full form of phd medicine

MD-PhD, Combined Degree

School of medicine, md - phd, combined degree program.

From its inception, the physician-scientist has been a hallmark of Johns Hopkins medicine and the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. Indeed, the Hopkins tri-emblem represents the three core values of the institution: teaching, patient care, and research.

The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine offers a variety of opportunities for the training of medical scientists. A combined curriculum leading to both MD and PhD degrees enables students who aspire to careers in academic medicine to obtain intensive training in specialized areas of the biomedical sciences in addition to top-flight medical training. The traditional diversity and flexibility of the educational opportunities at Johns Hopkins permit the design of individualized programs to meet the needs of students with a variety of interests, educational backgrounds, and career goals.

To accomplish our training goals, we expect students to fully commit to medical training while in medical school and research training while in graduate school.  However, we also take important steps to ensure that students are exposed to the intersection of both worlds early in their training, as well as given the professional and career development advice they need to succeed.

In a word, the MD-PhD curriculum at Johns Hopkins is flexible. Most students decide to complete the first two years of medical school before they begin graduate school and finish the last two years of their medical training after completing their thesis work (see the Timeline below). However, students who want more first-hand experience in clinical medicine before beginning graduate work can elect to complete three years of medical school, followed by their graduate training, and then the last year of medical school. This can give them a better appreciation of the potential clinical relevance of their research. In making a choice, trainees consult extensively with the Program Director, the Dean of Students, members of the MD-PhD Committee, prospective research mentors, and their faculty advisors. Students in the MD-PhD Program are automatically accepted to all graduate programs, so decisions regarding graduate training programs can be made with a strong understanding of each program.  The MD-PhD Committee is responsible for program oversight, admissions, and  student mentorship .  Students complete MD-PhD training on average in eight years.

Johns Hopkins interdisciplinary organizational structure means each faculty member may be affiliated with several clinical departments, research sections, and graduate programs. 

Formal graduate programs in the School of Medicine encompass the following areas: Biochemistry; Cellular, and Molecular Biology; Biological Chemistry; Biomedical Engineering; Molecular Biophysics; Functional Anatomy and Human Evolutionary Studies; Cell Biology; Cellular and Molecular Medicine; History of Medicine; Human Genetics; Immunology; Neuroscience; Pathobiology; Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, and Cellular and Molecular Physiology. Students are also eligible to obtain their PhD in one of the 11 graduate programs at the Bloomberg School of Public Health or the School of Arts and Sciences on the Homewood Campus.  Students may select a thesis mentor from faculty in the Schools of Medicine and Public Health.

The MD-PhD Program also sponsors special seminars and lectures, It also maintains a dedicated library, the Paul Talalay MD-PhD Library, to enrich the educational opportunities of all MD-PhD students. Efforts are made to acquaint MD-PhD candidates with the major advances, concepts, and cutting-edge techniques in contemporary medicine and biomedical sciences.  We also create an environment that promotes a more intimate personal contact with successful medical scientists in this institution.

Admission Procedures.  Individuals who wish to apply for admission to the combined MD-PhD Program of the School of Medicine must submit an application through AMCAS  in which they will indicate the MD-PhD Program.  Once the AMCAS application has been verified and submitted to Hopkins, the applicant will receive an invitation to complete the Hopkins Secondary Application.  Here the applicant will submit the additional materials required for the combined degree.  Johns Hopkins does not allow applicants to apply to both the traditional MD program and the combined program during the same cycle.   

All combined-degree applications are reviewed by a separate  MD-PhD Review Committee  which is comprised of faculty from the basic sciences and clinical arena, as well as faculty from the Bloomberg School of Public Health.  A separate Graduate School application is  not necessary . The MD-PhD Committee determines whether or not an interview is indicated.  In general, the committee is looking for students with a passion for research and a commitment to medicine.  This assessment is based on the applicant’s research experience, letters of recommendation, academic performance and extracurricular activities. The Committee considers standardized test scores only in the context of the applicant’s other credentials. If an interview is granted, the applicant is notified by the MD-PhD Office and after the applicant accepts, the process for scheduling an interview begins.  Interview visits generally occur over two days. Applicants are interviewed by members of the MD-PhD Committee and other faculty members who share their research interests. Applicants have many opportunities to meet with current students and tour the campus during their visit. 

All eligible applicants who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program are funded by the NIH Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) Award.  This program, supported by the National Institutes of Health, provides full tuition, stipend, and medical and dental insurance for students. Due to federal restrictions, only U.S. citizens and permanent residents are eligible for MSTP funding.  Approximately 10-12 MD-PhD students matriculate each year.

Students who matriculate to the traditional MD Program but have a clearly demonstrated interest and experience in scientific research, are eligible to apply to the combined MD-PhD Program.  These students may apply for admission during the fall of their first or second year of medical school.  These qualified applicants are evaluated and placed in the pool for the current application cycle and will be considered for MSTP funding.  

Financial Support.  The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP) is supported by a training grant from the National Institutes of Health. A number of exceptional students with unusual accomplishments and commitment to a career in the medical sciences will be selected for traineeships under this program. Such fellowships provide stipend and tuition support for combined medical and graduate study. All students who are admitted to the MD-PhD Program will be considered for these awards. 

Graduates of The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine MD-PhD Program have gone on to become leaders in many areas of academic medicine.

Advice on the scope and opportunities offered by these programs may be obtained from the Director or Administrative Director of the MD-PhD Program.

• PhD vs MD – Differences explained
• Types of Doctorates

A MD is a Doctor of Medicine, whilst a PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy. A MD program focuses on the application of medicine to diagnose and treat patients. A PhD program research focuses on research (in any field) to expand knowledge.

Introduction

This article will outline the key differences between a MD and a PhD. If you are unsure of which degree is suitable for you, then read on to find out the focuses and typical career paths of both. Please note this article has been written for the perspective of a US audience.

What is a MD?

MD (also seen stylized as M.D and M.D.) comes from the Latin term Medicīnae Doctor and denotes a Doctor of Medicine.

MDs practice allopathic medicine (they use modern medicine to treat symptoms and diseases). A common example would be your physician, though there are numerous types of medical doctors, with different areas of speciality and as such may be referred to differently.

What is a PhD?

A PhD (sometimes seen stylized as Ph.D.) comes from the Latin term Philosophiae Doctor and denotes a Doctor of Philosophy.

A PhD can be awarded for carrying out original research in any field, not just medicine. In comparison to an MD, a PhD in a Medicinal field is focused on finding out new knowledge, as opposed to applying current knowledge.

A PhD in Medicine therefore does not require you to attend medical school or complete a residency program. Instead, you are required to produce a thesis (which summarizes your research findings) and defend your work in an oral examination.

What is the difference between a MD and a PhD?

Both are Doctoral Degrees, and someone with either degree can be referred to as a doctor. But for clarity, MDs are awarded to those with expertise in practicing medicine and are therefore more likely to be found in clinical environments. PhDs are awarded to researchers, and are therefore more likely to be found in academic environments.

This does not mean that MDs cannot pursue a research career, nor does it mean that a PhD cannot pursue clinical practice. It does mean, however, that PhDs are more suited to those who would wish to pursue a career in research, and that MDs are more suited to those who prefer the clinical aspects of medicine or aspire to become a practicing physician.

It should also be noted that a medical PhD doctorates possess transferable skills which make them desirable to various employers. Their familiarity with the scientific method and research experience makes them well suited to industry work beyond medical research.

Program structure and time

The standard MD program structure sees students undertake 2 years of coursework and classroom-based learning, before undertaking 2 years of rotational work in a clinical environment (such as a hospital). Getting an MD requires attending a medical school (accredited by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education) and completing a residency program. Both of which prepare students to diagnose patients and practice clinical medicine.

The standard PhD program lasts 5 to 7 years and sees students undertake original research (monitored by a supervisor). Getting a PhD requires the contribution of novel findings, which leads to the advancement of knowledge within your field of research. With the exception of some clinical PhDs, a PhD alone is not enough to be able to prescribe medicine.

PhD doctorates are required to summarize the purpose, methodology, findings and significance of their research in a thesis. The final step is the ‘ Viva Voce ’ where the student must defend their thesis to a panel of examiners.

To summarize, a MD program usually lasts 4 years, whilst a PhD program lasts 5 to 7 years. Before being licensed to practice medicine, however, you must first complete a residency program which can last between 3 to 7 years.

What is a MD/PhD?

A MD/PhD is a dual doctoral degree. The program alternates between clinical focused learning and research focused work. This is ideal for those who are interested in both aspects of medicine. According to the Association of American Medical Colleges, an estimated 600 students matriculate into MD-PhD programs each year .

The typical length of a MD/PhD program is 7 to 8 years, almost twice the length of a MD alone. As with a MD, MD/PhDs are still required to attend medical school and must complete a residency program before being able to practice medicine.

