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Short Answer Questions
- What type of data do surveys gather? For what topics would surveys be the best research method? What drawbacks might you expect to encounter when using a survey? To explore further, ask a research question and write a hypothesis. Then create a survey of about six questions relevant to the topic. Provide a rationale for each question. Now define your population and create a plan for recruiting a random sample and administering the survey.
- Imagine you are about to do field research in a specific place for a set time. Instead of thinking about the topic of study itself, consider how you, as the researcher, will have to prepare for the study. What personal, social, and physical sacrifices will you have to make? How will you manage your personal effects? What organizational equipment and systems will you need to collect the data?
- Create a brief research design about a topic in which you are passionately interested. Now write a letter to a philanthropic or grant organization requesting funding for your study. How can you describe the project in a convincing yet realistic and objective way? Explain how the results of your study will be a relevant contribution to the body of sociological work already in existence.
Further Research
Butsch, Richard. 2000. The Making of American Audiences: From Stage to Television, 1750–1990 . Cambridge: Cambridge UP.
Caplow, Theodore, Louis Hicks, and Ben Wattenberg. 2000. “The First Measured Century: Middletown.” The First Measured Century . PBS. Retrieved February 23, 2012 ( http://www.pbs.org/fmc/index.htm ).
Durkheim, Émile. 1966 [1897]. Suicide . New York: Free Press.
Fenstermaker, Sarah. n.d. “Dorothy E. Smith Award Statement” American Sociological Association . Retrieved October 19, 2014 (http://www.asanet.org/about/awards/duboiscareer/smith.cfm).
Franke, Richard, and James Kaul. 1978. “The Hawthorne Experiments: First Statistical Interpretation.” American Sociological Review 43(5):632–643.
Grice, Elizabeth. “Cry of an Enfant Sauvage.” The Telegraph . Retrieved July 20, 2011 ( http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/tvandradio/3653890/Cry-of-an-enfant-sauvage.html ).
Heussenstamm, Frances K. 1971. “Bumper Stickers and Cops” Trans-action: Social Science and Modern Society 4:32–33.
Igo, Sarah E. 2008. The Averaged American: Surveys, Citizens, and the Making of a Mass Public . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lynd, Robert S., and Helen Merrell Lynd. 1959. Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture . San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Javanovich.
Lynd, Staughton. 2005. “Making Middleton.” Indiana Magazine of History 101(3):226–238.
Mihelich, John, and John Papineau. Aug 2005. “Parrotheads in Margaritaville: Fan Practice, Oppositional Culture, and Embedded Cultural Resistance in Buffett Fandom.” Journal of Popular Music Studies 17(2):175–202.
Pew Research Center. 2014. "Ebola Worries Rise, But Most Are 'Fairly' Confident in Government, Hospitals to Deal with Disease: Broad Support for U.S. Efforts to Deal with Ebola in West Africa." Pew Research Center for the People & the Press, October 21. Retrieved October 25, 2014 ( http://www.people-press.org/2014/10/21/ebola-worries-rise-but-most-are-fairly-confident-in-government-hospitals-to-deal-with-disease/ ).
Rothman, Rodney. 2000. “My Fake Job.” Pp. 120 in The New Yorker , November 27.
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. n.d. "Institutional Ethnography." Retrieved October 19, 2014 (http://web.uvic.ca/~mariecam/kgSite/institutionalEthnography.html).
Sonnenfeld, Jeffery A. 1985. “Shedding Light on the Hawthorne Studies.” Journal of Occupational Behavior 6:125.
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A review of research on improving wear resistance of titanium alloys.
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1. Introduction
2. surface modification technology of titanium alloy, 2.1. surface carburizing/nitrogen/boron technology, 2.2. pulse magnetic field treatment, 2.3. laser cladding technology, 2.4. plasma spraying technology, 2.5. additive manufacturing technology, 2.6. magnetron sputtering technology, 2.7. micro arc oxidation technology, 3. conclusions.
- Titanium alloys play a crucial role in the petroleum industry, especially in oil well tubing materials, because of their outstanding specific strength, toughness, corrosion resistance, and fatigue resistance. There is a need to enhance and advance the surface modification technology of titanium alloys, and to obtain more extensive applications and better economic benefits, increasing innovation is needed. This work reviews and summarizes the current methods for improving the wear resistance of titanium alloys through surface treatment, as shown in Figure 15 . Table 2 provides a comprehensive comparison of the various methods. Through the review of this article, some conclusions can be summarized as follows.
- In terms of economic benefits and the ease of use of equipment, the methods of pulse magnetic field treatment and additive manufacturing technology are relatively cheaper and more economical and the equipment preparation time is shorter.
