debates and proceedings.

To cite a record of what was said in parliament verbatim, as recorded in Hansard, use the volume and page number. Volume numbers are before the colon, page numbers are after.

Name of Parliamentary Committee or House (Year) Debates , volume:page–page.

Australian senate (2000) or (australian senate 2000), australian senate (2000) debates , s25:65., australian house of representatives (2000) debates , hr103:2–9., official australian parliament records.

To cite the official records of proceedings in each house of parliament, include the volume or issue number and the page number. Issue numbers are in parentheses. Volume numbers are outside parentheses.
Official Australian Parliament records may be from the Journals of the Senate or the Votes and Proceedings of the House of Representatives.

Name of Parliamentary House (Year) Journals or Votes and Proceedings , (issue) or volume:page–page.

Australian senate (2000-01), australian senate (2000–01) journals , (123):718., australian house of representatives (2000–01) votes and proceedings , 1:631., records from national archives of australia.

The National Archives of Australia (NAA) has a guide to referencing records it holds . Follow this advice exactly, but add a full stop at the end of the citation.

National Archives of Australia: Prime Minister’s Department; A461, Correspondence files, multiple number series (third system), 1934–50; AX314/1/1, Aeronautical Research in the British Empire, 1945–49.

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Referencing

Referencing (The Basics)
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This section of the guide teaches you how to reference for your education essays and thesis. It introduces the referencing style that the education department uses called Harvard . And the guide provides you will useful resources to make referencing second nature in no time at all. But let's first have a brief introduction.

When you create academic content at university—an essay, a thesis, a conference paper, a journal article, etc.—you will invariably include the work that other scholars have published.

When you include the work of others in your work, though, you must tell the reader of your work that you have obtained your ideas/words from someone else.

The reasons for this are threefold:

It adds credibility and authority to your work
It demonstrates to the reader that you understand your topic and its research contexts
It helps you to avoid unintentional plagiarism (a serious academic offence)

The process of acknowledging the work of others in your own work is called referencing . Referencing is a simple skill to master, and the process of referencing comprises two parts: a citation and a reference.

A citation appears in the body of your work—i.e. the essay/thesis that you are writing—and it tells the reader of your work from where you got the idea/words that you have included in your work.

You must now provide a matching reference for the citation, and this will appear in your reference list at the end of your work. The image below illustrates the theory:

how to harvard reference department of education

Additionally, the skills team have produced a separate Referencing and Plagiarism Guide and they regularly run workshops on referencing - you can find out more information about them on our calendar of events .

The Harvard citation style first emerged in the 1880s at, no surprises, Harvard University. It is widely used in many different disciplines. It is called an author-date system because the citation includes the author of the work and the date in which the author wrote it. A reference list then appears at the end of your work to list all the citations that you have used.

A slight complexity to the style is that you can create citations in two ways. The difference depends on the context of your citation: whether you want to foreground another's words in your work, or whether you want to use their words as part of your own reasoning.

The location of the brackets makes all the difference.

1. Using the citation to introduce directly what another person thinks (this method is a strong 'look, this person says this')

2. Using the citation to discuss what others have said (this method merges the words of others more naturally into your work)

No matter the method you use, you will then need to create an alphabetically ordered reference list of all the citations used:

Reference List

Don't worry if this seems a little confusing; Cite Them Right provides all the answers you need. It shows you how to use the Harvard style for lots of different reference types : including books, book chapters, journal articles, and more!

Cite Them Right is our main referencing support resource and it is invaluable if you are just starting out with referencing and trying to get to grips with the various aspects. It is a comprehensive and essential resource covering all referencing styles and provides clear guidance on how to:

Construct your references
Set out citations
Avoid plagiarism
Paraphrase and summarise

The Library has both an online (recommended) and a print version of Cite Them Right.

Watch the video to find out more.

Referencing management tools can help you keep track of, store, organise and manage your references. You can use them to create bibliographies in a variety of referencing styles. They are particularly useful when completing large assignments such as dissertations when you are likely to be using more literature. The university has a subscription to EndNote, and you can access this via the software section on course resources.

There is also a separate Referencing Software Guide which contains information and links to resources about using EndNote as well as other referencing software and apps such as Mendeley and Zotero.

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Knowledge Base
Referencing

A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples

Published on 14 February 2020 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on 15 September 2023.

Referencing is an important part of academic writing. It tells your readers what sources you’ve used and how to find them.

Harvard is the most common referencing style used in UK universities. In Harvard style, the author and year are cited in-text, and full details of the source are given in a reference list .

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Harvard in-text citation, creating a harvard reference list, harvard referencing examples, referencing sources with no author or date, frequently asked questions about harvard referencing.

A Harvard in-text citation appears in brackets beside any quotation or paraphrase of a source. It gives the last name of the author(s) and the year of publication, as well as a page number or range locating the passage referenced, if applicable:

Note that ‘p.’ is used for a single page, ‘pp.’ for multiple pages (e.g. ‘pp. 1–5’).

An in-text citation usually appears immediately after the quotation or paraphrase in question. It may also appear at the end of the relevant sentence, as long as it’s clear what it refers to.

When your sentence already mentions the name of the author, it should not be repeated in the citation:

Sources with multiple authors

When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors’ names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Sources with no page numbers

Some sources, such as websites , often don’t have page numbers. If the source is a short text, you can simply leave out the page number. With longer sources, you can use an alternate locator such as a subheading or paragraph number if you need to specify where to find the quote:

Multiple citations at the same point

When you need multiple citations to appear at the same point in your text – for example, when you refer to several sources with one phrase – you can present them in the same set of brackets, separated by semicolons. List them in order of publication date:

Multiple sources with the same author and date

If you cite multiple sources by the same author which were published in the same year, it’s important to distinguish between them in your citations. To do this, insert an ‘a’ after the year in the first one you reference, a ‘b’ in the second, and so on:

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

A bibliography or reference list appears at the end of your text. It lists all your sources in alphabetical order by the author’s last name, giving complete information so that the reader can look them up if necessary.

The reference entry starts with the author’s last name followed by initial(s). Only the first word of the title is capitalised (as well as any proper nouns).

Sources with multiple authors in the reference list

As with in-text citations, up to three authors should be listed; when there are four or more, list only the first author followed by ‘ et al. ’:

Reference list entries vary according to source type, since different information is relevant for different sources. Formats and examples for the most commonly used source types are given below.

Entire book
Book chapter
Translated book
Edition of a book

Journal articles

Print journal
Online-only journal with DOI
Online-only journal with no DOI
General web page
Online article or blog
Social media post

Sometimes you won’t have all the information you need for a reference. This section covers what to do when a source lacks a publication date or named author.

