techniques in UAE classrooms: A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other languages
Document Example:
Proper Bibliographic Reference Format:
Sabbagh, S. A. (2009). Investigating oral presentation skills and non-verbal communication techniques in UAE classrooms: A thesis in teaching English to speakers of other languages (master’s thesis). American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
In-Text Citations:
Citations are placed in the context of discussion using the author’s last name and date of publication.
(Sabbagh, 2009)
Alternatively, you can integrate the citation into the sentence by means of narrative.
Sabbagh (2009) compares a variety of oral presentation techniques.
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A citation style provides a standardized system to format bibliographic references within the text and in the bibliography at the end of the essay. In particular, the style defines which elements to cite, in what order to cite them and with what punctuation.
There isn’t an official citation style used in Bocconi University. Since there are different citation styles, you will need to choose which one is right for you, taking into account the subject area and what you supervisor might suggest.
Some styles commonly used internationally are:
The APA style is an “author-date” citation system, with the author and date of the cited source appearing in the body of the text. You will need to add a bibliography at the end of the essay, with the full references alphabetically ordered by author’s name. It is mainly used in the social sciences.
The Chicago style uses two systems: "author-date" in the body of the text and bibliography at the end of the paper, or footnotes with bibliography.
To learn more about this style you can visit the official website with tutorials, webinars, examples and exercises accessible for free.
The Harvard style is an “author-date” citation, with the author and date of the cited source appearing in the body of the text. You must include a bibliography at the end of the text, with the full references alphabetically ordered by author’s name. It is used in the social sciences.
To learn more about this style you can visit the dedicated section of the Guides on citation styles prepared by Harvard Library staff.
The MLA style, developed by the Modern language Association, is an “author-page number” citation system appearing in the body of the text. You must include a bibliography at the end of the text, with the full references alphabetically ordered by author’s name. It is used in the social sciences and humanities.
The Oscola style, acronym for Oxford University Standard for Citation of Legal Authorities, is a citation system using footnotes and bibliography. It is used in law studies.
To learn more about this style you can read:
Faculty of Law, University of Oxford (2012) (ed.). OSCOLA. Oxford University Standard for the Citation of Legal Authorities (4. ed.)
OSCOLA Quick Reference Guide
The Bluebook style is a citation system used in the United States in a professional setting to cite legal sources.
To learn more about this style, we suggest you read the manual, in particular the Whitepages section, dedicated to academic citations and the Quick Style Guide where you will find examples of citations from non-US legal sources.
Here are some print books that you can find in the Library:
RefWorks is the bibliographic management tool (citation manager) supported by the Library. It helps you with keeping track of your sources as you search, with citing them correctly and creating a bibliography.
Further information on RefWorks .
Would you like to know more? The Library regularly organizes RefWorks workshops for students. Check the calendar on the yoU@B Student Diary (Library section) and sign up!
Graduate School
Learn about overall organization of your thesis or dissertation. Then, find details for formatting your preliminaries, text, and supplementaries.
A typical thesis consists of three main parts – preliminaries, text, and supplementaries. Each part is to be organized as explained below and in the order indicated below:
1. Preliminaries:
3. Supplementaries:
These are the general requirements for all preliminary pages.
A sample Thesis title page pdf is available here , and a sample of a Dissertation title page pdf is available here.
Refer to the sample page as you read through the format requirements for the title page.
The heading “ Thesis ” or “ Dissertation ” is in all capital letters, centered one inch from the top of the page.
Divide this section exactly as shown on the sample page. One blank line must separate each line of text.
If your department name begins with “School of”, list as:
If you have questions about the correct name of your department or degree, consult your department. Areas of Study or specializations within a program are not listed on the Title Page.
The text of a thesis features an introduction and several chapters, sections and subsections. Text may also include parenthetical references, footnotes, or references to the bibliography or endnotes.
Any references to journal publications, authors, contributions, etc. on your chapter pages or major heading pages should be listed as a footnote .
Do not insert a running head.
When dividing paragraphs, at least two lines of text should appear at the bottom of the page and at least two lines of text on the next page.
The last word on a page may not be divided. No more than three lines in succession may end with hyphens. Divide words as indicated in a standard dictionary.
Poems should be double-spaced with triple-spacing between stanzas. Stanzas may be centered if lines are short.
These are the general requirements for all supplementary pages.
Occasionally, theses are written in languages other than English. In such cases, an English translation of the title and abstract must be included in the document.
In some departments, a student may do research on two or more generally related areas which would be difficult to combine into a single well-organized thesis. The solution is the multi-part thesis.
