phd in ancient history in india

Ph.D. Programme in History

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The Department of History runs a PhD Programme under the guidelines of Ashoka University and the rules and regulations of the University Grants Commission (UGC). The Programme provides students with a robust training in source-based, research-driven, serious academic history-writing. All History PhD candidates are expected to devote their full time to the PhD Programme.

The Faculty in the Department of History combines a passion for innovative teaching with cutting-edge research. It has expertise in a wide range of specializations. It offers training in the archaeology of prehistoric and historical societies, with a focus on palaeodietary and palaeoclimatic reconstruction using advanced archaeological theory and scientific techniques. In the history of ancient and early medieval India, it has a thrust on archaeology, heritage, social history, political history, as well as the history of religions, texts, and ideas. In medieval and early modern history, it focuses on the history of states and empires, with an emphasis on the history of politics, political culture, warfare, military culture, and environment of India. In the history of modern India and the Indian Ocean, it specialises in environmental history, intellectual history, urban history, business history, spatial history, as well as the history of political violence, international development, science, medicine, nationalism, revolutionism, technology, knowing, and knowledge-production. It offers training in the history of late-imperial and modern China, with a thrust on the history of borderlands, spaces, science, statecraft, society, economy, textual and historiographical cultures, and transregional and global Sinophone histories. It also covers contemporary history and international history of modern South Asia, history of Tibet, China-India history, and global history. 

For further details about the research profiles and areas of interest of individual faculty members,  explore this page . The Department of History also collaborates with the  Centre for Interdisciplinary Archaeological Research  and  Ashoka Centre for China Studies  regarding supervision and research. Applicants interested in relevant areas are encouraged to explore the webpages of these centres as well. 

Highlights of Ashoka’s Ph.D. Programme in History

• Liberal Arts: Centred on its stimulating Liberal Arts model of education, Ashoka University offers a unique environment for pursuing historical research in India. Its rich intellectual environment fosters inter-disciplinary thinking and research.
• Library: Ashoka University has a world-class library. It has an expanding collection of books and journals of South Asian and global history. It provides access to a wide-range of digital resources, like JSTOR and South Asia Archive. The Department of History is deeply committed to expanding its library resources further for supporting serious research and pedagogy.
• Seminars: For several years, the Department of History has been running multiple seminar series throughout the year. Both eminent and upcoming scholars of History and allied disciplines regularly present their latest research here. The main series – titled Ashoka History Seminar – runs through the year with active participation of our Ph.D. scholars.
• Language Training: The History Ph.D. Programme offers tailor-made language training to cater to the research needs of its students. Currently Sanskrit and Persian are offered. Depending on the research requirements of incoming students, new options for languages will be introduced.
• Teaching Opportunities: All History Ph.D. students will be able to gather some pedagogical experience as Teaching Assistants during their tenure at Ashoka. This will give them an opportunity to mentor Ashoka’s undergraduate students and thereby acquire teaching skills.
• Stipend: Ashoka provides a Junior Research Fellowship with a stipend of INR 50,000 and a Senior Research Fellowship with a stipend of INR 55,000, along with an additional House Rent Allowance (HRA) of INR 10,000. This allowance is applicable to both Junior Research Fellows (JRF) and Senior Research Fellows (SRF). In addition there are provisions for contingency and field work visits.
• Accommodation: Sharing accommodation on or near the campus will be offered based on availability. The HRA component of the fellowship will be adjusted against accommodation costs if the accommodation is provided by the University.
• Ph.D. Timeline: The tenure of Ph.D. students at Ashoka University is a maximum of 6 years. Out of this, all students will focus on coursework during their first one or two years, depending on their academic needs. During their second year, students will be required to submit their final Ph.D. Research Proposal. The semester fee is Rs. 12,500 per semester.
• Applicants with 55% marks or more in aggregate after an M.Sc./M.A. /M.Com/M.Phil./M.Tech./L.L.M. degree, are eligible to apply for admission to a Ph.D. degree ( Category I ).
• Applicants with a 4-year bachelor’s degree with 75% or more marks in aggregate ( Category II ), are also eligible to apply for admission to a Ph.D. degree.
• Applicants with Master’s degrees or equivalent from foreign universities require a certificate of recognition/equivalency provided by the Association of Indian Universities ( https://www.aiu.ac.in/evaluation.php ), to demonstrate the equivalence of their degrees to the corresponding Indian degrees.
• Applicants who are awaiting the declaration of their final results in a Master’s programme or its equivalent are eligible to apply. If selected, the offer extended to these applicants will only be provisional. Admission to the programme will be contingent on the applicant meeting the criteria described above.

The Department of History, Ashoka University, invites applications for its PhD Programme for the academic year 2024-25. The department is looking for motivated, committed, and bright young scholars, who will be expected to carry out high-quality research.

• Applications can be submitted between 16 February 2024 and 16 March 2024.
• All applicants should submit applications only online using the official University website portal. For this,  click here.
• As a part of this online application, applicants will need to upload a research proposal and a writing sample, both in the PDF format.
• The length of the research proposal should be between 1,500 and 2,000 words, excluding the bibliography. The research proposal should include (a) a concrete discussion on the proposed field of research and the research questions, (b) a survey of the existing historiography of this field, (c) indication of potential primary sources to be analysed, and (d) a detailed bibliography of secondary literature.
• The writing sample does not have a word limit. It should be a piece of writing – an article, an assignment, or a chapter – that the applicant considers to be one of their best works.
• All applicants are required to appear for a mandatory qualifying entrance examination which will be held online on 22 March 2024. They will be intimated about the logistical details of this once their forms have been submitted and accepted.
• In the examination, applicants will be required to answer a few essay-type questions. These will test the applicants on the basis of their analytical capability, historical understanding, and the ability to articulate their thoughts clearly. To see past years’ question papers,  click here.
• Applicants shortlisted on the basis of the entrance examination, the research proposal, and academic record will be invited to appear for an online interview in April or May 2024. The list of shortlisted candidates will be published on this webpage. Shortlisted candidates will also be informed by email. All interviews will be held online. The exact dates for the interviews will be announced by the time of the exam.
• Following the interviews, the final list of applicants selected for admission to the History PhD programme for the academic year 2024-2025 will be published on this webpage. The selected candidates will also be informed by email.
• The academic session for the new batch of PhD students will begin in August 2024.
•  All queries related to the PhD application and admission process should be directed to  [email protected] .

All queries related to the Ph.D. application and admission process should be directed to [email protected]

Applications for Ph.D. Programme in History are now open

Why history at ashoka.