In comparison to PhD and MD programs, MD/PhD positions in the United States are scarce and consequently more competitive. The tuition fees for MD/PhD positions are typically much lower than MD and PhD positions are sometimes waived completely.

Those who possess a MD/PhD are commonly referred to as medical scientists. The ability to combine their medical knowledge with research skills enables MD/PhDs to work in a wide range of positions from academia to industrial research.

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abbreviation or noun

Definition of phd, examples of phd in a sentence.

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'PhD.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

New Latin philosophiae doctor

1839, in the meaning defined above

Dictionary Entries Near PhD

Cite this entry.

“PhD.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/PhD. Accessed 27 May. 2024.

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PhD Programs

Empowering students to follow their curiosity

Bioengineering PhD

Jointly supported by the School of Engineering and the School of Medicine, the bioengineering program merges engineering principles with scientific discovery and technology to encourage the development of new medical devices and treatments.

Biosciences PhD

panning the School of Medicine and the School of Humanities and Sciences, students have the best of both worlds: the diversity of a large umbrella program coupled with the support of a small academic setting.

The Biosciences PhD program offers 14 home programs representing eight basic science departments and six interdisciplinary programs.

Biomedical Physics (BMP) PhD Program

Supported by the Departments of Radiology and Radiation Oncology, the Biomedical Physics PhD program seeks students interested in radiation therapy, imaging science, and molecular imaging and diagnostics as applied to clinical medicine. 

PhD in Epidemiology and Clinical Research

The PhD program in epidemiology and clinical research will provide methodologic and interdisciplinary training that will equip students to carry out cutting-edge epidemiologic research. The program trains students in the tools of modern epidemiology, with heavy emphases on statistics, computer science, genetics, genomics, and bioinformatics.

PhD in Health Policy

Stanford Health Policy offers a PhD program which promises to educate students who will be scholarly leaders in the field of health policy, and will be highly knowledgeable about the theoretical and empirical approaches that can be applied in the development of improvements in health policy and the health care system. These students will be well prepared for positions in academic institutions, government institutions, and private sector organizations with a demand for high-level analysis of health policy issues.

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Doctoral studies are carried out by science postgraduates, medical students combining clinical training with the PhD, and clinically qualified doctors undertaking scientific training. The research covers the whole spectrum of medical science from basic biology to clinical therapies.

Along with the specific research training provided in the laboratory in which they work, students receive further training within the department in the form of postgraduate workshops concentrating on research techniques, research seminars both on the Addenbrooke's site and elsewhere in the University, and postgraduate student seminars dealing with generic skills such as intellectual property rights, writing a thesis or paper, and entrepreneurship.

Candidates wishing to take a shorter course of research and write a thesis for the master's after one year may apply for the MPhil in Medical Sciences.

Learning Outcomes

Those who wish to progress to a PhD after completing an MPhil will be required to satisfy their potential supervisor, Head of Department and the Faculty Degree Committee that they have the skills and ability to achieve the higher degree.

The Postgraduate Virtual Open Day usually takes place at the end of October. It’s a great opportunity to ask questions to admissions staff and academics, explore the Colleges virtually, and to find out more about courses, the application process and funding opportunities. Visit the  Postgraduate Open Day  page for more details.

See further the  Postgraduate Admissions Events  pages for other events relating to Postgraduate study, including study fairs, visits and international events.

Key Information

3-4 years full-time, 4-7 years part-time, study mode : research, doctor of philosophy, department of medicine, course - related enquiries, application - related enquiries, course on department website, dates and deadlines:, lent 2024 (closed).

Some courses can close early. See the Deadlines page for guidance on when to apply.

Easter 2024 (Closed)

Michaelmas 2024 (closed), easter 2025, funding deadlines.

These deadlines apply to applications for courses starting in Michaelmas 2024, Lent 2025 and Easter 2025.

Similar Courses

• MD (Doctor of Medicine) MD
• Medical Science (Medicine) MPhil
• Medical Science (Obstetrics and Gynaecology) MPhil
• Biological Science (Veterinary Medicine) by thesis MPhil
• Biological Sciences (Infection Biology and Molecular Immunology) by advanced study MPhil

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Medicine MPhil/PhD

London, Bloomsbury and London, Hampstead (Royal Free Hospital)

A full or part-time research degree at the UCL Division of Medicine offers broad research training opportunities under the supervision of academics who are world experts in their fields. Collaborative interactions between scientists, clinicians and healthcare industries at national and international levels provide our students with excellent networking opportunities and career prospects.

UK tuition fees (2024/25)

Overseas tuition fees (2024/25), programme starts, applications accepted.

• Entry requirements

A first or an upper second-class UK Bachelor’s degree in an appropriate subject, or an overseas qualification of an equivalent standard or a recognised taught Master’s degree.

The English language level for this programme is: Level 3

UCL Pre-Master's and Pre-sessional English courses are for international students who are aiming to study for a postgraduate degree at UCL. The courses will develop your academic English and academic skills required to succeed at postgraduate level.

Further information can be found on our English language requirements page.

Equivalent qualifications

Country-specific information, including details of when UCL representatives are visiting your part of the world, can be obtained from the International Students website .

International applicants can find out the equivalent qualification for their country by selecting from the list below. Please note that the equivalency will correspond to the broad UK degree classification stated on this page (e.g. upper second-class). Where a specific overall percentage is required in the UK qualification, the international equivalency will be higher than that stated below. Please contact Graduate Admissions should you require further advice.

About this degree

The multidisciplinary Division of Medicine combines excellent facilities with world-leading scientific and clinical expertise directed towards better understanding and treatment of human disease. 

Research students benefit from a training environment that fosters collaboration across the interface between basic science, clinical practice within our associated hospitals, and the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries.

During your research degree, you will be able to select training courses to develop a wide variety of transferable research, teaching, and leadership skills. There will also be opportunities to put these skills into practice in laboratory and teaching environments. We aim to enhance not only your research project, but also your communication skills and career prospects. 

You will receive regular guidance and support from your project supervisors and from an independent thesis committee across your full registration period.

Who this course is for

We aim to recruit the best graduates in science and medicine from across the world with a genuine passion and talent for biomedical research.

What this course will give you

This programme offers you the following benefits and opportunities.

• You join the multidisciplinary Division of Medicine, which trains and inspires the next generation of leading biomedical scientists and clinicians.
• An excellent educational experience and unrivalled opportunities for interdisciplinary research, networking, career development and employment across the biomedical and healthcare sectors.
• Networking and career opportunities from our academics' international collaborative links with academic and commercial organisations.
• A unique springboard for ambitious clinicians and scientists.

The foundation of your career

Through close collaborations between scientists and clinicians in a wide range of clinical disciplines, a research degree in the Division of Medicine provides a unique springboard for ambitious clinicians and scientists. Our alumni have progressed to senior leadership positions in many areas of academia, the health services and industry.

Employability

A PhD from the UCL Division of Medicine is internationally recognised as a high achievement. Our graduates are expected to be independent thinkers that bring rigorous expertise to solving complex problems.

Recent graduates have taken up clinical, academic, postdoctoral, and scientific advisory positions in the public and private sectors, nationally and internationally.

The Division runs several seminar programmes that attract high-profile national and international external speakers, as well as a student-led 'Presenting Outstanding Papers' group/seminar series.

There is also an annual day retreat away from the university, where we discuss ideas and hear presentations from staff and students across the entire Division.

Students are encouraged to present their results at a major national or international conference at least once during their project period.

Our academics have numerous national and international collaborative links with academic and commercial organisations. These provide students with broad opportunities for networking and career development.

Teaching and learning

Most of your research will be carried out independently with guidance provided by your supervisory team and Thesis Committee. There will also be a series of training requirements that you will need to complete in the early stages of the programme. Your supervisory team will provide guidance on appropriate training requirements relevant to your proposed area of research.

Your first milestone will be to upgrade from MPhil to the PhD degree. For this, you will submit and present a report (upgrade viva). You will also need to give an oral presentation for which all members of the Division will be invited to attend. In your final year, you submit a thesis covering your research and discuss this at a formal interview known as a viva examination.

Most of your time will be spent conducting independent research, alongside regular meetings with your supervisory team and Thesis Committee, and completing your training requirements. We also encourage you to attend relevant research events at UCL and elsewhere.

Research areas and structure

The biomedical disciplines represented within the research departments and institutes of the UCL Division of Medicine include:

• Amyloidosis and acute phase proteins
• Cardiovascular biology
• Clinical pharmacology
• Clinical physiology
• Connective tissue biology
• Diabetes and endocrinology
• Drug design
• Gastroenterology and nutrition
• Inflammation
• Intensive care medicine
• Medical imaging
• Molecular cell biology
• Molecular medicine
• Neuroendocrinology
• Neuroscience
• Nuclear medicine
• Obesity research
• Radiochemistry
• Respiratory research
• Rheumatology.

Research environment

Our world-class undergraduate and postgraduate courses attract the best students from all over the world and train the next generation of basic and clinical scientists and practitioners. Over 200 postgraduate students are enrolled on our PhD programme at any given time.