No publication date

When a source doesn’t have a clear publication date – for example, a constantly updated reference source like Wikipedia or an obscure historical document which can’t be accurately dated – you can replace it with the words ‘no date’:

Note that when you do this with an online source, you should still include an access date, as in the example.

When a source lacks a clearly identified author, there’s often an appropriate corporate source – the organisation responsible for the source – whom you can credit as author instead, as in the Google and Wikipedia examples above.

When that’s not the case, you can just replace it with the title of the source in both the in-text citation and the reference list:

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Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.

Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.

A Harvard in-text citation should appear in brackets every time you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source.

The citation can appear immediately after the quotation or paraphrase, or at the end of the sentence. If you’re quoting, place the citation outside of the quotation marks but before any other punctuation like a comma or full stop.

In Harvard referencing, up to three author names are included in an in-text citation or reference list entry. When there are four or more authors, include only the first, followed by ‘ et al. ’

Though the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, there is a difference in meaning:

A reference list only includes sources cited in the text – every entry corresponds to an in-text citation .
A bibliography also includes other sources which were consulted during the research but not cited.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the ‘Cite this Scribbr article’ button to automatically add the citation to our free Reference Generator.

Caulfield, J. (2023, September 15). A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 27 May 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/referencing/harvard-style/

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Other students also liked, harvard in-text citation | a complete guide & examples, harvard style bibliography | format & examples, referencing books in harvard style | templates & examples, scribbr apa citation checker.

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Subject guides
Referencing Curriculum Material & Standards

Education: Referencing Curriculum Material & Standards

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How to reference - based on APA 7th guidance for citing a government document.

Curriculum material - Australian & Victorian Curriculum
Early years learning framework
Australian Professional Standards for Teachers
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In-Text Citations

In-Text Citations for direct quotes or referencing a specific section of the curriculum

In-Text Citations for paraphrasing the curriculum

Notes on in-text citing:

When using multiple reports from the same website, differentiate the sources by adding a letter to the year.

(ACARA, 2022a, p. 3)

2. The first in-text citation will need to include the authoring body's name in full, followed by the acronym in square brackets:

(Australian Curriculum, Assessment and Reporting Authority [ACARA], 2022)

Second and subsequent citations use the abbreviated or acronym form of the authoring body.

(ACARA, 2022)

(ACARA, 2022, p.8)

Reference Lists

In-Text Citations (first time)

Note: Department name & abbreviation sourced from version two of the EYLF .

Second and subsequent times

Where a direct quote is used the page number (or paragraph number if there are no page numbers) should be included.

(AGDE, 2022, p. 7) or (AGDE, 2022, para. 7)

Electronic/Online

Note: Where the Government Department/Author name is the same as the publisher, omit the publisher name.

In-Text Citations to specific standards

NOTE: The key point to remember is to reference the version that you have read. If you read the website version, reference the website version . If you read the PDF version, reference the PDF version .

NOTE: Refer to specific standards in the in text citations, but only include one reference to the complete standards.

In-Text Citations to High Impact Standards for Teaching - PDF version.

Reference list.

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Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)

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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database .

For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library’s page on referencing and plagiarism . If you need guidance referencing OU module material you can check out which sections of Cite Them Right are recommended when referencing physical and online module material .

This guide does not apply to OU Law undergraduate students . If you are studying a module beginning with W1xx, W2xx or W3xx, you should refer to the Quick guide to Cite Them Right referencing for Law modules .

In-text citations and full references.

Secondary referencing
Page numbers
Citing multiple sources published in the same year by the same author

Full reference examples

Referencing consists of two elements:

in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase 'no date' is used instead of a date. If using direct quotations or you refer to a specific section in the source you also need the page number/s if available, or paragraph number for web pages.
full references, which are given in alphabetical order in reference list at the end of your work and are not included in the word count. Full references give full bibliographical information for all the sources you have referred to in the body of your text.

To see a reference list and intext citations check out this example assignment on Cite Them Right .

Difference between reference list and bibliography

a reference list only includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text

a bibliography includes sources you have referred to in the body of your text AND sources that were part of your background reading that you did not use in your assignment

Examples of in-text citations

You need to include an in-text citation wherever you quote or paraphrase from a source. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author(s), the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. There are a number of ways of incorporating in-text citations into your work - some examples are provided below. Alternatively you can see examples of setting out in-text citations in Cite Them Right .

Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.

Online module materials

(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).

When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

OR, if there is no named author:

The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633&section=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).

You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:

The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014&section=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941&section=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).

Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).

Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).

Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.

For ebooks that do not contain print publication details

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).

Example with one author:

Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.

Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).

Example with two or three authors:

Goddard, J. and Barrett, S. (2015) The health needs of young people leaving care . Norwich: University of East Anglia, School of Social Work and Psychosocial Studies.

Example with four or more authors:

Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.

Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.

Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.

Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.

Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.

If accessed online:

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.

Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).

Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.

Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.

Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).

Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).

Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.

Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).

Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).

stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).

Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.

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Referencing for Education

Referencing examples, referencing for education: referencing examples.

Referencing styles
When and how to reference
Citation and referencing tools

On this page you'll find examples of some of the most common types of resources that you will need to reference during your time studying education at Deakin.

Click on the plus icons below to explore the examples. These have all been formatted using APA 7 .

If you get stuck, check out Deakin’s Referencing Guide for more information and examples.

Frameworks and toolkits

Department/Organisation. (Year). Title, Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL.

Framework examples

Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (VEYLDF)

In-text citation

The Victorian Early Years Learning and Development Framework (VEYLDF) emphasises the importance of supporting children’s and families’ transitions as they move across services throughout the early childhood period (Department of Education and Training [DET] & Victorian Curriculum Assessment Authority [VCAA], 2016).

The VEYLDF provides a common language to describe young children’s learning, and common principles to guide practice (DET, & VCAA, 2016).

Reference list

Department of Education and Training, & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (2016). Victorian early years learning and development framework: For all children from birth to eight years . State of Victoria. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/childhood/providers/edcare/veyldframework.pdf

Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF)

In-text citation

This framework, "support[s] early childhood providers, teachers and educators to extend and enrich children’s learning from birth to 5 years and through the transition to school" (Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE], 2022).

Reference list

Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE] (2022). Belonging, being and becoming: The early years learning framework for Australia (V2.0 ). ACT: Australian Government Department of Education for the Ministerial Council. https://www.acecqa.gov.au/sites/default/files/2023-01/EYLF-2022-V2.0.pdf

Toolkit example

Literacy Teaching Toolkit

The Literacy Teaching Toolkit provides practical advice and high impact teaching practices that improve outcomes in reading, writing, and speaking and listening. (Department of Education and Training [DET] 2019).