“I am a second year PhD scholar at the Department of history, Ashoka University. I work on the history of the Afghan communities in early modern South Asia. The PhD programme at Ashoka offers a lot of opportunities and resources to its scholars in the form of lectures, conferences, seminars, and colloquiums. For a person like me who started her PhD online due to pandemic, Ashoka has provided a safe space to work and to develop my ideas in a supportive community of faculty members and fellow research scholars. It was only through the efforts of the history department and the PhD cohort that things became a little easy and manageable virtually. The best part of studying at Ashoka for me is also how the university tries to foster a sense of community among its students and ensure that they have substantial access to resources. The PhD programme not only trains scholars to hone their research and skills but also to learn the logistical and pedagogical dimensions of teaching a class. This has really helped me to not only have a dialogue but also to freely express my thoughts and opinions.” 

Akansha Singh

“The doctoral programme of the History department at Ashoka offers proper assistance, judicious guidance and sound intellectual friendships beyond the fetters of curriculum-oriented teaching and learning. Our department holds a very dynamic, inclusive and fertile academic environment when it comes to organizing scholarly symposiums, conferences, writing workshops or research colloquiums as they continue to enrich our understanding not only of the discipline of history but the larger academic scene in the first place. Moreover, the highly well-equipped library at Ashoka and the resourceful repository of Ashoka Archives of Contemporary India add to the delightful experiences of conducting research. I have been thoroughly enjoying the research-life here with all of my colleagues, friends and faculty members.”

Aritri Chakrabarti 

Study at Ashoka

Programme Interested In Undergraduate Programme Young India Fellowship YSP PhD MA - Economics MA English MSC Biology

Year of Admission 2022-23 2023-24 2024-25 2025-26

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Department of Ancient History, Culture and Archaeology of the University of Allahabad, one of the four oldest universities in India, were carved out of the Department of History in May 1955. From then onwards the Department has grown steadily focusing on archaeology, socio-economic history, religion and philosophy, art and architecture and ancient Indian polity. The Department was the first university department in India to receive a license to undertake archaeological excavations from Sir Mortimer Wheeler, Director General of the Archaeological Survey of India. It started with Kaushambi, a centrally protected site, in 1948 under the direction of a young faculty, Sri G.R. Sharma. The extensive excavations carried out at the site threw significant light on the archaeology of the Ganga valley with special reference to the urban revolution posterior to that of the Harappan civilization. The explorations and excavations carried out in the Vindhyas since mid-sixties, especially in the valleys of the rivers Belan and Sons and their tributaries, have broadened the canvas of archaeological studies in space and time. For the first tithe a complete and uninterrupted sequence from the early- Paleolithic to- the Neolithic, described as ‘Text Book Section’, was established in these river valleys. The excavations carried out in the Vindhyas and the Ganga valley threw significant light on the Mesolithic cultures of the region (yielding the largest number of human skeletons) as well as the earliest evidence (seventh millennium B.C.E.) of rice cultivation in the world at the Neolithic sites of Koldihwa, Mahagara,Tokwa, Hetapatti and Jhusi. The last site-overlooking the holy confluence of rivers at Allahabad, identified with Pratishthana of the Vedic-Puranic fame, occupies a rare place in the history of India as it has revealed the uninterrupted cultural sequence from the 8th millennium B.C.E. to the medieval period. The works done by the Department in history and pre-history of the Vidhya-Gangeya region drew world-wide attention. A joint project between the Academy of Sciences, USSR and the Department was launched in 1980. The Department also entered into a collaborative research with a team of archaeologists, anthropologists and geomorphologists under the leadership of Desmond Clark of USA and carried out pre-historic investigations in the middle Sone valley, Sidhi district of M.P. In recent years the Department has taken new initiatives in the field of digital archaeology in collaboration with HT, Kanpur. In recognition of the valuable intensive works in archaeology and other branches of ancient Indian history, the U.G.C. accorded the Department the status of SAP from 1978 culminating in the recognition of the Centre of Advanced Study in 2001.

The academic excellence of the Department has been enriched by the dedicated works of Prof. G.R. Sharma (the founder Head of the Department), Prof G.C. Pande, Prof. J.S. Negi, Prof. B.N.S. Yadava, Prof U.N. Roy, Prof V.D. Mishra, Prof Om Prakash and others who have made significant contribution in the fields of archaeology, philosophy of history, religion, socio-economic history, political ideas and institutions and art history.

The G.R. Sharma Memorial Museum of the Department houses antiquities recovered mostly from department’s own excavations and explorations that present a complete cultural sequence right from the earliest times to the historical periods. Some of the antiquities of international repute are the bone Mother Goddess belonging to the Upper Paleolithic age (the earliest example of sculptural art in India) from Lohanda nullah in the Belan valley, complete human burials of the Mesolithic period from Mahadaha, Damdama and Sarai Nahar Rai and terracotta objects like Hariti and Gajalakshmi figures of early historic period from Kaushambi. The Department has other sections to facilitate research such as photography, drawing. reprography and three laboratories : Archaeo-Chemistry, Archaeo-Zoology and Experimental Archaeology. A research library containing rare books and journals as well as N.N. Ghosh Memorial Library for post-graduate students exist in the Department. The Department has published a large number of excavation reports, books, monographs and seminar proceedings from time to time.

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MPhil/PhD Programme

The MPhil programme of the Centre is intended to introduce the students to research in history and archaeology. The students' knowledge of the period or area of research is further extended through lecture and seminar courses in the first two semesters. The dissertation is expected to be written over the third and fourth semesters.

Those seeking admission to the MPhil/PhD programme are required, at the time of the viva-voce, to bring with them a synopsis of about 500 words on their research theme, indicating the questions and issues to be explored, and the types of sources to be consulted.

Candidates applying for MPhil/PhD (History) programme are allowed to exercise only one option, that is, Ancient or Medieval or Modern, and the chosen option must be clearly mentioned at appropriate column in the Application Form as well as on the top of the answer-book supplied to the candidates in the Examination Hall. Candidates may please note that the answer-books carrying more than one option will be considered invalid.

A warm welcome to the modified and updated website of the Centre for East Asian Studies. The East Asian region has been at the forefront of several path-breaking changes since 1970s beginning with the redefining the development architecture with its State-led development model besides emerging as a major region in the global politics and a key hub of the sophisticated technologies. The Centre is one of the thirteen Centres of the School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi that provides a holistic understanding of the region.

Initially, established as a Centre for Chinese and Japanese Studies, it subsequently grew to include Korean Studies as well. At present there are eight faculty members in the Centre. Several distinguished faculty who have now retired include the late Prof. Gargi Dutt, Prof. P.A.N. Murthy, Prof. G.P. Deshpande, Dr. Nranarayan Das, Prof. R.R. Krishnan and Prof. K.V. Kesavan. Besides, Dr. Madhu Bhalla served at the Centre in Chinese Studies Programme during 1994-2006. In addition, Ms. Kamlesh Jain and Dr. M. M. Kunju served the Centre as the Documentation Officers in Chinese and Japanese Studies respectively.