The UCL Division of Medicine forms one of the most sizeable concentrations of biomedical scientists in Europe in one of the world's leading universities. Our aims are:

• To educate, train, and inspire the next generation of scientists and clinicians.
• To be at the international forefront of biomedical research from lab bench to bedside.
• To attract, retain and develop the most gifted biomedical researchers and teachers at all levels.
• To develop and deliver outstanding patient care together with UCL’s partner hospitals.

Our research aims to understand the basis of disease, and to develop better diagnostics and treatments for diseases with an emphasis on experimental medicine. In the REF 2021 Clinical Medicine unit of assessment, we are ranked first in the UK for our impact and research environment.

Our clinical mission is to provide the highest quality medical care, as practitioners of medicine and leaders of the NHS, and to work in partnership with patients to fulfil our research and teaching missions. The Division’s clinical academics are active as physicians in partner hospitals, with programmes of national and international standing in major medical specialities.

The full-time registration period for a PhD is three years. 

You initially register for an MPhil. In your first few months, you discuss and agree a deliverable plan and timeline for your research project with your supervisors. This plan can be revised as new results are obtained.

You will be eligible to upgrade to PhD registration in year two (at around 12-18 months). The assessment is a written report and oral exam following an upgrade presentation. You will also present your work to your group and to the Division when you upgrade from MPhil to PhD registration in year two.

After three years, you can apply for 'completing research status' if you have completed your research and you are focused on writing your thesis.

The part-time registration period for a PhD is five years.

You are initially registered for an MPhil. In your first few months, you discuss and agree a deliverable plan and timeline for your research project with your supervisors. This plan can be revised as new results are obtained.

You are eligible to upgrade to PhD registration in years two to three (at around 15-30 months). The assessment is a written report and oral exam following an upgrade presentation. You also present your work to your group and to the Division during the upgrade process.

After five years, you can apply for 'completing research status' if you have completed your research and you are focused on writing your thesis.

Accessibility

Details of the accessibility of UCL buildings can be obtained from AccessAble accessable.co.uk . Further information can also be obtained from the UCL Student Support and Wellbeing team .

Fees and funding

Fees for this course.

The tuition fees shown are for the year indicated above. Fees for subsequent years may increase or otherwise vary. Where the programme is offered on a flexible/modular basis, fees are charged pro-rata to the appropriate full-time Master's fee taken in an academic session. Further information on fee status, fee increases and the fee schedule can be viewed on the UCL Students website: ucl.ac.uk/students/fees .

Additional costs

Your research degree may be subject to an Additional Fee Element (AFE). The AFE (also known as bench fees) is an additional cost, incurred by yourself or your sponsor. It is levied to cover the costs related to consumables, equipment and materials etc. which are not included in the tuition fee. As each research project is unique, the AFE is calculated on an individual basis and is determined by your academic supervisor.

You should discuss finding support for these costs with your proposed primary supervisor.

For more information on additional costs for prospective students please go to our estimated cost of essential expenditure at Accommodation and living costs .

Funding your studies

Research council and charity studentships and fellowships are occasionally available for MPhil/PhD students. Opportunities may also exist for studentships funded via the UCL Division of Medicine, the Faculty of Medical Sciences, and UCL doctoral training programmes. These are usually advertised on major medical research funding sites and findaphd.com when they become available.

For a comprehensive list of the funding opportunities available at UCL, including funding relevant to your nationality, please visit the Scholarships and Funding website .

Students are advised to apply at least 2 months before their proposed start date. Those applying for scholarship funding (particularly overseas applicants) should take note of application deadlines.

You should identify and contact potential supervisors and agree on a project before making your application. While there is often some flexibility, deadlines and start dates may be dictated by funding arrangements, so check with the department, academic unit or funder to see if you need to consider these when preparing your application. Applicants who are not restricted by external funding terms and conditions (e.g. self-funding) may start on any of the designated start dates available during the academic year.

Your references must be from individuals unconnected to your proposed supervisory team.

Please note that you may submit applications for a maximum of two graduate programmes (or one application for the Law LLM) in any application cycle.

Choose your programme

Please read the Application Guidance before proceeding with your application.

Year of entry: 2024-2025

Got questions get in touch.

Division of Medicine

[email protected]

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“M.D.” vs. “Ph.D.” vs. “Dr.”: Are They Synonyms?

Quick: when you hear the word doctor , what do you picture?

Most would probably describe someone in a white lab coat with a stethoscope hanging around their neck or someone in medical scrubs—someone you would seek out if you have a deep cut that needed stitches.

That word doctor , however, is a title assigned to many who don’t come close to that description, many of whom you wouldn’t want stitching up that cut. Take your English professor, for instance. No offense, Dr. Barrett. 

It can all be a bit confusing, which is why it’s important to know who and why someone might be called a doctor , as well as what all those initials and abbreviations after their name mean. Here we break it all down.

What does Dr. mean?

Let’s start with doctor or D r . for short. While the first definition of the word is “ a person licensed to practice medicine,” that doesn’t mean you want to take medical advice from anyone who calls themselves a doctor . There are many looser definitions of the word that follow and, frankly, make things a bit confusing.

For example, the third definition is older slang for a “cook, as at a camp or on a ship,” while the seventh entry is “an eminent scholar and teacher.” Bugs Bunny didn’t help matters either by plying anyone and everyone with his famous greeting,“What’s up, doc?” 

The term doctor can be traced back to the late 1200s, and it stems from a Latin word meaning “to teach.” It wasn’t used to describe a licensed medical practitioner until about 1400, and it wasn’t used as such with regularity until the late 1600s. It replaced the former word used for medical doctors— leech , which is now considered archaic. 

WATCH: When Did The Word "Doctor" Become Medical?

Physician vs. doctor : are these synonyms.

While the term physician is a synonym for doctor , it’s typically used to refer to those who practice general medicine rather than those who perform surgery, aka surgeons . 

A quack , on the other hand, is defined as “ a fraudulent or ignorant pretender to medical skill.”

What does M.D. mean?

Moving on to initials that carry more weight than a nod from Bugs, let’s look at M.D.s .

M.D. , which can be used with or without the periods ( M.D. or MD )  is the designation for a medical doctor. This is earned by attending medical school (typically a four-year program after completing at least one undergraduate degree, plus a residency program), and learning to diagnose patients’ symptoms and offer treatment. 

The initials M and D stem from the Latin title  Medicīnae Doctor. There are many different types of doctors, with different specialties, but if you have a physical ailment, visiting a doctor with the initials M.D. is a good place to start.

Specialty doctors may add even more initials to their title, such as DCN (doctor of clinical nutrition), DDS (doctor of dental surgery), or countless others they acquire with additional training. To make things even more confusing, some may add abbreviations from medical associations they belong to, such as FAAEM (Fellow of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine). 

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What does Ph.D. mean?

As for Ph.D. , this stands for “doctor of philosophy.” It stems from the Latin term Philosophiae Doctor.

You can get a Ph.D. in any number of subjects, from anthropology to mythological studies. It’s not an easy feat, however, as to earn one, you must do original research and write a dissertation . 

Ph.D. vs. M.D .: are these synonyms?

There are two big differences between Ph.D. s and M.D .s. When it comes to medicine, M.D.s can prescribe medications, and Ph.D.s can’t. And yes, it’s possible to be both an M.D. and a Ph.D. In fact, some med schools offer programs in which you can achieve both simultaneously. 

You can also get a professional doctorate degree in a number of fields. For example, you might receive a doctorate of education, an  Ed.D . 

So, in a nutshell, both M.D.s and Ph.Ds can be referred to as doctors . If you’re looking for someone to treat what ails you physically, then you want at least an M.D. following their name. If you want to dig deep into a subject and get advice from someone who has done their own research and who likely knows the latest and greatest developments in a particular area, then you’re probably looking for a Ph.D. And if someone has both, even better—depending on your needs, it may be just what the doctor ordered.

Want more synonyms? Get Thesaurus.com’s sizzling synonyms right in your inbox! 

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Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy (MDPhD)

Canadian immigration updates.

Applicants to Master’s and Doctoral degrees are not affected by the recently announced cap on study permits. Review more details

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This is an integrated program jointly offered by the Faculty of Medicine and the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. Its purpose is to provide selected and highly qualified students the opportunity to combine their medical school experience with intensive scientific training in pursuing a career as clinician-scientists in a chosen field. The program is designed so that students can receive the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degrees after successful completion of six to seven years of enrolment. The program is built upon the regular MD curriculum, but is further customized to meet the unique career goals of individual students based on their background, previous research experience, and their chosen medical field of expertise. Graduates of the MD/PhD Program are trained as competent physicians, as well as skilled scientists who can sustain a successful and competitive clinical investigative career.