A bibliography, sometimes known as a “Reference List” is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include:
When preparing your thesis, be aware of rules around using copyright restricted material in your submission. The library can advise you on these matters and in relation specifically to publishing and necessary embargoes that should be considered when you prepare your final document.
EndNote Online (formerly called EndNote Web) is available to all UL staff and students. It allows you to access your EndNote library from any PC with an Internet connection, to create bibliographies in Word and to share your library with group members.
Creating an EndNote Online account
When you first access EndNote Online you MUST Register. Please follow the instruction in the box opposite to ensure you register for EndNote Online correctly. If you do not register correctly you will not be able to access the Harvard UL referencing style.
Once you have created your account you will be able to use EndNote from anywhere once you have a PC with Internet access.
EndNote Online Cite While You Write plug-in for Word
To download the Cite While You Write (CWYW) plug-in for Microsoft Word go to the Downloads tab in EndNote Online.
If you experience any difficulties installing the EndNote CWYW plug-in, you can download and install this alternative version .
The Glucksman Library wrote a guide called Cite it Right: Guide to Harvard Referencing Style . To access the 4th edition of Cite It Right go to https://libguides.ul.ie/citeitright . A PDF version of the 4th edition can be accessed below:
Margins, Fonts, and Indents - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements
Spacing - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements
Title Page Format - Turabian 9, A.2.1.2
Abstract - Turabian 9, A.2.1.4 Abstract
Block Quotations - Turabian 9, 25.2.2 Block Quotations
Page Number Placement - Turabian 9, A.1.4.2 Placement
1" margins on all sides.
Exceptions (in instructions by professor)
1/2" indentation used at beginning of paragraph, use <Tab>
Double space. No extra line between paragraphs.
Exceptions are: block quotations, table titles and figure captions, and lists in appendixes
Single space, with one blank line between entries
Single space quotation
Follow any model provided by your department.
In general any title page should include the following. Place the title a third of the way down, centered. If the paper has a main title and subtitle, place main title on one line, followed by a colon, and put the subtitle on a new line. Several lines below the title place your name, along with any information requested by the instructor (often course title, department name and number, and the date).
Page numbers are placed in one of four places. The important thing is to be consistent and follow your instructions.
In all cases, at least 1/2 inch from the edge of the page.
Levels of Headings - Levels of Headings - Turabian 9, A.2.2.4 Sections and Subsections
First Level: C entered, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)
Second Level: Centered, Regular Type, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)
Third Level: Flush Left, Boldface or Italics, Capitalize Each Word (Title Case)
Fourth Level: Flush left, regular type, sentence-style capitalization
Fifth Level: run in at the beginning of paragraph (no blank line after), boldface or italics, sentence-style capitalization, terminal period [think of this as an intro sentence to the paragraph that just happens to be in boldface or italics].
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Writing a research paper or a thesis , you may encounter some references or some links below or at the very end of the page. We call these annotated bibliographies , or just bibliographies.
A bibliography is a list of information that is usually found below the pages or at the end of the pages of a book , a research paper, a thesis paper, or even a report . The bibliography as the term itself is another word for listing your sources.
Creating a bibliography is essential for any academic work to credit sources used. The format varies based on the citation style. Below are examples for the most common styles: APA, MLA , and Chicago.
Books: Author(s). (Year). Title of the book . Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2020). Understanding English Literature . Penguin Books.
Articles: Author(s). (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume (Issue), Page numbers. DOI
Example: Doe, J. (2019). The impact of modern technology on literature. Literary Review, 34 (2), 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1234/lr.2019.02.015
Books: Author(s). Title of the book . Publisher, Year.
Example: Smith, John. Understanding English Literature . Penguin Books, 2020.
Articles: Author(s). “Title of the article.” Title of the Journal , vol. Volume, no. Issue, Year, pp. Page numbers.
Example: Doe, Jane. “The Impact of Modern Technology on Literature.” Literary Review , vol. 34, no. 2, 2019, pp. 145-158.
Books: Author(s). Title of the book . Place of publication: Publisher, Year.
Example: Smith, John. Understanding English Literature . New York: Penguin Books, 2020.
Articles: Author(s). “Title of the article.” Title of the Journal Volume, no. Issue (Year): Page numbers. DOI
Example: Doe, Jane. “The Impact of Modern Technology on Literature.” Literary Review 34, no. 2 (2019): 145-158. https://doi.org/10.1234/lr.2019.02.015
Single Author:
Multiple Authors:
News Website:
Educational Website:
5. conference paper:, 6. online newspaper article:.