The academic curriculum covers both modern and contemporary facets of East Asia as each scholar specializes in an area of his/her interest in the region. The integrated course involves two semesters of classes at the M. Phil programme and a dissertation for the M. Phil and a thesis for Ph. D programme respectively. The central objective is to impart an interdisciplinary knowledge and understanding of history, foreign policy, government and politics, society and culture and political economy of the respective areas. Students can explore new and emerging themes such as East Asian regionalism, the evolving East Asian Community, the rise of China, resurgence of Japan and the prospects for reunification of the Korean peninsula. Additionally, the Centre lays great emphasis on the building of language skills. The background of scholars includes mostly from the social science disciplines; History, Political Science, Economics, Sociology, International Relations and language.

Several students of the centre have been recipients of prestigious research fellowships awarded by Japan Foundation, Mombusho (Ministry of Education, Government of Japan), Saburo Okita Memorial Fellowship, Nippon Foundation, Korea Foundation, Nehru Memorial Fellowship, and Fellowship from the Chinese and Taiwanese Governments. Besides, students from Japan receive fellowship from the Indian Council of Cultural Relations.

• Department of History
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• Highlights of Ashoka’s PhD Programme in History
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• PhD Students

Liberal Arts:  Centred on its stimulating Liberal Arts model of education, Ashoka University offers a unique environment for pursuing historical research in India. Its rich intellectual environment fosters inter-disciplinary thinking and research.

Library: Ashoka University has a world-class library. It has an expanding collection of books and journals of South Asian and global history. It provides access to a wide-range of digital resources, like JSTOR and South Asia Archive. The Department of History is deeply committed to expanding its library resources further for supporting serious research and pedagogy.

Seminars: For several years, the Department of History has been running multiple seminar series throughout the year. Both eminent and upcoming scholars of History and allied disciplines regularly present their latest research here. The main series – titled  Ashoka History Seminar – runs through the year with active participation of our PhD scholars.

Language Training: The History PhD Programme offers tailor-made language training to cater to the research needs of its students. Currently Sanskrit and Arabic are offered. Depending on the research requirements of incoming students, new options for languages will be introduced.

Teaching Opportunities: All History PhD students will be able to gather some pedagogical experience as Teaching Assistants during their tenure at Ashoka. This will give them an opportunity to mentor Ashoka’s undergraduate students and thereby acquire teaching skills.

Stipend: All History PhD students, who are not recipients of other financial aids already, will receive a monthly stipend of Rs. 35,000. In addition, they will be eligible for an annual contingency grant of Rs. 20,000 as support for their research. Students holding an MPhil degree will receive this stipend for the first 4 years, while students without an MPhil degree will receive this stipend for the first 5 years. The university may also extend additional financial support for PhD students to participate in conferences

Accommodation: History PhD students will be able to take up accommodation at the Ashoka campus, depending on its availability. They can also opt not to stay on campus and avail an extra sum of Rs. 7,000 as Rent Allowance towards off-campus housing.

Ph.D. Timeline : The tenure of PhD students at Ashoka University is a maximum of 6 years. Out of this, all students will focus on coursework during their first one or two years, depending on their academic needs. During their second year, students will be required to submit their final PhD Research Proposal. The semester fee is Rs. 12,500 per semester.

Students with Masters in History or a related discipline with 55% or more marks are eligible to apply. In admission, preference will be given to students who already have a research degree (like MPhil) or have experience in research work otherwise.

• Applications can be submitted between 15 March 2021  and  20  April 2021.

All applicants should submit online applications using the official University website portal. For this,  click here .

As a part of this online application, applicants will need to upload a research proposal and a writing sample in PDF format.

The  research proposal  should include (a) a concrete discussion on the proposed field of research and the research questions, (b) a survey of the existing historiography of this field, (c) indication of potential primary sources, and (d) a detailed bibliography of secondary literature. The length of the research proposal should be between 1,500 and 2,000 words excluding the bibliography.

The  writing sample  does not have a word limit. It should be a piece of writing – an article, an assignment, or a chapter – that the applicant considers to be one of their best work.

All applicants are required to appear for a qualifying entrance examination which will be held online on  8 May 2021 . They will be intimated about the details of this once their forms have been submitted and accepted.

In the examination, applicants will be required to answer a few essay-type questions. These will test the applicants on the basis of their analytical capability, historical understanding, and the ability to articulate their thoughts clearly. To see past years’ question paper,  click here.

Applicants shortlisted on the basis of the entrance examination and the research proposal will be invited to appear for an online interview which will be held on  27-28 May 2021.

The final list of applicants selected for admission to the PhD programme for the academic year 2021-2022 will be displayed on this webpage by  10  J une 2021 .

The academic session for the new batch of PhD students will begin in  mid-August 2021 .

All queries related to the PhD application and admission process should be directed to  [email protected] .

For any queries please email [email protected]

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Best Ph.D in History Universities in India

Institute type, gender diversity.

Ahmedabad University | BA (Honours) Admissions 2024

UGC recognized University | NAAC 'A' Grade | Merit & need-based scholarships available

Sharda University Admissions 2024

North India's Largest Educational Group | NAAC A+ Grade | Highest Package 1 Cr | Scholarships upto 100% | Last date : 30th Apr'24

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Distinguished Faculty from Top-Ranked Universities and Research Institutions

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B.Sc. (Hons) Psychology admissions 2024 | Top faculty from DRDO, IISc, IITs, Delhi University & more | Scholarships available up to 100% of the tuition fee

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#1 All India Top Emerging Engineering College | 100% Placement Track | 200+ Industry Interactions | Scholarships upto 50% | Apply before 18th May'24

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NAAC A+ Grade | 23000+ students | 1600+ Teachers

ANU Guntur - Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur

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Top institutes accepting applications.

Ranked amongst top 3% universities globally (QS Rankings)

NAAC A+ Accredited | Scholarships worth 170 CR

B.Com(Hons.), B.A. (Hons.) & M.Sc. Finance @ JSBF | recognised as IOE | #1 Private University | Inter-discilinary | Merit-based scholarships

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Accorded Institution of Eminence by Govt of India, NAAC A++ Accredited, Ranked #6 by NIRF

Ranked #1 Private University | Institute of Eminence | NAAC Accredited | AACSB & AIU member | Apply Now

AMU Aligarh - Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh

• Ph.D ( 35 Courses )

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Amity University Gurgaon - Amity University, Gurugram

• Fees : ₹ 2.52 Lakhs
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• State Level Eligibility Test

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• Fees : ₹ 4.85 Lakhs

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Apsu rewa - awadhesh pratap singh university, rewa.

• Ph.D ( 8 Courses )

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Bbau lucknow - babasaheb bhimrao ambedkar university, lucknow, bhu varanasi - banaras hindu university, varanasi, filter by ownership, bankura university, bankura.

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BU Bhopal - Barkatullah University, Bhopal

• Ph.D ( 2 Courses )

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• Ph.D ( 9 Courses )

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Bharathiar university - bharathiar university, coimbatore.

• Fees : ₹ 1.58 K

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Bhupal nobles university, udaipur, binod bihari mahto koyalanchal university, dhanbad.

• Exams : UGC NET

Bir Tikendrajit University, Imphal

Bodoland university, rangalikhata.

