engine ppt presentation download

Four-Stroke Engine Basics

Objectives:

• After the completion of this power point , the student will understand:
• What a four-stroke engine is,
• Other engine types,
• Basic components of a four-stroke engine,
• The four-stroke cycle.
• A four-stroke engine:
• Is an internal combustion engine,
• Converts gasoline into motion,
• Is the most common car engine type,
• Is relatively efficient,
• Is relatively inexpensive .

Other Engine Types

• Two-stroke engines
• Diesel engines
• Rotary engines
• Turbine engines
• Steam engines

Basic Components of Four-Stroke Engines

Intake Valve

Valve Cover

Intake Port

Engine Block

Exhaust Valve

Exhaust Port

Connecting Rod

Rod Bearings

Next Diagram

A. Intake Valve

• O pens at the proper time to let in air and fuel. Larger than the exhaust valve.

B. Valve cover

• Protects the valves and the valve springs. Keeps dirt out and lubricating oil in.

C. Intake Port

• T he passageway in a cylinder head for the fuel and air to pass through.
• A platform containing most of the parts of the combustion chamber.
• C irculating water and antifreeze to keep the temperature regulated.

F. Engine Block

• C ast in one piece. The basis for most of the parts of the engine.
• W here the oil is collected and recirculated.

H. Oil Sump

• T he collected oil primarily for lubricating the crankshaft and rod bearing

I. Camshaft

• A round shaft with lobes, that rotates to open and close the fuel and exhaust valves.

J. Exhaust Valve

• O pens at the proper time to release the exhaust.

K. Spark Plug

• A device inserted into the combustion chamber for firing an electrical spark to ignite air-fuel mixture

L. Exhaust Port

• T he passageway in a cylinder head for the exhaust to pass through
• T he part of the engine that moves up and down in the cylinder converting the gasoline into motion

N. Connecting Rod

• L inks the piston to the crankshaft.

O. Rod Bearing

• U sed to reduce friction to the rod and crankshaft

P. Crankshaft

• C onverts the up and down motion of the piston into a turning, or rotating motion

The 4-Stroke Cycle

Compression

The Intake Stroke

• The p rocess of filling the cylinder with the proper air-fuel mixture through the intake valve.

The Compression Stroke

• Compression - T he process of compressing the air-fuel mixture in the cylinder to make it more combustible.

The Combustion Stroke

• Combustion -the process of igniting the compressed air-fuel mixture to create motion and the overall power of the engine.
• Also known as the power stroke.

The Exhaust Stroke

• T he process of releasing the exhaust out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve.
• Prepares chamber for the next charge.

Application

• Now that you understand the basics of four-stroke engines, how can you use this information in the real world?
• Lets take a quiz to see what you have learned!

Question #1

The ____ controls the amount of intake and the release of exhaust.

d. connecting rod

Question #2

The _____ Cycle is the ignition of the compressed fuel-air mixture.

b. Combustion

d. Compress ion

Question #3

The most common type of engine?

a. diesel engines

b. 2-stroke engines

c. r otary engines

d. 4-stroke engines

Question #4

What part of the engine converts up and down motion into a rotation motion?

a. crankshaft

c. valve cover

d. camshaft

Question #5

What is the name of the part listed?

a. intake valve

d. spark plug

• Sorry, that answer is incorrect. Try again.
• That is correct! Lets try the next one.
• That answer is correct!

Congratulations!

• That is the end of your quiz, and the end of your lesson on four-stroke engines.
• www.howstuffworks.com/
• � Roth, Alfred C. Small Gas Enginges:

Funamental, Service, Troubleshooting, Repair, and Application . 10th. Tinely Park, Illinois: Goodheart-Willcox Company, Inc., 2012. Print.

Back To Beginning

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Diesel and Petrol Engines

Diesel and petrol engines presentation, free google slides theme and powerpoint template.

When it comes to engines, diesel and petrol reign supreme – but how do they actually work? Well, lucky for you, there's a slick new Google Slides and PowerPoint template that will make explaining it a breeze. The striking black background with its vivid orange font immediately draws the eye, while the detailed illustrations of engines provide clarity and intrigue. Whether you're presenting to a class or a boardroom, this template is sure to impress and inform. So get ready to rev up your presentation game – it's time to explore the world of diesel and petrol engines!