1. bibliography sample.
A bibliography serves several essential functions in academic and research work. Here are the primary purposes:
A bibliography acknowledges the work of other authors and researchers. It gives credit to those whose ideas, theories, and research have contributed to your work.
By properly citing sources, a bibliography helps you avoid plagiarism. Plagiarism is the unethical practice of using someone else’s work or ideas without proper acknowledgment.
A bibliography supports the claims and arguments made in your work. It shows that your research is based on credible sources and provides evidence to back up your points.
A well-compiled bibliography can guide readers interested in exploring the topic further. It provides a list of resources that readers can use to expand their knowledge.
Including a comprehensive bibliography demonstrates the depth of your research. It shows that you have thoroughly investigated the topic and consulted a variety of sources.
A bibliography enhances the credibility of your work. It shows that you have engaged with existing research and literature, adding legitimacy to your findings and arguments.
A bibliography allows others to verify the sources you used. This transparency helps maintain the integrity of academic and research work.
Creating a bibliography involves following specific rules to ensure accuracy, consistency, and clarity. Here are the essential rules for different citation styles:
A bibliography provides a comprehensive list of all the sources you have referred to or consulted in your research work. Here are the key elements included in a bibliography:
Lists all sources consulted for background or further reading | Lists only the sources cited directly in the work | |
Comprehensive; includes sources not directly cited | Selective; includes only directly cited sources | |
Books, articles, websites, interviews, and other materials | Books, articles, websites, etc., but only those cited | |
Usually at the end of the work | Also at the end of the work | |
Varies by citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago, etc.) | Same formats as bibliography but specific to cited sources | |
Often used in more extensive research, like dissertations | Common in shorter papers, articles, and essays | |
Typically longer due to inclusion of additional sources | Generally shorter as it includes fewer entries | |
Can be annotated to provide summaries or evaluations | Rarely annotated unless specified | |
External reading, background research, etc. | Direct quotes, paraphrases, data, etc. | |
APA: “Bibliography,” MLA: “Works Cited,” Chicago: “Bibliography” | APA: “References,” MLA: “Works Cited,” Chicago: “References” | |
Alphabetical order by author’s last name | Alphabetical order by author’s last name |
It credits sources, avoids plagiarism, and provides evidence, enhancing the credibility and reliability of your academic work.
List the author, year, title in italics, and publisher. Follow the rules of your chosen citation style (APA, MLA, Chicago).
A bibliography includes all consulted sources, while a reference list only includes sources directly cited in the text.
List all authors in the order they appear in the source. Use commas to separate names, and an ampersand or “and” before the last author.
Include the author (or organization), year, title, and URL. Follow specific style guidelines (APA, MLA, Chicago).
A formatting style where the first line of each entry is flush left, and subsequent lines are indented.
Yes, in a bibliography, you can include sources you consulted for background information, even if not directly cited.
Author(s), year, article title, journal title, volume, issue, page numbers, and DOI if available.
Yes, APA, MLA, and Chicago styles have unique rules for formatting entries. Follow the specific guidelines for your chosen style.
Update it whenever you add new sources or find more accurate information. Regular updates ensure accuracy and completeness.
Text prompt
10 Examples of Public speaking
20 Examples of Gas lighting
Citing books in apa, print books with one author:.
APA citation format:
Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work . Publisher.
Moriarty, L. (2014). Big little lies . G. P. Putnam’s Sons.
Last name, First initial. Middle initial., Last name, First initial. Middle initial., & Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Date). Title . Publisher.
Goldin, C. D., & Katz, L. F. (2008). The race between education and technology . Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Matthews, G., Smith, Y., & Knowles, G. (2009). Disaster management in archives, libraries and museums . Ashgate.
E-books are generally read either on a website, on an e-reader, or on a database.
Author Last Name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published). Title of work . https://doi.org/xxxx or http://xxxx
Auster, P. (2007). The Brooklyn follies . http://www.barnesandnoble.com/
To cite your ebooks automatically, use the “Book” form at CitationMachine.com, click “Manual entry mode,” and click the “E-book” tab. Everything will be properly formatted following APA bibliography guidelines.
APA Citation Generator | Website | Books | Journal Articles | YouTube | Images | Movies | Interview | PDF
Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / MLA Website Citation
If you are a student faced with creating an MLA website citation for the first time, you may be confused about where to begin. This guide is here to answer all of your questions and take the guesswork out of creating an MLA citation for websites.