• Fees : ₹ 3.91 Lakhs

BU Jhansi - Bundelkhand University, Jhansi

Capital university, koderma, career point university, kota.

• Fees : ₹ 92 K
• Ph.D ( 21 Courses )

Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh

Cuk karnataka - central university of karnataka, gulbarga.

• Fees : ₹ 61.60 K
• Ph.D ( 15 Courses )

Central University of Punjab, Bathinda

Cusb - central university of south bihar, patna, central university of tamil nadu, thiruvarur, charutar vidya mandal university, anand.

• Fees : ₹ 3 Lakhs

CCSU Meerut - Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut

Csjmu kanpur - chhatrapati shahu ji maharaj university, kanpur, cooch behar panchanan barma university, cooch behar, cotton university guwahati - cotton college state university, guwahati, ct university, ludhiana.

• Fees : ₹ 4.34 Lakhs

Davangere University, Davangere

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• Ph.D ( 13 Courses )

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• Exams : GATE

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• Ph.D ( 11 Courses )

Dr APJ Abdul Kalam University, Indore

Dravidian university, kuppam, upcoming arts, humanities and social sciences exams, ( appgcet ) ap post graduate common entrance tests.

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PhD History: Course Details, Eligibility, Admission, Fees

PhD History is a three to five years long full-time doctorate course that deals with studying written events and records of humanity. It helps students gain a detailed view of social, cultural, religious, political, and economic development from the prehistoric era. This course's PhD in History duration is three years, but it stretches up to five years. There are various job roles in this field, such as Researcher, Consultant, Professor etc.

PhD History Course Details

About phd history.

According to Wikipedia, History is an umbrella term comprising past events and the memory, discovery, collection, organization, presentation, and interpretation of these events. History seeks knowledge of the past historical source and written or oral accounts of art and material artefacts and ecological markers."

PhD in History delivers knowledge to the students for advanced studies in History in depth. The course consists of gender and sexuality, political study and training to reveal knowledge in various aspects of it. The course falls under the umbrella of  PhD course .

Table of Contents

• PhD in History Eligibility Criteria
• PhD in HistoryAdmission Process
• Who Should Do a PhD in History?
• Types of PhD in History
• Distance PhD in History
• Popular P.h.D in History Entrance Exams

Study PhD in History in India

• Top PhD in History Colleges
• Study PhD in History Abroad
• PhD in History Fees Structure
• PhD in History Syllabus and Subjects

Why Choose PhD in History?

Phd in history course comparison, preparation tips for phd in history, salary of a phd in history graduate.

• Career Options after PhD in History
• Skills to Excel

Eligibility Criteria for PhD in History

Eligibility for PhD in History includes Students who need to complete their postgraduation or MPhil in a relevant stream with a minimum of 55% marks, and for the SC/ST/PH students, 50% marks in aggregate from a recognized university or institute. Candidates should have 5 years of experience in the teaching or administration field at the senior level.

Students must give the required entrance exam. There is no age limit for this course. Students must complete the part 1 examination and the duration to submit the thesis is 3 years.

How To Get Admission for PhD in History?

Some institutes admit students based on their graduation level marks, and few institutes conduct entrance exams to examine a student's capability. There is a Merit-Based Admission process based on graduation level marks, and another is the entrance exam-based process where candidates have to clear the entrance exam to get shortlisted.

Mention below are the general admission requirement that the aspirants should know about:

How to Apply?

Students can apply for a PhD course online and offline mode by going through official websites or visiting the university admission office. Students need to fill out the PhD form with the necessary details and submit original documents as per the requirement. Some of the Institutes take interviews to check students' communication skills and other aspects related to this course.

Selection Process

The selection process for the PhD program is almost the same concerning students' graduation level marks or the entrance exam marks. After the application is received, they start the procedure either with an entrance exam or graduate-level marks. They shortlist those candidates to get admission to the PhD program.

Who Should Pursue a PhD in History?

A PhD degree typically involves students independently conducting original and significant research in a specific field or subject before producing a publication-worthy thesis.

Listed below are the person who should pursue a PhD in History:

• Students who have a keen interest in research can pursue this course
• Students who meet the basic eligibility criteria can opt for PhD in History.

When To Do a PhD in History?

Students can apply for a PhD program right after postgraduation from any relevant stream from a recognized university or institute. Since it is a higher education degree, there is no right time to pursue it. Students can also pursue this course after obtaining some work experience.

Types of PhD History

Students can pursue PhD degrees full-time and part-time or as distance learning offered by universities across India. Since it is a higher education degree, there is no right time to pursue it. Students can also pursue this course after obtaining some work experience. Given below is the general information regarding the same: 

Full-Time PhD History

A Full-Time PhD History degree is a 3 to 5 years on-campus degree. Students will have to attend the classes and submit all their assignments, and they have to give their examinations on campus. A Full-Time degree is very useful where students get exposure and a diverse experience and interact with faculty for their development.

Part-Time PhD History

A part-time PhD History course is a type of course that students can access while working for an organization simultaneously. It's for the students who cannot attend regular classes, and this course schedules its classes around the weekends or at night. It's a very time management course method students can pursue through this process.

Distance PhD History

Several universities offer distance learning courses for students who can't afford to attend classes on a university campus or don't want to pursue a regular course can opt for the distance PhD History course.

Popular Entrance Exams for PhD in History

Several institutes in India conduct entrance exams to shortlist those students who have the capabilities to study for PhD History programs, and there is a tremendous amount of competition among students to get admission into colleges. Listed below are the most popular entrance exams:

• AIIMS PhD Entrance Test
• BINC Examination
• BITS PhD Entrance Examination

A Quick Glance at the PhD Entrance Exams

Students can approach PhD course details by going through college websites to which they are more reliable to apply. Specialization plays a key role in the college approach to the entrance exam. Listed below is a glance at the PhD History entrance exams:

• The exam pattern includes English, Logical Reasoning, Analytical Thinking, and subject-specific questions according to the specialization.
• The papers are objective and MCQ-based.
• The syllabus, mode of examination, and question pattern may change according to a university/conducting body.

