essay writing about scientific method

Scientific Method: Role and Importance Essay

The scientific method is a problem-solving strategy that is at the heart of biology and other sciences. There are five steps included in the scientific method that is making an observation, asking a question, forming a hypothesis or an explanation that could be tested, and predicting the test. After that, in the feedback step that is iterating, the results are used to make new predictions. The scientific method is almost always an iterative process. In other words, rather than a straight line, it is a cycle. The outcome of one round of questioning generates feedback that helps to enhance the next round of questioning.

Science is an activity that involves the logical explanation, prediction, and control of empirical phenomena. The concepts of reasoning applicable to the pursuit of this endeavor are referred to as scientific reasoning (Cowles, 2020). They include topics such as experimental design, hypothesis testing, and data interpretation. All sciences, including social sciences, follow the scientific method (Cowles, 2020). Different questions and tests are asked and performed by scientists in various domains. They do, however, have a common approach to finding logical and evidence-based answers.

Scientific reasoning is fundamental for all types of scientific study, not simply institutional research. Scientists do employ specific ideas that non-scientists do not have to use in everyday life. However, many reasoning principles are useful in everyday life. Even if one is not a scientist, they must use excellent reasoning to understand, anticipate, and regulate the events that occur in the environment. When one wants to start their careers, preserve their finances, or enhance their health, they need to acquire evidence to determine the most effective method for achieving our goals. Good scientific thinking skills come in handy in all of these situations.

Experiments, surveys, case studies, descriptive studies, and non-descriptive studies are all forms of research used in the scientific method. In an experiment, a researcher manipulates certain factors in a controlled environment and assesses their impact on other variables (Black, 2018). Descriptive research focuses on the nature of the relationship between the variables being studied rather than on cause and effect. A case study is a detailed examination of a single instance in which something unexpected has occurred. This is normally done with a single individual in extreme or exceptional instances. Large groups of individuals are polled to answer questions about certain topics in surveys. Correlational approaches are used in non-descriptive investigations to anticipate the link between two or more variables.

The Lau and Chan technique describes how to assess the validity of a theory or hypothesis using the scientific method, also known as the hypothetical-deductive method (Lau & Chan, 2017). For testing theories or hypotheses, the hypothetical-deductive technique (HD method) is highly useful. It is sometimes referred to as “scientific procedure.” This is not quite right because science can’t possibly employ only one approach. However, the HD technique is critical since it is one of the most fundamental approaches used in many scientific disciplines, including economics, physics, and biochemistry. Its implementation can be broken down into four stages. The stages include using the hypothetical-deductive method, identifying the testable hypothesis, generating the predictions according to the hypothesis, and using experiments in order to check the predictions (Cowles, 2020). If the predictions that are tested turn out to be correct, the hypothesis will be confirmed. Suppose the results are incorrect; the hypothesis would be disconfirmed.

The HD method instructs us on how to test a hypothesis, and each scientific theory must be testable.

One cannot discover evidence to illustrate whether a theory is likely or not if it cannot be tested. It cannot be considered scientific information in that circumstance. Consider the possibility that there are ghosts that people cannot see, cannot communicate with, and cannot be detected directly or indirectly. This hypothesis is defined in such a way that testing is not possible. It could still be real, and there could be such ghosts, but people would never know; thus, this cannot be considered a scientific hypothesis. In general, validating a theory’s predictions raises the likelihood that it is right. However, this does not establish definitively that the theory is right in and of itself. When given additional assumptions, a hypothesis frequently creates a prediction. When a forecast fails in this way, the theory may still be valid.

When a theory makes a faulty prediction, it might be difficult to determine whether the theory should be rejected or whether the auxiliary assumptions are flawed. Astronomers in the 19th century, for example, discovered that Newtonian physics could not adequately explain the orbit of the planet Mercury. This is due to the fact that Newtonian physics is incorrect, and you require relativity to get a more accurate orbit prediction. When astronomers discovered Uranus in 1781, they discovered that its orbit did not match Newtonian physics predictions. However, astronomers concluded that it could be explained if Uranus was being affected by another planet, and Neptune was discovered as a result.