All academic fields require students and researchers to document their sources. Those studying the humanities, including fields in language literature, will typically follow MLA format when structuring their papers as well as when documenting sources.
Citing your sources is a necessary part of any research paper or project. This element serves both to give credit to the researchers and authors whose work informed yours, as well as to preserve academic integrity. Any source that provided you with ideas or information that you have included in your work and which are not considered common knowledge must be included, including websites.
The Modern Language Association is not associated with this guide. All of the information, however, is based on the MLA Handbook, Ninth Edition as well as the MLA website, and is presented as guidance for students writing in this style.
If you are looking for help with APA format , our reference library can provide you with guidance for this and more styles .
To cite a website, you should have the following information:
The Modern Language Association refers to these guidelines as “core elements” on page 105 of the Handbook. If your teacher has asked you to cite your sources in this format, these elements will form the foundation for each MLA website citation included in your MLA Works Cited list, as well as the entries for sources in any other format.
If one of the elements does not apply, students may omit it. Supplemental items may also be included when necessary. In addition to the supplemental details discussed below, a list of additional supplemental components can be found on the MLA website.
If it’s an APA citation website page or an APA reference page you need help with, we have many other resources available for you!
This guide includes the following sections:
In previous editions, students and researchers creating an MLA website citation were not required to include the URL. However, beginning with MLA 8, it is recommended that you include the URL when creating a citation for a website unless your teacher instructs you otherwise. Even though web pages and URLs can be taken down or changed, it is still possible to learn about the source from the information seen in the URL.
When including URLs in a citation, http:// and https:// should be omitted from the website’s address ( Handbook 195). Additionally, If you are creating a citation that will be read on a digital device, it is helpful to make the URL clickable so that readers can directly access the source themselves.
If the website’s publisher includes a permalink or DOI (Digital Object Identifier), these are preferable as they are not changeable in the same manner as URLs. Whether you include a URL, permalink, or DOI, this information should be included in the location portion of your citation.
Another change that occurred with the eighth edition that impacts how to cite a website in MLA is the removal of the date the website was accessed. While you may still find it useful to include this information or your teacher may request it, it is no longer a mandatory piece of your citation. Should you choose to add this optional information, you may list it after the URL in the following manner:
For an overview of additional formatting changes in the ninth edition, including resources to help with writing an annotated bibliography , check out the rest of EasyBib.com’s writing and citation guides, and try out our plagiarism checker for help with grammar and to avoid unintentional plagiarism.
To make an MLA 9 citation for a website, you will need the following pieces of information:
Place the author’s name in reverse order, the last name first, followed by a comma, and then the first name followed by a period. The title of the web page or article is placed in quotation marks, with a period before the end quotation. The title of the website is written in italics followed by a comma. If the name of the publisher differs from the name of the website, include it after the title. Immediately following the publisher is the date that the page or article was published or posted. Finally, end with the URL, permalink, or DOI, followed by a period.
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | Author’s Last name, First name. “Title of the Article or Individual Page.” , Name of the Publisher, date of publication in day month year format, URL. |
Example | McNary, Dave. “Keanu Reeves, Alex Winter Returning for ‘Bill and Ted Face the Music.’” , Penske Media Corporation, 8 May 2018, variety.com/2018/film/news/bill-and-ted-3-keanu-reeves-alex-winter-1202802946/. |
View Screenshot | Cite your source
The in-text citation for a website with an author is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. Unless the website includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you should not include any additional information. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name). |
Example | (McNary). |
Cite your source
An APA parenthetical citation is similar, except it also includes the year the source was published.
To learn more about formatting MLA in-text & parenthetical citations , be sure to check out the rest of EasyBib.com’s resources and citation guides.
According to Section 5.7 of the Handbook , for a website with two authors, place the authors’ names in the same order as the source (similar to an APA citation ). The first name should be formatted in reverse order as was done for a single author. The second name, however, is written as First Name Last Name and is followed by a period, as demonstrated in the template that follows:
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | Last name, First name of Author 1, and First Name Last Name of Author 2. “Title of Web Page.” , Publisher, date published in day month year format, URL. |
Example | Wadhwa, Vivek, and Alex Salkever. “How Can We Make Technology Healthier for Humans?” , Condé Nast, 26 June 2018, www.wired.com/story/healther-technology-for-humans/. |
The in-text citation for a website with two authors should include both authors’ last names, in the order in which they are listed in the source and your works cited:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author #1 and Author #2). |
Example | (Wadhwa and Salkever). |
For a source with three or more authors, you should place the authors’ names in the same order as the source. The first name is listed in reverse order and is followed by a comma and et al. Et al is the abbreviation for et alia, a gender-neutral Latin phrase meaning “and others.”