In India, there are reputed institutes for PhD in History programs. Students will have lots of options to go for it, depending on the various specializations. Listed below are the top PhD colleges in India:

Top 10 PhD in History Colleges in India

Listed below are the top ten colleges in India for the PhD History program:

Top PhD History Colleges in New Delhi

The capital city has top-notch colleges offering PhD History degrees. Listed below are some if the colleges offer PhD in History in New Delhi:

Top PhD History Colleges in Chennai

Listed below are the PhD History colleges in Chennai:

Top PhD History Colleges in Bangalore

Best premium institute located in Bangalore. Listed below are the top PhD History colleges in Bangalore:

Top PhD History Colleges in Kolkata

Listed below are the top PhD History colleges in Kolkata:

Top PhD History Colleges in Hyderabad

Listed below are the PhD History colleges in Hyderabad:

Top PhD History Government Colleges

Listed below are the top PhD History government colleges in India

Top PhD History Private Colleges

There are several private colleges in India offering PhD History program:

Study PhD History Abroad

Students can opt for a PhD degree abroad to get high-quality infrastructure and world-class faculty. The PhD History course duration abroad is 3 to 5 years and the students who are financially stable can opt for PhD History abroad. Listed below are the PhD colleges abroad:

Top PhD History Colleges in USA

Listed below are the top colleges in USA:

Top PhD History Colleges in the UK

Listed below are the top PhD History colleges in UK:

Top PhD History Colleges in Canada

Listed below are the top PhD History colleges in Canada:

Top PhD History Colleges in Australia

Listed below are the top PhD History colleges in Australia:

Fee Structure for PhD History

PhD History fee structure is not the same in every college, it varies to different colleges according to locations, faculty, demand, and infrastructure provided for the students. Listed below are the average course fees in India which range from around 72,000 - 4 LPA.

Syllabus and Subjects for PhD in History

PhD in History syllabus varies from one college to another, and it mostly is a foundation course that students can opt for.

• Reading about trends in the historiography I
• Research Methodology I
• Aspects of the social-economic 
• History of Medieval India 
• Debates in Modern Indian History I

Read More: PhD History Syllabus and Subjects

PhD in History is the top career that students can choose in Arts, and students will get a good advantage in reaching their career goals. There are lots of Job opportunities available in India as well as abroad.

What is PhD in History All About?

PhD in History is a 3 years doctorate course which is the detailed study of written events and records of humanity in the past. It consists of social, cultural, religious, political, and economic development from prehistoric times.

What Does a PhD in History Graduate Do?

PhD in History program deals with providing knowledge in advanced studies in History in depth. There are many job opportunities available for students in this field, such as Professors, Curators, Administrative positions and more.

Curator: A curator is a manager or overseer. When working with cultural organizations, a curator is typically a "collections curator" or an "exhibitions curator" and has multifaceted tasks depending on the institution and its mission.

Reasons Why PhD in History Can Fetch You a Rewarding Career?

PhD in History is a very important degree, and it has lots of job opportunities in various fields.

PhD in History courses prepare students with the necessary skills in teaching and research work which will create a drastic change in their professional careers.

Job Opportunities:  There are many jobs in teaching and research work and others so that students will get job opportunities easily.

Read More:  PhD History Job Opportunities & Scope

These two segments of the course are PhD in History and PhD in Ancient History field research and have quite a good future ahead in research and analysis. Several colleges in India provide these courses in their course curriculum structure.

PhD in History vs PhD in Ancient History

Listed below are the difference between the two courses:

There are several tips students can follow while applying for PhD in History. Listed below are some of the tips for PhD in History:

Read and Practice More:  Being up to date with the syllabus every day is very important. Practising and reading more will help the student be thorough with the syllabus and do well in the exams.

Have Intrinsic Knowledge and Interest in Subjects: Having intrinsic knowledge about the subject and having the same interest will keep the student motivated to learn more than what's in the syllabus.

Revise Methodically:  Revising from time to time can be a key to scoring well in the final exam. Keep revising regularly and understand the subject properly. Revision is the key to scoring good marks.

The salary of a PhD graduate depends if the student has done an internship, which will increase their salary and opportunities. According to Glassdoor, a PhD in History graduate's average salary is INR 3.4 LPA in India, but it depends on many factors.

Read More: PhD History Salary

Career Options After PhD in History Graduation

There are many job opportunities for PhD students. Graduates in public as well as private sectors. Students will get respectable job positions and good perks as well. Listed below are some of the career options for PhD in History degree holder:

• Corporate Historian
• Historical Writer
• Associate Lecturer
• Data History Analyst

Skills That Make You The Best PhD in History Graduate

PhD should have proper skills to go through the program that will also help them to be successful in their professional career. Listed below are some of the skills that students need to succeed in their professional careers:

• Research skills
• Interpersonal skills
• Ability to Work Under Pressure
• Quantitative Analysis Skills

Get Free Scholarship worth 25000 INR

• Courses in India
• Doctorate Courses in India

Ph.D (Ancient Indian History) Course in India

Doctor of philosophy - ancient indian history course in india, colleges offering ph.d ancient indian history course in india.

Jiwaji University, Gwalior

Mahalgaon, Gwalior - Madhya Pradesh, India

Phone : +91 751 2442712

University Of Calcutta, Kolkata

Senate House, 87 /1 College Street, Kolkata - West Bengal, India

Phone : 033 2241 0071

Utkal University, Bhubaneswar

Vani Vihar, Bhubaneswar - Orissa, India

Phone : 0674 2567387/ 2567700

Undergraduate (UG) Engineering Courses in India

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Doctorate Engineering Courses in India

• Ph.D - Applied Arts
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• Ph.D - Performing Arts

Carrer Options in Ph.D Ancient Indian History

• Career Option in Sociology
• Career Option in Anthropology
• Career Option in Archeology

Colleges which offer Ph.D Ancient Indian History in India statewise

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PhD in History

• Updated on  
• Apr 25, 2023

Revolutions are the locomotive of History. – Karl Marx

A PhD in History emphasises how History meticulously explores the age-old old civilizations and prehistoric events along with major historical revolutions and the evolution of the world civilization and society at large. It is not merely the composition of the past but teaches us many important lessons of forgiveness, truth and humanity as well as introduces us to the great leaders and revolutions that happened centuries ago. It can take the tremendous form of a story filled with tales of turmoil and triumph. Amongst the popular art stream subjects , History holds many untold stories and tales of turmoil and triumph. For those enthusiastic about studying this subject, an undergraduate and postgraduate can introduce you to the all-encompassing world of History as an area of study but if you want to further your education, a PhD is the right degree to opt for. This blog brings you a comprehensive course guide on PhD in History, top universities offering this degree, eligibility and admission criteria and career scope.

This Blog Includes:

Phd in history course overview, why study phd in history, phd in history eligibility criteria, top universities for phd in history abroad, top 10 colleges for phd in history in india, phd in history online, subjects covered in phd in history, phd in history books, jobs & salary in india.

PhD in History is a doctoral-level program which can range from 3-5 years in duration and is a research-intensive course. You will get to learn about world history at a deeper level unravelling the moral historical values, ethics, written records and event of humanity in past historical times. Further, you will also study the imperative aspects of culture, social norms, and religious, economical and political development from prehistoric times to the modern 21st century. The course structure mainly consists of researched-based assignments, a thesis, tour visits to historical places and a study of materialistic history. 

Students inclined towards studying PhD in History can find the below reasons that prove to be advantageous in their favour:

• Professionals with a PhD in History are able to expand their career path and go on to become educators, historians, and archivists.
• Furthermore, employment options in the education sector, and museums, are also available for students with a PhD in History.
• Studying a PhD in History allows the student to research the historical understanding of the world, expanding their worldview that they can apply in academia.
• The salary structure of jobs that a PhD in History helps find the student is also decent and worthy.