The Toolkit contains resources that can help build coherent literacy and/or numeracy improvement cultures in a range of different disciplines (DET, 2019).

Department of Education and Training. (2019). Literacy teaching toolkit. https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/default.aspx

Where no date is specified use n.d.
If the name of a department or agency is long and the abbreviation is familiar to readers, cite the full name and provide the abbreviation in square brackets in the first instance. Use the abbreviation in subsequent references.
Use sentence case for titles of articles, books, reports and webpages, even if the title case was used in the original work; capitalise each word for journal titles.

Curriculum resources and standards

Department/Organisation. (Year). Title , Site name (exclude if same as author name). URL.

VCAA Victorian Curriculum

The Humanities framework of the Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority (n.d.) is one that allows students to examine the complex processes that have shaped the modern world.

In History and Geography, students explore the processes that have shaped, and which continue to shape, different societies and cultures (VCAA, n.d.).

Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (n.d.). About the humanities . https://victoriancurriculum.vcaa.vic.edu.au/the-humanities/introduction/about-the-humanities

AITSL Australian professional standards for teachers

In-text citation .

The Australian professional standards for teachers outline seven standards in the areas of professional knowledge, professional practice and professional engagement (Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership [AITSL], n.d.).

The first standard, “Know students and how they learn”, focuses on physical, social, and intellectual development and characteristics of students (AITSL, n.d.).

Reference list

Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership. (n.d.). Australian professional standards for teachers . https://www.aitsl.edu.au/standards

Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority (ACECQA)

The early years are critical for establishing self-esteem, resilience, healthy growth and capacity to learn (Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority [ACECQA], n.d.).

StartingBlocks is an initiative which provides parents with information about early childhood education and care to help them make the best choice for their child and family (ACECQA, n.d.).

Australian Children’s Education and Care Quality Authority. (n.d.). What is the NQF? https://www.acecqa.gov.au/nqf/about.

If the publisher is the same as the author, omit the publisher’s name.

Professional associations and industry organisations

Organisation. (Year, Month if known). Title . URL.

Early Childhood Australia

Be You is a national initiative that equips educators to support the mental health and wellbeing of children and young people from birth to 18 years, providing an end-to-end approach for early learning services, school age care services, primary schools, and secondary schools across Australia (Early Childhood Australia [ECA], 2022).

Early Childhood Australia. (2022). Be you early learning. https://www.earlychildhoodaustralia.org.au/our-work/beyou/#:~:text=You_Early_Learning-,What_is_Be_You%3F,and_secondary_schools_across_Australia

Victorian Aboriginal Education Association (VAEA)

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children are twice as likely to be more developmentally vulnerable early in life than non-Indigenous children because of the continuing impact of colonization (Victorian Aboriginal Education Association [VAEA], 2020).

Introductory protocols are important. Be prepared to spend time sharing personal background information about yourself and the purpose of your activity. Realise that relationships take time to develop (VAEA, 2020).

Victorian Aboriginal Education Association. (2020). Aboriginal early childhood cultural protocols. https://www.vaeai.org.au/wp-content/uploads/delightful-downloads/2020/06/2020Cutural_Protocols_VAEAI-1.pdf

United Nations Children's Fund

Defined as an ongoing and repeated behaviour that intentionally causes harm, the physical, psychological and social effects of bullying can last a lifetime (United Children’s Nations Fund [UNICEF], 2014).

United Nations Children’s Fund. (2014, September). Hidden in plain sight: A statistical analysis of violence against children. https://data.unicef.org/resources/hidden-in-plain-sight-a-statistical-analysis-of-violence-against-children/

When referencing a document from a webpage, follow the guidelines for citing a webpage and include a link to the document.
Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage

Government documents

Organisation/Department. (year). Title (sentence case). (Report no., if available). https://URL [hyperlinked]

Department of Education and Training

In-text citation .

The NAPLAN has been found to have the potential to narrow the curriculum, thus restricting student learning, in several ways (Department of Education and Training [DET], 2019).

Teachers can focus their lessons exclusively to those aspects of the curriculum that are being tested by NAPLAN, denying students access to the rich array of topics offered through other subjects (DET, 2019).

Department of Education and Training. (2017). NAPLAN review interim report https://www.education.vic.gov.au/Documents/about/programs/NAPLANreviewinterimreport_nov2019.pdf

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2022), child deaths have halved from 20 to 10 deaths per 100,000 children.

A recently released report shows that most Australian children are healthy, safe and doing well, but there is scope for further gains in some areas (AIHW, 2022).

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2022). Australia’s children. https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/children-youth/australias-children/contents/executive-summary

Australian Bureau of Statistics

In the last 12 months, 42% of Australians aged 15-74 (7.8 million people) have participated in learning (Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS], 2021).

Online learning is currently the most common way work-related training is delivered (ABS, 2021).

Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021). Work-related training and adult learning, Australia. https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/education/work-related-training-and-adult-learning-australia/2020-21

If the name of a department or agency is long and the abbreviation is familiar to readers, cite the full name and provide the abbreviation in brackets in the first instance. Use the abbreviation in subsequent references.

Streaming videos

The format of streaming video references can vary depending on the production company behind the video an the platform it is accessed on.

Producer/Writer/Presenter/Speaker, Initials. [screen name]. (year, month day). Title [Video file]. URL

Always provide information about the person (producer) who has uploaded the video. Provide their real name and then the screen name/username in square brackets. If only the screen name is known, provide this without brackets.

You can also cite a person who appears in the video, even if they didn't produce the video.

To cite the words of individuals featured in a video, name or describe the individual(s) in your sentence in the text and then provide a parenthetical citation for the video.

See further details

Mike Christiansen, a 9th grade social studies teacher at Kent-Meridian High School in Kent, WA, uses YouTube in his classroom to transform it into a 21st century learning environment (Teachers, 2012).

Teachers. (2012, September 13). 21st century classroom: YouTube @ Kent-Meridian High School. [YouTube]. 21st Century Classroom: YouTube @ Kent-Meridian High School

Speaker/presenter. (Year, month). Title of video [Video]. TED Conferences. URL.

Robinson (2010) makes the case for a radical shift from standardised schools to personalized learning -- creating conditions where kids' natural talents can flourish.

A radical shift from standardised schools to personalised learning is advocated as a way of helping children to develop their natural talents (Robinson, 2010).