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | First listed author’s Last name, First name, et al. “Title of Web Page.” , Publisher, date published in day month year format, DOI or URL. |
Example | Marsh, Joanne, et al. “Generating Research Income: Library Involvement in Academic Research.” , vol. 36, no. 113, 18 Dec. 2012, pp. 48-61, https:doi.org/10.29173/lirg539 |
The in-text citation for a website with three or more authors should contain only the first author’s last name, followed by et al. ( Handbook 232):
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Last Name 1 et al.). |
Example | (Marsh et al.). |
Click on this page if you’re looking for information on how to create an APA in-text citation .
Sometimes, websites do not state who wrote the information on the page. When no author is listed, you may omit the author information from the MLA citation for the website and begin, instead, with the title ( Handbook 108).
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | “Title of Web Page.” , Publisher, date published in day month year format, URL. |
Example | “One Health and Disease: Tick-Borne.” , U.S. Department of the Interior, www.nps.gov/articles/one-health-disease-ticks-borne.htm. |
Note about web pages by organizations/corporations: Often, web pages are published by organizations or corporations with no author indicated. In these cases, you can assume that the publisher also authored the web page (like the example above). Since the author and publisher are the same in these cases, you can skip showing an author and just indicate the organization /corporation as the publisher ( Handbook 119 ).
The in-text citation for a website without an author is noted with the first noun phrase or words in the title in quotations and parenthesis, followed by a period. Unless the website includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you should not include any additional information. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Title of Web Page). |
Example | (“One Health and Disease”). |
When citing a web page that does not include a formal title, it is acceptable to include a description of the page. Do not place the description in italics or quotation marks. Follow the description with the name of the website.
Works Cited | |
---|---|
Structure | Description of web page. , Publisher, date published in day month year format, URL. |
Example | General Information on the New York Mets. , The Weissman Center for International Business Baruch College/CUNY, www.baruch.cuny.edu/nycdata/sports/nymets.htm. |
The in-text citation for a website without a formal title uses a shortened version of the webpage description for the in-text citation. Use the first noun phrase of the description from your Works Cited citation in parenthesis, followed by a period. For the website used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Shortened Description of Webpage). |
Example | (General Information). |
In an increasingly digital world, social media platforms have become one of the most popular sources students turn to when writing a research paper. From Black history facts , to quotes from notable people, such as Martin Luther King and Winston Churchill , social media has become a mega influence in our world.
When citing social media in your work, follow the same format as an MLA citation for a website. Here are some examples of ways you can cite various social media platforms in your work:
Many notable individuals use Twitter as a platform to share intriguing ideas. It’s a shame Twitter was unavailable to long-gone scientists, authors, and presidents such as Albert Einstein , Mark Twain , and Abraham Lincoln . Luckily, we have the Twitter profiles of today’s great minds at our fingertips!
To cite a tweet, you will begin with the account holder’s name and their Twitter handle in square brackets, followed by a period ( Handbook 118). After this, in quotations, you should enter the full text of the tweet, including any hashtags. The publisher, Twitter, is then listed in italics, followed by the date the tweet was posted in day, month, year format. Finally, include a URL to the tweet followed by a period.
Reference List | |
---|---|
Structure | Last name, First name [Username]. “Tweet Message.” date posted, URL. |
Example | Miranda, Lin-Manuel [@Lin_Manuel]. “Gmorning from a sky still blue above the smoke from a world still full of love and hope beyond the headlines from your own best self, whispering, ‘I’m still here, and it’s never too late to put me to work.’” , 22 June 2018, twitter.com/Lin_Manuel/status/1010165965378719745. |
Note: When the account name and username are similar, the username can be excluded from the citation. For example, if the account’s username was @FirstNameLastName or @OrganizationName.
The in-text citation for a Twitter post is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. For the tweet used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name). |
Example | (Miranda). |
To cite an Instagram post, begin with the account holder’s name and their username in square brackets. In quotations, list the title of the photo, if it is given. If there is no title, write a brief description of the picture but do not place it in italics or quotation marks. The publisher, Instagram, is then listed in italics. Any other contributors (such as the photographer, if it is not the same as the account holder) are then listed, after which you will add the date the photo was published and the URL.