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• 100% editable and easy to modify
• 35 different slides to impress your audience
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• Includes 500+ icons and Flaticon’s extension for customizing your slides
• Designed to be used in Google Slides and Microsoft PowerPoint
• 16:9 widescreen format suitable for all types of screens
• Includes information about fonts, colors, and credits of the resources used

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DIESEL ENGINE PRESENTATION

Published by Ester Medina Alvarenga Modified over 5 years ago

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233 Best Engine-Themed Templates for PowerPoint & Google Slides

With over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too" id="category_description">crystalgraphics creates templates designed to make even average presentations look incredible. below you’ll see thumbnail sized previews of the title slides of a few of our 233 best engine templates for powerpoint and google slides. the text you’ll see in in those slides is just example text. the engine-related image or video you’ll see in the background of each title slide is designed to help you set the stage for your engine-related topics and it is included with that template. in addition to the title slides, each of our templates comes with 17 additional slide layouts that you can use to create an unlimited number of presentation slides with your own added text and images. and every template is available in both widescreen and standard formats. with over 6 million presentation templates available for you to choose from, crystalgraphics is the award-winning provider of the world’s largest collection of templates for powerpoint and google slides. so, take your time and look around. you’ll like what you see whether you want 1 great template or an ongoing subscription, we've got affordable purchasing options and 24/7 download access to fit your needs. thanks to our unbeatable combination of quality, selection and unique customization options, crystalgraphics is the company you can count on for your presentation enhancement needs. just ask any of our thousands of satisfied customers from virtually every leading company around the world. they love our products. we think you will, too.

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GAS TURBINE ENGINE

Oct 02, 2014

1.18k likes | 2.15k Views

GAS TURBINE ENGINE. EXHAUST. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER 1 - CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION S/C: Location S/C: Function CHAPTER 2 - CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES CHAPTER 3 - ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION CHAPTER 4 - THRUST REVERSERS S/C: Function

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• exhaust duct
• turbine outlet
• variable area nozzles
• hot flow exhaust duct

Presentation Transcript

GAS TURBINE ENGINE EXHAUST 1 October, 2014

TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 - CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION S/C: Location S/C: Function CHAPTER 2 - CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES CHAPTER 3 - ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION CHAPTER 4 - THRUST REVERSERS S/C: Function S/C: Location S/C: Principle S/C: Turbo-propellers 1 October, 2014

Location • In a single flow turbojet, the exhaust duct is an element located within the engine behind the turbine and by which the gas stream, having undergone the engine thermodynamic cycle, is ejected • In the case of a dual-flow turbojet, the hot flow exhaust duct is positioned on the turbine outlet as on a single flow engine; the cold flow exhaust duct is located behind the fan. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Location • The stations associated with the exhaust ducts of a turbojet: • The stations associated with the exhaust ducts of a turbojet : • For a single flow turbojet: • station 4: exhaust duct inlet • station 5: exhaust duct outlet CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Location • The stations associated with the exhaust ducts of a turbojet: • For a dual flow turbojet: • Hot flow (or primary flow): Cold flow (or secondary flow): • station 5: exhaust duct inlet station  15: exhaust duct inlet • station 6: exhaust duct outlet station 18: exhaust duct outlet CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Function • The exhaust duct’s function is to convert post-turbine gas energy into kinetic energy. • This transformation is an expansion; • it is obtained by the shape (convergent in general) of the exhaust duct. • It involves an acceleration of gases. • This acceleration generates a thrust force. • It can be the main thrust of the engine (single flow engines) • or a secondary thrust known as "residual thrust" (double flow engine). CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Function CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Construction • Joining line. • It comprises an external casing. Inside, a cone (taper) isfixed by struts. • Itsroleis to channel the hot gasesleaving the turbine and to transformtheirannular flow intocircular flow. • The taper. • Itsroleis to streamline the rear face of the turbine. • It can support the rearbearing of the turbine. • Struts. • The number of strutsis variable, depending on the type of engine. • Theyconvey the gas flow in an axial direction. • Struts are hollow and can be thus used, due to fresh air circulating inside, to cool the rear face of the turbine or to pressurize the turbine bearing. • . CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Joining line CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Taper CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Construction • Struts. • The number of struts is variable, depending on the type of engine. They convey the gas flow in an axial direction. • Struts are hollow and canbethusused, due to fresh air circulatinginside, to cool the rear face of the turbine or to pressurize the turbine bearing. • Tail pipe. • It is a cylindrical conduit intended to ensure the connectionbetween the joining line and exhaustnozzle. • Note that it is optional, depending on how the engine is installed in the airframe or in the nacelle. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Construction • Nozzle. • The nozzleenables expansion of gasesleaving the turbine to obtain maximum kineticenergy. • For a givensubsonic speed of gases, the expansion nozzleis convergent in shape. • For a givensupersonic speed of gases, the nozzleis convergent-divergent in shape. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Dual flow turbojet CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Fixed area convergent nozzle : Mixed flow bi-pass turbojet CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Variable outlet section convergent nozzle : Eyelids CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Variable outlet section convergent nozzle : Device with multiple flaps CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Primary nozzle, convergent, multi-tab nozzle CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Secondary nozzle, eyelids nozzle CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Materials • Tail pipe. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Materials • Exhaust Pipe. CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES AND PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION 1 October, 2014