Robinson, K. (2010, May). Bring on the learning revolution! [Video]. TED2010. https://www.ted.com/talks/sir_ken_robinson_bring_on_the_learning_revolution?language=en

Name of Company/Organization that Provided Content or Creator's Last Name, First Initial. Second Initial. if known. (Director). (Year video was created, Month Day if known). Title of video [Video]. Name of Streaming Service.

When an elementary school in the United States implemented a gender training course for its teachers, it resulted in a significant and positive impact on student wellbeing outcomes (Sturnik, 2016).

Sturnik, J. (Director). (2016). Creating gender inclusive schools. [Video]. Kanopy.

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Harvard Reference Style

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Harvard reference list
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Images/Figures/Tables
Journal articles
Lecturer notes/handouts
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Harvard: Examples of references

Government publications: Reference format

A basic reference list entry for a government publication:

Name of the country
Full name of government department
Title (Report series and number if available)
Print copies: Place: Publisher
Online copies: DOI/Available: URL [Date of access]

South Africa. Department of Home Affairs. 2006. Annual report (RP53/2006). Pretoria: Government printer.

Government publications: Examples

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Q. How do I cite protocols, regulations and guidelines in the Harvard referencing style?

These often relate to official procedures, rules and guidance from health, government and other corporate bodies (for example NICE, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence).

10 Academic Skills (ASK)
9 Accounts and Logins
3 Bloomberg
13 Catalogue
21 Copyright and Plagiarism
47 Databases
67 Electronic Resources
7 Engineering
76 Finding Resources
6 Harvard referencing
22 Help Desk
20 Inter Library Loans
18 Journals
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1 LSEG (Refinitiv) Workspace
18 Market research
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43 Referencing and Citing
23 Research and Publication
7 SCONUL/External Users
3 Special Collections
1 Standards
8 Statistics
4 Technical Support
18 Theses and Dissertations
6 University Information
11 Welcome Desk
1 Write-N-Cite

Answered By: Shazia Arif Last Updated: 04 Dec, 2023 Views: 1460

Here's the layout for the citation:.

Year of publication (in round brackets)
Title (in italics)
Series or publication number (if given)
Place of publication: Publisher

If accessed online:

Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date)

In-text citation

The hospital’s guideline (Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, 2020) and the updated guidance (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [hereafter NICE], 2021)...

Reference list

Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children (2020) Ciclosporin after bone marrow transplant . 2020F0542. Available at: https://media.gosh.nhs.uk/documents/Ciclosporin_after_BMT_F0542_FINAL_May20_0.pdf (Accessed: 30 May 2023).

National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE] (2021) Postnatal care . NG194. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng194 (Accessed: 18 November 2023)

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Building The ‘Bridge’ Between Research and Practice

Posted May 20, 2024
By Ryan Nagelhout

The way Doug Mosher tells the story, he didn't really come to the Harvard Graduate School of Education. HGSE came to him.

Mosher, Ph.D.’24, was working as a first-grade teacher at an underperforming elementary school in Nashville when a consultant came to introduce what he describes as “an awesome vocabulary intervention.”

The consultant, Claire White, Ed.M.’99, Ed.D.’05, was an Ed School alum whose goal was to help third- and fourth-grade students improve their language skills and reading vocabulary by discussing “controversial topics that are engaging,” says Mosher. White had worked with HGSE Professor Catherine Snow on the project and was now applying it in the field.

At first, his colleagues were reluctant to try something new, but Mosher was intrigued, and worked with White to modify the word generation lessons for his younger students. It was a “chance” brush with putting academic research into practice that changed the trajectory of his entire life.

“I feel so lucky to have been in that position,” says Mosher, a Ph.D. marshal for the HGSE class of 2024. “It just seemed fun, and I was at a point where I was looking for some new ideas to try in the classroom and this just seemed awesome.”

Mosher dove into the project for the next three years, helping White track student performance, collect data, and build lesson plans that he used in his own classroom. The program saw positive results, and soon the vocabulary intervention was implemented in other classrooms in the school. Mosher said he learned a lot, first and foremost that he really enjoyed doing academic research. And so when White told Mosher he could earn his doctorate doing this kind of work at HGSE – and maybe even get paid to do it – he was intrigued.

“I was just so excited about research. Having questions and designing things and then testing them out,” says Mosher. “I thought I was going to be a teacher forever. But I was starting to burn out. I was working really long hours. It’s a lot of pressure at an underperforming school to turn it around, and a lot of excitement. But at the same time, I was thinking I have to go back to school eventually.”

Teaching wasn’t exactly Mosher’s first love. A professional saxophonist, Mosher started substitute teaching when he moved to Nashville in the early 2000s. He learned to love the classroom, though, finding that same rush of energy and excitement he’d also experienced performing on stage.

Mosher applied to HGSE, particularly interested in the vocabulary research being done by Professor James Kim at the READS Lab, where he now conducts his own research. The three-part dissertation he defended this spring is a capstone of sorts, what Mosher describes as a shifting of his purpose in life.

“It’s been fun to see my true passion shift more toward research and working with schools and districts,” says Mosher. “Music will always be a part of my life, but I feel like this is my purpose now.”

That shift has changed how he views teachers, too. The learning environment at HGSE, he explains, is a big departure from the stereotypical music teacher myth that a “cold” and “suffering” teacher gets the most out of their students. Mosher called the faculty “a warm safety blanket” that created a welcoming learning environment over the last six years.

“It’s kind of what we try to do in intervention research,” says Mosher. “Create lessons that are engaging, build interest, build knowledge, make connections. That’s what all the faculty do.”

With Kim and the READS Lab, Mosher has worked on projects to improve reading comprehension in elementary school students using its Model of Reading Engagement (MORE) program. The project recently received a grant from the U.S. Department of Education to scale that model for use in new school districts. Mosher, always looking for chances to connect back with the classroom, describes the work as building “the bridge over the gap” that often exists between research and practice.

“Doug's exceptional research program shows how small improvements in the quality of teachers’ talk can have a big impact on students’ ability to read challenging science and social texts with greater understanding and engagement,” says Kim.

The work has certainly been noticed by the members of his cohort as well. Mosher calls his nomination to be a Ph.D. marshal “out of the blue.” He recalls the initial anxiety of joining a group of talented educators with experience working in so many impressive fields before arriving at HGSE. To be recognized by them, he says, reflects the support he’s felt from the community.

“I’m just very honored and touched that they voted me as a marshal,” says Mosher. “The cohort I’m in is full of really awesome, interesting, passionate people who are really dedicated to their areas of study. I was very surprised, but touched and honored.”

Mosher noted the difficulties his cohort experienced over the last six years, including a pandemic that disrupted research and entire ways of life. While some classmates moved away for good, Mosher doesn’t see himself leaving anytime soon.