Because entry to this program requires concurrent admission to the MD Program, it is open to Canadian citizens, permanent residents and persons with refugee status in Canada only. We are therefore unfortunately unable to admit international students to the combined MD/PhD Program, although such applicants remain eligible to pursue direct PhD studies within the many departments of UBC's Faculty of Medicine.

For specific program requirements, please refer to the departmental program website

What makes the program unique?

• The combined UBC MD/PhD Program is a 7-year program
• Find your perfect research supervisor from the highly regarded faculty members within the Faculty of Medicine
• You have your curriculum customized to synergize with your research
• You choose to work in one of the four distributed medical programs
• At least 7 distinct research campuses with cutting edge research tools
• Plenty of financial support: reduced tuition, scholarships, travel awards and research stipends
• The program hosts regular seminars for trainees and advocates for scheduling to balance research and clinical demands
• Connect with the highly motivated medical and graduate students ready for academic discussion, sports outings or a night of fun

The MD/PhD program provides me with the training to become not only a physician who sees patients, but also a researcher who can hopefully develop new therapies for these patients. It gives me a unique perspective as a clinician-scientist to know what questions are clinically meaningful to ask, as well as what new research results could be applied to help patients. This best-of-both-worlds approach, as well as the excellent track record of UBC's MD/PhD program, attracted me to pursue my dual degree here.

Quick Facts

Program Enquiries

Admission information & requirements, program instructions.

Application to the MD/PhD Program is made by completing: 1) the application form for admission to the MD Program 2) the application form for admission to the MD/PhD Program

1) Check Eligibility

Minimum academic requirements.

The Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies establishes the minimum admission requirements common to all applicants, usually a minimum overall average in the B+ range (76% at UBC). The graduate program that you are applying to may have additional requirements. Please review the specific requirements for applicants with credentials from institutions in:

• Canada or the United States
• International countries other than the United States

Each program may set higher academic minimum requirements. Please review the program website carefully to understand the program requirements. Meeting the minimum requirements does not guarantee admission as it is a competitive process.

Other Test Scores

Some programs require additional test scores such as the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) or the Graduate Management Test (GMAT). The requirements for this program are:

The GRE is not required.

Prior degree, course and other requirements

Prior degree requirements.

The MD/PhD Program considers students from a variety of backgrounds; no preference is given to any particular degree program. The applicant must hold an honours bachelor's degree with an overall average in the 'A' grade range (or equivalent), and have fulfilled all the requirements of acceptance into the four-year medical curriculum of the Faculty of Medicine (including a separate application to that program), and the doctoral requirements of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies.

Course Requirements

Courses in biology, chemistry and biochemistry are strongly recommended but are not required for application. All applicants are expected to demonstrate proficiency in these areas through coursework and/or MCAT scores. Courses in physics, statistics and the social sciences are also recommended as general preparation for the MCAT and for medical school.

Document Requirements

Autobiographical essay of research interest. Applicants are required to submit a concise, well organized essay which clearly outlines why you have chosen the Clinician Scientist path as a career in medicine, your perception of the discipline, and the medical field that best matches the area of your research interest.

Other Requirements

Besides academic standard, other strengths including maturity, research experience and potential, scholarship, personal qualities, research field of interest, and proposed research supervisor and laboratory are also assessed. In addition to fulfilling the requirements of the regular undergraduate MD curriculum, MD/PhD students will also undertake graduate level coursework as required by their chosen field of research. All MD/PhD students are required to fulfill the PhD portion of the degree in a department which is affiliated with the Faculty of Medicine and listed in the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies. The research supervisor must be a full member of the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies, and is usually from a Department, Interdisciplinary Program or Institute within the Faculty of Medicine. The research supervisor must hold a current CIHR research operating grant or from an equivalent peer-reviewed, federal or provincial granting agency.

2) Meet Deadlines

3) prepare application, transcripts.

All applicants have to submit transcripts from all past post-secondary study. Document submission requirements depend on whether your institution of study is within Canada or outside of Canada.

Letters of Reference

A minimum of three references are required for application to graduate programs at UBC. References should be requested from individuals who are prepared to provide a report on your academic ability and qualifications.

Statement of Interest

Many programs require a statement of interest , sometimes called a "statement of intent", "description of research interests" or something similar.

Supervision

Students in research-based programs usually require a faculty member to function as their thesis supervisor. Please follow the instructions provided by each program whether applicants should contact faculty members.

Instructions regarding thesis supervisor contact for Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy (MDPhD)

A unique aspect of the UBC MD/PhD program is that it considers its students to be PhD students throughout the duration of the program. As such, it is to the benefit of the student to have identified a supervisor as early possible. This has the additional advantage of allowing students an early start on their research program, increasing the chance a student will be able to complete a combined MD/PhD degree in 7 years.

Applicants should list potential supervisors at the time of their application. If selected for interview it is expected that applicants will set up virtual meetings with a potential supervisor(s) prior to interviews. The research supervisor proposed by the MD/PhD applicant is one of the criteria we use to rank applicants for admission. As for all graduate students, it is to the applicant’s advantage to demonstrate that they have explored potential supervisors, research environments, and projects and hence to have developed a plan for what research they would like to be doing at UBC. The research supervisor must be eligible to take on graduate students in a Faculty of Medicine-affiliated program at UBC or one of its partner universities, and should hold a current operating grant from CIHR or an equivalent peer-reviewed, federal or provincial granting agency in order to provide an appropriate research environment to support an MD/PhD student. Successful applicants will have ~5 months between accepting an offer for admission and actually beginning the program, during which time they can finalize their decision about supervisor. Of note, it is possible to change supervisor during the first two years of the program.

Citizenship Verification

Permanent Residents of Canada must provide a clear photocopy of both sides of the Permanent Resident card.

4) Apply Online

All applicants must complete an online application form and pay the application fee to be considered for admission to UBC.

Research Information

Research focus.

Research Areas: Public Health, Neuroscience, Biochemistry, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Genetics, Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Urology, Sports Medicine, and more.

Program Components

Years 1 and 2 - MD curriculum (Years 1 and 2), Years 2 to 5 - Graduate Coursework & PhD research, Years 6 and 7 - MD curriculum (Years 3 and 4)

Research Facilities

UBC’s MD Undergraduate Program offers our students the opportunity to train at one of four geographically distinct sites in British Columbia: UBC’s Vancouver campus in Vancouver (Vancouver-Fraser Medical Program), UBC’s Okanagan campus in Kelowna (Southern Medical Program), the University of Victoria on Vancouver Island (Island Medical Program), or the University of Northern British Columbia in Prince George (Northern Medical Program). MD/PhD students can propose to undertake their training at any of these four sites.

Geographic Restrictions

We welcome applications from Canadians and permanent residents of Canada, including those who currently reside outside Canada. We also welcome applications from persons with refugee status in Canada. We regret that we cannot admit international students.

Tuition & Financial Support

Financial support.

Applicants to UBC have access to a variety of funding options, including merit-based (i.e. based on your academic performance) and need-based (i.e. based on your financial situation) opportunities.

Program Funding Packages

All MD/PhD students receive a studentship award through the MD/PhD Program (annual stipend $27,000, renewable each year for a maximum of 6 years).

Scholarships & awards (merit-based funding)

All applicants are encouraged to review the awards listing to identify potential opportunities to fund their graduate education. The database lists merit-based scholarships and awards and allows for filtering by various criteria, such as domestic vs. international or degree level.

Graduate Research Assistantships (GRA)

Many professors are able to provide Research Assistantships (GRA) from their research grants to support full-time graduate students studying under their supervision. The duties constitute part of the student's graduate degree requirements. A Graduate Research Assistantship is considered a form of fellowship for a period of graduate study and is therefore not covered by a collective agreement. Stipends vary widely, and are dependent on the field of study and the type of research grant from which the assistantship is being funded.

Graduate Teaching Assistantships (GTA)

Graduate programs may have Teaching Assistantships available for registered full-time graduate students. Full teaching assistantships involve 12 hours work per week in preparation, lecturing, or laboratory instruction although many graduate programs offer partial TA appointments at less than 12 hours per week. Teaching assistantship rates are set by collective bargaining between the University and the Teaching Assistants' Union .

Graduate Academic Assistantships (GAA)

Academic Assistantships are employment opportunities to perform work that is relevant to the university or to an individual faculty member, but not to support the student’s graduate research and thesis. Wages are considered regular earnings and when paid monthly, include vacation pay.

Financial aid (need-based funding)

Canadian and US applicants may qualify for governmental loans to finance their studies. Please review eligibility and types of loans .

All students may be able to access private sector or bank loans.

Foreign government scholarships

Many foreign governments provide support to their citizens in pursuing education abroad. International applicants should check the various governmental resources in their home country, such as the Department of Education, for available scholarships.

Working while studying

The possibility to pursue work to supplement income may depend on the demands the program has on students. It should be carefully weighed if work leads to prolonged program durations or whether work placements can be meaningfully embedded into a program.

International students enrolled as full-time students with a valid study permit can work on campus for unlimited hours and work off-campus for no more than 20 hours a week.