- Plasma spraying technology and laser cladding technology can form multiple coatings, but the roughness of the coating formed by plasma spraying technology is relatively high.
- Additive manufacturing technology and micro arc oxidation technology are relatively environmentally friendly and cause less environmental pollution.
4. Areas for Further Research
Conflicts of interest.
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Click here to enlarge figure
Material Type | Material Grade | Yield Strength/MPa | Tensile Strength/kN | Gravity/N | Strength to Gravity Ratio |
---|
Steel | UD-165(VM-150) | 1137 | 4591 | 5039 | 901 |
Steel | V-150 | 1034 | 4174 | 5039 | 819 |
Steel | Z-140 | 965 | 895 | 5039 | 765 |
Steel | S-135 | 931 | 3756 | 5039 | 737 |
Aluminum alloy | Al-Zn-MgI | 325 | 1778 | 3189 | 557 |
Aluminum alloy | Al-Zn-MgII | 480 | 2626 | 3189 | 823 |
Aluminum alloy | Al-Cu-Mg-Si-FeIII | 340 | 1860 | 3189 | 583 |
Aluminum alloy | Al-Zn-MgIV | 350 | 1914 | 3189 | 600 |
Titanium alloy | Ti Al V | 951 | 3825 | 3130 | 1213 |
Comparison Content | Surface Carburizing/Nitrogen/Boron Technology | Pulse Magnetic Field Treatment | Laser Cladding Technology | Plasma Spraying Technology | Additive Manufacturing Technology | Magnetron Sputtering Technology | Micro Arc Oxidation |
---|
Equipment and process | Expensive equipment and complex process | Simple equipment and complex process | Complex equipment and process | Expensive equipment and simple process | Simple equipment and process | Expensive equipment and complex process | Simple equipment and process |
Base material | Metallic materials | Metallic materials | Metals, ceramics and composites | Metal, ceramic and organic materials | Metallic materials | Metallic materials | Metallic materials |
Matrix temperature | 800 °C | 900 °C | Lower | 100~260 °C | 500 °C | 40~50 °C | <300 °C |
Preparation time | A few hours | A few minutes | A few minutes | A few minutes to ten minutes | A few seconds | About 4 h | A few minutes to ten minutes |
Coating thickness | Thin, 20~30 μm | 5 mm | 0.5~2.0 mm | Dozens to hundreds of microns | 0.1 mm | About 6 nm | Thin, more than ten microns |
Microhardness of coating | High | High | Very high | Higher | High | High | High |
Coating roughness | Lower | Low | Low | Higher | Low | Low | Low |
Substrate suitability | Suitable for simple small size parts | Final parts | Alloy powder | Simple parts with wide size range | Highly complex and functional parts | Precision instrument | Suitable for complex parts |
Type of coating | Single | Single | Variety | Variety | Single | Single | Single |
Working environment | Vacuum state, environment-friendly | Vacuum state, environment-friendly | Vacuum state, environment-friendly | Inert gas protection, loud noise | No pollution to the environment | Vacuum state | No pollution to the environment |
Preparation cost | High, suitable for small-scale production | Low, suitable for mass production | Low, widely used | Low, suitable for mass production | High, suitable for small-scale production | Low, suitable for mass production | Low, suitable for mass production |
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Share and Cite
Chen, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, B.; Huang, J.; Zhou, M.; Wang, L.; Xi, Y.; Jia, H.; Xu, S.; Liu, H.; et al. A Review of Research on Improving Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys. Coatings 2024 , 14 , 786. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070786
Chen Y, Zhang H, Wang B, Huang J, Zhou M, Wang L, Xi Y, Jia H, Xu S, Liu H, et al. A Review of Research on Improving Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys. Coatings . 2024; 14(7):786. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070786
Chen, Yazhou, Honggang Zhang, Bitao Wang, Jianyong Huang, Meihong Zhou, Lei Wang, Yuntao Xi, Hongmin Jia, Shanna Xu, Haitao Liu, and et al. 2024. "A Review of Research on Improving Wear Resistance of Titanium Alloys" Coatings 14, no. 7: 786. https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings14070786
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Table 2.2 "Major Sociological Research Methods ... Method Advantages Disadvantages; Survey: Many people can be included. If given to a random sample of the population, a survey's results can be generalized to the population. Large surveys are expensive and time consuming. Although much information is gathered, this information is relatively ...
The scientific method provides a system of organization that helps researchers plan and conduct the study while ensuring that data and results are reliable, valid, and objective. The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages.
