presentation on marine environment

Marine Ecosystems

Marine ecosystems contain a diverse array of living organisms and abiotic processes. From massive marine mammals like whales to the tiny krill that form the bottom of the food chain, all life in the ocean is interconnected. While the ocean seems vast and unending, it is, in fact, finite; as the climate continues to change, we are learning more about those limits. Explore these resources to teach students about marine organisms, their relationship with one another, and with their environment.

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The marine environment

More than two thirds of the Earth’s surface is occupied by seas and oceans. Heated by the sunshine, the temperature of sea water varies with location and depth. On the other hand, its composition and therefore its salinity are remarkably constant in a given sea while showing some variations from one sea to another. In the marine environment, the cradle of life, under the open ocean surface, which is neither flat as the ancients believed, nor really round, a multitude of organisms live in conditions very different from those known on earth and constitute an amazing biodiversity.

1. Origin and extent of the oceans

2. density, salinity and temperature of the marine environment, 3. composition of seawater, 4. the hummocky relief of the seas, 5. the amazing biodiversity of the marine environment.

During the slow evolution of our planet, plate tectonics has continuously changed the positions of continents and oceans. At the time of the Pangea , about 300 million years ago [1] , there was only one large ocean surrounding this one continent. Today, according to the classification of the International Hydrological Organization (IHO), there are three oceans. The Pacific Ocean is the largest, its surface area is about half that of the oceans as a whole, and it alone covers one-third of the Earth’s surface. It is certainly because of its predominance on the surface that the median meridian of this ocean was chosen as the date change line. The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest by area, accounting for about 30% of the total. It is much better supplied with fresh water than other oceans, since it receives flows from large rivers such as the Amazon, Congo and St. Lawrence. The Indian Ocean , the third largest by area, accounts for about 20% of the total. It is almost entirely located in the southern hemisphere, between Asia, Africa and Australia.

Despite this official classification, it is common practice to have 5 oceans on our planet, rather than 3, distinguishing between the Antarctic Ocean to the south, or Austral , which surrounds the Antarctic continent up to about 60 degrees and whose area represents about 6% of the total, and the Arctic Ocean to the north, which is bordered by the lands of Siberia, Scandinavia, Greenland and North America, whose area represents about 4% of the total. This shallow Arctic Ocean is partly covered by ice floes. Globally, the surface area of these oceans represents 71% of that of the globe.

The seas then appear as marine sub-domains, of relatively small sizes and relatively individualized. Geographical reasons usually justify this individualisation, as is the case for the Mediterranean Sea , which communicates with the Atlantic Ocean only through the Strait of Gibraltar, so narrow that the Atlantic tides are slowed down to the point of being felt very little on the Mediterranean coast (read The Tides ). On the contrary, the English Channel is largely open to the Atlantic and receives high tides, slowed by the Pas de Calais between England and France, before joining those of the North Sea , being slowed down again by the narrow passages between Denmark and Sweden, and finally reaching the Baltic Sea almost imperceptible. In other cases, such as that of the Caribbean Sea , even if the geographical separation is very real and characterized by the long chain of islands that runs from the coasts of Venezuela to the Florida peninsula, it is rather because of the history of the riparian states and successive conquests that we can justify the individualization of these seas.

Under reference conditions (pressure of 1013 hPa , or hectoPascal, temperature of 3.98 °C, zero salinity) the density of the water is exactly 10 3 kg/m 3 . It was these conditions that led to the first definition of the kilogram, the maximum value of the mass of a litre of fresh water. The density of seawater varies mainly with temperature and salinity, much less with pressure, which often leads to considering this fluid as incompressible.

The salinity , or mass fraction of salt, or ratio of the mass of salt contained in a unit of volume to the mass of this unit, is expressed in g/kg (gram of salt per kilogram of sea water). In lakes and rivers, salinity is almost zero, rarely exceeding a few units. It can reach and sometimes exceed 50 g/kg in the seas, its average value is around 35 g/kg. It is 12 g/kg in the Black Sea. In the Dead Sea, its very high value, close to 275 g/kg, practically prohibits any animal or plant life.

The variation in density as a function of temperature, shown in Figure 2, shows its maximum, around 3.98°C for fresh water, with a decreasing variation between 13 and 30°C. In addition, in summer, the surface water of the warmest seas can reach temperatures of 26 to 30°C, which often leads to cyclones (see Tropical Cyclones, Development and Organisation ).

In the upper layers of the marine environment, surface water, heated by solar radiation, is subjected to constant thermal exchanges by conduction and convection with the atmosphere. Agitation by waves and turbulence then manages to homogenize the temperature in the first tens of meters (between 0 and -50 m). On the contrary, at great depths (below -120 m), exchanges are almost limited to pure conduction and become much weaker, so that the approximation of a resting marine environment is well justified, even if extremely slow deep currents, coupled with surface currents, weakly amplify the apparent thermal conductivity of the water at the depths.