A good starting point to explore student jobs is the UBC Work Learn program or a Co-Op placement .

Tax credits and RRSP withdrawals

Students with taxable income in Canada may be able to claim federal or provincial tax credits.

Canadian residents with RRSP accounts may be able to use the Lifelong Learning Plan (LLP) which allows students to withdraw amounts from their registered retirement savings plan (RRSPs) to finance full-time training or education for themselves or their partner.

Please review Filing taxes in Canada on the student services website for more information.

Cost Estimator

Applicants have access to the cost estimator to develop a financial plan that takes into account various income sources and expenses.

Career Outcomes

19 students graduated between 2005 and 2013: 1 graduate is seeking employment; for 2 we have no data (based on research conducted between Feb-May 2016). For the remaining 16 graduates:

Sample Employers in Higher Education

Sample employers outside higher education, sample job titles outside higher education, phd career outcome survey, career options.

MD/PhD students are trained to translate basic discoveries into improving diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease in patients. MD/PhD graduates have been highly successful in reaching the program's intended goal of a clinician-scientist career, including staff positions at universities.

Alumni on Success

Michael Rauh

Job Title Attending Hematopathologist and Assistant Professor

Employer Queen's University

Job Title Associate Professor

Employer UBC Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology

Enrolment, Duration & Other Stats

These statistics show data for the Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Philosophy (MDPhD). Data are separated for each degree program combination. You may view data for other degree options in the respective program profile.

ENROLMENT DATA

Completion rates & times, upcoming doctoral exams, friday, 31 may 2024 - 9:00am - 2108, bc children's hospital research institute, 938 w 28th ave.

• Research Supervisors

Advice and insights from UBC Faculty on reaching out to supervisors

These videos contain some general advice from faculty across UBC on finding and reaching out to a supervisor. They are not program specific.

Doctoral Citations

Sample thesis submissions.

• Dynamic analysis of gene expression trajectories in sepsis and severe COVID-19
• Epigenetic dysregulation in synovial sarcoma
• Characterization of depression, suicidal ideation, and anxiety among adults who are homeless or precariously housed
• Structure, function, and neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins
• The proteomic and metabolomic characterization of clear cell ovarian cancer : towards better management strategies
• Quantitative kidney ultrasound from macroscale to microscale
• Radiotheranostic agents targeting the tumor microenvironment

Further Information

Specialization, ubc calendar, program website, faculty overview, academic unit, program identifier, social media channels, supervisor search.

Departments/Programs may update graduate degree program details through the Faculty & Staff portal. To update contact details for application inquiries, please use this form .

Katherine Baillie

UBC provides the best combination of location, program, and opportunities. I have always loved living in the Pacific Northwest, and UBC’s MD/PhD program offers a world-class education in both research and medicine. Working in the BC Cancer Research Institute also brings together a wealth of...

Li Qing Wang

I decided to study at UBC, because I found a very positive research environment in my field of study (i.e. pregnancy complications), as well as supervisors who are kind and supportive.

I decided to study at UBC to work with Dr. William Honer and the Hotel Study team. Additionally, having lived on the east coast my whole life, I wanted to experience living in British Columbia and be close to my grandparents!

Curious about life in Vancouver?

Find out how Vancouver enhances your graduate student experience—from the beautiful mountains and city landscapes, to the arts and culture scene, we have it all. Study-life balance at its best!

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Top 10 Best PhD in Medicine Programs

Dreaming of making the latest breakthrough medical discoveries? Whether you’re interested in neuroscience , psychology, or microbiology, a PhD in medicine will give you advanced skills and in-depth medical science knowledge to propel the medical field forward. You’ll feel equipped to conduct innovative research and perhaps even make important discoveries!

Out of all PhD programs, a PhD in medical science will prepare you for some of the world’s highest-paid roles. After all, the average yearly salary of a doctorate-holder in medicine is $153,000 . The best part? You’ll graduate and embark on a career that will make a difference.

Doctorates in medicine are in high demand, and you might even find — we’ll cover all the highlights in our list of doctorate degrees in medicine.

Table of Contents

Best PhD in Medicine Programs and Schools

Harvard university.

Ph.D. Program in Virology

Harvard University  offers one of the most dynamic types of doctorate degrees in medicine — the virology PhD. The Ivy League  school has produced countless world-renowned virology researchers who have invented valuable vaccines and treatments. This virology PhD program involves small student groups for stronger faculty and student relationships.

• Courses/research areas : Molecular genetics, viruses and immunity interaction, and rational antiviral drug design
• Duration : 5 years
• Tuition : Full funding
• Financial aid:  Full tuition & stipend support, health insurance, child support, parent support, and emergency fund
• Acceptance rate:  5%
• Location: Cambridge, Massachusetts

Stanford University, Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine

Graduate Program in Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine

Stanford is one of the world’s leading research centers in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine. In this program, you’ll have multiple options to meet the course requirements by passing substitute courses or through oral or written exams.

• Courses : Stem cells & human development, chemistry of biological processes, and advanced cell biology
• Tuition : Full tuition funding and stipend
• Financial aid : Grants, fellowships, stipend and tuition support, travel allowance, insurance
• Location : Stanford, California

Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine

Cellular and Molecular Medicine Program

Johns Hopkins is one of the biggest names in medicine globally and the only institution with a surviving CMM program  (Cellular & Molecular Medicine) funded by the Lucille Markey Foundation. In this doctorate program, you’ll research cellular and molecular biology with a focus on the practical diagnosis and treatment of diseases instead of a pure scientific emphasis.

• Courses : Molecular biology & genomics, cellular/molecular basis of disease, and immunology principles
• Duration : 3 years+
• Financial aid:  Full funding, health insurance, fellowships, teaching assistantships, research assistantships, and grants
• Acceptance rate : 11.1%
• Location : Baltimore, Maryland

Harvard-MIT, Harvard Medical School

MEMP Ph.D. Program

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University are two of the world’s most acclaimed research universities. They’ve collaborated to offer this unique combined PhD program in MEMP (Medical Engineering and Medical Physics) to advance research and innovation in medical diagnosis, treatment, and patient care. Students can choose one of the program’s 11 concentrations to create a personalized curriculum.

• Courses : Molecular diagnostics & bioinformatics, cellular & molecular immunology, and genetics in modern medicine
• Duration : 5.7 years average
• Financial aid : Full funding for tuition, stipend & health insurance, research assistantships, teaching assistantships, and fellowships
• Acceptance rate: 5-7%
• Location : Cambridge/Boston, Massachusetts

The University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health

Ph.D. Infectious Diseases & Immunity

The University of California Berkeley is ranked #2  among top public schools and is committed to student diversity, demonstrated by its dedicated Office for Graduate Diversity. This PhD is a unique program with its multidisciplinary and integrated focus on host-pathogen environmental interactions.

• Courses : Molecular basis of bacterial pathogenesis, epidemiology & control of infectious diseases, and advanced cell biology
• Duration : 5.5 years average
• Tuition : $14,442  per academic year
• Financial aid : Fellowships, scholarships, grants, work-study, and loans
• Acceptance rate : 17.5%
• Location : Berkeley, California

The University of Pennsylvania, Biomedical Graduate Studies Division

Cellular & Molecular Biology (CAMB) Graduate Group

The University of Pennsylvania’s BGS  (Biomedical Graduate Studies) division has around 900 PhD students — 25% belong to underrepresented minorities, and 58% are female. The CAMB Graduate Group is a unique interdisciplinary research program offering six specialized medical discipline areas and world-class facilities.

• Courses : Regulation of the genome, cell & molecular biology, and data analysis for life sciences
• Financial aid:  Full funding, including tuition, fees, and stipend, as well as fellowships and grants
• Acceptance rate:  9%
• Location : Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Yale University, School of Medicine

Investigative Medicine Program

Yale School of Medicine is well-known for its eminent faculty and one of the world’s largest medical libraries. This PhD program specializes in investigative medicine, allowing you to develop high-level creative and analytical skills. It also prepares you with the knowledge to conduct both laboratory-based and clinically based patient-oriented medical research.

• Courses : Topics in human investigation, ethics issues in biomedical research, and methods in clinical research.
• Duration : 3-4 years
• Financial aid : Grants, loans, and fellowships.
• Acceptance rate : 7%
• Location : New Haven, Connecticut

The University of California San Francisco, Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics

Doctoral Program in Epidemiology & Translational Science

The University of California San Francisco is an innovative research institution focusing exclusively on medicine across education, research, and patient care. As a result, it has some of the highest rankings by the US & News Report  in various medical disciplines. The program allows you to choose between 17 concentration areas, including cancer epidemiology, global health, and bioinformatics.