“It feels like home,” says Mosher, whose father grew up in New England and has seen more family move to the area in recent years as well. “It's a really exciting thing to live in a place where I’ve always wanted to be. I finally ended up here and I don’t really want to leave.”

Mosher’s former school in Nashville, by the way, is now thriving. And here in Cambridge, so is he.

The latest research, perspectives, and highlights from the Harvard Graduate School of Education

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With her research work, doctoral marshal Mary Laski, Ph.D.'24, is trying to make teaching in K–12 schools more sustainable and attractive

Inset, top-bottom: Craig Paxton, Ed.M.'09, and Janhvi Maheshwari-Kanoria, Ed.M.'10

Paxton, Maheshwari-Kanoria to Receive 2024 Alumni Council Awards

Alums will be honored for their educational contributions at HGSE Convocation

Exploring the Effects of Desegregation

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Writing Center & Communications Lab

Writing tips, managing citations, get research management tools help.

HGSE students may work with a Writing Center Teaching Fellow to:

define a research question.
organize the content of their papers.
review and revise drafts.
cite sources appropriately.

Schedule an appointment with a Writing Center TF

HGSE students may work with a CommLab Teaching Fellow to:

Practice and receive feedback on an academic, class presentation or a doctoral defense
Create an "elevator pitch"
Organize a conference poster
Develop and storyboard a presentation
Get assistance with other mixed-medium communication

Schedule an appointment with a CommLab TF

Writing Center & Communications Lab More information and resources from the Writing Center & Communications Lab

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APA "cheat sheet": Examples of Commonly Used References at HGSE

F inding Your Voice

Literature Review: A Research Journey

The tools supported by the Harvard Library are EndNote and Zotero . With them, you can:

create a searchable database of the books, articles, book chapters, and more that you're using in your research
import citations, abstracts, and more from online sources
organize notes and full text documents, such as PDFs, images, spreadsheets
share references when you're working on collaborative projects
create reference lists in APA and other formats

To learn more and for a list of upcoming classes, visit:

Research Management and Citation Tools at Harvard
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Healthy Eating Plate

Use healthy oils (like olive and canola oil) for cooking, on salad, and at the table. Limit butter. Avoid trans fat.

Drink water , tea , or coffee (with little or no sugar). Limit milk / dairy (1-2 servings/day) and juice (1 small glass/day). Avoid sugary drinks .

The more veggies — and the greater the variety — the better. Potatoes and French fries don’t count.

Eat plenty of fruits of all colors

Choose fish , poultry, beans , and nuts ; limit red meat and cheese ; avoid bacon, cold cuts, and other processed meats .

Eat a variety of whole grains (like whole-wheat bread, whole-grain pasta, and brown rice ). Limit refined grains (like white rice and white bread).

Incorporate physical activity into your daily routine.

Looking for a printable copy? Download one here , and hang it on your refrigerator to serve as a daily reminder when planning and preparing your meals! Translations of the Healthy Eating Plate are also available in over 25 languages.

Building a Healthy and Balanced Diet

Make most of your meal vegetables and fruits – ½ of your plate. Aim for color and variety, and remember that potatoes don’t count as vegetables on the Healthy Eating Plate because of their negative impact on blood sugar.

Go for whole grains – ¼ of your plate. Whole and intact grains—whole wheat, barley, wheat berries, quinoa , oats , brown rice , and foods made with them, such as whole wheat pasta—have a milder effect on blood sugar and insulin than white bread, white rice, and other refined grains.

Protein power – ¼ of your plate. Fish, poultry, beans , and nuts are all healthy, versatile protein sources—they can be mixed into salads, and pair well with vegetables on a plate. Limit red meat, and avoid processed meats such as bacon and sausage.

Healthy plant oils – in moderation. Choose healthy vegetable oils like olive, canola, soy, corn, sunflower, peanut, and others, and avoid partially hydrogenated oils, which contain unhealthy trans fats. Remember that low-fat does not mean “healthy.”

Drink water, coffee, or tea . Skip sugary drinks , limit milk and dairy products to one to two servings per day, and limit juice to a small glass per day.

Stay active . The red figure running across the Healthy Eating Plate’s placemat is a reminder that staying active is also important in weight control .

The main message of the Healthy Eating Plate is to focus on diet quality:

The type of carbohydrate in the diet is more important than the amount of carbohydrate in the diet, because some sources of carbohydrate—like vegetables (other than potatoes), fruits, whole grains, and beans—are healthier than others.
The Healthy Eating Plate also advises consumers to avoid sugary beverages , a major source of calories—usually with little nutritional value—in the American diet.
The Healthy Eating Plate encourages consumers to use healthy oils , and it does not set a maximum on the percentage of calories people should get each day from healthy sources of fat. In this way, the Healthy Eating Plate recommends the opposite of the low-fat message promoted for decades by the USDA.

Icon of a globe with a fork and spoon on the sides; representing eating sustainably for the planet's health

Your Plate and the Planet

Your questions answered.

The Healthy Eating Plate does not define a certain number of calories or servings per day from each food group. The relative section sizes suggest approximate relative proportions of each of the food groups to include on a healthy plate. They are not based on specific calorie amounts, and they are not meant to prescribe a certain number of calories or servings per day, since individuals’ calorie and nutrient needs vary based on age, gender, body size, and level of activity.

As the name suggests, the Healthy Eating Plate is visualized as a single plate, however it can be used as a guide for creating healthy, balanced meals—no matter which type of dishware is used!

For example, while you wouldn’t consume soup on a plate—you can consider the relative sizes of each section when choosing what to add to the pot before serving in a bowl: make about half of your ingredients a variety of colorful vegetables (carrots, celery, spinach, tomatoes, sautéed in olive oil), and the other half a mix of whole grains (such as farro) and a healthy protein (such as beans).
Or maybe you’re eating your meal in courses, or as multiple dishes in smaller sizes: a plate of grilled fish over brown rice; a green side salad filled with veggies; and some fruit for a sweet end to the meal.
Portioning a meal into separate components is also common when packing a lunchbox—especially for kids .

There are many cultures around the world in which people may not eat their meals from a plate. Although our translations of this guide maintain the single-plate graphic, we encourage its use for creating healthy, balanced meals in context of cultural and individual customs and preferences.

For some people, moderate alcohol consumption can offer health benefits, whereas for others alcohol may pose risks. Learn more about the risks and benefits of alcohol .

The Healthy Eating Plate, created by nutrition experts at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and editors at Harvard Health Publications, was designed to address deficiencies in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)’s MyPlate. The Healthy Eating Plate provides detailed guidance, in a simple format, to help people make the best eating choices.

