journal of volcanology and geothermal research

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Subject Area and Category

• Geochemistry and Petrology

Elsevier B.V.

Publication type

Information.

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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

Evolution of the number of published documents. All types of documents are considered, including citable and non citable documents.

This indicator counts the number of citations received by documents from a journal and divides them by the total number of documents published in that journal. The chart shows the evolution of the average number of times documents published in a journal in the past two, three and four years have been cited in the current year. The two years line is equivalent to journal impact factor ™ (Thomson Reuters) metric.

Evolution of the total number of citations and journal's self-citations received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. Journal Self-citation is defined as the number of citation from a journal citing article to articles published by the same journal.

Evolution of the number of total citation per document and external citation per document (i.e. journal self-citations removed) received by a journal's published documents during the three previous years. External citations are calculated by subtracting the number of self-citations from the total number of citations received by the journal’s documents.

International Collaboration accounts for the articles that have been produced by researchers from several countries. The chart shows the ratio of a journal's documents signed by researchers from more than one country; that is including more than one country address.

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Ratio of a journal's items, grouped in three years windows, that have been cited at least once vs. those not cited during the following year.

Evolution of the percentage of female authors.

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Evoution of the number of documents related to Sustainable Development Goals defined by United Nations. Available from 2018 onwards.

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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Journal card.

