doctor phd certificate

Can a PhD be called Doctor? Doctoral Degree Titles

If someone holds a PhD, they are able to call themselves Doctor. The doctor title is very prestigious and often projects expertise and respect in those who decide to use it.

A person with a PhD can be called Dr. However, many people with PhD degrees choose not to use their official titles unless they are communicating in an official capacity or are working in a professional role where they use their PhD.

I reserve the use my PhD title when I am giving a talk as it provides immediate credibility whereas, I do not often use my doctor title in many other instances.

When I first got my PhD I used my doctor title a lot more than I do now. I guess, the novelty has worn off and I have decided that it is not something that defines who I am as a person and, therefore, I would only use it in an official capacity.

Should PhDs use the title “doctor” after their doctorate? 

It is a personal choice for a PhD holder to use the title of “doctor”.

In many countries, it is common practice to use the title when referring to someone with a doctoral degree.

The title of doctor holds a significant level of prestige, and it generally signifies a high level of education and expertise in a particular field. Which is why it is important to use it in an official capacity.

Those who have earned a PhD have spent many years researching, writing and defending their work and have earned the right to use the title if so desired.

The title of doctor can also be used by medical professionals, and it is important to clarify the intended meaning when using the title to avoid confusion.

The decision to use the title of doctor is a personal one that should be made with an understanding of its significance and potential implications.

Even though the original use of the doctor title was for scholars, nowadays there are several different professional qualifications that can use the doctor title.

There are many honorific doctor titles, including those found in the table below.

The use of the doctor term for many healthcare-related qualifications can cause a fair bit of confusion about what qualification the person has achieved.

If you have any doubt about what degree a person holds look at the letters after their name.

If you want to know more about the doctor title check out my other article:

• How to use the PhD title and all the little doctorate “rules”
• Is a PhD a Doctor? [The full guide]

When can a PhD student be called doctor? After their dissertation?

A PhD student can be called doctor after successfully completing all the requirements of their program, including passing their dissertation defense.

More specifically, many universities only allow you to use the doctoral title after confirmation of your degree.

The University of Adelaide says that you can use it from your conferral date:

Students can be conferred on one of five dates during the year and for PhD students the conferral date will be the first available following the completion of all the academic requirements of your degree, including final thesis lodgement and the disbursement of any outstanding financial obligations to the University.

Personally, I felt comfortable using the doctor title as soon as I receive my notification letter from the University referring to me as Dr Stapleton. It was from this moment that I started using the doctor title.

There would be nothing wrong with someone using the doctor title after they have successfully defended their PhD – it just comes down to a matter of personal preference.

The title “Doctor” can still be used informally for those who hold other doctoral degrees such as a JD (Doctor of Law) or an EdD (Doctor of Education).

A PhD student can only be referred as a “Doctor” upon the completion of their doctoral program and after receiving their degree.

Why is PhD called doctor of philosophy?

A Ph.D. is called a Doctor of Philosophy because historically, philosophy was considered the foundation of all knowledge.

The word “philosophy” itself means the love of wisdom, and the pursuit of truth through reason and logic.

In medieval Europe, philosophy encompassed all forms of intellectual inquiry, including:

• mathematics,
• and history.

As universities developed and specialized in particular disciplines, the title of Doctor of Philosophy became associated with the highest level of academic achievement in any field.

This means that a Ph.D. is not limited to the study of philosophy but refers to any individual who has demonstrated the ability to conduct original research in their chosen field and make a significant contribution to advancing knowledge.

A Ph.D. signifies not only mastery of a specific subject but also the ability to think deeply and critically about complex problems. There are now many professional doctorates that include the doctor titleIn recognition of the hard work and deep thinking required to complete.

Wrapping up

Yes, PhD holders can be called Doctor.

Once you’ve completed a PhD and been conferred by your university and institution you can officially use the Dr title before your name and the PhD tag after your name.

Many doctoral degree holders only use their academic title in official settings such as academia and official duties.

Even though I was very excited about receiving my doctor title, after a couple of years the novelty wears off and I only use my official titles in the same way that someone would want to include Mr, Mrs, or Ms.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Doctoral certificates.

• Academics & Research
• Distinctive Opportunities

Doctoral certificate programs are open to enrolled PhD students. These programs are designed to extend expertise into interdisciplinary areas and to certify training beyond the home Ph.D. discipline. They promise to advance student careers as well as promote intellectual exchange and community in these academic areas.