Reference List | |
---|---|
Structure | Account holder’s Last name, First name [Username]. “Photo Title” or Description. , other contributors, date photo was published, URL. |
Example | National Geographic [@natgeo]. “Path of the Panther.” , photographed by Carlton Ward, 16 June 2018, www.instagram.com/p/BkFfT9xD6h6/?taken-by=natgeo. |
The in-text citation for an Instagram post is reflected as the author’s last name or the name of the account in parentheses, followed by a period. For the Instagram post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name OR Name of Account). |
Example | (National Geographic). |
To cite a Facebook post, begin with the account holder’s name or username. In quotations, list the title or caption of the post, if it is given. If there is no title or caption, write a brief description of the post, but do not place it in italics or quotation marks. Examples: Image of Malcolm X, or, Muhammed Ali headshot.
The publisher, Facebook, is then listed in italics, after which you will add the date posted and URL.
Reference List | |
---|---|
Structure | Author Last Name, First Name or Account Name. “Title or Caption of the Post” or Description of Post. , day month year of post, URL. |
Example | GoatsofAnarchy. Loner goats become stallmates and fall in love. , 25 June 2018, www.facebook.com/thegoatsofanarchy/posts/2103455423030332:0. |
The in-text citation for a Facebook post is reflected as the author’s last name or the name of the account in parentheses, followed by a period. For the Facebook post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name OR Name of Account). |
Example | (GoatsofAnarchy). |
Citing the comments left on social media or a website begins with the commenter’s name or username. To indicate that you are citing a comment, follow the name with a period and then the words Comment on , followed by the title of the source (for example, the name of the article) in quotation marks. This is then followed by the title of the website in italics, and the publisher, if applicable. The date is then listed, followed by the URL, permalink, or DOI.
Reference List | |
---|---|
Structure | Commenter’s Last Name, First Name or Username. Comment on “Title.” , day month year, URL. |
Example | Wester, Gary. Comment on “Climate Reality and I are headed to Berlin this June to train leaders who want to help solve the climate crisis.” , 2 May 2018, www.facebook.com/algore/posts/10155643818533865:0. |
The in-text citation for a social media comment is reflected as the author’s last name in parentheses, followed by a period. For the post used in the example above, the in-text citation would be written as follows:
In-text Citation | |
---|---|
Structure | (Author’s Last Name). |
Example | (Wester). |
In-text citations generally consist of parentheses and the last names of the authors or the first few words of the web page title.
Since there are no page numbers, unless the web page includes numbered paragraphs or sections, you don’t need to include any additional information.
When you have multiple authors, place them in the same order they are listed in the source.
If what you really need is an APA book citation or a reference for an APA journal , there are more guides on EasyBib.com for you to explore.
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Solution #1: when and how to reference entire websites versus specific pages in mla.
Reference an entire website when your information comes from multiple pages or if you are describing the entirety of the website. If your information is only from one page, only cite the singular page.
Whole website, author known
Works cited example:
Night, Samuel. Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.
In-text example:
Whole website, author unknown
Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.
( Food Creations )
Webpage, author known
If information is from only a few pages or the pages cover multiple topics, reference each page
Blake, Evan. “Best Southern Macaroni Recipe.” Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.
Webpage, author unknown
If an author is not named, write the name of the page in quotation marks with a period following.
“Best Southern Macaroni Recipe.” Food Creations , International Hypothetical Chefs’ Club, 21 May 2021, www.foodcreationshypotheticalwebsite.com/best_macaroni_recipe.
(“Best Southern Macaroni Recipe”)
The in-text citation should identify the author and talk about the format (e.g., video, post, image, etc.) in prose.
Lilly West’s photo of traditional Japanese sweets shows an example of nature influencing Japanese design.
The basic structure of a works-cited reference for social media stays the same no matter the format or the social media service (e.g., Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, etc.). Here are works- cited-list entry guidelines:
Facebook example:
West, Lily. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Facebook , 30 May 2021, www.facebook.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.
Twitter reference example:
West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Twitter, 30 May 2021, www.twitter.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.
Instagram reference example:
West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Kyoto Japanese sweets.” Instagram , 30 May 2021, www.instagram.com/hypotheticalexample/thisphotoisnotreal.
If there is no text or title where the title element usually goes, instead describe the post without quotation marks. Example:
West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. Photo of traditional Japanese sweets on a green plate. Instagram , photographed by Bethany Lynn, 30 May 2021, www.instagram.com/hypotheticalexample/thisphotoisnotreal.