• Publications
• 2023  |  Journal Article ​ ​Three-dimensional magnetotelluric inversion for the characterization of the Sol de Mañana high-enthalpy geothermal field, Bolivia​ Pereyra Quiroga, B.; Meneses Rioseco, E.; Kapinos, G. & Brasse, H.​ (2023)  Geothermics ,  113  art. 102748​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2023.102748  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2022  |  Journal Article ​ ​Influence of Fe2+/Fetot on the viscosity of melts from the Colli Albani Volcanic District (Italy) – foidite to phonolite​ Kleest, C. & Webb, S. L.  ​ (2022)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  431  art. 107649​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107649  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2022  |  Journal Article ​ ​Growth and evolution of long-lived, large volcanic clusters in the Central Andes: The Chachani Volcano Cluster, southern Peru​ Aguilar, R.; Thouret, J.-C.; Samaniego, P.; Wörner, G.  ; Jicha, B.; Paquette, J.-L. & Suaña, E. et al.​ (2022)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  426  art. S0377027322000701​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107539  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2021  |  Journal Article ​ ​Voluminous Paleogene volcanism in the southern Mesa Central, Mexico: Unravelling the fissure-fed origin of rhyolitic ignimbrites of the Villa Garcia-Loreto Volcanic Complex​ Sieck, P.; Dávila-Harris, P.; López-Doncel, R. A.; Almaguer, J.; Aguillón-Robles, A.; Wemmer, K. & Guevara, R.​ (2021)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  415  art. S0377027321000810​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2021.107252  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2019  |  Journal Article ​ ​Episodes of dormancy and eruption of the Late Pleistocene Ciomadul volcanic complex (Eastern Carpathians, Romania) constrained by zircon geochronology​ Molnár, K.; Lukács, R.; Dunkl, I.  ; Schmitt, A. K.; Kiss, B.; Seghedi, I. & Szepesi, J. et al.​ (2019)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  373  pp. 133​-147​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.01.025  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2018  |  Journal Article ​ ​The onset of the volcanism in the Ciomadul Volcanic Dome Complex (Eastern Carpathians): Eruption chronology and magma type variation​ Molnár, K.; Harangi, S.; Lukács, R.; Dunkl, I.  ; Schmitt, A. K.; Kiss, B. & Garamhegyi, T. et al.​ (2018)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  354  pp. 39​-56​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2018.01.025  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2017  |  Journal Article ​ ​Source and magmatic evolution inferred from geochemical and Sr-O-isotope data on hybrid lavas of Arso, the last eruption at Ischia island (Italy; 1302 AD)​ Iovine, R. S.; Mazzeo, F. C.; Arienzo, I.; D'Antonio, M.; Wörner, G.  ; Civetta, L. & Pastore, Z. et al.​ (2017)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  331  pp. 1​-15​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.08.008  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2017  |  Journal Article ​ ​Sr- and Nd- isotope variations along the Pleistocene San Pedro – Linzor volcanic chain, N. Chile: Tracking the influence of the upper crustal Altiplano-Puna Magma Body​ Godoy, B.; Wörner, G.  ; Le Roux, P.; de Silva, S.; Parada, M. Á.; Kojima, S. & González-Maurel, O. et al.​ (2017)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  341  pp. 172​-186​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.030  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2017  |  Journal Article ​ ​The interdisciplinary use of “overpressure”​ Peacock, D. C. P.  ; Anderson, M. W.; Rotevatn, A.; Sanderson, D. J. & Tavarnelli, E.​ (2017)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  341 .​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2017.05.005  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2016  |  Journal Article ​ ​Petrothermal and aquifer-based EGS in the Northern-German Sedimentary Basin, investigated by conservative tracers during single-well injection-flowback and production tests​ Ghergut, J.  ; Behrens, H. & Sauter, M.​ (2016)  Geothermics ,  63  pp. 225​-241​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.01.015  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2016  |  Journal Article ​ ​Early-flowback tracer signals for fracture characterization in an EGS developed in deep crystalline and sedimentary formations: a parametric study​ Karmakar, S.; Ghergut, J.   & Sauter, M.​ (2016)  Geothermics ,  63  pp. 242​-252​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.08.007  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2016  |  Journal Article ​ ​Amides as thermo-sensitive tracers for investigating the thermal state of geothermal reservoirs​ Schaffer, M.; Idzik, K. R.; Wilke, M. & Licha, T.​ (2016)  Geothermics ,  64  pp. 180​-186​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2016.05.004  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2015  |  Journal Article ​ ​Monitoring of the volcanic rock compositions during the 2012-2013 fissure eruption at Tolbachik volcano, Kamchatka​ Volynets, A. O.; Edwards, B. R.; Melnikov, D.; Yakushev, A. & Griboedova, I.​ (2015)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  307  pp. 120​-132​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.07.014  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2015  |  Journal Article ​ ​Temperature determination using thermo-sensitive tracers: Experimental validation in an isothermal column heat exchanger​ Maier, F.; Schaffer, M. & Licha, T.​ (2015)  Geothermics ,  53  pp. 533​-539​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.09.007  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2015  |  Journal Article ​ ​Determination of temperatures and cooled fractions by means of hydrolyzable thermo-sensitive tracers​ Maier, F.; Schaffer, M. & Licha, T.​ (2015)  Geothermics ,  58  pp. 87​-93​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2015.09.005  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2015  |  Journal Article ​ ​Constraints on the timing of Quaternary volcanism and duration of magma residence at Ciomadul volcano, east-central Europe, from combined U-Th/He and U-Th zircon geochronology​ Harangi, S.; Lukacs, R.; Schmitt, A. K.; Dunkl, I.  ; Molnar, K.; Kiss, B. & Seghedi, I. et al.​ (2015)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  301  pp. 66​-80​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2015.05.002  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2014  |  Journal Article ​ ​A hydrotectonic model of a geothermal reservoir - A study in Lahendong, Indonesia​ Brehme, M.; Moeck, I.  ; Kamah, Y.; Zimmermann, G.   & Sauter, M.​ (2014)  Geothermics ,  51  pp. 228​-239​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2014.01.010  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2013  |  Journal Article ​ ​Relationship between Kamen Volcano and the Klyuchevskaya group of volcanoes (Kamchatka)​ Churikova, T. G.; Gordeychik, B. N.; Ivanov, B. V. & Woerner, G.  ​ (2013)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  263  pp. 3​-21​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.01.019  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2013  |  Journal Article ​ ​Morphometrical and geochronological constraints on the youngest eruptive activity in East-Central Europe at the Ciomadul (Csomad) lava dome complex, East Carpathians​ Karatson, D.; Telbisz, T.; Harangi, S.; Magyari, E.; Dunkl, I.  ; Kiss, B. & Janosi, C. et al.​ (2013)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  255  pp. 43​-56​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.01.013  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2012  |  Journal Article ​ ​Tracer design for tracking thermal fronts in geothermal reservoirs​ Nottebohm, M.; Licha, T. & Sauter, M.​ (2012)  Geothermics ,  43  pp. 37​-44​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2012.02.002  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2010  |  Journal Article ​ ​The regular shape of stratovolcanoes: A DEM-based morphometrical approach​ Karatson, D.; Favalli, M.; Tarquini, S.; Fornaciai, A. & Woerner, G.  ​ (2010)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  193 (3-4) pp. 171​-181​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2010.03.012  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2009  |  Journal Article ​ ​Edifice growth, deformation and rift zone development in basaltic setting: Insights from Piton de la Fournaise shield volcano (Reunion Island)​ Michon, L.; Cayol, V.; Letourneur, L.; Peltier, A.; Villeneuve, N. & Staudacher, T.​ (2009)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  184 (1-2) pp. 14​-30​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.11.002  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2009  |  Journal Article ​ ​Morphometry of scoria cones located on a volcano flank: A case study from Mt. Etna (Italy), based on high-resolution LiDAR data​ Favalli, M.; Karatson, D.; Mazzarini, F.; Pareschi, M. T. & Boschi, E.​ (2009)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  186 (3-4) pp. 320​-330​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2009.07.011  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2009  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Reconstruction of a monogenetic basaltic cinder cone row in the rift zone of North Iceland:tectonic control on magma emplacement and eruption dynamics​ Friese, N.; Bense, F.; Tanner, D. C.; Gustafson, L. E. & Siegesmund, S.  ​ (2009)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,.​ ​ Details  