If you are planning to pursue a PhD in history then you should be aware of the eligibility criteria for this course. Though the actual course requirements might vary as per the program and university, here are the major eligibility requirements for PhD in History:

• The candidate should have completed a master’s degree in History such as an MA in History or any of its varied specialisations with the minimum scores specified by their chosen university.
• Many Indian universities have their PhD entrance exams like UGC NET, JMI Entrance Exam, etc. which you must qualify for applying to your chosen doctoral program in History.
• If you planning to study abroad, then you will have to provide GRE scores along with language proficiency scores of IELTS / TOEFL , etc. Moreover, you will also have to submit an SOP , LORs and research proposal.

There are many top international universities offering doctorate degrees in history and its various specialisations. Below we have enlisted some of the popular universities and colleges offering this course:

India is home to some of the finest colleges offering this course. Check out the list we have curated for you of colleges you can consider:

• Jamia Milia Islamia
• Lovely Professional University
• Jadavpur University
• Jawaharlal Nehru University
• University of Hyderabad
• Delhi University
• University of Madras
• Utkal University
• Banaras Hindu University

Online learning has changed the face of the education sector. Students are able to study from any corner of the world from the top faculties without relocating. One more added advantage is that online courses are much more affordable as compared to other courses:

• University of Pennsylvania
• Liberty University
• Iowa State University
• Indiana University
• University of Rochester

Most of the subjects in doctorate level in history are diverted towards the study of various branches of history like political science, social history and diplomatic history. Aside from these subjects, there are many interdisciplinary core subjects taught during this course. Tabulated below are the common subjects offered during the course:

• Readings in trends in the historiography
• Themes in early Indian history
• Political History in Ancient India 
• Research Methodology
• Aspects of social-economic historical of medieval India
• Debates in Modern Indian History
• Modern language
• Pre-ancient language

Some of the books that can assist you in your study are mentioned below.

• Indian History by Krishna Reddy
• India’s Struggle for Independence by Bipan Chandra
• Medieval India by Satish Chandra
• Modern India by Sumit Sarkar
• The Wonder that was India by A.L. Basham

Being a popular doctoral degree, you can explore an array of opportunities across several sectors. At a wider prospect, it focuses on the research and analyses the historical data ad structure. Tabulated below are the various sectors and job profiles you can consider after pursuing the degree.

Yes, IGNOU offers PhD with a specialization in History.

IIT Varanasi is one of the best for PhD in History.

Jamia Milia Islamia, JNU are among the top-ranked colleges for PhD degrees.

Thus, we hope this blog helped you understand all the key details about PhD in History. If you are planning to pursue a PhD from abroad and are unsure about choosing the right university, our Leverage Edu experts are just a click away. Sign up for a free career counselling session with us and we will help you explore the best universities as per your preferences and interests! 

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How Biden Adopted Trump’s Trade War With China

The president has proposed new barriers to electric vehicles, steel and other goods..

This transcript was created using speech recognition software. While it has been reviewed by human transcribers, it may contain errors. Please review the episode audio before quoting from this transcript and email [email protected] with any questions.

From “The New York Times,” I’m Sabrina Tavernise, and this is “The Daily.”

[MUSIC PLAYING]

Donald Trump upended decades of American policy when he started a trade war with China. Many thought that President Biden would reverse those policies. Instead, he’s stepping them up. Today, my colleague, Jim Tankersley, explains.

It’s Monday, May 13.

Jim, it’s very nice to have you in the studio.

It’s so great to be here, Sabrina. Thank you so much.

So we are going to talk today about something I find very interesting and I know you’ve been following. We’re in the middle of a presidential campaign. You are an economics reporter looking at these two candidates, and you’ve been trying to understand how Trump and Biden are thinking about our number one economic rival, and that is China.

As we know, Trump has been very loud and very clear about his views on China. What about Biden?

Well, no one is going to accuse President Biden of being as loud as former President Trump. But I think he’s actually been fairly clear in a way that might surprise a lot of people about how he sees economic competition with China.

We’re going after China in the wrong way. China is stealing intellectual property. China is conditioning —

And Biden has, kind of surprisingly, sounded a lot, in his own Joe Biden way, like Trump.

They’re not competing. They’re cheating. They’re cheating. And we’ve seen the damage here in America.

He has been very clear that he thinks China is cheating in trade.

The bottom line is I want fair competition with China, not conflict. And we’re in a stronger position to win the economic competition of the 21st century against China or anyone else because we’re investing in America and American workers again. Finally.

And maybe the most surprising thing from a policy perspective is just how much Biden has built on top of the anti-China moves that Trump made and really is the verge of his own sort of trade war with China.

Interesting. So remind us, Jim, what did Trump do when he actually came into office? We, of course, remember Trump really talking about China and banging that drum hard during the campaign, but remind us what he actually did when he came into office.

Yeah, it’s really instructive to start with the campaign, because Trump is talking about China in some very specific ways.

We have a $500 billion deficit, trade deficit, with China. We’re going to turn it around. And we have the cards. Don’t forget —

They’re ripping us off. They’re stealing our jobs.

They’re using our country as a piggy bank to rebuild China, and many other countries are doing the same thing. So we’re losing our good jobs, so many.

The economic context here is the United States has lost a couple of million jobs in what was called the China shock of the early 2000s. And Trump is tapping into that.

But when the Chinese come in, and they want to make great trade deals — and they make the best trade deals, and not anymore. When I’m there, we turn it around, folks. We turn it around. We have —

And what he’s promising as president is that he’s going to bring those jobs back.

I’ll be the greatest jobs president that God ever created. I’ll take them back from China, from Japan.

And not just any jobs, good-paying manufacturing jobs, all of it — clothes, shoes, steel, all of these jobs that have been lost that American workers, particularly in the industrial Midwest, used to do. Trump’s going to bring them back with policy meant to rebalance the trade relationship with China to get a better deal with China.

So he’s saying China is eating our lunch and has been for decades. That’s the reason why factory workers in rural North Carolina don’t have work. It’s those guys. And I’m going to change that.

Right. And he likes to say it’s because our leaders didn’t cut the right deal with them, so I’m going to make a better deal. And to get a better deal, you need leverage. So a year into his presidency, he starts taking steps to amass leverage with China.

And so what does that look like?

Just an hour ago, surrounded by a hand-picked group of steelworkers, President Trump revealed he was not bluffing.

It starts with tariffs. Tariffs are taxes that the government imposes on imports.

Two key global imports into America now face a major new barrier.

Today, I’m defending America’s national security by placing tariffs on foreign imports of steel and aluminum.

And in this case, it’s imports from a lot of different countries, but particularly China.

Let’s take it straight to the White House. The president of the United States announcing new trade tariffs against China. Let’s listen in.