The Healthy Eating Plate is based exclusively on the best available science and was not subjected to political or commercial pressures from food industry lobbyists. Learn more about how the Healthy Eating Plate compares to the USDA’s MyPlate .

Generations of Americans are accustomed to the food pyramid design, and it’s not going away. In fact, the Healthy Eating Pyramid and the Healthy Eating Plate complement each other. See how you can use the Healthy Eating Pyramid as a guide for your grocery shopping list .

According to research done at Harvard Chan School of Public Health and elsewhere [1-3], following the guidelines presented through the Healthy Eating Pyramid and Healthy Eating Plate can lead to a lower risk of heart disease and premature death:

In the 1990s, the USDA’s Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion created the Healthy Eating Index “to measure how well American diets conform to recommended healthy eating patterns.” [4] A score of 100 meant following the federal recommendations to the letter while a score of 0 meant totally ignoring them.
The eleven components assessed by the Alternate Healthy Eating Index were dairy products; vegetables; fruit; nuts & seeds; bread/grains; meat, poultry & fish; cholesterol; fat; sodium; alcohol; and multivitamins.
Men who scored highest on the USDA’s original Healthy Eating Index (meaning their diets most closely followed federal recommendations) reduced their overall risk of developing heart disease, cancer, or other chronic disease by 11% over 8 to 12 years of follow-up compared to those who scored lowest. Women who most closely followed the government’s recommendations were only 3% less likely to have developed a chronic disease. [5]
In comparison, scores on the Alternate Healthy Eating Index did appear to correlate more closely with better health in both sexes. Men with high scores (those whose diets most closely followed the Healthy Eating Pyramid guidelines) were 20% less likely to have developed a major chronic disease than those with low scores. Women with high scores lowered their overall risk by 11%. Men whose diets most closely followed the Healthy Eating Pyramid lowered their risk of cardiovascular disease by almost 40%; women with high scores lowered their risk by almost 30%.
In a 2014 study looking at trends in diet quality among adults in the U.S., researchers using the Alternate Healthy Eating Index found that there was steady improvement from 1999 to 2010, but that overall dietary quality remains poor. [6]

Two studies offer further evidence of the disease prevention benefits that accrue from following a diet similar to one based on the Healthy Eating Pyramid:

A study that tracked 7,319 British civil servants for 18 years found that men and women with the highest scores on the Alternate Healthy Eating Index had a 25% lower risk of dying from any cause, and a 42% lower risk of dying from heart disease, than people with the lowest scores. [3]
Another observational study in 93,676 post-menopausal women found that following a Healthy Eating Pyramid-style diet (as measured by adherence to the Alternative Healthy Eating Index ) was superior to following a low-fat diet at lowering cardiovascular disease and heart failure risk. [1]

Permissions for Use

Copyright © 2011, Harvard University. For more information about The Healthy Eating Plate, please see The Nutrition Source, Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, www.thenutritionsource.org , and Harvard Health Publications, www.health.harvard.edu .

Akbaraly TN, Ferrie JE, Berr C, Brunner EJ, Head J, Marmot MG, Singh-Manoux A, Ritchie K, Shipley MJ, Kivimaki M. Alternative Healthy Eating Index and mortality over 18 y of follow-up: results from the Whitehall II cohort. The American journal of clinical nutrition . 2011 May 25;94(1):247-53.
Belin RJ, Greenland P, Allison M, Martin L, Shikany JM, Larson J, Tinker L, Howard BV, Lloyd-Jones D, Van Horn L. Diet quality and the risk of cardiovascular disease: the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI). The American journal of clinical nutrition . 2011 May 25;94(1):49-57.
McCullough ML, Feskanich D, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Diet quality and major chronic disease risk in men and women: moving toward improved dietary guidance. The American journal of clinical nutrition . 2002 Dec 1;76(6):1261-71.
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Center for Nutrition Policy and Promotion. The Healthy Eating Index .
Continuous Update Project Report Summary. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Colorectal Cancer , 2011.
Wang DD, Leung CW, Li Y, Ding EL, Chiuve SE, Hu FB, Willett WC. Trends in dietary quality among adults in the United States, 1999 through 2010. JAMA internal medicine . 2014 Oct 1;174(10):1587-95.

Last reviewed January 2023

Terms of Use

The contents of this website are for educational purposes and are not intended to offer personal medical advice. You should seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website. The Nutrition Source does not recommend or endorse any products.

Conferral of Degrees

In accordance with the University statutes, the President and Fellows of Harvard College are responsible for conferring degrees on students who have fulfilled degree requirements and are in good standing.

Degree candidates are recommended to the President and Fellows, collectively known as the Harvard Corporation, by the faculties at Harvard’s schools. On Monday, faculty members who attended a Faculty of Arts and Sciences meeting amended the list of candidates provided by the FAS Registrar, who certifies that students have met the requirements and are in good standing. The faculty amendment added to the list of recommended Harvard College degree recipients thirteen students who are not in good standing.

Each of these students has been found by the College’s Administrative Board—the body established by the FAS faculty to investigate and adjudicate disciplinary matters—to have violated the University’s policies by their conduct during their participation in the recent encampment in Harvard Yard. We respect each faculty’s responsibility to determine appropriate discipline for its students. Monday’s faculty vote did not, however, revisit these disciplinary rulings, did not purport to engage in the individualized assessment of each case that would ordinarily be required to do so, and, most importantly, did not claim to restore the students to good standing.

Today, we have voted to confer 1,539 degrees to Harvard College students in good standing. Because the students included as the result of Monday’s amendment are not in good standing, we cannot responsibly vote to award them degrees at this time. In coming to this determination, we note that the express provisions of the Harvard College Student Handbook state that students who are not in good standing are not eligible for degrees. We also considered the inequity of exempting a particular group of students who are not in good standing from established rules, while other seniors with similar status for matters unrelated to Monday’s faculty amendment would be unable to graduate.

We understand that the inability to graduate is consequential for students and their families. We fully support the Faculty of Arts and Sciences’ stated intention to provide expedited review, at this time, of eligible requests for reconsideration or appeal. We will consider conferral of degrees promptly if, following the completion of all FAS processes, a student becomes eligible to receive a degree.

We care deeply about every member of our community—students, faculty, staff, researchers, and alumni—and we have chosen a path forward that accords with our responsibilities and reaffirms a process for our students to receive prompt and fair review.

The President and Fellows of Harvard College

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Guest Essay

Harvard Should Say Less. Maybe All Schools Should.

An illustration of a graduation cap connected by its tassel to a microphone.