Between these two areas, it is common practice to distinguish a relatively thin layer (between -50 and -120 m) called the thermocline , where the temperature can vary by about ten degrees between the water above and the water below. The temperature of the water above the thermocline experiences significant seasonal variations, due to variations in sunlight, without any change in the temperature of the deep layers. It can be seen in Figure 1 that the Mediterranean Sea thermocline is built in spring, as the sunlight increases. It reaches its maximum temperature difference of around 10°C in August, and sees it decrease more and more in autumn and early winter. In February and March, the thermocline disappears, making the temperature almost invariant over the entire depth, between 13 and 13.5 °C. It is noteworthy that above and below the thermocline the temperature variation as a function of altitude, even very low, remains increasing, so that this deep fluid layer heated above is only slightly subject to the convective instability of Rayleigh-Bénard, which generates a low rise in deep waters compensated by a fall in surface waters.

However, this vertical movement plays a key role in the deep life of the marine environment by regenerating oxygen by supplying surface water. The corresponding upwelling is beneficial to life on the surface by bringing nutrients from the seabed to the surface. In the Mediterranean, this phenomenon of deep convection is mainly located in the Gulf of Lions, making it a major centre of biological activity. However, this convection only occurs when the conditions necessary for its presence are met, so the Black Sea remains constantly stratified in density, and this prevents the penetration of oxygen beyond a depth of 200 m. Only very specific species can live in this marine environment under so-called anoxic conditions. On the global scale of thermohaline circulation a similar phenomenon of convection brews the world ocean at depth.

The chemical composition of seawater is not a simple matter. Most of the chemical elements are found in solution in the form of a complex mixture of anions, cations and molecules. Ions are not reduced to either chloride anion or sodium cation, although these two elements, which are largely dominant, form the basis of sea salt (NaCl). The attached Table lists, in descending order of importance, the top five anions and cations of typical seawater, with a salinity of 35 g/kg. As it happens, the ratios between the concentrations of all these ions vary very little from sea to sea [3] , so that, if we measure the content of one of these constituents, we can deduce the overall salinity.

These elements have various origins. Some ions come from the dissolution of continental rocks by rivers that carry them to the oceans, where they stay for very long periods of time and where evaporation of water increases their concentration. A significant part of the cations comes from the original ocean floor. And the origin of the chloride ion is often attributed to the degassing of hydrogen chloride from volcanoes, which is soluble in water.

Table 1. Concentrations of the main ions dissolved in typical seawater with a salinity of 35 g/kg.

In addition to water and salts, there are also various low-concentration molecules, such as boric acid (0.0198 g/kg) and carbon dioxide (0.0004 g/kg), as well as nitrogen and oxygen. It is remarkable that the amount of carbon dioxide in seawater is much greater than in the air, about 60 times, without this value constituting an upper limit on the oceans’ ability to retain this molecule. This is a highly debated issue at the moment: the possibility of sequestering carbon dioxide in the oceans , with a view to reducing the content of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Some suggest capturing this gas near emitting sources and injecting it directly into the oceans at great depth, despite uncertainties about possible reactions, such as significant changes in the pH [4] of seawater or the carbon cycle .

Since mass is not uniformly distributed in the Earth’s mantle, gravity cannot be uniform on the Earth’s surface. This effect alone implies that the altitude of oceans assumed to be absolutely immobile must vary due to the opposite of local gravity, being maximum where gravity is minimal, and vice versa, so that their product is constant. As a result, the average free surface of the oceans cannot coincide exactly with that of a sphere. However, since all altitudes are defined and measured from mean sea level, it is necessary to specify what this level represents [5] . This has led oceanographers and geophysicists to choose as a reference the equipotential surface of the gravity field (or gravity) that best coincides with the mean sea level . This particular surface, called the geoid , shown in Figure 3, highlights how far the actual ocean surface deviates from the sphere that would correspond to the case of uniform gravity. This bumpy surface represents the variations in gravity on the Earth’s surface, both on continents and oceans [6] .

References and notes

[1] The single continent called Pangea dates back to the Paleozoic (between 500 and 250 million years ago, or Ma, before our time), a geological era that followed the Precambrian (2500 to 500 Ma) and preceded the Mesozoic (250 to 65 Ma), the Cenozoic (65 to 1.65 Ma) and the present Quaternary era.

[2] S. Levitus and T.P. Boyer, 1994, World Ocean Atlas , Vol. 4, Temperature, NOAA

[3] This empirical property is known as Dittmar’s Law, in honour of the Scottish chemist William Dittmar (1859-1951) who drew it from the analyses of samples taken during the Challenger oceanographic expedition between 1872 and 1876.