A Level Sociology Research Methods | Revisesociology.com Sociologists use a range of quantitative and qualitative, primary and secondary social research methods to collect data about society. The main types of research method are: Social surveys (questionnaires and structured interviews) Experiments (Lab and Field) Unstructured interviews Partipant Observation Secondary qualitative data ...
Field Research. The work of sociology rarely happens in limited, confined spaces. Rather, sociologists go out into the world. They meet subjects where they live, work, and play. Field research refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment. To conduct field research, the sociologist must be willing to step into new environments and ...
As a case in point, the teaching of research methods at AS encourages students to think in fairly basic, clear-cut, terms about the. "advantages" and "disadvantages" of various research methods - such as, in this instance, overt participant observation. Using Venkatesh's "Gang Leader for a Day" (2009) we can demonstrate that ...
Table 1.2 Major Sociological Research Methods. Method Advantages Disadvantages; Survey: Many people can be included. If given to a random sample of the population, a survey's results can be generalized to the population. Large surveys are expensive and time consuming. Although much information is gathered, this information is relatively ...
An introduction to research methods in Sociology covering quantitative, qualitative, primary and secondary data and defining the basic types of research method including social surveys, experiments, interviews, participant observation, ethnography and longitudinal studies. ... all with subtly different advantages and disadvantages, and so this ...
The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages. The strength of a study can depend on the choice and implementation of the appropriate method of gathering research.
The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages. The strength of a study can depend on the choice and implementation of the appropriate method of gathering research.
AS Sociology For AQA Sociological Methods Qualitative Data Advantages Disadvantages Reliability If the research objective is tounderstand the meaning of people's behaviour, people must be given the scope to talk freely about that behaviour. If a researcherimposes their interpretation on a situation (by asking direct,
Sociology- Advantages and disadvantages of research methods. Researcher gets to speak to the respondents face-to-face which reduces problem of non-response. Can be conducted by phone- less expensive and issues of interviewer bias. Produce qualitative data which is more detailed and in-depth. Questions can be rephrased or explained if ...
2.2 Research Methods. Sociological research is a fairly complex process. As you can see, a lot goes into even a simple research design. ... case study, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages. The strength of a study can depend on the choice and implementation of the appropriate method of gathering data ...
The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages. The strength of a study can depend on the choice and implementation of the appropriate method of gathering research.
Table \(\PageIndex{1}\): Major Sociological Research Methods; Method Advantages Disadvantages; Survey: Many people can be included. If given to a random sample of the population, a survey's results can be generalized to the population. Large surveys are expensive and time consuming.
It is possible to research very large samples as it is is both quick and relatively cheap in comparison to other methods. In institutions like schools, the nature by which they are organising can provide easy sampling approaches, through providing sampling frames such as the school roll, year groups and classes.
The Sociology Guy. One of the key aspects of A level Sociology is research methods. On this page I have created a brief overview of some of the key research methods that sociologists use along with some downloadable worksheets for students to complete to fill in the gaps in their knowledge. These images can be downloaded as individual pdfs ...
The main theoretical disadvantage is the lack of reliability - unstructured Interviews lack reliability because each interview is unique - a variety of different questions are asked and phrased in a variety of different ways to different respondents. They are also difficult to repeat, because the s uccess of the interview depends on the ...
The scientific method provides a system of organization that helps researchers plan and conduct the study while ensuring that data and results are reliable, valid, and objective. The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages.
The most common methods of sociological data collection are: ... Advantages and Disadvantages of each Research Method We will now consider some of the ways in which we can find out about people and the social world. Throughout of the course of the 2 years, there will be opportunities
The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages. The strength of a study can depend on the choice and implementation of the appropriate method of gathering research.
As such, they meet the standards of sociological research. 3) Easy to analyse data- surveys are often conducted regularly, for example on a fortnightly, monthly, annual or ten yearly basis. This can allow for comparisons over time & the identification of trends.
Strengths of Field Research. Field research allows researchers to gain firsthand experience and knowledge about the people, events, and processes that they study. No other method offers quite the same kind of closeup lens on everyday life. This close-up on everyday life means that field researchers can obtain very detailed data about people and ...
The scientific method provides a system of organization that helps researchers plan and conduct the study while ensuring that data and results are reliable, valid, and objective. The many methods available to researchers—including experiments, surveys, field studies, and secondary data analysis—all come with advantages and disadvantages.
Titanium alloy is widely used as oil drill pipe material because of its light weight, high strength, good toughness, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and good process performance. However, due to its low hardness, poor wear resistance, serious oxidation at high temperature (700 °C), and difficulty in lubrication, in oil and gas field exploration and development drilling, especially ...