By Noah Feldman and Alison Simmons

Dr. Feldman is a law professor and Dr. Simmons is a professor of philosophy, both at Harvard.

Last fall, Harvard University’s leadership found itself at the center of a highly public, highly charged fight about taking an official institutional position in connection with the Oct. 7 Hamas attack on Israel and the war in Gaza.

First, critics denounced the school for being too slow to issue a statement on the matter. Then, after a statement was released by Harvard’s president, Claudine Gay, and 17 other senior Harvard officials, some critics attacked it for being insufficiently forceful in condemning the Hamas attack, while others criticized it for being insufficiently forceful in condemning Israel’s retaliation.

One of the many sources of confusion at the time was that Harvard, like many other universities, did not have a formal policy on when and whether to issue official statements. In the absence of a policy, Harvard not only had to figure out what to say or not say; it also had to deal with the perception that not issuing a statement, or not issuing one fast enough, would in effect be a statement, too.

Fortunately, Harvard now does have official guidance for a policy on university statements, in the form of a report issued on Tuesday by a faculty working group on which we served together as chairs, and endorsed by the president, provost and deans. The report recommends a policy based on both principle and pragmatism, one that we hope can enable Harvard — and any other school that might consider adopting a similar policy — to flourish in our highly polarized political era.

In brief, the report says that university leaders can and should speak out publicly to promote and protect the core function of the university, which is to create an environment suitable for pursuing truth through research, scholarship and teaching. If, for example, Donald Trump presses forward with his announced plan to take “billions and billions of dollars” from large university endowments to create an “American Academy” — a free, online school that would provide an “alternative” to current institutions — Harvard’s leadership can and should express its objections to this terrible idea.

It makes sense for university leaders to speak out on matters concerning the core function of the institution: That is their area of expertise as presidents, provosts and deans. But they should not, the report says, take official stands on other matters. They should not, for instance, issue statements of solidarity with Ukraine after Russia’s invasion, no matter how morally attractive or even correct that sentiment might be.

In addition, the report says, university leaders should make it clear to the public that when students and faculty members exercise their academic freedom to speak, they aren’t speaking on behalf of the university as a whole. The president doesn’t have to repeat this point with regard to every utterance made by the thousands of members of the university. But the university should clarify repeatedly, for as long as it takes to establish the point, that only its leadership can speak officially on its behalf.

This policy might remind some readers of the Kalven Report , a prominent statement of the value of academic “institutional neutrality” issued in 1967 by a University of Chicago committee chaired by the First Amendment scholar Harry Kalven Jr. But while our policy has some important things in common with the Kalven Report, which insisted that the university remain silently neutral on political and social issues, ours rests on different principles and has some different implications.

The principle behind our policy isn’t neutrality. Rather, our policy commits the university to an important set of values that drive the intellectual pursuit of truth: open inquiry, reasoned debate, divergent viewpoints and expertise. An institution committed to these values isn’t neutral, and shouldn’t be. It has to fight for its values, particularly when they are under attack, as they are now. Speaking publicly is one of the tools a university can use in that fight.

Take the use of affirmative action to achieve diversity in higher education admissions. Harvard argued in defense of this idea in the Supreme Court on several occasions — starting in 1978, when the court’s controlling opinion allowing diversity in admissions relied extensively on a brief that Harvard filed, through 2023, when the court rejected the use of race in diversity-based admissions. Harvard’s advocacy all along was far from neutral and would arguably have violated the Kalven principles. On our principles, however, Harvard was justified in speaking out forcefully in support of the method it long used to admit students, because admissions is a core function of the university.

We recognize that some observers, on both the left and the right, may interpret the timing of our report as an attempt to support some point of view they don’t like. That said, our recommended policy is designed not as a response to immediate events but as a response to the changed reality in which the university operates: a world of social media and polarized politics. Both put intense pressure on universities. Both cry out for a policy where before, none was demanded.

On social media, it can sometimes appear that anyone with a claim to Harvard affiliation speaks for the institution, even as we in the university know otherwise. We’re not naïve enough to think that just announcing a policy will change what the internet thinks. It will take repetition, emphasis and consistency to make the policy widely understood.

In an age of polarized politics, we also need a policy that will spare university leaders from having to spend all their time deciding which global and national events deserve statements and which statements from the university community merit official repudiation. On many, maybe most, important issues, no official statement made by the university could satisfy the many different constituencies on campus.

In formulating its recommendation, our faculty working group struggled with some challenges that don’t have great solutions. For example, we didn’t address, much less solve, the hard problem of when the university should or shouldn’t divest its endowment funds from a given portfolio. The Kalven Report claimed that a decision to divest is a statement in itself and so the university shouldn’t do it. In contrast, we saw divestment as an action rather than a statement the university makes. We therefore treated it as outside our mandate, even though symbolic meaning can be attached to it, just as it can to other actions (including investing in the first place). Our report encourages the university to explain its actions and decisions on investment and divestment — much as Harvard’s President Larry Bacow did in 2021 when the university decided to reduce its investments in fossil fuels, and much as President Derek Bok did when the university didn’t divest from South Africa in the 1980s — but that’s all.

Our committee members represented a wide range of academic specialties and points of view. We disagreed, and still disagree, about a lot. At a university, that’s both normal and highly desirable. Ultimately, a university is a community unified by a commitment to trying to get it right, not by a single answer to what is right in every case. Where we converged was on the belief that the university must protect and defend its critically important role and that it undermines its core function if it speaks officially on matters outside it.

Noah Feldman ( @NoahRFeldman ) is a law professor and Alison Simmons is a professor of philosophy, both at Harvard.

The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. We’d like to hear what you think about this or any of our articles. Here are some tips . And here’s our email: [email protected] .

Follow the New York Times Opinion section on Facebook , Instagram , TikTok , WhatsApp , X and Threads .

A US official says an 'unacceptably high' number of US weapons components have landed in Russian hands

US firms need to be vigilant with their exports, says Deputy National Security Advisor Daleep Singh.
Singh said an "unacceptably high" number of US components have been found in Russia's weapons.
Companies shouldn't become "unwitting cogs in Russia's arsenal of autocracy," Singh said on Tuesday.

An "unacceptably high" number of US arms components are landing in Russian hands, a US official said on Tuesday.

"The percentage of Russian battlefield weaponry with US or allied branded components is alarmingly and unacceptably high," said Daleep Singh, US deputy national security advisor for international economics.

Singh was speaking at an event hosted by Washington think tank Brookings Institution on May 28 when he urged US tech companies to be more vigilant with their exports, per Bloomberg .