If the text is very long, you can shorten it by adding ellipsis at the end of the text. Example:
West, Lily [@lilianhypotheticalwestbest]. “Nothing is better in life than feeling like all of the effort you’ve invested has finally. . . .” Twitter, 17 Feb. 2021, www.twitter.com/hypotheticalexample/thispostisnotreal.
MLA Handbook . 9th ed., Modern Language Association of America, 2021.
Published October 31, 2011. Updated June 5, 2021.
Written and edited by Michele Kirschenbaum and Elise Barbeau. Michele Kirschenbaum is a school library media specialist and the in-house librarian at EasyBib.com. Elise Barbeau is the Citation Specialist at Chegg. She has worked in digital marketing, libraries, and publishing.
MLA Formatting
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Yes, there’s an option to download source citations as a Word Doc or a Google Doc. You may also copy citations from the EasyBib Citation Generator and paste them into your paper.
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Yes! Whether you’d like to learn how to construct citations on your own, our Autocite tool isn’t able to gather the metadata you need, or anything in between, manual citations are always an option. Click here for directions on using creating manual citations.
If any important information is missing (e.g., author’s name, title, publishing date, URL, etc.), first see if you can find it in the source yourself. If you cannot, leave the information blank and continue creating your citation.
It supports MLA, APA, Chicago, Harvard, and over 7,000 total citation styles.
If there is no author, the title becomes the website page’s identifier.
In-text example (no author): ( Honey Bee Medley )
Works cited example (no author): Honey Bee Medley . Hivemind Press, 2018, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees.
If there is no publication date, include an accessed date instead.
Works cited example (no author, no date): Honey Bee Medley . Hivemind Press, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees. Accessed 17 Nov. 2020.
If there is no title, briefly describe the source.
Works cited example (no author, no date, no title): Collage of honey bees. Hivemind Press, www.hivebees.com/honey-bees. Accessed 17 Nov. 2020.
To cite a website that has no page number in MLA, it is important that you know the name of the author, title of the webpage, website, and URL. The templates for an in-text citation and works-cited-list entry of a website that has no page number, along with examples, are given below:
In-text citation template and example:
You can use a time stamp if you are referring to an audio or video. Otherwise, use only the author’s surname.
(Author Surname)
Works-cited-list entry template and example:
Author or Organization Name. “Title of the Webpage.” Website Name . Publication Date, URL.
Dutta, Smita S. “What is Extra Sensory Perception?” Medindia . 16 Nov. 2019, www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/extra-sensory-perception.htm#3 .
Abbreviate the month in the date field.
MLA Citation Examples
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IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
To cite an unpublished dissertation (one you got directly from the author or university in print form), add "Unpublished" to the bracketed description, and list the university at the end of the reference, outside the square brackets. APA format. Author last name, Initials. ( Year ).
Citing a published dissertation or thesis from a database. If a thesis or dissertation has been published and is found on a database, then follow the structure below. It's similar to the format for an unpublished dissertation/thesis, but with a few differences: Structure: Author's last name, F. M. (Year published).
Thesis, from a commercial database. Lope, M. D. (2014). Perceptions of global mindedness in the international baccalaureate middle years programme: The relationship to student academic performance and teacher characteristics (Order No. 3682837) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Maryland].ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
The same format can be adapted for other published theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate (e.g., "Undergraduate honors thesis"). Include a URL for the dissertation or thesis if the URL will resolve for readers (as shown in the Miranda and Zambrano-Vazquez examples).
How to Cite a Dissertation or Thesis in APA 7th Edition. The APA dissertation or thesis citation isn't a one size fits all type of citation. The reason behind this is because APA offers a different format for a published and unpublished thesis or dissertation. However, you'll need to include information like: Author, A. A. (Year).
Thesis Paper AI Proofreader Essay Checker PhD dissertation APA editing Academic editing College admissions essay Personal statement English proofreading Spanish, French, or German. About our services. Proofreading services Paper Formatting Proofreading & editing example ... Citation Tools. Citation Generator Check your Citations Cite with ...
Thesis, from a commercial database. Nicometo, D. N. (2015). Increasing international education to develop culturally competent social workers: Social media recommendations for social work abroad program 501(c)3 (Order No. 1597712). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1717577238). Dissertation, from an institutional database
Throughout your paper, you need to apply the following APA format guidelines: Set page margins to 1 inch on all sides. Double-space all text, including headings. Indent the first line of every paragraph 0.5 inches. Use an accessible font (e.g., Times New Roman 12pt., Arial 11pt., or Georgia 11pt.).