Introduction • An exhaust duct is composed mainly: • of a joining line, including an outer jacket and a cone, the function of which is to assure the continuity of gas flow leaving the turbine, • of a tail pipe, ensuring the connection between the joining line and the nozzle. • The tail pipe is optional. • Its installation depends on how the engine is placed in the frame. • of a nozzle of fixed or variable exhaust area, intended to expand and accelerate gases. • Nozzle architecture can vary sharply, and is classified in two groups: • fixed convergent area ducts, found on most commercial aircraft engines, • variable area ducts (convergent or convergent-divergent), found on engines equipped with exhaust reheaters (Concorde or fighter aircraft). CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Exhaust duct CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Nozzle types CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Fixed convergent area nozzle • Single flow turbojet. • On this type of turbojet the exhaust duct is single. It is composed mainly: • of an exhaust cone, including two parts: a casing and an internal cone. • The casing is directly attached to the turbine case. Its shape is convergent. • The internal cone’s function is to adapt the annular section of the flow in the turbine outlet in circular section. • The internal cone is linked to the casing by struts which rectify the flow. • of a duct. On some engines, the duct precedes a tail pipe. • The duct is a convergent channel in which the expansion of hot gases produces their acceleration. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Fixed convergent area nozzle • Dual flow turbojet. • Double flow turbojets have two ducts. Both flows may be separate: • The exhaust duct containing hot flow enables the expansion and the acceleration of the gas stream in the same way as in single flow turbojets. • This acceleration, however, represents only one small part of the turbofan’s thrust (about 20% on takeoff), and is called residual thrust. • The exhaust duct containing cold flow makes it possible to accelerate the gas stream, which is the main source of a turbofan’s thrust. It is of convergent shape and consists of two partitions. • The internal partition is the casing surrounding hot parts of the gas generator. • The external partition constitutes the rear part of the engine nacelle. It usually features a thrust reverser. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Fixed convergent area nozzle CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Fixed convergent area nozzle • Variable ejector nozzle. • Engines equipped with variable area nozzles adjust more easily to their flight envelopes (as broad as possible for fighters). • Moreover, engines using re-heaters must be equipped with such nozzles in order to compensate for the increase in mass flow rate. • Variable ejector nozzles are classified in two groups: those with a convergent section and those with a convergent – divergent section • Convergent shapes limit gas exhaust velocities to Mach 1 (in nozzle throat).. • To continue accelerating gases (assuming they still have energy) and reach supersonic exhaust velocities, convergent nozzles must be prolonged with a divergent duct. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Variable ejector nozzle CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent jet nozzles • Fixed exhaust convergent area nozzle. • Space upstream meets the conditions of pressure, temperature, and velocity in the turbine outlet. • The downstreamspacemeets conditions of pressure and temperaturecharacteristic of the atmosphere. • Pt5 = pressure turbine outlet and nozzle inlet • Tt5 = temperature turbine outlet and nozzle inlet • P 0 = atmospheric pressure • T 0 = atmospherictemperature • When pressure Pt5 is higher than P0, a flow originates in the upstream space and moves towards the downstream space. • The larger the differencebetween pressures, the greater the flow • As the nozzleis convergent, gases are accelerated by expansion. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent jet nozzles • Fixed exhaust convergent area nozzle. • If upstream pressure Pt5 continues to increase, gasesreach a maximum speed in the nozzlethroat. • This speed is equal to sonic speed (M=1). • As speed is maximum, sois the gas mass flow rate and thrust. • The relationshipbetween total pressure and static pressure in the throat, known as critical ratio Rc, takes the value : Rc 1,9. • In practice, the real ratio RrisdifferentfromRc. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent jet nozzles • Fixed exhaust convergent area nozzle. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent jet nozzles • Fixed exhaust convergent area nozzle. • Conclusion: • Every constant section nozzleisadapted to a given altitude and to a preciseturbojetengine rating. • Complete expansion isthuscarried out onlyunderwelldefined conditions. • The ideal compromise isthussoughtwhendesigning an exhaustduct for an engineintended to propel an aircraftatsubsonic speeds. CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent jet nozzles • Variable exhaust convergent area nozzle. • For the nozzle to adaptcontinuously to everyengine rating, manufacturers have developedvariousprocesses: • the bucket (or half-shell) system. • the multi-flap system. • Theyallow the adaptation to variousengine ratings. • Theyenable, indirectly, the control of turbine temperature CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Variable exhaust convergent area nozzle: The bucket system CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Variable exhaust convergent area nozzle: The multi-flap system CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent - divergent exhaust nozzle • The Mach numberbehind the turbine islowerthan 1 (M < 1). • The ductbehind the turbine always has a convergent shape. • Principle of operation • By connecting a divergent channel to the convergent nozzlafter the throat, the flow canbeaccelerated (Hugoniot’sTheorem) • If the generating pressure Pt5 is sufficient, gases circulate past the nozzle’s throat at Mach 1, and continue expanding in the divergent duct, with an increasing exhaust velocity: M > 1 CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Study of convergent - divergent exhaust nozzle • The convergent-divergent ductenablessupersonicexhaustvelocities (past the throat). • Becauseengine ratings are variable, the divergent duct must alsobe variable. • The primaryductis convergent and has a variable section • The secondaryductmay have a variable section, depending on flight conditions (convergent or divergent). CONVERGENT, DIVERGENT AND VARIABLE AREA NOZZLES 1 October, 2014