• Courses : Biostatistics, epidemiological methods, and clinical epidemiology.
• Tuition : $11,442  per academic year
• Financial aid : Fellowships, student employment, grants, teaching assistantships, and research assistantships.
• Acceptance rate : 4%
• Location : San Francisco, California

Columbia University, Irving Medical Center

Ph.D. Pathobiology and Mechanisms of Disease Program

Columbia University  is home to several well-known medical research schools. It’s also located close to many scientific institutions, providing valuable collaboration opportunities. This program allows students to pursue in-depth research in basic sciences while focusing on knowledge application at the clinical and patient care levels.

• Courses : Biochemistry, cell & molecular biology, molecular genetics, and mechanisms of human disease.
• Duration : 3 years
• Tuition : $25,248  per semester
• Financial aid:  Training grants, loans, student employment, and awards.
• Location : New York City, New York

Cornell University, Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School of Medical Sciences

Ph.D. Cell and Development Biology

Cornell University’s Weill Cornell Medicine Graduate School has over 330 capable faculty members and $275 million  in research funds. A reputable program, it involves a lab rotation, allowing each student to pass through three different laboratories before deciding on a research focus area.

• Courses : Molecular genetics, biochemistry & structural biology, and quantitative understanding in biology.
• Tuition : Refer tuition page
• Financial aid : Scholarships, health insurance, and travel support.
• Acceptance rate:  11%
• Location : New York, New York

What Do You Need to Get a PhD in Medicine?

You’ll typically need a master’s degree to be eligible to apply for a PhD in medicine. Some universities also require your master’s to include certain subjects.

As part of your application, the selection committee will generally ask to see:

• Official transcripts from your undergraduate and master’s degrees
• Practical experience
• Resume or CV
• Personal statement
• Letters of reference

Preparing for a Medicine Doctorate Program

Research programs early to determine the specializations you’re interested in. Then, read up on each subject as much as possible and keep up with developments in the field. It’s also a good idea to research your potential mentors. You can also build your network by joining aspirant and professional groups with similar interests.

You’ll find different types of medical doctor degrees online based on the core area of study, such as:

• Ph.D. Healthcare Administration
• Ph.D. Epidemiology
• Ph.D. Public Health
• Ph.D. Health Informatics
• Ph.D. Health Research & Policy

In addition to your preferred specialization, assess programs based on funding options, faculty, accreditation, proximity, and cost of living.

Why Get a Doctorate Degree in Medicine

A doctorate of medicine helps you work in high-level scientific, academic, and research positions within the medical field. On average, professionals with a doctorate in medicine have a salary of $153,000  a year.

You’ll also learn several important skills through a PhD in medicine, including:

• Research, analysis, and problem-solving skills for the medical discipline
• Critical and innovative thinking
• Oral and written communication skills
• Information management skills
• Leadership skills

Some of the most common roles and average salaries for PhD-holders in medicine are:

• Clinical Research Manager ( $78,566 )
• Chief Executive Officer ( $156,335 )
• Postdoctoral Research Associate ( $52,270 )
• Technical Director ( $124,783 )
• Physician/Doctor for Emergency Room ( $249,174 )

What is the Average Cost & Duration of a PhD in Medicine?

The total cost for a PhD in medicine varies between $60,000 and $200,000, based on various factors. The program usually takes 3-6 years to complete.

The Difference Between an MD and a PhD for Medical Doctors

An MD is a practicing degree that equips doctors with high-level knowledge and skills to treat patients. A PhD is a research degree that helps you discover new medical knowledge or prepare for academic and management roles.

Key Takeaways

A PhD in medicine can take your career to the highest level and allow you to earn a lucrative salary. Not only is medicine a prestigious field, but it also fosters your ability to make valuable contributions to society. Check out each program on our list and think about which speaks out to your career goals and values. Then, put together a winning application !

Still not sure which program is right for you? Take a look at other options with our guides to the highest paying PhDs  and the best 1-year PhD online programs .

Frequently Asked Questions

How many years is a phd in medicine.

A PhD in Medicine can take between three and six years to complete.

Is a PhD the Same as a Medical Doctor?

A medical doctor does not necessarily need a PhD, as they can qualify with a medical degree. Additionally, a PhD is usually a research degree, not as focused on patient care.

Is a PhD Higher than an MD?

No. Both PhD and MD degrees are doctorate qualifications, but usually with different applications.

Can a PhD be a Medical Doctor?

You can be qualified as a medical doctor without a PhD in medicine, though a doctor can pursue a PhD if they wish. However, an MD degree, which is also a doctoral degree in medicine, is generally more useful for medical practitioners.

Who Makes More Money, a PhD or MD?

There’s not much difference between an MD and PhD regarding benefits and earning potential. However, an MD may attract a slightly higher salary as practitioners are popular and in high demand. While a PhD salary can be comparable, there may not be as many academic and research positions available.

What Can You Do with a PhD in Medicine?

A PhD in medicine qualifies you to hold well-respected positions in academic research centers or teaching hospitals. Additionally, you can continue as a medical practitioner at a higher level.

What is a Doctorate in Medicine (MD) program?

An MD is a graduate program designed for already-qualified surgeons and physicians. It involves rigorous clinical training and coursework to prepare medical professionals for a more advanced level of specialization.

Lisa Marlin

Lisa is a full-time writer specializing in career advice, further education, and personal development. She works from all over the world, and when not writing you'll find her hiking, practicing yoga, or enjoying a glass of Malbec.

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The Miller School’s M.D./Ph.D. program, our Medical Scientist Training Program, prepares the next generation of physician-scientists to drive breakthroughs in fields such as cancer, genetics/genomics, regenerative medicine, immunotherapy, infectious diseases and more.

Our students delve into medical complexities through rigorous research, expanding scientific knowledge to uncover new insights that will revolutionize medical care. Their work often leads to the development of cutting-edge therapies, novel medical technologies and refined clinical approaches that directly translate to improved patient outcomes. 

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The Full Form of PhD: Discovering Doctor of Philosophy

In the world of academia and research, The full form of PhD (prestigious and well-recognized abbreviation) stands for Doctor of Philosophy. It represents the highest level of academic achievement and expertise in a specific field of study. Pursuing a PhD is a journey that involves rigorous research, intellectual exploration, and the creation of new knowledge. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the details of a PhD, its significance, and the process of earning this esteemed degree.

What is a PhD?

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is an advanced academic degree that signifies expertise, original research, and contributions to a specific field of study. Contrary to its name, a PhD is not limited to philosophy but is awarded in a wide range of disciplines, including science, engineering, humanities, social sciences, and more. It is a terminal degree, marking the highest level of academic achievement.

Key Aspects of a PhD

Earning a PhD involves several key aspects and requirements:

Research: The core of a PhD program is original research. PhD candidates are expected to make a significant contribution to their field by conducting in-depth research, often leading to the creation of new knowledge.

Dissertation: The culmination of a PhD program is the completion and defense of a doctoral dissertation. This is a comprehensive research document that presents the candidate’s findings, analysis, and conclusions.

Coursework: In addition to research, PhD students typically complete coursework in their chosen field. These courses provide the foundational knowledge and skills required for research.

Advisor/Supervisor: PhD candidates work closely with a faculty advisor or supervisor who guides and mentors them throughout their research journey.

Comprehensive Examinations: Some programs require comprehensive exams to assess the candidate’s knowledge in their field before they can proceed to the research phase.

Publication: PhD candidates are encouraged to publish their research findings in peer-reviewed journals to contribute to the academic discourse.

Also Read:  Best online IELTS coaching & training academy

Significance of a PhD

A PhD holds immense significance for several reasons:

• Expertise: It signifies expertise and in-depth knowledge in a specific field, making the holder a subject matter authority.
• Research Contributions: PhD research often leads to advancements in knowledge and solutions to complex problems.
• Academic Careers: Many PhD holders pursue careers in academia as professors and researchers, shaping the future of their fields.
• Industry Leadership: In industry and business, PhDs are valued for their problem-solving skills, analytical thinking, and innovation.
• Policy and Government Roles: PhDs contribute to policy-making, research institutions, and government agencies.
• Global Recognition: A PhD is recognized internationally and opens doors to global research collaborations and opportunities.

Challenges and Timeframe

Earning a PhD is a challenging endeavor that requires dedication, perseverance, and several years of commitment. The duration of a PhD program varies but typically takes three to seven years to complete, depending on the field and the research undertaken.

A Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) represents the pinnacle of academic achievement and intellectual inquiry. It is a testament to a candidate’s ability to conduct original research, contribute to the advancement of knowledge, and excel in their chosen field.

PhD holders play pivotal roles in academia, research, industry, government, and various sectors, shaping the world through their expertise and contributions. As individuals continue to pursue PhDs and expand the boundaries of human knowledge, the significance of this esteemed degree remains unparalleled.

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• General Knowledge /

What is the Full Form of PhD?

• Updated on  
• Feb 14, 2024

The full form of a PhD is a Doctor of Philosophy. It is an advanced academic degree that is awarded to individuals who have made significant contributions to their chosen field of study. The degree is recognised globally and is highly regarded in the academic community. PhD can also be called a DPhil or D. Phil. A person with this degree can add “Dr.” as a prefix to their name and is considered a doctor in that field. 