To pursue a certificate program, a student must have the support of the department in which they are pursuing the doctoral degree and the program offering the certificate. Certificates typically require three to five courses and sometimes require a substantial piece of written work, internship, practicum, or other project. The programs are offered at no charge to eligible doctoral students.

Successful completion of the requirements of the certificate program will be recognized on the Brown University transcript with a notation indicating the field of this advanced study. Although approved programs may be informally described as “certificates,” no separate document will be awarded by the Registrar.

Doctoral Certificate Programs

Archaeology of the ancient world.

Department/Unit:  Joukowsky Institute for Archaeology and the Ancient World Director of Certificate Program:  Andrew Scherer

Africana Studies

Department/Unit:  Department of Africana Studies Director of Certificate Program:  Francoise Hamlin

Collaborative Humanities

Department/Unit:  Cogut Institute for the Humanities Director of Certificate Program:  Amanda Anderson

Data Science

Department/Unit:  Data Science Institute  (Division of Applied Mathematics and the Departments of Biostatistics, Computer Science, and Mathematics) Directors of Certificate Program: Andras Zsom (Graduate Program Director),  Alden Bumstead (Associate Director)  

Digital Humanities  

Department/Unit: Brown University Library  Center for Digital Scholarship  and  Cogut Institute for the Humanities Director of the Certificate Program:  Ashley Champagne  and  Tara Nummedal

Early Cultures

Department/Unit:  Program in Early Cultures Director of Certificate Program:  Amy Russell

Gender and Sexuality Studies

Department/Unit: Pembroke Center Director of Certificate Program:  Denise Davis

Hispanic Studies

Department/Unit: Hispanic Studies Director of Certificate Program:  Felipe Martinez-Pinzon

Language Pedagogy and Academic Engagement

Department/Unit: Center for Language Studies Director of Certificate Program:   Jane Sokolosky  and  Jeremy Lehnen

Latin American and Caribbean Studies

Department/Unit:  Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies , Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs  Director of Certificate Program:  Neil Safier

Portuguese and Brazilian Studies

Department/Unit: Portuguese and Brazilian Studies Director of Certificate Program:  Luiz F. Valente

Science, Technology and Society

Department/Unit: Program in Science, Technology and Society Director of Certificate Program:  Lukas Rieppel

Spatial Analysis

Department/Unit: Spatial Structures in the Social Sciences (S4) Director of Certificate Program:  Kevin Mwenda

Translation Studies

Department/Unit: Comparative Literature Director of the Certificate Program:  Marc Redfield

Proposing a Program

Programs interested in proposing a certificate program are invited to read  guidelines for doctoral certificates  and to contact  William Wittels , Assistant Dean of Academic Affairs. 

• October 11, 2023
• Education Advice

Ph.D. vs. Doctorate: What are the Differences?

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For those who have a deep-seated attitude, pursuing a doctoral degree can be a tough yet beneficial journey. Currently enrolled in a doctorate program means that a person has already scooched over college admissions, went through high stake tests and exams, and finished all those research papers and long hours spent in university libraries hitting the books. While studying for a doctorate entails asserting oneself to an extensive amount of quality time and money , its significance and purpose usually pave the way to a lucrative end.

After having finished the Master’s Degree , students begin to think about their next step in their academic career. Then, paradoxically, while navigating through academia, they find themselves baffled by the immense terms and terminologies used to label specific degrees. Because the terms “Doctorate” and “Ph.D.” are somehow interlocked and overlap, and because “PhD” is sometimes used inconsistently, it can lead to considerable confusion. Ph.D. vs. Doctorate? You might wonder what their difference is, and why they are important. E xplaining what each of these terms stands for, the difference between them, and why they are valuable, can help you steer yourself down the right path from the outset.

Doctorate Degree vs. Ph.D.

At first glance, it is pretty easy to confuse these two terms. But it is important for everyone to be able to make a distinction between the two. In this article, we will discuss the difference between Ph.D. and Doctorate in detail in order to get rid of any confusion you may have. In the academic world, the terms Doctorate and Ph.D. are currently used interchangeably. Both of them are the top cap of the ladder. However, a doctorate is mostly used as an umbrella term covering many fields ranging from professional degrees, humanities, and scientific disciplines.

A Ph.D. or Doctor of Philosophy, on the other hand, is a subcategory of a doctoral degree, it is much more distinct and clear-cut and is usually narrower in nature encompassing only humanities and scientific fields. In plain English, when someone says they are enrolling on a doctoral degree, it means they are doing a Ph.D. in a specific field. So, technically, in common parlance, there is no difference between the two terms.