Format: Author last name, first initial. (Year). Title of dissertation/thesis (Publication No.) [Doctoral dissertation/Master's thesis, University].Database. URL. Elements: Author: List the last name, followed by the first initial (and second initial).See Authors for more information.; Year: List the year between parentheses, followed by a period. Title of dissertation/thesis: In italics.
Footnotes. Format footnotes for your thesis or dissertation following these guidelines: Footnotes must be placed at the bottom of the page separated from the text by a solid line one to two inches long. Begin at the left page margin, directly below the solid line. Single-space footnotes that are more than one line long.
Auckland University of Technology (and other NZ universities) Thesis is either for a doctoral or a master's degree. Dissertation is either for a master's or a bachelor's degree with honours. Exegesis is the written component of a practice-based thesis where the major output is a creative work; e.g., a film, artwork, novel.
Theses & Dissertations. CMS 14.224: Theses and dissertations. Titles of unpublished works appear in "quotation marks"—not in italics. This treatment extends to theses and dissertations, which are otherwise cited like books. The kind of thesis, the academic institution, and the date follow the title. Like the publication data of a book, these ...
The formatting for thesis and dissertation citations is largely the same. However, you should be sure to include the type of degree after the publication year as supplemental information. For instance, state if the source you are citing is an undergraduate thesis or a PhD dissertation. MLA Thesis and Dissertation Citation Structure (print) ...
help with writing/formatting your dissertation, please email . [email protected] . or call (973)- 655-7442 for more information on how to schedule a writing consultation at the CWE. For doctoral students, the Center for Writing Excellence offers the following writing resources: • Writing Your Thesis, Prospectus, or Dissertation • APA 7 th
Citing an Unpublished Thesis or Dissertation. In rare cases, you may need to cite a thesis or dissertation that has not yet been published. This is particularly the case if you want to cite your own work or the work of a colleague. Citation Structure. Note: 1.
Narrative citation: Harris (2014) When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description " [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]" or " [Unpublished master's thesis]" in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title. In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
Document Example: Proper Bibliographic Reference Format: Bibliographic references are double-spaced and indented half an inch after the first line. Use italics and "sentence-style" capitalization for dissertation / thesis titles. Identify the work as a doctoral dissertation / master's thesis in parentheses after the title. Sabbagh, S. A. (2009).
Basic guidelines for formatting the reference list at the end of a standard APA research paper Author/Authors Rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors that apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.)
The APA style is an "author-date" citation system, with the author and date of the cited source appearing in the body of the text. You will need to add a bibliography at the end of the essay, with the full references alphabetically ordered by author's name. It is mainly used in the social sciences. The Chicago style uses two systems ...
The References or Bibliography heading is always a major heading and the formatting style needs to match chapter headings. References or Bibliography are ordered after each chapter, or at the end of the text. References or Bibliography must start on a new page from the chapter text. References are aligned flush with the left margin.
A bibliography, sometimes known as a "Reference List" is a list of all of the sources you have used (whether referenced or not) in the process of researching your work. In general, a bibliography should include: the authors' names; the titles of the works; the names of the publishers who published your sources and where they were published.
Theses and Dissertations. Citing a Thesis or Dissertation ; Format for A Thesis or Dissertation ; Margins, Fonts, and Indents - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements; Spacing - Turabian 9, A.1 General Format Requirements; Title Page Format - Turabian 9, A.2.1.2; Abstract - Turabian 9, A.2.1.4 Abstract; Block Quotations - Turabian 9, 25.2. ...
The Online Writing Lab (the Purdue OWL) at Purdue University houses writing resources and instructional material, and we provide these as a free service at Purdue. Students, members of the community, and users worldwide will find information to assist with many writing projects. Teachers and trainers may use this material for in-class and out ...
A bibliography is a list of information that is usually found below the pages or at the end of the pages of a book, a research paper, a thesis paper, or even a report. The bibliography as the term itself is another word for listing your sources. Bibliography Formats. Creating a bibliography is essential for any academic work to credit sources used.
Automatically cite a book in APA by using Citation Machine's free citation generator. Plagiarism and grammar; Citation guides; Support; ... Dissertation. Dissertation Abstract. Editorial. Email. Encyclopedia. Executive Order. Federal Bill. Federal Report. ... APA citation format: Author Last name, First initial. Middle initial. (Year Published ...
Write the author's name in last name, first name format with a period following. Next, write the name of the website in italics. Write the contributing organization's name with a comma following. List the date in day, month, year format with a comma following. Lastly, write the URL with a period following.