[4] The acronym pH stands for hydrogen potential. Its value measures the chemical activity of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution and characterizes the acidity or basicity of a solution. Thus, in an aqueous medium at 25°C, a solution is acidic with a pH below 7, neutral with a pH of 7 and basic with a pH above 7.

[5] Gravity, or the weight of the unit of mass, derives from a potential. Like all vector quantities that possess this property, it can be represented by a family of equipotential surfaces to which it is orthogonal. These surfaces are tighter, like contours on a map, where gravity is at its highest; they are further apart where gravity is at its lowest. Broadly speaking, we can consider that the bumps of the geoid correspond to gravity minima, the hollows to maxima.

[6] G. Balmino, F. Perosanz, R. Rummel, N. Sneeuw and H. Sunkel, Champ, GRACE and GOCE: mission concepts and simulations , Int. Gravity Commission and Int. Geoid Commission, N°2, Trieste, 1999, vol. 40, No. 3-4, pp. 309-319.

The Encyclopedia of the Environment by the Association des Encyclopédies de l'Environnement et de l'Énergie ( www.a3e.fr ), contractually linked to the University of Grenoble Alpes and Grenoble INP, and sponsored by the French Academy of Sciences.

To cite this article: René MOREAU (February 7, 2019), The marine environment, Encyclopedia of the Environment, Accessed May 14, 2024 [online ISSN 2555-0950] url : https://www.encyclopedie-environnement.org/en/water/marine-environment/ .

The articles in the Encyclopedia of the Environment are made available under the terms of the Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license, which authorizes reproduction subject to: citing the source, not making commercial use of them, sharing identical initial conditions, reproducing at each reuse or distribution the mention of this Creative Commons BY-NC-SA license.

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ESS 8 / EARTHSYS 8: The Oceans: An Introduction to the Marine Environment

Plastic trash litters the waters of a fishing village in the Niger Delta of Nigeria. Plastic pollution is only one type of pollution that harms the marine environment.

Marine pollution, explained

A wide range of pollution—from plastic pollution to light pollution—affects marine ecosystems.

THE OCEANS ARE so vast and deep that until fairly recently, it was widely assumed that no matter how much trash and chemicals humans dumped into them, the effects would be negligible.

Today, we need look no further than the New Jersey-size dead zone that forms each summer in the Gulf of Mexico, or the thousand-mile-wide belt of plastic trash in the northern Pacific Ocean to see that this early “policy” placed a once flourishing ocean ecosystem on the brink of collapse.

Many “flavors” of marine pollution

Ocean water covers more than 70 percent of the Earth, and only in recent decades have we begun to understand how humans impact this watery habitat. Marine pollution, as distinct from overall water pollution , focuses on human-created products that enter the ocean.

Before 1972 , humans around the word spewed trash, sewage sludge, and chemical, industrial, and radioactive wastes into the ocean with impunity. Millions of tons of heavy metals and chemical contaminants, along with thousands of containers of radioactive waste, were purposely thrown into the ocean.

The London Convention , ratified in 1975 by the United States, was the first international agreement to spell out better protection for the marine environment. The agreement implemented regulatory programs and prohibited the disposal of hazardous materials at sea. An updated agreement, the London Protocol , went into effect in 2006, more specifically banning all wastes and materials except for a short list of items, like leftover materials from dredging.

Many of these pollutants sink to the ocean's depths or float far distances from their original source, where they are consumed by small marine organisms and introduced into the global food chain . Marine pollution encompasses many types of pollution that disrupt the marine ecosystem, including chemical, light, noise, and plastic pollution.

For Hungry Minds

Chemical pollution.

Chemical pollution is the introduction of harmful contaminants. Common man-made pollutants that reach the ocean include pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, detergents, oil, industrial chemicals, and sewage.

Many ocean pollutants are released into the environment far upstream from coastlines. Nutrient-packed fertilizers applied to farmland, for example, often end up in local streams and are eventually deposited into estuaries and bays. These excess nutrients trigger massive blooms of algae that rob the water of oxygen, leaving dead zones where few marine organisms can live. Some chemical pollutants climb high into the food webs—like DDT, the insecticide that placed the bald eagle on the United States Fish and Wildlife’s endangered species list .

Scientists are starting to better understand how specific pollutants, leached into the ocean from other materials, affect marine wildlife. PFAS , a chemical incorporated into many household products, accumulates in human and marine mammal blood. Even pharmaceuticals ingested by humans, but not fully processed by our bodies, end up in aquatic food webs .

Light pollution

Since the invention of the lightbulb, light has spread across the globe , reaching almost every ecosystem. Often thought of as a terrestrial problem, scientists are starting to understand how artificial light at night affects many marine organisms.

Light pollution penetrates under the water, creating a vastly different world for fish living in shallow reefs near urban environments. Light disrupts the normal cues associated with circadian rhythms , to which species have evolved timing of migration, reproducing, and feeding. Artificial light at night can make it easier for predators to find smaller fish prey and can affect breeding in reef fish .