I had several instances where I have made assumptions on an important issue regardless of evidence. Once I have prepared the work on the topic of power distribution in the workplace and its relation to gender, I have assumed that possibly because of the general feminine traits, women are less likely to create a strong image of power in comparison with men. In fact, such a hypothesis needs to be tested, and it is testable. For example, I could first define what is meant by feminine traits by collecting data from different biological and psychological sources. After that, I could observe the information regarding what factors or behavior patterns contribute to establishing power in the workplace. If I found the correlation between the feminine character traits, communication style, and behavioral patterns with the distribution of power in the workplace, then I could confirm my hypothesis.

Thus, applying the scientific method can help to improve critical reasoning by using tools from scientific reasoning. By supporting the provided hypothesis with evidence from scientific research and statistical data, one can make their claim more valuable and objective. The scientific method is essential for the creation of scientific theories that explain information and ideas in a scientifically rational manner. In a typical scientific method application, a researcher makes a hypothesis, tests it using various methods, and then alters it based on the results of the tests and experiments. The new hypothesis is then retested, further changed, and retested until it matches observable events and testing results. Hypotheses serve as tools for scientists to collect data in this way. Scientists can build broad general explanations, or scientific theories, based on that evidence and the numerous scientific experiments conducted to investigate possibilities. In conclusion, a scientific method is an important approach to examining the hypothesis. By using the tools of the scientific method, the inferences become rational and objective.

Black, M. (2018). Critical thinking: An introduction to logic and scientific method . Pickle Partners Publishing.

Cowles, H. M. (2020). The Scientific Method . Harvard University Press.

Lau, J., & Chan, J. (2017). Scientific methodology: Tutorials 1-9 .

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Writing a scientific paper.

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Writing a "good" methods section

"methods checklist" from: how to write a good scientific paper. chris a. mack. spie. 2018..

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The purpose is to provide enough detail that a competent worker could repeat the experiment. Many of your readers will skip this section because they already know from the Introduction the general methods you used. However careful writing of this section is important because for your results to be of scientific merit they must be reproducible. Otherwise your paper does not represent good science.

• Exact technical specifications and quantities and source or method of preparation
• Describe equipment used and provide illustrations where relevant.
• Chronological presentation (but related methods described together)
• Questions about "how" and "how much" are answered for the reader and not left for them to puzzle over
• Discuss statistical methods only if unusual or advanced
• When a large number of components are used prepare tables for the benefit of the reader
• Do not state the action without stating the agent of the action
• Describe how the results were generated with sufficient detail so that an independent researcher (working in the same field) could reproduce the results sufficiently to allow validation of the conclusions.
• Can the reader assess internal validity (conclusions are supported by the results presented)?
• Can the reader assess external validity (conclusions are properly generalized beyond these specific results)?
• Has the chosen method been justified?
• Are data analysis and statistical approaches justified, with assumptions and biases considered?
• Avoid: including results in the Method section; including extraneous details (unnecessary to enable reproducibility or judge validity); treating the method as a chronological history of events; unneeded references to commercial products; references to “proprietary” products or processes unavailable to the reader. 
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Essay Samples on Scientific Method

Understanding the seven steps of the scientific method.

What is the scientific method? A procedural method that has been characterized by natural sciences since the seventeenth century, including systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation, as well as the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses. 'Criticism is the backbone of the scientific method' The scientific...

• Scientific Method

The Importance of the Scientific Method in Psychology Experiments

The scientific method is “ the tactic of a process that has characterized physical discipline since the seventeenth century, consisting in systematic observation, measurement, and experiment, and therefore the formulation, testing, and altar of hypothesis”. The scientific method is used throughout the world that provides...

Learning to Think Scientifically: A Look at the Scientific Method

Students, and now and again even teachers, commonly anticipate scientists solely use the scientific approach to reply to science-related questions. In fact, you can comply with the scientific technique to nearly any problem. The key is to use the factors (steps) to restrict bias and...

Scientific Method: Its Role in Advancing Science and Technology

Since the human been appear, use the logic and arise different questions, begins the scientific method, after years this practice evolve to what we know this age. Even when we were kids, we use this method not for scientific reasons, just to know something like...

Experimentation & Innovation: The Importance of the Scientific Method

Our life without the scientific method would be unrecognizable. Most individuals don’t realize how our daily life and routine has been improved because of experimentation. Without the scientific method, we would not be so technologically advanced. We would not have all the latest cell phones,...