Origin of the noise • The streamwise vortices generated in a jet flow, in addition to the azimuthal (or ring type) vortices, have been found to mix fluid streams even more efficiently) • Both the azimuthal and streamwisevorticities are of equal importance to jet mixing process and they are not independent of each other. • The distortion of azimuthal vortex structure may lead to streamwise vortices under certain conditions. • The streamwise vortices in jet mixing flows can be generated by many methods. ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION 1 October, 2014

Exhaust noise ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION 1 October, 2014

Solutions • Flow mixture. • Design enabling flow mixture before their backward ejection. • Significant reduction in exhaust gas noise, and in some cases, an improvement in nacelle aerodynamics. ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION 1 October, 2014

Solutions • Lobed nozzles. • A lobed nozzle used to generate large-scale streamwise vortices in a jet flow has been considered to be a promising method for jet mixing enhancement. ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION 1 October, 2014

Turbofan Lobed Mixer Nozzle ENGINE NOISE REDUCTION 1 October, 2014

Function • Reverse the whole or part of the propelling flow in order to create an aerodynamic braking force. • This makes it possible to assist the braking of the aircraft. • They improve deceleration on slippery runway. • They reduce brake wear. THRUST REVERSERS 1 October, 2014

Location • Generally, thrust reversers are located in the rear part of a single flow turbojet and in an intermediate position in a modern dual flow turbojet. THRUST REVERSERS Single flow turbojet 1 October, 2014 Dual flow turbojet

Study of the gas stream • When analysing the formula, we realize that in order to obtain an effective opposite thrust, are required: • a high aircraft speed (i.e. as soon as possible after landing), • a re-orientation of the ejected flow as forward as possible (manufacturers limit the angle to 45° forward to avoid engine stall and runway remains ingestion). THRUST REVERSERS 1 October, 2014

Principle • Thrust reversers obey the same principle: to try and redirect the propelling flow ahead for it to hit atmospheric air head-on. • So as to avoid interferences between the air sucked by the engine and the reversed flow, the ejection angle of reversed flow is generally limited to 45°. • The unfolding of thrust reversers occurs when engine idles. • Engine rating increases only when the spreading out sequence is completed. • The resulting reversed thrust is about 40% of takeoff thrust (full power). THRUST REVERSERS 1 October, 2014

Various types • Eyelid (shell) type thrust reversers. THRUST REVERSERS 1 October, 2014

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