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Noise pollution.

Pollution is not always visible. In large bodies of water, sound waves can carry undiminished for miles. The increased presence of loud or persistent sounds from ships, sonar devices, and oil rigs disrupts natural noises in the marine environment.

For many marine mammals, like whales and dolphins, low visibility and large distances make non-visual underwater communication critical . Toothed whales use echolocation—emitting sounds that reflect off surfaces—to help them “see” in the ocean. Unnatural noises interrupt communication , disrupting migration, communication, hunting, and reproduction patterns for many marine animals.

Plastic pollution

Plastic pollution seeps into the ocean through run-off and even purposeful dumping. The amount of plastic in the Atlantic Ocean has tripled since the 1960s . The garbage patch floating in the Pacific Ocean , almost 620,000 square miles— twice the size of Texas —is a powerful image of our plastic problem.

A huge culprit is single-use plastics, used once before tossed into the trash or directly into the ocean. These single-use items are accidentally consumed by many marine mammals. Plastic bags resemble jellyfish , a common food for sea turtles, while some seabirds eat plastic because it releases a chemical that makes it smell like its natural food. Discarded fishing nets drift for years, ensnaring fish and mammals.

Bits of plastic swirl throughout the water column, even sinking to the deepest depths of the ocean . Scientists found plastic fibers in corals in the Atlantic Ocean—and more concerning, they found that the corals readily ate plastic over food . Dying marine mammals, washing up on shore, also contain plastic inside their stomachs .

Related: see photos from marine protected areas

Is there a “fix” to marine pollution?

Many national laws, as well as international agreements, now forbid dumping of harmful materials into the ocean, although enforcing these regulations remains a challenge.

Many pollutants still persist in the environment, difficult to fully remove. Chemical pollutants often cannot be broken down for long periods of time, or they increase in concentration as they move up the food web. Because plastic is thought to take hundreds of years to break down, it poses a threat to the marine environment for centuries .

Isolated efforts to restore estuaries and bays have met with some success , but pollution gets trapped in marine sediment and makes complete clean-ups nearly impossible.

Moving forward, encouraging recycling and reuse can minimize plastic pollution. Dampening unnecessary lights at night can limit light pollution. And encouraging responsible chemical-use through consumer and political actions can protect the environment for the future.

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Chapter 16: The Marine Environment - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Chapter 16: The Marine Environment

Chapter 16: the marine environment 10. estuaries are important because they allow many types of shellfish and other marine life to mature in that habitat. – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• 10. Estuaries are important because they allow many types of shellfish and other marine life to mature in that habitat.
• 12. How can the shore line be eroded?
• We are able to study the ocean floor with the invention of new technologies SONAR, satellites, ROVs and so on.
• SONAR is a system using transmitted and reflected underwater sound waves to detect and locate submerged objects or measure the distance to the floor of a body of water.
• SONAR was first used in the 1920s.
• The continental margin is the submerged part of a continent and shallowest part of the ocean that consists of the continental shelf, continental slope, and continental rise.
• The continental shelf is the shallowest part of a continental margin.
• Average depth of 130 m
• Average width of 60 km
• Extends into the ocean from the shore and provides a nutrient-rich home to large numbers of fish
• The continental slope is the sloping oceanic region found beyond the continental shelf that generally marks the edge of the continental crust and may be cut by submarine canyons.
• A submarine canyon is a steep-sided valley on the sea floor of the continental slope.
• Turbidity currents are rapidly flowing ocean currents that can cut deep-sea canyons in continental slopes and deposit the sediments in the form of a
• continental
• The continental rise is the gently sloping accumulation of sediments deposited by a turbidity current at the foot of a continental margin.
• The ocean basins make up 60 of the Earths surface.
• An abyssal plain is a smooth, flat part of the seafloor covered with muddy sediments and sedimentary rocks that extends seaward from the continental margin
• 12. The mid ocean ridge is a chain of underwater mountains that run through the ocean basins.
• They are the site of volcanoes producing new ocean crust.
• Have a total length of over 65,000 km
• Contain countless active and extinct volcanoes.
• 14. A hydrothermal vent is a hole in the seafloor through which fluid heated by magma erupts. They are an important feature because they are the source of warm water deep in the ocean and support their own unique habitat.
• Ooze Shells and hard parts of marine organisms that accumulate on the ocean floor and create sediment.
• Most are calcium carbonate or silica
• Manganese Nodules
• Oxides of manganese, iron, copper, and valuable metals that precipitated directly from seawater.
• Growth rates very slow
• Resemble potatoes
• Cover huge areas
• of the seafloor.

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The Marine Environment

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Chapter 14 The Ocean Floor.

Coach Williams Room 310B.  Marine Environment  Objectives: ◦ Explain how shoreline features are formed and modified by marine processes. ◦ Describe.