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The Role of Reasoning in Science: Inductive and Deductive Approaches

Introduction This essay will focus on the principles of the scientific method, considering Francis Bacon’s method of induction contrasted with Karl Poppers’ Hypothetico-Deductive approach as a means of defining what is scientifically accurate. Both approaches are used in modern-day science, where experiment and observation are...

The Common Themes and Diverse Practices of Scientific Methods

Introduction Science in some form or another has been practiced for millennia, to varying degrees of success, and throughout this time, people have argued about which is the way to practice science. The study of the scientific method can be described as the attempt to...

Best topics on Scientific Method

1. Understanding the Seven Steps of the Scientific Method

2. The Importance of the Scientific Method in Psychology Experiments

3. Learning to Think Scientifically: A Look at the Scientific Method

4. Scientific Method: Its Role in Advancing Science and Technology

5. Experimentation & Innovation: The Importance of the Scientific Method

6. The Role of Reasoning in Science: Inductive and Deductive Approaches

7. The Common Themes and Diverse Practices of Scientific Methods

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For more information on writing your scientific papers, here are some good resources:

http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/scientific-reports/

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1559667/

The Scientific Method

When writing or reading about science, it is useful to keep the scientific method in mind. The scientific method is used as a model to construct writing that can be shared with others in a logical and informative way. Any piece of scientific writing is informative and persuasive: informative because the author is telling the audience how he or she conducted their research and what new information they learned, and persuasive because science papers demonstrate how that new information was obtained and what conclusions can be drawn from the data collected. The format of most journal articles follows the steps of the scientific method, with Introduction, Methods, and Results sections at a minimum. 

Evidence and Argumentation

Science writing has a persuasive element to it. Researchers need to convince others that they have done their experiments properly and that they have answered their central research questions. Therefore, all science papers, even theoretical ones, make use of evidence to support their points. Remember that statistical measures, while extremely useful, are not the only source of evidence. Observations of even a single event can be useful in the right context. Remember to use logic to link your evidence and claims together!

Relating evidence and ideas:  http://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/coreofscience_01

Clarity and Reader Expectations

Many people complain that scientific literature is difficult to understand because of the complicated language and the use of jargon. However, scientific literature can be difficult to understand even if one is familiar with the concepts being discussed.

To avoid confusing the reader, writers should focus on writing clearly and keeping the reader’s expectations in mind. In a scientific paper, it is important that most readers will agree with the information being presented. Writing in a clear and concise way helps the writer accomplish this. Use the paper as a story-telling medium. Concentrate on showing the reader that your experiments show definite conclusion, and how this contribution changes the state of knowledge in the field.

Gopen and Swan (1990) offer the following seven easy ways to make your writing more clear and to say what you want the reader to hear.

• Follow a grammatical subject as soon as possible with its verb.
• Place in the stress position the "new information" you want the reader to emphasize. 
• Place the person or thing whose "story" a sentence is telling at the beginning of the sentence, in the topic position. 
• Place appropriate "old information" (material already stated in the discourse) in the topic position for linkage backward and contextualization forward. 
• Articulate the action of every clause or sentence in its verb. 
• In general, provide context for your reader before asking that reader to consider anything new. 
• In general, try to ensure that the relative emphases of the substance coincide with the relative expectations for emphasis raised by the structure.

[Gopen, G. and Swan, J. 1990. The Science of Scientific Writing. American Scientist. Available here: https://www.americanscientist.org/blog/the-long-view/the-science-of-scientific-writing  ]

One major problem many students have when they start writing papers is using so called “running jumps.” This is the placement of unnecessary words at the beginning of a sentence. For example:

RUNNING JUMP: According to the researchers, the control group showed more change in chlorophyll production (Smith et. al., 2014).

NO RUNNING JUMP: The control group showed more change in chlorophyll production (Smith et. al., 2014).

We’ve already cited a study, so it’s clear that we are referring to researchers and their findings. So the first part of the sentence is unnecessary. 

Try to limit the number of ideas expressed in a single sentence. If a sentence seems like it is trying to say more than two things at once, split it into two sentences.  If a sentence is long and tangled and just doesn't make sense, don't try to perform "surgery" to fix the sentence. Instead, "kill" the sentence and start over, using short, direct sentences to express what you mean.