But at the other end of the spectrum, one should be careful not to confuse a professional doctoral degree with a Ph.D. The former is more practical and is designed to prepare students to apply existing knowledge to find solutions to real-life problems and has a direct application to a particular profession.

A Ph.D. is theoretical by nature and is more academic and research-focused. it is often fixed on disseminating knowledge by conducting authentic research which means reviewing and identifying gaps in current literature and evaluating the relevance of existing and emerging theories within a particular field.

What Is a Ph.D. Degree and Why Should You Go for It?

Students who acquire a Ph.D. are justly proud — they wear it as a badge of identity in the academic elite. Traditionally, a Ph.D. was associated with teaching, which from Latin licentia docendi meant “license to teach”. However, the concept of Ph.D. has been on shifting sands nowadays and has become a more general term that isn’t necessarily confined to teaching only.

The Value of a PhD

Obtaining a Ph.D. helps you capitalize on the emerging academic opportunities making you more easily identifiable to employers or businesses seeking to fill professional, higher-level job positions. Many of these career options, conversely, are not available to those who do not belong to the Ph.D. club. While pursuing a Ph.D. requires devoting a tremendous effort and time and making significant personal sacrifices pushing the boundaries of knowledge, it’s all in service of the area of study you’re most passionate and zealous about. Ultimately, once you’ve attained your Ph.D., you will have achieved the pinnacle of education— something not too many people have or are able to accomplish.

FREE RESOURCE

A Guide to Choosing and Applying to Ph.D. Programs

Learn everything you need to know about selecting and applying to Ph.D. programs. Learn tips and tricks for a successful application and find your ideal program today!

What Is a Doctorate Degree?

A doctoral or doctorate degree is usually the most advanced degree one can earn in an academic discipline. Many pursue a doctorate degree to increase their professional credibility, be acknowledged as an expert in a specific field, and improve their resume.

A doctorate degree is a graduate-level credential that is usually earned after multiple years of graduate school. Earning a doctoral degree requires a significant level of research and work. In order to get this degree, one has to research a subject thoroughly, conduct new research and analysis, and provide a solution or interpretation into the field. But what types of doctoral degrees are available?

Types of Doctorate Degrees

There are two categories of doctorate degrees: an academic degree and a professional doctorate degree. An academic degree focuses on research, data analysis, and the evaluation of theory. A professional doctorate degree, on the other hand, is considered a terminal degree, which means that one has achieved the most advanced degree in the field. This degree is specifically designed for working professionals who want to grow in their careers.

Professional Doctorate Degrees

A professional doctorate is designed for working professionals who have experience in the field and want to increase their knowledge, improve their credibility, and advance their careers. This degree focuses on applying research to practical issues, coming up with interpretation and solutions, as well as designing effective professional practices within a particular field.

Professional doctoral degrees include:

Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)

The DBA degree is ideal for students who already have a general business background and are interested in delving deeper into the practical and theoretical aspects that underpin business education. More to the point, in DBA you will develop the ability to solve real-life problems, discover the relevant expertise to innovate and uphold complex business issues and so much more. Upon completion, DBA students will possess enhanced leadership and strategic skills as well as the tools to propel their careers in today’s marketplace. The Business Administration industry is keen on finding such graduates with business skills and this is indicated by the immense job positions currently available.

Doctor of Education (Ed.D.)

If you are interested in setting your eyes on creating lifelong learning among your students, making a positive influence in educational culture, contributing to the growing body of research in the education realm , or just enhancing your subject matter expertise, the Doctor of Education program ticks all the boxes. This degree maintains a rigorous approach in academic education that prepares graduates to showcase the skills and expertise to devise solutions in tackling the challenges in contemporary education practice and become transformational leaders in the industry.

Doctor of Computer Science (DCS)

The demand for computer scientists has reached its peak and it is among the most sought-after positions nowadays. With a degree in DCS, you will have the opportunity to design, apply innovative experiments, predict trends and, ultimately, develop a richer understanding and contribute to your area of expertise. After all, who doesn’t want an exciting and financially stable career?

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Doctor of Medicine (M.D.)

The Doctor of Medicine degree is designed to prepare you for various medical challenges in different settings nationally and internationally. This program will further develop your critical thinking and clinical reasoning skills required for safe, high-quality medical practices. It will also improve your leadership, communication, and teamwork skills for collaborative patient care.

Doctor of Optometry (O.D.)