This has been long in the making. You’ve heard —

So Trump starts, in 2018, this series of tariffs that he’s imposing on all sorts of things — washing machines, solar panels, steel, aluminum. I went to Delaware to a lighting store at that time, I remember, where basically everything they sold came from China and was subject to the Trump tariffs, because that’s where lighting was made now.

Interesting.

Hundreds of billions of dollars of Chinese goods now start falling under these Trump tariffs. The Chinese, of course, don’t take this lying down.

China says it is not afraid of a trade war with the US, and it’s fighting back against President Trump with its own tariffs on US goods.

They do their own retaliatory tariffs. Now American exports to China cost more for Chinese consumers. And boom, all of a sudden, we are in the midst of a full-blown trade war between the United States and Beijing.

Right. And that trade war was kind of a shock because for decades, politicians had avoided that kind of policy. It was the consensus of the political class in the United States that there should not be tariffs like that. It should be free trade. And Trump just came in and blew up the consensus.

Yeah. And Sabrina, I may have mentioned this once or 700 times before on this program, but I talk to a lot of economists in my job.

Yeah, it’s weird. I talk to a lot of economists. And in 2018 when this started, there were very, very, very few economists of any political persuasion who thought that imposing all these tariffs were a good idea. Republican economists in particular, this is antithetical to how they think about the world, which is low taxes, free trade. And even Democratic economists who thought they had some problems with the way free trade had been conducted did not think that Trump’s “I’m going to get a better deal” approach was going to work. And so there was a lot of criticism at the time, and a lot of politicians really didn’t like it, a lot of Democrats, many Republicans. And it all added up to just a real, whoa, I don’t think this is going to work.

So that begs the question, did it?

Well, it depends on what you mean by work. Economically, it does not appear to have achieved what Trump wanted. There’s no evidence yet in the best economic research that’s been done on this that enormous amounts of manufacturing jobs came back to the United States because of Trump’s tariffs. There was research, for example, on the tariffs on washing machines. They appear to have helped a couple thousand jobs, manufacturing jobs be created in the United States, but they also raised the price of washing machines for everybody who bought them by enough that each additional job that was created by those tariffs effectively cost consumers, like, $800,000 per job.

There’s like lots of evidence that the sectors Trump was targeting to try to help here, he didn’t. There just wasn’t a lot of employment rebound to the United States. But politically, it really worked. The tariffs were very popular. They had this effect of showing voters in those hollowed-out manufacturing areas that Trump was on their team and that he was fighting for them. Even if they didn’t see the jobs coming back, they felt like he was standing up for them.

So the research suggests this was a savvy political move by Trump. And in the process, it sort of changes the political economic landscape in both parties in the United States.

Right. So Trump made these policies that seemed, for many, many years in the American political system, fringe, isolationist, economically bad, suddenly quite palatable and even desirable to mainstream policymakers.

Yeah. Suddenly getting tough on China is something everyone wants to do across both parties. And so from a political messaging standpoint, being tough on China is now where the mainstream is. But at the same time, there is still big disagreement over whether Trump is getting tough on China in the right way, whether he’s actually being effective at changing the trade relationship with China.

Remember that Trump was imposing these tariffs as a way to get leverage for a better deal with China. Well, he gets a deal of sorts, actually, with the Chinese government, which includes some things about tariffs, and also China agreeing to buy some products from the United States. Trump spins it as this huge win, but nobody else really, including Republicans, acts like Trump has solved the problem that Trump himself has identified. This deal is not enough to make everybody go, well, everything’s great with China now. We can move on to the next thing.

China remains this huge issue. And the question of what is the most effective way to deal with them is still an animating force in politics.

Got it. So politically, huge win, but policy-wise and economically, and fundamentally, the problem of China still very much unresolved.

Absolutely.

So then Biden comes in. What does Biden do? Does he keep the tariffs on?

Biden comes to office, and there remains this real pressure from economists to roll back what they consider to be the ineffective parts of Trump’s trade policy. That includes many of the tariffs. And it’s especially true at a time when almost immediately after Biden takes office, inflation spikes. And so Americans are paying a lot of money for products, and there’s this pressure on Biden, including from inside his administration, to roll back some of the China tariffs to give Americans some relief on prices.

And Biden considers this, but he doesn’t do it. He doesn’t reverse Trump’s tariff policy. In the end, he’s actually building on it.

We’ll be right back.

So Jim, you said that Biden is actually building on Trump’s anti-China policy. What exactly does that look like?

So Biden builds on the Trump China policy in three key ways, but he does it with a really specific goal that I just want you to keep in mind as we talk about all of this, which is that Biden isn’t just trying to beat China on everything. He’s not trying to cut a better deal. Biden is trying to beat China in a specific race to own the clean-energy future.

Clean energy.

Yeah. So keep that in mind, clean energy. And the animating force behind all of the things Biden does with China is that Biden wants to beat China on what he thinks are the jobs of the future, and that’s green technology.

Got it. OK. So what does he do first?

OK. Thing number one — let’s talk about the tariffs. He does not roll them back. And actually, he builds on them. For years, for the most part, he just lets the tariffs be. His administration reviews them. And it’s only now, this week, when his administration is going to actually act on the tariffs. And what they’re going to do is raise some of them. They’re going to raise them on strategic green tech things, like electric vehicles, in order to make them more expensive.

And I think it’s important to know the backdrop here, which is since Biden has taken office, China has started flooding global markets with really low-cost green technologies. Solar panels, electric vehicles are the two really big ones. And Biden’s aides are terrified that those imports are going to wash over the United States and basically wipe out American automakers, solar panel manufacturers, that essentially, if Americans can just buy super-cheap stuff from China, they’re not going to buy it from American factories. Those factories are going to go out of business.

So Biden’s goal of manufacturing jobs in clean energy, China is really threatening that by dumping all these products on the American market.

Exactly. And so what he wants to do is protect those factories with tariffs. And that means increasing the tariffs that Trump put on electric vehicles in hopes that American consumers will find them too expensive to buy.

But doesn’t that go against Biden’s goal of clean energy and things better for the environment? Lots of mass-market electric vehicles into the United States would seem to advance that goal. And here, he’s saying, no, you can’t come in.

Right, because Biden isn’t just trying to reduce emissions at all costs. He wants to reduce emissions while boosting American manufacturing jobs. He doesn’t want China to get a monopoly in these areas. And he’s also, in particular, worried about the politics of lost American manufacturing jobs. So Biden does not want to just let you buy cheaper Chinese technologies, even if that means reducing emissions.

He wants to boost American manufacturing of those things to compete with China, which brings us to our second thing that Biden has done to build on Trump’s China policy, which is that Biden has started to act like the Chinese government in particular areas by showering American manufacturers with subsidies.

I see. So dumping government money into American businesses.

Yes, tax incentives, direct grants. This is a way that China has, in the past decades, built its manufacturing dominance, is with state support for factories. Biden is trying to do that in particular targeted industries, including electric vehicles, solar power, wind power, semiconductors. Biden has passed a bunch of legislation that showers those sectors with incentives and government support in hopes of growing up much faster American industry.