Place these notes in your Notebook.

1) What is topography of the ocean?

Features of the Ocean Floor

The Seafloor and its Structures

Chapter 14.2 Ocean Floor Features.

OCEAN BOTTOM FEATURES. TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURES u u Continental margins: * Shelf up to 300 km wide; m deep * Slope km wide; 200 to 2000.

Geology 12 Presents.

Ocean Topography Main Features.

14.2 science OCEAN FLOOR The ocean floor regions are the continental margins, the ocean basin floor, and the mid-ocean ridge. Scientists have discovered.

CH 14.1 The Ocean Floor Oceanography – the study…

Ch. 20 The Ocean Basins Ch Features of the Ocean Floor.

The Ocean Basins Section 2 Section 2: Features of the Ocean Floor Preview Objectives Features of the Ocean Floor Continental Margins Deep-Ocean Basins.

$100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $100 $200 $300.

Lesson 2.2 Ocean Floor *Refer to Chapter 3 in your Textbook.

Chapter 16 The Marine Environment. Longshore currents Waves usually approach the beach at an angle Water recedes parallel to the beach. Waves usually.

Chapter 14 The Ocean Floor Who is Stan Hatfield and Ken Pinzke.

Chapter Seven: Oceans 7.1 Introduction to Oceans 7.2 Waves

Water and Weather Chapter Seven: Oceans 7.1 Introduction to Oceans 7.2 Waves 7.3 Shallow Marine Environments 7.4 The Ocean Floor.

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Plastic Pollution

A global overview from our world in data.

These slides provide a global overview of plastics production, waste, and pollution of our oceans. They are designed to provide a summary of the plastics challenge and what this tells us about how to address it. A more detailed exploration of this topic can be found at our topic page on Plastic Pollution

• How much plastic does the world produce?
• What is the fate of our plastics?
• How much plastic waste do we produce & how much ends up in the ocean?
• Where does plastic waste come from?
• How much plastic waste is traded?
• How do we tackle plastic pollution?

Annual global production of plastics has increased more than 200-fold since 1950.

In 2019 the world produced more than 450 million tonnes of plastic.

By 2019 cumulative plastic production was around 9.5 billion tonnes.

This is equivalent to more than one tonne of plastic for every person alive today.

Of the global plastic produced over the period from 1950 to 2015:

• 55% straight to landfill
• 30% was still in use
• 8% was incinerated
• 6-7% was recycled

Of 5.8 billion tonnes of plastic no longer in use, ~9% was recycled.

You can explore how the trend in global recycling, incineration and landfill has changed over time here .

Whilst recycling is preferable to incineration or landfill by displacing new plastic production, most plastic can be recycled only once or twice .

This means that most recycled plastic eventually ends up in landfill or incineration.

"Recycling delays, rather than avoids, final disposal" (Geyer et al. 2017)

The world produces around 350 million tonnes of plastic waste each year.

Estimates vary, but studies suggest that 1 to 2 million tonnes enter the oceans annually.

That means 0.5% of plastic waste ends up in the ocean.

We can answer this in multiple ways:

• By land-based and marine sources
• By country or region

Packaging is the largest contributor to plastic waste.

Plastic waste can arise from land (via coastlines and rivers) and from marine sources (such as fishing nets, ropes, lines and abandoned vessels).

How significant is each source for ocean plastics?

However, in certain locations, marine sources can be more significant. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch has more than half (52%) from marine sources due to intensive fishing activity in the Pacific Ocean.

To identify the main geographical contributors to plastic pollution, we need to explore these figures in several steps:

• How much total plastic waste is generated by country
• How much plastic waste is generated by coastal populations - this is plastic which is most at risk of entering the ocean
• How much of coastal plastic waste is mismanaged (open, dumped or not enclosed) and can therefore enter waterways.

This interactive map shows the total plastic waste generation by country in 2010.

Here we see that the largest producers (China, USA, Brazil, Germany, Japan, Pakistan, Nigeria) span all continents.

But to understand the largest contributors to plastic pollution, we must correct for:

• coastal populations (taken as populations within 50km of a coastline)
• how much of this plastic is 'mismanaged'

Mismanaged plastic waste is waste which is inadequately managed (seen in the chart opposite), plus littered waste (seen here ).

High-income countries tend to have effective waste management systems and therefore low levels of inadequately managed waste.

Once we correct for these factors we can understand the geographical distribution of plastic waste at high risk of entering the ocean.

Here we see very strong regional dominance particularly across Asia.

When we aggregate by region we see the majority of plastic at risk of entering the ocean arises from Asia and Africa, with the Americas playing a notable role.

Global trade of plastics has changed a lot in the last few years.

Historically, China has been the largest plastic importer. But in 2017, it banned imports of non-industrial plastic waste.

A number of other middle-income countries have done the same.