This professional degree typically requires four years of study. It focuses on basic biological sciences such as anatomy and physiology, microbiology, neuroanatomy, and so on. This doctoral degree will prepare, educate, and train professionals to practice at the highest level of proficiency, professionalism, and integrity.

Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

The Doctoral of Psychology degree concentrates on the clinical and applied aspects of psychology. This type of doctorate prepares students for professional practice and clinical placement. This degree will be highly beneficial when working directly with patients who need psychology services. In addition, this degree allows doctors of psychology to confidently function as researchers and clinicians.

How to Choose a Ph.D. Program?

Choosing a Ph.D. program can be pretty challenging; it is a big academic decision and investment that requires commitment and perseverance. But how can you pick the right Ph.D. program for you? Well, there are some tips to help you choose the best fit for your goals and preferences:

• Think about the reasons why you want a Ph.D., what you expect to gain from it, and whether it is compatible with your professional goals.
• Consider your research environment.
• Take your time to research, compare, and consider multiple opportunities carefully.
• Pick a subject that interests and motivates you but is also practical.
• Ask your professors and other scholars in the field for advice.

All in all, the terms “Doctorate’’ and “Ph.D.” are in essence the same, which means all Ph.D. students are Doctoral students as well. On the other hand, earning a Ph.D. degree is no joke. If anything, Ph.D. students have the tenacity, patience, persistence, and years of hard work that you can vouch for. Ultimately, deciding what type of doctoral degree you should hop on, depends on your career goals, what you are passionate about and how you are going to achieve it.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between a doctorate and a ph.d..

In academic contexts, the terms “Doctorate” and “Ph.D.” are often used interchangeably, but there is a distinction. A Doctorate is an umbrella term covering a wide range of fields, including professional degrees, humanities, and scientific disciplines. A Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy, is a specific type of doctoral degree, typically focused on research and academic pursuits in the humanities and scientific fields.

Why should I pursue a Ph.D.?

Pursuing a Ph.D. can be a valuable endeavor, as it opens up academic and research opportunities, enhances your expertise in a specific field, and makes you more attractive to employers seeking candidates for high-level positions. It’s a chance to push the boundaries of knowledge and become an expert in your chosen study area.

What are the benefits of a professional doctorate?

Professional doctorate degrees, such as Doctor of Business Administration (DBA) or Doctor of Education (Ed.D.), are designed for working professionals who want to apply research to practical issues in their field. These degrees can enhance your career prospects, leadership skills, and problem-solving abilities within your profession.

How do I choose the right Ph.D. program?

To choose the right Ph.D. program, consider your career goals, research environment, and personal interests. Take your time to research and compare programs, seek advice from professors and experts in your field, and ensure that the program aligns with your professional aspirations.

What are the main differences between academic and professional doctorate degrees?

Academic doctorate degrees focus on research, theory evaluation, and data analysis, often leading to careers in academia or research. Professional doctorate degrees are more practical, designed for working professionals, and concentrate on applying research to real-world problems within a specific field.

Can I earn a Ph.D. in any field?

Ph.D. programs are available in various fields, including humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, engineering, and more. However, the specific availability of Ph.D. programs may vary by field and university.

Is a Ph.D. a challenging journey?

Yes, pursuing a Ph.D. can be a challenging journey that requires dedication, patience, and years of hard work. It involves conducting original research, writing a dissertation, and often teaching or assisting in courses. It’s a significant commitment, but it can be highly rewarding.

What are the potential career opportunities after earning a Ph.D.?

With a Ph.D., you can pursue careers in academia as a professor or researcher, work in research and development roles in various industries, or take on leadership positions in organizations. The specific career path will depend on your field of study and personal interests.

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How to Correctly Use the Titles Dr. & PhD With a Name

How to Reference a Person With a PhD

When someone has earned a Doctor of Philosophy, or Ph.D., degree, that person is subsequently referred to as “doctor” in formal speech. The same is true of a person who is a medical doctor, psychologist, dentist or veterinarian. In formal speech, that person should be referred to as “doctor.” However, the rules are different in written form when addressing someone who is called “doctor” in formal speech. In written form, the titles “Dr.” and “Ph.D.” are not interchangeable.

Determine the Type of Doctor

First, you should identify what type of doctor you are addressing. Doctors of medicine and psychology, doctors of dentistry and doctors of veterinary medicine must be addressed differently in comparison to academic doctors who have earned a Doctor of Philosophy doctoral degree. Be advised that there are different types of doctoral degrees. A Doctor of Philosophy degree is just one kind of doctoral degree. There’s also, for example, a Doctor of Education doctoral degree and a Doctor of Psychology doctoral degree. The titles associated with the various doctoral degrees are not interchangeable. Only a person who has earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree should be addressed as Ph.D.