If you can make a noun phrase into a verb, do it! For example, made note of = noted, provided a similar opinion = agreed with, conducted an experiment = experimented, etc.

Avoid the Passive Voice Where You Can

If a sentence is written in the passive voice, the subject of the sentence (person/thing doing the action) does not come first; rather, the object of the sentence (person/thing not doing the action) is the first noun in the sentence. 

PASSIVE: Radiation was the mechanism by which the samples were sterilized.

MORE ACTIVE: The samples were sterilized using radiation.

ACTIVE: We sterilized the samples using radiation.

Professors (and scientific journals) have differing opinions on the use of passive voice. Some consider it unacceptable, but many are more lenient. And in fact, often it will make more sense to write in the passive voice in certain sections (i.e. Methods) and when you can't use first-person pronouns like "I." In any case, reducing overuse of passive voice in your writing makes it more concise and easier to understand.

Here's a useful link for clear scientific writing style: http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/effective-writing-13815989

Posters are often used as an accompaniment to a talk or presentation, or as a substitute. You’ve probably seen posters hanging up around campus, showcasing students' research. The idea of a poster is to simplify a study and present it in a visual way, so it can be understood by a wide audience. The most important thing to remember when designing a poster (or completing any kind of published work) is to follow the guidelines given. If your instructor, or the conference you’re presenting at, wants a certain format, adhere to that format. These three rules are especially important to follow:

• Shorter is better: make sure that your poster does not contain too much text! Packing text onto the poster makes it difficult to read and understand.
• Bigger is better. No, this is not a contradiction of rule 1! Make sure your text is large enough to read, and readable against the background of the poster.
• Use images. The key aspect of a poster is that it is a visual medium. Include graphs, photos, and illustrations of your work.

Here are some excellent tips and templates for research posters: 

1.  http://colinpurrington.com/tips/academic/posterdesign

2. https://ph.byu.edu/resources

3.  https://pop.psu.edu/sites/pri/files/Poster%20Design%20Tips.pdf : Poster tips from Penn State

Most scientific citation styles are based on APA format. It’s totally okay to use a resource to look up how to format a paper in APA style! As you become more familiar with the format, you will become less reliant on these resources, but for now, here are some sites that may be useful .

Our APA guide

APA Style Official Website

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Essay: The Use of the Scientific Method

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The scientific method is like a never ending road constantly growing and having numerous possibilities for growth and improvement for any idea. In many aspects, it is the foundation for science and everything that has been proven today. Throughout history, the scientific method has been used to build theories, laws, and essentially create a platform for the scientific community to contribute ideas to one another. For instance, with the mystery of The Miami Circle, the scientific method was used numerous times in order to find the truth behind the mysterious anthropological discovery. With the scientific method, anthropologists were able to trace back the history of the Miami Circle and uncover its truth.

The scientific method is a standardized procedure that is used in creating theories, laws, and ideas, in order to build a consistent, reliable and non-arbitrary depiction of the world. In the scientific method, scientists must first look at the object of interest. Then collect research on the topic to fully understand what they are going to be observing. Next, the scientist must construct a hypothesis, “a proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation” (Bradford 2015). Then, through repeated experimentation, the hypothesis can be finalized as a theory or proven to be false. In science, the scientific method is repeated numerously until a theory is created After considerable testing of the theory by possibly many different scientists, it may become what is known as a law. Theories are not just simply theories and the book does not just simply close. Theories can always be proven wrong or even extended at anytime. One of the best aspects of science has always been its openness to improvement. Theories in science are always being refigured in hopes of improvement ,or even completely changed New research frequently renders old ideas outdated ideas or incomplete ones. There aren’t really heroes in science, but more so a superhero team. Scientists are constantly building off of other people’s work expanding ideas and theories. Theories are always open ended. This is why the use of the scientific method is so important.