• 2008  |  Journal Article ​ ​The effects of rock heterogeneities on dyke paths and asymmetric ground deformation: The example of Piton de la Fournaise (Reunion Island)​ Letourneur, L.; Peltier, A.; Staudacher, T. & Gudmundsson, A.​ (2008)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  173 (3-4) pp. 289​-302​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.018  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2008  |  Journal Article ​ ​Volcanoes as elastic inclusions: Their effects on the propagation of dykes, volcanic fissures, and volcanic zones in Iceland​ Andrew, R. E. B. & Gudmundsson, A.​ (2008)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  177 (4) pp. 1045​-1054​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.07.025  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2008  |  Journal Article ​ ​New insights into the mechanics of sill emplacement provided by field observations of the Njardvik Sill, Northeast Iceland​ Burchardt, S.​ (2008)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  173 (3-4) pp. 280​-288​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.02.009  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2007  |  Journal Article ​ ​Variable regimes in magma systems documented in palgioclase zoning patterns: El Misti stratovolcano and Andahua monogenetic cones​ Ruprecht, P. & Woerner, G.  ​ (2007)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  165 (3-5) pp. 142​-162​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.06.002  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2007  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Conceptual and numerical models of ring-fault formation​ Gudmundsson, A.​ (2007)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  164 (3) pp. 142​-160​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.04.018  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2007  |  Journal Article ​ ​Distribution, structure, and formation of Holocene lava shields in Iceland​ Andrew, R. E. B. & Gudmundsson, A.​ (2007)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  168 (1-4) pp. 137​-154​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2007.08.011  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2006  |  Journal Article ​ ​Anorthite-calibrated backscattered electron profiles, trace elements, and growth textures in feldspars from the Teide-Pico Viejo volcanic complex (Tenerife)​ Triebold, S.; Kronz, A. & Woerner, G.  ​ (2006)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  154 (1-2) pp. 117​-130​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2005.09.023  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2006  |  Journal Article ​ ​Neogene and Quaternary ignimbrites in the area of Arequipa, Southern Peru: Stratigraphical and petrological correlations​ Lebti, P. P.; Thouret, J.-C.; Worner, G.   & Fornari, M.​ (2006)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  154 (3-4) pp. 251​-275​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.02.014  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2006  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​How local stress fields prevent volcanic eruptions​ Gudmundsson, A. & Philipp, S. L.  ​ (2006)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  158 (3-4) pp. 257​-268​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.06.005  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2005  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Dyke emplacement in a layered and faulted rift zone​ Gudmundsson, A. & Loetveit, I. F.​ (2005)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  144 (1-4) pp. 311​-327​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.027  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2005  |  Journal Article  |  Editorial Contribution (Editorial, Introduction, Epilogue) ​ ​The Tectonics and Physics of Volcanoes​ Gudmundsson, A.; Acocella, V. & de Natale, G.​ (2005)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  144 (1-4) pp. 1​-5​.​ ​ Details    WoS  
• 2005  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Graben structure in the Las Cañadas edifice (Tenerife, Canary Islands): implications for active degassing and insights on the caldera formation​ Galindo, I.; Soriano, C.; Martí, J. & Pérez, N.​ (2005)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  144 (1-4) pp. 73​-87​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2004.11.017  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2003  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California: 1. Modeling the geometry of the source using GPS, leveling and two-color EDM data​ Battaglia, M.; Segall, P.; Murray, J.; Cervelli, P. & Langbein, J.​ (2003)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  127 (3-4) pp. 195​-217​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00170-7  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2003  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​The mechanics of unrest at Long Valley caldera, California. 2. Constraining the nature of the source using geodetic and micro-gravity data​ Battaglia, M.; Segall, P. & Roberts, C.​ (2003)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  127 (3-4) pp. 219​-245​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00171-9  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2002  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Propagation pathways and fluid transport of hydrofractures in jointed and layered rocks in geothermal fields​ Gudmundsson, A.; Fjeldskaar, I. & Brenner, S. L​ (2002)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  116 (3-4) pp. 257​-278​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00225-1  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2002  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Reply to Comment on "Dykes, faults and palaeostresses in the Teno and Anaga massifs of Tenerife (Canary Islands)​ Marinoni, L. B. & Gudmundsson, A.​ (2002)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  115  pp. 573​-575​.​ ​ Details  
• 2002  |  Journal Article  |  Research Paper ​ ​Emplacement and arrest of sheets and dykes in central volcanoes​ Gudmundsson, A.​ (2002)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  116 (3-4) pp. 279​-298​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(02)00226-3  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2001  |  Journal Article ​ ​La Pacana caldera, N. Chile: a re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and volcanology of one of the world's largest resurgent calderas​ Lindsay, J. M.; de Silva, S.; Trumbull, R.; Emmermann, R. & Wemmer, K.​ (2001)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  106 (1-2) pp. 145​-173​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00270-5  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• 2001  |  Journal Article ​ ​Faulting in the South Flank of Kilauea volcano, Hawai'i​ Parfitt, E. A. & Peacock, D. C. P.  ​ (2001)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  106 (3-4).​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00247-X  ​ Details    DOI  
• 2000  |  Journal Article ​ ​Late Pleistocene to Holocene activity at Bakening volcano and surrounding monogenetic centers (Kamchatka): volcanic geology and geochemical evolution​ Dorendorf, F.; Churikova, T. G.; Koloskov, A. & Worner, G.  ​ (2000)  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research ,  104 (1-4) pp. 131​-151​.​ DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00203-1  ​ Details    DOI    WoS  
• Journal Article  44
• original_ja  10
• Research Paper  10
• Editorial Contribution (Editorial, Introduction, Epilogue)  1
• editorial_ja  1