We can see this income group's share of global plastic imports has fallen dramatically

You can also see that the amount of plastic waste that rich countries export has fallen.

This is because middle-income countries are less willing to trade.

“If we all do a little, we’ll only achieve a little”

David mackay (sustainable energy without the hot air), high-impact immediate priorities:, development of effective waste management infrastructure in all countries.

Most ocean plastic arises from countries with poor waste management infrastructure.

Cease plastic trade from rich to low or middle-income countries without sufficient investment in waste management infrastructure

The largest plastic exporters are some of the world's richest countries.

Rich countries should handle waste domestically & cease trade of plastic trade unless sufficient infrastructure is in place. A tax for exporting countries is one suggested method of raising funds for waste management services.

Strict legislation and management of fishing activity and waste

Marine plastics can be a major source of ocean pollution (most notably the Great Pacific Garbage Patch ).

Fishing activity should be better-regulated and managed to limit these sources.

Longer-term shifts in consumption models

• How essential plastic is in many aspects (e.g. preventing food losses & waste, sterile environments, construction, medical supplies)
• Plastic alternatives often have other environmental impacts . There are usually trade-offs
• To be globally effective, must be scalable and cheap

Explore this topic in detail at our:

Main topic on plastic pollution.

About the author: Hannah Ritchie is a scientist at the University of Oxford. She is a Researcher at the Oxford Martin Programme on Global Development . About Our World in Data: Our World in Data is an online publication that shows how living conditions are changing. The aim is to give a global overview and to show changes over the very long run, so that we can see where we are coming from, where we are today, and what is possible for the future. www.ourworldindata.org | @HannahRitchie02

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Explorers Posters and Presentations

The Explorers posters and presentations are created for classes taking part in the Explorers Education Programme in schools. They can also be downloaded to use for school projects or at home.

EXPLORERS FIVE TURTLE SPECIES THAT VISIT IRISH WATERS POSTER

Cushla Dromgool-Regan (Marine Institute, 2023) The  Explorers Five Turtle Species Recorded in Irish Waters Poster provides a collection of illustrations of the turtles that have been recorded in the ocean waters around Ireland. The poster includes details of the common name, size, weight and the life span of each of the turtles, as well as their IUCN status.

EXPLORERS WILD ABOUT WILDLIFE ON THE SEASHORE POSTER

Cushla Dromgool-Regan and Eimear Manning, (Marine Institute, 2021) The  Explorers Wild about Wildlife on the Seashore Poster includes forty photographs of animals that are typically found on the Irish seashore. Each of the animals are listed under their species headings including: Seashells • Sliogáin; Fish • Éisc; Crustacean • Crústaigh; Jellies, Anemones and Corals • Smugaurlí, Bundúin agus Coiréalaigh; Sponges and Squirts • Spúinsí agus Ascaidí; Stars and Urchins • Crosóga agus Cuáin; and Worms • Péisteanna. Each photo also includes the animals common and Irish names.

EXPLORERS SHARK SPECIES FROM AROUND THE WORLD POSTER

Cushla Dromgool-Regan (Marine Institute, 2023) The  Explorers Shark Species from Around the World Poster provides illustrations of over twenty sharks found in the ocean around the world. Information about the sharks includes the adult sharks scientific name, length, weight, life expectancy, depth it swims, and the IUCN status.

FINTASTIC SHARK FACTS

Cushla Dromgool-Regan, (Marine Institute) and John Joyce (Spindrift Press) (2018) The three Fintastic Shark Facts Posters each include a hungry shark, emersed in shark fact bubbles. The posters include twenty fun facts about sharks eating habits to interesting features of how they survive in the ocean. The poster can be used for presentations to generate ideas for class discussion. They may also be printed and used as a visual display in the classroom, to help raise awareness, knowledge and engagement in conversations about our ocean.

EXPLORERS EXPLORING OUR OCEAN POSTER

Cushla Dromgool-Regan, and John Joyce (Marine Institute, 2018) The  Explorers Exploring Our Ocean Poster represents our interconnection with the ocean. It includes a collage of fun cartoon characters featuring the Marine Institute’s research vessel and marine scientists, marine industry, shipping, and recreation, as well as different types of technology we use to monitor the ocean.

EXPLORERS OCEAN DEPTHS POSTER

Cushla Dromgool-Regan, (Marine Institute, 2018) The  Explorers Ocean Depths Poster provides an illustration of the ocean zones. This includes the Sunlight (0 – 200m); Twilight (200 – 1000m); Midnight (1000 – 4000m); Abyssal (4000 – 6000m); Trenches (6000 – 11,000m). The poster also provides images and interesting facts about typical animals found at each level of the ocean. It also highlights a number of discoveries in the Atlantic Ocean that have been made by the Marine Institute, as well as other international discoveries around the world.