Also Read – What is the Full Form of B.Ed?

The History of Ph.D

The concept of a Doctor of Philosophy degree dates back to the Middle Ages in Europe. The term “ doctor ” comes from the Latin word “docere,” which means “to teach.” The word “ philosophy ” is derived from the ancient Greek word “philosophia” which means “love of wisdom”. Thus, a person who has the zeal to teach and has a love of wisdom about their field is awarded with PhD. 

Also Read – What is the MA Full Form?

Eligibility for PhD

The eligibility for pursuing PhD is –

• Have a Master’s or MPhil degree or a postgraduate degree from a recognized University or Institutions in a related field in which they intend to do PhD.
• In India, some universities require UGC NET / CSIR qualifications
• The upper limit for Junior Research Fellowship ( NET JRF ) is 31 years while there is no upper limit for taking National Eligibility Test (NET) .

Also Read – What is the MSC Full Form?

Objectives of the PhD Course

Initially, the Ph.D. degree was awarded only in the field of philosophy, but over time, it expanded to encompass other disciplines as well.

• A PhD program allows one to delve deep into a chosen field of study and become an expert in a specific area. 
• Having a Ph.D. demonstrates the expertise and research capabilities, making one an attractive candidate for academic positions, research roles and high-level positions in various industries.
• Pursuing a PhD offers intellectual stimulation and allows one to engage in critical thinking, problem-solving and independent research. 

Also Read – What is the Full Form of MFA?

List of Subjects for a PhD Degree

Interested students can pursue their PhD degree in any of these popular subjects:

• Engineering
• Biochemistry
• Mathematics
• Health care

Popular Full Forms

We hope this blog has helped you understand the PhD full form and everything related to it. If you want to know more, find the general full form list on our blog. In the world of short forms, you can rely on the Leverage edu page to know about more important full forms like this! Connect with us study abroad experts to achieve your international dream today!

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Dr. Diego Bohórquez: The Science of Your Gut Sense & the Gut-Brain Axis

Listen or watch on your favorite platforms.

In this episode, my guest is Dr. Diego Bohórquez, PhD, professor of medicine and neurobiology at Duke University and a pioneering researcher into how we use our ‘gut sense.’ He describes how your gut communicates to your brain and the rest of your body through hormones and neural connections to shape your thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. He explains how your gut senses a range of features such as temperature, pH, the macro- and micronutrients in our foods, and much more and signals that information to the brain to affect our food preferences, aversions, and cravings.

Dr. Bohórquez describes his early life in the Amazon jungle and how exposure to traditional agriculture inspired his unique expertise combining nutrition, gastrointestinal physiology, and neuroscience. We discuss how the gut and brain integrate sensory cues, leading to our intuitive “gut sense” about food, people, and situations. This episode provides a scientific perspective into your gut sense to help you make better food choices and, indeed, to support better decision-making in all of life.

• Neuroepithelial circuit formed by innervation of sensory enteroendocrine cells ( The Journal of Clinical Investigation )
• Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche ( Nature )
• Neuropod Cells: The Emerging Biology of Gut-Brain Sensory Transduction ( Annual Reviews )
• Alterations of sucrose preference after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass ( Physiology & Behavior )
• Food Reward in the Absence of Taste Receptor Signaling ( Neuron )
• SGLT1 sugar transporter/sensor is required for post-oral glucose appetition ( American journal of physiology. Regulatory, integrative and comparative physiology )
• The preference for sugar over sweetener depends on a gut sensor cell ( Nature Neuroscience )
• Enterochromaffin Cells Are Gut Chemosensors that Couple to Sensory Neural Pathways ( Cell )
• Microbial Fermentation of Dietary Protein: An Important Factor in Diet–Microbe–Host Interaction ( MDPI )
• A revisited history of cacao domestication in pre-Columbian times revealed by archaeogenomic approaches ( Scientific Reports )
• “VOODOO” DEATH ( American Anthropological Association )
• The Paraneuron
• Rabid: A Cultural History of the World's Most Diabolical Virus
• Memoirs Of A Stomach: Written By Himself, That All Who Eat May Read (1853)

Other Resources

• Sharing a plate of food leads to more successful negotiations ( The Economist )

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• Ernest H. Starling : English physiologist, co-discoverer of hormones
• William M. Bayliss : English physiologist, co-discoverer of hormones
• Francis Crick : English molecular biologist
• Hans Clevers : Dutch geneticist and molecular biologist
• Karl Deisseroth : professor of bioengineering, Stanford University
• Polina Anikeeva : professor of material sciences and engineering, MIT
• Charles Zuker : professor of biochemistry and molecular biophysics, Columbia University
• Laura Duvall : professor of biology, Columbia University
• Stephen Simpson : professor of environmental sciences, University of Sydney
• Steve Kay : professor of biomedical engineering and biology, University of Southern California
• Stephen Liberles : professor of cell biology, Harvard Medical School
• Santiago Ramón y Cajal : Spanish neuroscientist and histologist
• Camillo Golgi : Italian biologist and pathologist
• Carl Jung : Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
• Martha Beck : author, sociologist, life coach

About this Guest

Dr. diego bohórquez.

Diego Bohórquez, PhD, is a professor of medicine and neurobiology at Duke University and a pioneering researcher into how we use our ‘gut sense.’

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• 00:00:00 Dr. Diego Bohórquez
• 00:02:37 Sponsors: Joovv, LMNT & Helix Sleep; YouTube, Spotify & Apple Subscribe
• 00:06:49 Gut-Brain Axis
• 00:11:35 Gut Sensing, Hormones
• 00:15:26 Green Fluorescent Protein; Neuropod Cells & Environment Sensing
• 00:26:57 Brain & Gut Connection, Experimental Tools & Rabies Virus
• 00:35:28 Sponsor: AG1
• 00:37:00 Neuropod Cells & Nutrient Sensing
• 00:43:55 Gastric Bypass Surgery, Cravings & Food Choice
• 00:51:14 Optogenetics; Sugar Preference & Neuropod Cells
• 01:00:29 Gut-Brain Disorders, Irritable Bowel Syndrome
• 01:03:03 Sponsor: InsideTracker
• 01:04:04 Gut & Behavior; Gastric Bypass, Cravings & Alcohol
• 01:07:38 GLP-1, Ozempic, Neuropod Cells
• 01:11:46 Food Preference & Gut-Brain Axis, Protein
• 01:21:35 Protein & Sugar, Agriculture & ‘Three Sisters’
• 01:25:16 Childhood, Military School; Academics, Nutrition & Nervous System
• 01:36:15 Plant Wisdom, Agriculture, Indigenous People
• 01:41:48 Evolution of Food Choices; Learning from Plants
• 01:48:15 Plant-Based Medicines; Amazonia, Guayusa Ritual & Chonta Palm
• 01:56:58 Yerba Mate, Chocolate, Guayusa
• 02:00:22 Brain, Gut & Sensory Integration; Variability
• 02:06:01 Electrical Patterns in Gut & Brain, “Hangry”
• 02:12:43 Gut Intuition, Food & Bonding; Subconscious & Superstition
• 02:22:00 Vagus Nerve & Learning, Humming
• 02:26:46 Digestive System & Memory; Body Sensing
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• 02:40:12 Zero-Cost Support, Spotify & Apple Reviews, YouTube Feedback, Sponsors, Social Media, Neural Network Newsletter

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Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at JAMA Psychiatry

• 1 Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles
• 2 Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Editor, JAMA Psychiatry
• 3 McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, Massachusetts
• 4 Editor, JAMA Psychiatry
• Editorial Self-Reported Demographics of JAMA Network Editors and Editorial Board Members Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, MD, PhD, MAS; Annette Flanagin, RN, MA; Caroline Sietmann, MLIS; Robert O. Bonow, MD, MS; Ann Marie Navar, MD, MHS, PhD; Kanade Shinkai, MD, PhD; Mya L. Roberson, PhD; John Z. Ayanian, MD, MPP; Ninez Ponce, PhD; Sharon K. Inouye, MD, MPH; Raegan W. Durant, MD, MPH; Melissa A. Simon, MD, MPH; Frederick P. Rivara, MD, MPH; Monica Vela, MD; S. Andrew Josephson, MD; Ashley Rawls, MD, MS; Mary L. (Nora) Disis, MD; Narjust Florez, MD; Neil M. Bressler, MD; Adrienne W. Scott, MD; Jay F. Piccirillo, MD; Nosayaba Osazuwa-Peters, BDS, PhD, MPH, CHES; Dimitri A. Christakis, MD, MPH; Andrea F. Duncan, MD, MSClinRes; Dost Öngür, MD, PhD; Kara S. Bagot, MD; Melina R. Kibbe, MD; Leah Monique Backhus, MD, MPH; Preeti N. Malani, MD, MSJ JAMA
• Editorial JAMA Psychiatry Editorial Fellow Dost Öngür, MD, PhD JAMA Psychiatry

Recently, Kirsten Bibbins-Domingo, MD, PhD, MAS, Editor of JAMA and the JAMA Network, and the editors and diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) editors from JAMA and the JAMA Network specialty journals, including JAMA Psychiatry , coauthored an article affirming the JAMA Network’s commitment to DEI and reviewing markers of progress in the makeup of the editorial boards across the network. 1 For JAMA Psychiatry specifically, more than half of the respondents who disclosed their gender were women, a proportion reflecting the gender breakdown of the US and more balanced than that in academic psychiatry. 2 In terms of ethnic origins or ancestry, nearly three-quarters had Eastern or Western European ancestry, with Central American and Caribbean ancestry a distant second. For race, two-thirds of respondents endorsed White race, with Asian or Pacific Islander and Black tied for distant second. This pattern is reflective of psychiatry in general, with racial and ethnic minoritized communities underrepresented among academic faculty. 3 Among JAMA Psychiatry editorial board members, many ethnic and racial categories had small sample sizes such that reporting specific rates could lead to identification of those individuals, which is why they are not specifically discussed here. Despite this, we aim for transparency in the collection and analysis of these data as we continue with ongoing DEI efforts, and we hold ourselves accountable.