With the mystery of The Miami Circle, the use of the scientific method allowed anthropologists to find the purpose of the mysterious holes in the ground. The Miami circle was first discovered July of 1998. Midden was found at the site which yielded the initial building that was set to be constructed on the land. In the beginning the anthropologists hypothesized that the circle was formed by the Almac or the Maya. Through carbon dating, they realized that they were wrong about their initial hunch. There was duricrust found along the holes, which indicated that the holes were there for possible over hundreds maybe even thousands of years. Through carbon dating they found that ,”the carbon-dating tests done on two small bits of charcoal, probably created by Tekesta fires in one of the basins that form the circle, was 1,800 to 2,100 years old” (The Significance of the Tekesta Miami Circle 2002). The anthropologists then speculated that the Miami Circle is believed to have once been occupied by the Tequesta Indians. They then further confirmed this with the findings of tools used by the Tequestas during the excavation. “The holes were structural postholes or part of the foundation for a building. I believe the building was used for ceremonial purposes, as animal bones and unused tools appeared to be offerings” (Ricisak, 2001). Ricisak further proved this hypothesis by the comparisons with other past tribes structural features.

The scientific method is the basis and foundation for almost everything in science, from social science to the physical sciences. The main difference in the implication of the scientific method between social and physical sciences is that in social sciences, “fieldwork is an experiment for testing hypotheses and building theories about the diversity of human behavior and the interaction of people with systems of power— a scientific method for examining how the social world really works” (Guest 2016). While in the physical sciences, the basis mainly consists of experimental data that relies on repeated experiments and constant lab results with standard measurements. While both sciences differ, they share the same scientific model in order to have results and information.

Throughout the whole documentary and the explanation of the Miami Circle, the use of the scientific method was very prevalent. I realized that although one hypothesis is false, the pursue of the truth did not end. In a way, being unsuccessful with one hypothesis only made the anthropologists even closer to uncovering the truth. The scientific method is not just important to the sciences, but I believe that it is important in everyone’s daily lives. “The scientific method is important for people to know because it is a fundamental process in science, but the benefits of teaching individuals this process will go beyond school and classes’ (Hudson 2017). The scientific method teaches people how to think and critically analyze things in any aspect of life. It teaches us how to justify, understand, and analyze almost everything we do or see.

References Cited

Bradford, Alina. 2015. “What Is a Scientific Hypothesis? | Definition of Hypothesis.” LiveScience https://www.livescience.com/21490-what-is-a-scientific-hypothesis-definition-of-hypothesis.html. Accessed July 03, 2017.

James Omeara, Stephan 2016 The Nature of Observing. 78-79 Accessed July 05 ,2017.

Miami Circle 2015 Atlas Obscura. . http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/miami-circle. Accessed July 05, 2017.

Science & Nature Horizon – The Mystery of the Miami Circle. 2001 BBC.http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2000/miamicircle_transcript.shtml. Accessed July 03, 2017.

The Importance of the Scientific Method 2014 InstaScience at Elemental Blogging. http://elementalblogging.com/importance-of-scientific-method/. Accessed July 03, 2017.

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Scientific Method Essay Writing Guide

Writing about science, as well as the whole process of any scientific investigation, is a demanding task. This academic style has its own rules and guidelines that frequently differ substantially from how we're taught to write strong essays in English or history. In those classes, you may have the freedom to organize the information as you wish. But, any scientific assignment has a rigorous outline that every high school and college student must follow. But why do science papers have such specific rules? The answer lies in the scientific method.

What is the Scientific Method Essay?

The scientific research methods imply an application of a certain technique for asking questions about the world around and answering those by using empirical data. It could be information gathered from observations or any other reliable and relevant data you can use to test a hypothesis. For hundreds of years, it's been the standard for a good process of research conducting. Every development or discovery you hear about in Physics, Chemistry, or Biology was studied using a particular scientific method. Today, students are taught the processes of scientific investigation from an early age. Most post-elementary children will have a basic idea of how to formulate a subject question, collect relevant data, and answer the issue.

While almost every science area is as old as civilization itself, the methods as we know them today didn't develop until the 17th century. Then, philosophers, including Francis Bacon, encouraged inductive reasoning based on observational evidence. They stated that using empirical evidence is the only way to make accurate claims. Over the centuries, there have been several competing philosophies that had different views on how exactly we can verify our belief or scientific theory. Then, Bacon's idea could have undergone significant changes. But with the help of such researchers as Galileo and Isaac Newton, his method became the model we still use today in the study of different issues.