EXPLORERS 500 YEARS OF CLIMATE CHANGE POSTER

The  Explorers 500 Years of Climate Change Poster is an excellent poster to demonstrate how the ocean has changed since Ferdinand Magellan undertook the first navigation and recordings of the ocean in 1519-1522. The poster illustration was created by Glynn Gorick, Flanders Marine Institute, VLIZ and the H2020 ‘Sea Change’ Ocean Literacy Project. The poster may be used with teaching children about climate change as illustrates the importance of understanding human impact on the ocean and climate change (SDG 13).

EXPLORERS THE REAL MAP OF IRELAND POSTER AND ACTIVITY SHEET

The  Explorers The Real Map of Ireland Poster and Activity Sheet is double-sided and includes an illustration of Ireland’s marine territory on one side and activities on the other. Institute’s research vessels that are used for seabed.

EXPLORERS CARING FOR OUR OCEAN ACTION BOARD POSTER

The  Explorers Caring for our Ocean Action Board Poster   can be used with the  Geography - Environmental awareness and care lesson plan Explorers Caring for Our Ocean . The poster is available in English and Irish.   The poster can be used to help children develop a plan to care for the marine environment with lots of fun actions.

A HYDROTHERMAL ADVENTURE POSTER

BLUE SOCIETY: YOUR OCEAN - YOUR FUTURE POSTERS

• The Earth has one big ocean with many features.Pdf
• Ocean, life and activity under the sea shape the features of the Earth.Pdf 
• The ocean is a major influence on our weather and climate.Pdf 
• The ocean made Earth habitable.Pdf
• The ocean supports a great diversity of life and ecosystems.Pdf
• The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected - Food.Pdf
• The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected - Trade.Pdf 
• The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected - Energy.Pdf
• The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected - Heritage and Culture.Pdf
• The ocean is largely unexplored.Pdf

EXPLAINING TIDES TO CHILDREN PRESENTATION

Explaining the Tides to Children Presentation  includes information about: Orbits of the Earth, Moon and Sun; Moon phases and the lunar cycle; Gravity; Gravity and the tide; Types of tides; The tides and me!; Tide tables; Extra insight.

INTRODUCTION TO SEAWEEDS PRESENTATION

WHAT IS DEGRADATION? PRESENTATION

FLOODING & COASTAL COMMUNITIES PRESENTATION

The Flooding and Coastal Communities Presentation  provides an introduction to flooding. It covers what is a flood to coastal flooding; impacts of flooding and flood defences. It also looks at what influences flooding, including human impacts, urbanisation, deforestation, sea level rise. This presentation can be used with the lesson plan on building flood defences.

THE SQUID DISSECTION PRESENTATION

IRELAND'S MARINE RESOURCE - WHAT WOULD I DO WITH THE REAL MAP OF IRELAND? PRESENTATION

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Zones of marine Environment

Jul 20, 2014

180 likes | 559 Views

Zones of marine Environment. Tahir. Intertidal, . Ocean ecosystem. Nearly three-quarters of the earth’s surface is covered by ocean with an average depth of 3,750 m and with salinity averaging 35 ppt (parts per thong), about 90 per cent of which is sodium chloride.

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• marine vertebrates
• many shark species
• giant tube worms
• larger plants
• many varieties

Presentation Transcript

Zones of marine Environment Tahir

Intertidal,

Ocean ecosystem • Nearly three-quarters of the earth’s surface is covered by ocean with an average depth of 3,750 m and with salinity averaging 35 ppt (parts per thong), about 90 per cent of which is sodium chloride. • Marine ecosystems are of singular ecological significance. Concentration of the nutrients in the ocean is low. • Oceans into zones. The divisions are based on things such as water depth, the amount of sunlight, and water temperature. • The major zones in marine ecosystem are littoral, neurotic, pelagic and benthic. The littoral zone is the 

The intertidal zone • The intertidal zone, also known as the foreshore and seashore and sometimes referred to as the littoral zone, is the area that is above water at low tide and under water at high tide. • This area can include many different types of habitats, with many types of animals like starfish, sea urchins, and some species of coral. The well known area also includes steep rocky cliffs, sandy beaches, or wetlands (e.g., vast mudflats). • The area can be a narrow strip, as in Pacific islands that have only a narrow tidal range, or can include many meters of shoreline where shallow beach slopes interact with high tidal excursion.

The intertidal zone • Organisms in the intertidal zone are adapted to an environment of harsh extremes. Water is available regularly with the tides but varies from fresh with rain to highly saline and dry salt with drying between tidal inundations. • The action of waves can dislodge residents in the littoral zone. With the intertidal zone's high exposure to the sun the temperature range can be anything from very hot with full sun to near freezing in colder climates. • Some microclimates in the littoral zone are ameliorated by local features and larger plants such as mangroves. • Adaptation in the littoral zone allows the use of nutrients supplied in high volume on a regular basis from the sea which is actively moved to the zone by tides.