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• 2000 - 2024  44

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• Yes  42
• No Fulltext  44

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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

Continuous measurements of sif4 and so2 by thermal emission spectroscopy: insight from a 6-month survey at the popocatepetl volcano.

• Read more about Continuous measurements of SiF4 and SO2 by thermal emission spectroscopy: Insight from a 6-month survey at the Popocatepetl volcano

Characterization of a UV camera system for SO2 measurements from Popocatépetl Volcano

• Read more about Characterization of a UV camera system for SO2 measurements from Popocatépetl Volcano

Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research is a scientific journal that publishes recent research on the fields of volcanology and geothermal activity.

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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research

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How long would it take to escape Auckland if a volcano was about to erupt?

Scientists are working to understand how long it might take for people to move out of harm's way ahead of a future eruption of the Auckland Volcanic Field.

Environment

May 27, 2021

Scientists identify flank instability at a volcano with history of collapse

Landslides caused by the collapse of unstable volcanoes are one of the major dangers of volcanic eruptions. A method to detect long-term movements of these mountains using satellite images could help identify previously overlooked ...

Earth Sciences

Jan 26, 2021

In ancient Scottish tree rings, a cautionary tale on climate, politics and survival

Using old tree rings and archival documents, historians and climate scientists have detailed an extreme cold period in Scotland in the 1690s that caused immense suffering. It decimated agriculture, killed as much as 15 percent ...

Dec 17, 2019

Volcano F is the origin of 'floating stones'

Stones do not float in water—this is a truism. But there is hardly a rule without exception. In fact, some volcanic eruptions produce a very porous type of rock with a density so low that it does float: Pumice. An unusually ...

Dec 9, 2019

Discovery of rare lava lake on remote sub-Antarctic island

A team of scientists has discovered a rare lava lake on a remote and inaccessible sub-Antarctic island. There are around 1500 land-based volcanoes on Earth, but despite the popular perception of steaming bubbling lava pools ...

Jul 3, 2019

A 49-kilometer-high volcanic ash column rose up over the Mayan civilization

The Ilopango volcano eruption (also known as Tierra Blanca Joven or TBJ) occurred approximately 1,500 years ago. Pyroclastics currents were dispersed over much of the present territory of El Salvador and a volcanic ash column ...

May 9, 2019

New insight into how magma feeds volcanic eruptions

A novel research study by scientists at the University of Liverpool has provided new insights into how molten rock (magma) moves through the Earth's crust to feed volcanic eruptions.

Feb 22, 2018

Bubble Volcano: shaking, popping by earthquakes may cause eruptions

A new study on the connection between earthquakes and volcanoes took its inspiration from old engineering basics.  Future applications of these results may enable better predictions of the likelihood of a volcanic eruption ...