As India vs Pakistan T20 World Cup match gets ISIS-K threat, security beefed up in New York

Isis-k was the militant outfit that had claimed responsibility for the attack in moscow’s famous crocus city hall in march, killing at least 143 people..

Security has been stepped up in New York after terror group ISIS-K made a “global” threat year against the upcoming ICC Men’s T20 Cricket World Cup match featuring India and Pakistan.

According to a report by CNN, Nassau County Police Commissioner Patrick J Ryder said the event first received an ISIS-K-linked threat in April which was followed by more specific threats on the India versus Pakistan game, scheduled for June 9. He added that the threats also had references to a viral video circulating online, which calls for “that lone wolf to act out.”

Nassau County Executive Bruce Blakeman told CNN that they take every threat seriously and have been coordinating security efforts with federal partners, including the FBI, Department of Homeland Security and “other law enforcement and homeland security and intelligence agencies.”

“There will be teams from all over the world coming in. There will be fans from all over the world coming to Nassau County… we have been meeting for well over six months on a regular basis to talk about security concerns, which could potentially arise at any kind of event of this magnitude,” he added.

Speaking about the event, the county police commissioner said that this was the largest security that they have had to deal with in the county’s history. “I can guarantee you this — the safest place to be in Nassau County on June 9th will be inside that stadium,” Ryder told CNN.

ISIS-K was the militant outfit that had claimed responsibility for the attack in Moscow’s famous Crocus City Hall in March, killing at least 143 people. The group emerged in eastern Afghanistan in late 2014, and is currently one of the most active ISIS-affiliates.

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How do I reference the National Curriculum?
When citing either document, remember to cite the author of the document, for example: The Department for Education's (DfE, 2013) framework document sets the context and aims of the primary curriculum. The primary curriculum framework emphasises the provision of PSHE in schools (Department for Education, 2013).
LibGuides: Harvard Style Guide: Official publications
EU publications. Reference: Name of EU Institution (Year) Title. Place of Publication: Publisher. Example: European Commission (2003) Making globalisation work for everyone. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. In-Text-Citation: Example: The predicted growth (European Commission, 2003) did not occur….
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Name of government department or committee. Year of publication (in round brackets). Title (in italics). Place of publication: publisher. Series or paper number (in brackets) - if applicable. In-text citation: (Great Britain. Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, 2011). Reference list: Great Britain. Department of Education Science ...
Cite A Government publication in Harvard style
Cite A Government publication in Harvard style. Use the following template or our Harvard Referencing Generator to cite a government publication. For help with other source types, like books, PDFs, or websites, check out our other guides. To have your reference list or bibliography automatically made for you, try our free citation generator.
How to Cite a Government Website or Report in Harvard Style
In Harvard referencing, the basic format for citing government publications is like that of a book. ... (Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, p. 5) Reference list entry: Department of Education, Science and Training 2006, The Australian Government's innovation report 2005-06: real results, real jobs, Dept. of Education, Science ...
Education
Department of Education and Training, & Victorian Curriculum and Assessment Authority. (2016). Victorian early years learning and development framework: For all children from birth to eight years. ... Example: Reference list. Department of Education and Training. (2019a). High impact teaching strategies: Excellence in teaching and learning. ...
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The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) has a guide to referencing ABS material. Follow the ABS advice for information to include, but adjust capitalisation and punctuation to be in line with the rest of the reference list for your content (Harvard style). For online data sets, hyperlink the title and include the accessed date.
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The Harvard citation style first emerged in the 1880s at, no surprises, Harvard University.It is widely used in many different disciplines. It is called an author-date system because the citation includes the author of the work and the date in which the author wrote it.A reference list then appears at the end of your work to list all the citations that you have used.
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When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
Education: Referencing Curriculum Material & Standards
In-Text Citations. In-Text Citations for direct quotes or referencing a specific section of the curriculum. Rule. First in text citation: (Full name of the government department [Abbreviation], year) Each subsequent citation: (Abbreviation, year) If you are including a direct quote include the page number if you are citing a document; or if you ...
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There are different versions of the Harvard referencing style. This guide is a quick introduction to the commonly-used Cite Them Right version. You will find further guidance available through the OU Library on the Cite Them Right Database. For help and support with referencing and the full Cite Them Right guide, have a look at the Library's ...
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This framework, "support[s] early childhood providers, teachers and educators to extend and enrich children's learning from birth to 5 years and through the transition to school" (Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE], 2022). Reference list. Australian Government Department of Education [AGDE] (2022).
LibGuides: Harvard Reference Style: Government publications
An introduction to the Harvard referencing system with reference formats & examples. This variation of Harvard Reference Style is compiled by Nelson Mandela University Library and Information Services. ... (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, 2003:50). Notes ...
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ehu.ac.uk/ls . are likely to increase your understanding of a subject if you use further sources. Moreover, you should be aware that using too many secondary citations could be considered poor academic practice.
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Title (in italics) Series or publication number (if given) Place of publication: Publisher. If accessed online: Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date) Examples. In-text citation. The hospital's guideline (Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, 2020) and the updated guidance (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [hereafter ...
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Check out Scribbr's Harvard Reference Generator. MLA. MLA style is the official style of the Modern Language Association, defined in the MLA Handbook (9th edition). It's widely used across various humanities disciplines. Unlike most parenthetical citation styles, it's author-page rather than author-date.
Comparative Literature
The undergraduate program in Comparative Literature prepares students to play an active and creative role in today's globalized world by exploring literature and culture across languages and national borders. Working in more than one language, students investigate the inter-connections among literatures, cultures, and media to explore the ...
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Published in April 2021, the ninth edition of the MLA Handbook works as both a textbook and a reference guide. You can order a copy… Read More. Teaching Resources. MLA Guide to Digital Literacy, 2nd Edition: An Interview with the Author. by Ellen C. Carillo.
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Building The 'Bridge' Between Research and Practice. Marshal Doug Mosher, Ph.D.'24, reflects on his journey to the Ed. School and the lessons — musical and teaching — learned along the way. The way Doug Mosher tells the story, he didn't really come to the Harvard Graduate School of Education. HGSE came to him.
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Advertisement. An "unacceptably high" number of US arms components are landing in Russian hands, a US official said on Tuesday. "The percentage of Russian battlefield weaponry with US or allied ...
As India vs Pakistan T20 World Cup match gets ISIS-K threat, security
He added that the threats also had references to a viral video circulating online, which calls for "that lone wolf to act out." Nassau County Executive Bruce Blakeman told CNN that they take every threat seriously and have been coordinating security efforts with federal partners, including the FBI, Department of Homeland Security and ...

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