The intertidal zone • A typical rocky shore can be divided into a spray zone or splash zone (also known as the supratidal zone), which is above the spring high-tide line and is covered by water only during storms and the intertidal zone, which lies between the high and low tidal extremes. • Along most shores, the intertidal zone can be clearly separated into the following subzones: high tide zone, middle tide zone, and low tide zone. • The intertidal zone is one of a number of marine biomes or habitats, including estuaries, neritic, surface and deep zones. • The Intertidal Zone Sea grasses, periwinkle snails, and herons are common in an intertidal mudflat. • Sea stars and anemones often live on rocky shores, while clams, crabs, snails, and conchs are common on sandy beaches The intertidal is also home to marine vertebrates, some of whom prey on intertidal animals, such as fish, gulls and seals..

Challenges in the Intertidal Zone: • Moisture: There are usually two high tides and two low tides each day. Depending on the time of day, different areas of the intertidal zone may be wet or dry. Organisms in this habitat must be able to adapt if they are left “high and dry” when the tide goes out. Sea snails such as periwinkles have a “trap door” called an operculum that they can close when they are out of water to keep moisture in. • Waves: In some areas, waves hit the intertidal zone with force, and marine animals and plants must be able to protect themselves. Kelp, a type of algae, has a root-like structure called a “holdfast” that it uses to attach to rocks or mussels, thus keeping it in place.

Salinity: Depending on rainfall, the water in the intertidal may be more or less salty, and tide pool organisms must adapt to increases or decreases in salt throughout the day. • Temperature: As the tide goes out, tide pools and shallow areas in the intertidal will become more vulnerable to temperature changes that could occur from increased sunlight or colder weather. Some tide pool animals hide under plants in the tide pool to find shelter from the sun.

The pelagic zone • The pelagic zone can also be called the open-ocean zone. The pelagic zone can be divided into sections making several sub-zones based on the different ecological characteristics. They are mostly divided by depth. Epipelagic • The epipelagic zone is located from the surface of the water down to around 200 meters. This zone is known for many varieties of photosynthetic life because of the abundant sunlight. This zone is where there are a large concentration of fish including tuna, sharks, and dolphin . Jellies are also very abundant in this location because of the large amount of other fish in the area. • Mesopelagic •      The mesopelagic zone is located from about 200meters to around 1,000 meters. Some light does make it down this far but it is not sufficient enough for photosynthetic animals to thrive. Animals that are located here include swordfish, squid, and a few species of cuttlefish. Some other creatures can also be found here.

Bathypelagic •      The Bathypelagic zone is located from 1,000 meters to about 4,000 meters. This zone of the ocean is almost entirely in the dark because the light cannot penetrate this deep. Many of the animals that live in this zone have adapted to the enviroment by having bioluminescent structures on their body. An example of such a creature is a lanternfish. • Most of the animals that are located here are carnivores or feed on the dead material that falls down from the other parts of the pelagic zone. Giant squid are also known to live in this zone as well as the dumbooctpus. • Abyssopelagic •      The abyssopelagic zone is located from about 4,000 meters to just above the ocean floor. This zone is completely dark because no light is able to penetrate to this depth. • Most creatures in this zone are blind and colorless or shades of red. The organisms are red because no red light is able to penetrate down making them well camouflaged in the dark. .

Hadopelagic  The hadopelagic zone is located in deep water in ocean trenches. Little is known about this zone and very few species are known to live there. Many of the organisms that do live here are located near hydrothermal vents. Some organisms that live here include Giant tube worms

The benthic zone • The benthic zone of the ocean is varied. There are mountains, trenches, volcanoes, flat muddy areas, sandy areas and rocky areas. T • here is a wide variety of life that makes its home on the ocean floor. Some organisms live in the mud, some crawl or swim along the bottom and some anchor themselves to the ocean floor. • Life in the benthos region is organized by size. Macrobenthos are organisms that are larger than one millimeter like oysters, starfish, lobsters, sea urchins, shrimp, crabs and coral. Meiobenthos are between one tenth and one millimeter in size. Organisms in this group include diatoms and sea worms. • Microbenthos are very tiny organisms like diatoms, ciliates and bacteria. They are smaller than one tenth of a millimeter.

A lot of the marine fish we eat come from pelagic fisheries. Some commercially important species of fish that are fished are Pacific mackerel, jack mackerel, Pacific sardine and Blue-fin tuna. Unfortunately toady, many fish stocks have been over-exploited and some species, such as many shark species, even face extinction due to over fishing. On top of this many pelagic animals that are not targeted by the fishing boats, such as dolphins and turtles, sometimes also get affected by negative fishing methods. jack mackerel Sardine

Few favorite commercial fishes from pelagic zone Red snapper Tuna salmon Cobia

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