• Editorial Self-Reported Demographics of JAMA Network Editors and Editorial Board Members JAMA
• Editorial JAMA Psychiatry Editorial Fellow JAMA Psychiatry

Read More About

Bagot KS , Öngür D. Advancing Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion at JAMA Psychiatry . JAMA Psychiatry. Published online May 22, 2024. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1152

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F.S.A. vs. H.S.A.: What to Know About the Accounts That Pay Medical Costs

Flexible spending accounts and health savings accounts both have tax benefits, but both may also have drawbacks, two reports found.

By Ann Carrns

Two types of accounts can help you pay for medical costs and have tax benefits, but both also have possible downsides, two recently published reports found.

The two are flexible spending accounts and health savings accounts — better known as F.S.A.s and H.S.A.s. They’re related, though they have some big differences.

F.S.A.s are available only through employers. Workers set aside a fixed amount of money each year to be deducted from their paycheck before taxes, reducing their taxable income while helping them pay for out-of-pocket medical costs. But if workers change employers, the account doesn’t move with them.

Workers also face deadlines for spending their F.S.A. money on eligible care or products, although many employers offer grace periods or the option to roll over some funds from one year to the next.

In a new analysis of more than three million accounts, the Employee Benefit Research Institute found that more than half of participants (52 percent) failed to spend down their accounts in time and forfeited at least part of their contributions back to their employers in 2022, up from 44 percent in 2019.

“We did notice high shares of account holders forfeited funds,” said Jake Spiegel, a research associate at the institute and the author of the report.

The average amount forfeited in 2022 was $441, compared with $369 in 2019, the analysis found. The exact amounts forfeited in 2020 and 2021 are unclear because the “use it or lose it” rules were relaxed during the pandemic. It may be that F.S.A. account holders were caught off guard by the return to pre-Covid forfeiture rules in 2022, Mr. Spiegel said.

H.S.A.s have higher contribution limits than F.S.A.s and don’t have any spending deadlines. Funds in them can grow indefinitely, and the accounts move with you if you change jobs. (If your health plan qualifies, you can also open one on your own, even if your employer doesn’t offer the option.)

H.S.A.s pack potentially powerful tax breaks: Contributions can be deducted pretax from your paycheck (or deducted on your tax return); interest or investment gains are tax free, so the accounts can be used for long-term savings; and withdrawals are tax free if the money is spent on eligible medical care and products. (Two states, California and New Jersey, tax contributions and investment gains at the state level, according to the investment company Vanguard .)

Use of the accounts has surged, with about 36 million H.S.A.s in 2023 holding more than $116 billion.

A big catch, however, is that H.S.A.s are available only with certain types of health plans with high deductibles (an amount you pay for care before insurance pays). The accounts were originally offered to make the plans with high deductibles more attractive. While the coverage often offers lower monthly premiums, patients typically pay more costs out of pocket. H.S.A.s can offset some of those costs because employers often chip in some cash.

Some progressive groups see the accounts as most benefiting the affluent, who can afford to pay for care out of pocket while investing their H.S.A. contributions for use in retirement. (Withdrawals remain tax free when used for health care and are taxed as ordinary income, without penalty, when spent on nonqualifying purchases after age 65.)

“H.S.A.s primarily serve as a tax shelter for people with high incomes,” said Gideon Lukens, senior fellow and director of research and data analysis at the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, a progressive think tank. Some workers, however, may be offered a high-deductible health plan as their only coverage option, he said, which can cause financial strain.

The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau reported this month that H.S.A.s had room for improvement. Many accounts pay anemic interest rates on balances — typically less than 1 percent, even as interest rates on many online savings accounts have risen. And they often have fees — like monthly management fees, fees for paper statements and exit fees if savers want to move their balances elsewhere — that can “chip away” at the funds, Rohit Chopra, the bureau’s director, said in a statement .

“Many consumers do not realize the fees, switching costs and low interest yields that will come with the accounts,” he added.

For example, the report said, two providers, HealthEquity and HSA Bank, charge a $25 fee for closing an account.

“Most H.S.A. providers charge fees to help cover essential overhead costs,” a HealthEquity spokesperson said in an emailed statement. “We work to minimize these, communicate with our members about them and provide value that exceeds any administrative expenses. Accounts are closed for many reasons, and account holders are given notice in advance.”

The company added that it was reviewing the consumer bureau’s report and took “all feedback seriously.”

In a statement, HSA Bank said that “the closure fees are an offset to managing a complex transfer and liquidation process” and added that the fees “are disclosed to every consumer and impacts a very small percentage of account holders in any given year.” .

In some cases, transferring funds from one H.S.A. to another can take weeks, during which the original account continues to charge a monthly fee, the report said. It also cited consumer complaints about funds that were lost during the transfer from one bank to another.

The research firm Morningstar evaluated 10 H.S.A. plans in October using criteria like fees, interest on savings and investment choices. (The firm looked only at accounts available directly to individuals, rather than those offered through employers, so details may vary.) Fidelity Investments was the only provider rated “high” overall for both spending and investing. Its H.S.A. offered an interest rate on savings well above 2 percent, while its competitors paid less than 1 percent.

“That’s a big shortcoming,” said Greg Carlson, senior manager research analyst at Morningstar.

Here are some questions and answers about health accounts:

How can I best avoid having money left over in an F.S.A.?

Sara Taylor, senior director of employee spending accounts at the benefits consultant WTW, suggests taking a close look at your past medical expenses before deciding how much to contribute to your F.S.A. “It’s hard to do, for some people,” she said. But looking at your “explanation of benefits” for last year — the forms that describe what treatments you had and what share of the cost you owe — can help you come up with a reasonable number. Was last year an anomaly because you had major surgery? If so, you may want to contribute a lower amount. Many employers offer online tools to help you make an estimate.

It also helps to know what you can spend F.S.A. money on. That way, if you find yourself with a balance at the end of the year, you can use the money to buy eligible over-the-counter items like pain medication and even sunscreen. A helpful resource is the F.S.A. Store , which includes an online alphabetical list of eligible and ineligible items.

If I forfeit cash in my F.S.A. to my employer, have I wasted my money?

No one wants to give up funds, but workers can still come out ahead, compared with not contributing, because of the tax benefits of F.S.A. contributions, Mr. Spiegel said. Say a hypothetical worker with a 30 percent marginal tax rate (including federal, state, payroll and local taxes) contributes $1,500 to an F.S.A., realizing $450 in tax savings. If the worker forfeits less than $450 back to the employer, the worker will still have benefited from participating.

How much can I contribute to health accounts in 2024?

This year, an employee can contribute up to $3,200 in payroll deductions to an F.S.A. (Few contribute the maximum, however, possibly because of “inertia,” Mr. Spiegel said. The amount set aside tends to remain constant year to year, perhaps because employees aren’t aware the limit can change annually.) The average contribution in 2022 was just under $1,300.

For H.S.A.s, individuals can contribute up to $4,150 in 2024, and families can contribute up to $8,300. People 55 and older can contribute an extra $1,000. For 2025 , the limit for self-only coverage will rise to $4,300, and to $8,550 for family coverage.

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Making sense of your finances can be complicated. the tips below can help..

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You may feel richer as you pay your mortgage down and home values go up. As a result, some homeowners end up with a lot of home equity but low retirement savings. Here’s the problem  with that situation.

Can your investment portfolio reflect your values? If you want it to, it is becoming easier with each passing year .

The way advisers handle your retirement money is about to change: More investment professionals will be required to act in their customers’ best interest  when providing advice about their retirement money.

The I.R.S. estimates that 940,000 people who didn’t file their tax returns  in 2020 are due back money. The deadline for filing to get it is May 17.