Got it. So basically, Biden is trying to beat China at its own game.

Yeah, he’s essentially using tariffs to build a fortress around American industry so that he can train the troops to fight the clean energy battle with China.

And the troops being American companies.

Yes. It’s like, we’re going to give them protection — protectionist policy — in order to get up to size, get up to strength as an army in this battle for clean energy dominance against the Chinese.

Got it. So he’s trying to build up the fortress. What’s the third thing Biden does? You mentioned three things.

Biden does not want the United States going it alone against China. He’s trying to build an international coalition, wealthy countries and some other emerging countries that are going to take on China and try to stop the Chinese from using their trade playbook to take over all these new emerging industrial markets.

But, Jim, why? What does the US get from bringing our allies into this trade war? Why does the US want that?

Some of this really is about stopping China from gaining access to new markets. It’s like, if you put the low-cost Chinese exports on a boat, and it’s going around the world, looking for a dock to stop and offload the stuff and sell it, Biden wants barriers up at every possible port. And he wants factories in those places that are competing with the Chinese.

And a crucial fact to know here is that the United States and Europe, they are behind China when it comes to clean-energy technology. The Chinese government has invested a lot more than America and Europe in building up its industrial capacity for clean energy. So America and its allies want to deny China dominance of those markets and to build up their own access to them.

And they’re behind, so they’ve got to get going. It’s like they’re in a race, and they’re trailing.

Yeah, it’s an economic race to own these industries, and it’s that global emissions race. They also want to be bringing down fossil-fuel emissions faster than they currently are, and this is their plan.

So I guess, Jim, the question in my mind is, Trump effectively broke the seal, right? He started all of these tariffs. He started this trade war with China. But he did it in this kind of jackhammer, non-targeted way, and it didn’t really work economically. Now Biden is taking it a step further. But the question is, is his effort here going to work?

The answer to whether it’s going to work really depends on what your goals are. And Biden and Trump have very different goals. If Trump wins the White House back, he has made very clear that his goal is to try to rip the United States trade relationship with China even more than he already has. He just wants less trade with China and more stuff of all types made in the United States that used to be made in China. That’s a very difficult goal, but it’s not Biden’s goal.

Biden’s goal is that he wants America to make more stuff in these targeted industries. And there is real skepticism from free-market economists that his industrial policies will work on that, but there’s a lot of enthusiasm for it from a new strain of Democratic economists, in particular, who believe that the only chance Biden has to make that work is by pulling all of these levers, by doing the big subsidies and by putting up the tariffs, that you have to have both the troops training and the wall around them. And if it’s going to work, he has to build on the Trump policies. And so I guess you’re asking, will it work? It may be dependent upon just how far he’s willing to go on the subsidies and the barriers.

There’s a chance of it.

So, Jim, at the highest level, whatever the economic outcome here, it strikes me that these moves by Biden are pretty remarkably different from the policies of the Democratic Party over the decades, really going in the opposite direction. I’m thinking of Bill Clinton and NAFTA in the 1990s. Free trade was the real central mantra of the Democratic Party, really of both parties.

Yeah, and Biden is a real break from Clinton. And Clinton was the one who actually signed the law that really opened up trade with China, and Biden’s a break from that. He’s a break from even President Obama when he was vice president. Biden is doing something different. He’s breaking from that Democratic tradition, and he’s building on what Trump did, but with some throwback elements to it from the Roosevelt administration and the Eisenhower administration. This is this grand American tradition of industrial policy that gave us the space race and the interstate highway system. It’s the idea of using the power of the federal government to build up specific industrial capacities. It was in vogue for a time. It fell out of fashion and was replaced by this idea that the government should get out of the way, and you let the free market drive innovation. And now that industrial policy idea is back in vogue, and Biden is doing it.

So it isn’t just a shift or an evolution. It’s actually a return to big government spending of the ‘30s and the ‘40s and the ‘50s of American industrialism of that era. So what goes around comes around.

Yeah, and it’s a return to that older economic theory with new elements. And it’s in part because of the almost jealousy that American policymakers have of China and the success that it’s had building up its own industrial base. But it also has this political element to it. It’s, in part, animated by the success that Trump had making China an issue with working-class American voters.

You didn’t have to lose your job to China to feel like China was a stand-in for the forces that have taken away good-paying middle-class jobs from American workers who expected those jobs to be there. And so Trump tapped into that. And Biden is trying to tap into that. And the political incentives are pushing every future American president to do more of that. So I think we are going to see even more of this going forward, and that’s why we’re in such an interesting moment right now.

So we’re going to see more fortresses.

More fortresses, more troops, more money.

Jim, thank you.

You’re welcome.

Here’s what else you should know today. Intense fighting between Hamas fighters and Israeli troops raged in parts of Northern Gaza over the weekend, an area where Israel had declared Hamas defeated earlier in the war, only to see the group reconstitute in the power vacuum that was left behind. The persistent lawlessness raised concerns about the future of Gaza among American officials. Secretary of State Antony Blinken said on “Face the Nation” on Sunday that the return of Hamas to the North left him concerned that Israeli victories there would be, quote, “not sustainable,” and said that Israel had not presented the United States with any plan for when the war ends.

And the United Nations aid agency in Gaza said early on Sunday that about 300,000 people had fled from Rafah over the past week, the city in the enclave’s southernmost tip where more than a million displaced Gazans had sought shelter from Israeli bombardments elsewhere. The UN made the announcement hours after the Israeli government issued new evacuation orders in Rafah, deepening fears that the Israeli military was preparing to invade the city despite international warnings.

Today’s episode was produced by Nina Feldman, Carlos Prieto, Sidney Harper, and Luke Vander Ploeg. It was edited by M.J. Davis Lin, Brendan Klinkenberg, and Lisa Chow. Contains original music by Diane Wong, Marion Lozano, and Dan Powell, and was engineered by Alyssa Moxley. Our theme music is by Jim Brunberg and Ben Landsverk of Wonderly.

That’s it for “The Daily.” I’m Sabrina Tavernise. See you tomorrow.

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Hosted by Sabrina Tavernise

Produced by Nina Feldman ,  Carlos Prieto ,  Sydney Harper and Luke Vander Ploeg

Edited by M.J. Davis Lin ,  Brendan Klinkenberg and Lisa Chow

Original music by Diane Wong ,  Marion Lozano and Dan Powell

Engineered by Alyssa Moxley

Listen and follow The Daily Apple Podcasts | Spotify | Amazon Music | YouTube

Donald Trump upended decades of American policy when he started a trade war with China. Many thought that President Biden would reverse those policies. Instead, he’s stepping them up.

Jim Tankersley, who covers economic policy at the White House, explains.

On today’s episode

Jim Tankersley , who covers economic policy at the White House for The New York Times.

Background reading

Mr. Biden, competing with Mr. Trump to be tough on China , called for steel tariffs last month.

The Biden administration may raise tariffs on electric vehicles from China to 100 percent .

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