Scientific Method Step by Step

This specific essay and its strategy are so widely established that most of us use it every day without even noticing. Let's say that one day you want to order a pizza. So, you look up the contacts of your favorite place and dial, but instead of getting the restaurant, you get an error message saying the number has been disconnected. Since you really want that pizza, you start considering what could have gone wrong:

• You redial the number, just to be confident that it is incorrect.
• You may double-check the number or look online to see if it was changed.
• You might have someone else try to use their smartphone to see if something is wrong with your device.
• If none of those work, you're likely to give up on that particular restaurant and try calling somewhere else.

In that scenario, you've completed all six steps in scientific inquiry without even intending to do so. Let's discuss the features of the elements predetermined by this paper.

• Identify a problem or question The first step in the scientific essay on method is simply observing the world around. From that observation, you develop a question. You may focus on how a certain issue works or what a phenomenon's origin is, etc. In our example, during the process of trying to order a pizza, we observe that the phone number doesn't work. Thus, our question is: why can't we reach the restaurant?
• Form a hypothesis In this step of controlled experiments, we try to come up with a reasonable solution to our issue. A hypothesis is about the answer that we think we'll get after investigating a question with an experiment. For instance, if your theory is that you mistook the phone number, by dialing a correct one, you will finally reach the restaurant. The method lets people research true strategy for the investigation
• Perform an experiment Up until this point, we've only been thinking about the problem. Now, we're going to consider a way to test the hypothesis and see if it's appropriate. Keep in mind that in terms of science, we cannot really "prove" something - all we have is a certain level of probability. When we look up the pizza place's number and dial it again, we're performing an experiment to determine whether our hypothesis is acceptable.
• Conclusion Once we've been through all the steps of a study and collected the relevant data, we can draw a conclusion about our hypothesis. If the phone call still doesn't go through, we can conclude that the problem wasn't in our carelessness. If, in the end, we can reach the restaurant and order a pizza, we've likely been phoning the wrong number.
• Extra questions After you've reached a conclusion, it's time to step back and look at what you've accomplished. You have new data that hopefully tells something new about the research question, which means you can now start making new observations and asking new questions. Let's say, in our pizza example, calling the number again doesn't work. The next hypothesis might be that your phone is broken, and you will have to perform a new experiment to test that assumption.
• Repeat The results of a scientific experiment need to be reproducible. That's why scientists publish their findings so that other researchers can review their works and check the results. So, you call the pizza place again next week. This way, you're making sure that the results of the experiment can be reproduced. That means you choose a scientific method to answer the research question and can apply it as many times as you need to be confident about the outcomes.

The studies performed by researchers are much more complicated than our example. Scientists will work for years to test a question that is just a small part of a larger and more intricate theory. But it doesn't matter how extensive or complicated the question is - the basic idea is the same:

• Develop a hypothesis
• Test it with a scientific method, and
• Draw conclusions

Now, when we recalled the requirements, let's discuss the way they affect your assignment.

Research and the Scientific Method Essay

You have to understand the scientific method's purpose. When writing on scientific matters, make sure your paper has a rigid structure. If you've ever written or read a research paper, you might have recognized the six steps listed above as the sections of the IMRAD model. IMRAD (introduction, methodology, results, and discussion) is the standard format for many academic assignments, and it is designed to provide students with a relevant essay writing strategy as well.

Many academic projects start with the introduction, which lays out the background information of your work along with the main question and hypothesis. In the methodology section, you explain the features of conducting your investigation. Then, you dwell on the results of your study, present your conclusions, and discuss extra avenues for any further investigations in this area. Consider the way of interconnection between the study and the scientific method you apply. Don't skip any step while carrying out your work - you won't be able to write a coherent assignment (essay, research, etc.).

Understanding the scientific method issue will also help you structure the ideas in your paper. Think of it as an hourglass:

Your paper should be structured just like the hourglass. Start with a broad introduction, then narrow the focus and concentrate on your subject matter, the main question, and even to the methodology used. The most precise part of your writing is about the specific results you got from the investigation. Then, you may widen your narration again - show what contribution or implications for your field those particular findings have. The paper ends with a discussion of what the next step in the research would be. And, one of the main features of the scientific method is that you may flip the hourglass over and start the whole process again to conduct a new experiment.

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