May 17, 2016

Supervolcanoes likely triggered externally, study finds

Supervolcanoes, massive eruptions with potential global consequences, appear not to follow the conventional volcano mechanics of internal pressure building until the volcano blows. Instead, a new study finds, such massive ...

Nov 4, 2015

Geysers have loops in their plumbing: Periodic eruptions tied to underground bends and side-chambers

Geysers like Old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park erupt periodically because of loops or side-chambers in their underground plumbing, according to recent studies by volcanologists at the University of California, Berkeley.

Feb 24, 2015

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Title proper: Journal of volcanology and geothermal research.

Country: Netherlands

Medium: Print

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Last modification date: 09/12/2008

Type of record: Confirmed

ISSN Center responsible of the record: ISSN National Centre for The Netherlands

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Record-shattering Tonga volcanic eruption wasn't triggered by what we thought, new study suggests

Scientists think Tonga's record-breaking 2022 eruption was triggered by gas building up to a "critical point" rather than by a reaction between magma and seawater as previously assumed.

Scientists have proposed an alternative explanation for why the record-shattering Tonga volcanic eruption of 2022 was so violent: The explosion may have been triggered by gas, rather than by a reaction between magma and water as previously suggested.

Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai, an underwater volcano in the South Pacific Ocean, erupted on Jan. 15, 2022, unleashing the most intense lightning storm ever recorded and the first known mega-tsunami since antiquity . Previous research indicated that the underwater eruption was fueled by two merging magma chambers , but exactly what sparked the blast has remained unclear. 

"Previous models have assumed magma-seawater interaction, but heat transfer considerations show this to be untenable and direct evidence is not provided by satellite data," researchers wrote in a new study, published online April 21 in the Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research . Instead, they wrote, bathymetric (water depth) and satellite observations point to a colossal buildup of gas beneath a seal inside the volcano that suddenly broke on Jan. 15 after a series of smaller eruptions between Dec. 19, 2021, and Jan. 13, 2022. 

This seal may have formed through a reaction between volcanic rocks and gas rising from the depths of the volcano. "It is now well established that fast reactions occur between the [sulfur dioxide] and [hydrogen chloride] contents of magmatic gases to produce minerals including anhydrite, quartz and sulfides as they expand from source to surface," the researchers wrote in the study. "Their formation leads to a choking of flow paths and potentially sealing of the gas flux through the volcano."

Related: Mexico's most dangerous active volcano erupts 13 times in 1 day

Gas trapped inside the volcano likely accumulated over several months and then reached a "critical point" when the pressure finally ruptured the seal and triggered an explosion, they wrote. The energy amassed underground was so great that it propelled an ash cloud 36 miles (58 kilometers) into the sky and blew out a crater 2,800 feet (850 meters) deep and 1.2 to 1.8 miles (2 to 3 km) wide. 

The Tonga eruption — which may have been even more powerful than the 1883 Krakatoa eruption — fed itself by exploding away ever-deeper layers of rock and releasing ever-higher-pressure gas, entering a runaway, "supercritical" state, the researchers noted in the study. The eruption eventually subsided as the gas reservoir emptied and seawater flooded into the gaping crater. 

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"What we witnessed during this event was a Plinian eruption," lead author Richard Henley , an honorary professor of material physics at the Australian National University, said in a statement . "These are the kind most people think of when imagining an erupting volcano — very intense, violent and sudden with extremely high ash columns." 

— Underwater Santorini volcano eruption 520,000 years ago was 15 times bigger than record-breaking Tonga eruption

— Underwater volcano eruption 7,300 years ago is the largest in recorded history

— The sea 'began to boil': Freak volcanic eruption of Santorini 1,300 years ago indicates huge blasts can occur during time of quiet  

Henley and his colleagues suggested that gas seals could be the key to why most, if not all, Plinian eruptions are so explosive. Unlike previous models that assumed a reaction between magma and seawater caused the eruption, the team's conclusions imply that the cataclysmic force of the 2022 Tonga eruption was independent of its oceanic setting.

"The eruption at Hunga has opened our eyes," co-author Cornel de Ronde , principal scientist at the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Limited in New Zealand, said in the statement. 

Sascha is a U.K.-based trainee staff writer at Live Science. She holds a bachelor’s degree in biology from the University of Southampton in England and a master’s degree in science communication from Imperial College London. Her work has appeared in The Guardian and the health website Zoe. Besides writing, she enjoys playing tennis, bread-making and browsing second-hand shops for hidden gems.

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