Addressing a Doctor in Writing

Place the title of “Dr.” before the name of a person who is a doctor of medicine or psychology, doctor of dentistry, or doctor of veterinary medicine. For example Dr. George Ross. Always write the word “doctor” in its abbreviated form when it goes before the person’s name. Never write, for example, Doctor George Ross. Do not combine the title of “Dr.” with any other title even if the person could appropriately be addressed by a different title. Never write, for example, “Dr. George Ross, Ph.D.,” even if the person is a medical doctor who has also earned a Doctor of Philosophy degree. Pick one title. Do not use the “Dr.” title when referring to someone who is solely an academic doctor.

Put a comma followed by the title “Ph.D.” after the name of a person who has earned a Doctor of Philosophy doctoral degree. For example Stacey Childs, Ph.D. Do not combine the title of “Ph.D.” with any other title even if the person could appropriately be addressed by a different title. For instance, even if the person being addressed is a doctor of medicine who has also earned a Ph.D., never write, for example, Dr. Stacey Childs, Ph.D. Pick one title. Do not use the “Ph.D.” title when referring to someone who not earned a Doctor of Philosophy doctoral degree.

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• The Emily Post Institute: What are some professional titles to know?

Maya Austen began freelance writing in 2009. She has written for many online publications on a wide variety of topics ranging from physical fitness to amateur astronomy. She's also an author and e-book publisher. Austen has a Bachelor of Arts in communications from the New England Institute of Art and currently lives in Boston, Mass.

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Doctorate Degree: What Is a Doctorate or Doctoral Degree?

Maybe you recently completed a master’s degree program and want to take your education — and your earning potential — to a higher level. Maybe you’re a high school senior who’s planning on a future career that requires you to hold a doctorate degree, such as becoming a psychiatrist or surgeon. Or, maybe you’re currently working toward your master’s or bachelor’s degree, and you want to know more about whether continuing your education is worthwhile.

Whichever stage you’ve reached in your academic or professional career, this guide will help answer the crucial question: What is a doctorate or doctoral degree, and is earning one the right choice for you? It covers all of your FAQs about doctorate degree programs, including answers to questions like:

• Is a doctorate degree the same as a PhD?
• Are there different kinds of doctorate degrees?
• What are the stages of earning your doctoral degree?
• How much does a doctorate degree increase your earning potential?

If you’ve ever wondered about the answers to any of these questions, read on to discover the basics about doctoral degrees and PhD programs.

What is a Doctorate Degree?

A doctorate degree — also called a doctoral degree — is the most rigorous and advanced type of degree that a student can earn in any field of study. Regardless of which academic area is being studied, successful completion of a doctorate program demands years of intensive research — and the ability to contribute meaningful new data, solutions, theories, or analyses to the field. Professionals who obtain doctorate degrees have extensive experience and are regarded as authorities in their specialty areas. They are frequently sought after for consulting, management, or research positions in a variety of industries. By earning a doctorate degree, you can greatly enhance the power of your resume — and with it, your earning potential.

For more details on that subject, skip ahead to the section about average salaries for students who obtain doctorate degrees. Or, continue reading for the answer to one of our most frequently asked questions: is a doctorate degree the same as a PhD?

Doctorate vs. PhD Degrees

What’s the difference between a doctoral degree and a PhD? Put simply, a PhD or Doctor of Philosophy is a doctorate degree — but only one of several varieties. Read on to learn more about the major categories of doctoral degrees and some important ways in which they differ from one another.

Types of Doctoral Degrees

You already know that there are different types of graduate and undergraduate degrees, such as a Bachelor of Arts (BA) versus a Bachelor of Science (BS), or a Master of Business Administration (MBA) versus a Master of Public Administration (MPA). A similar idea applies to doctoral degrees, which are also divided into several categories. Namely, there are two different types of doctorate degrees that students should be aware of:

• Professional doctorate degrees
• Doctor of Philosophy degrees

The sections below will compare and contrast the important differences between these two-degree types.

Professional Doctorate Degrees

Professional doctoral degrees are also referred to as terminal or applied doctoral degrees. In contrast to PhD degrees, which the following section discusses in further detail, professional degrees place more of an emphasis on real-world problem-solving and the practical application of knowledge, as opposed to exploring new advancements or ideas in research and analysis.

Professional degrees are essential for those who wish to pursue certain career paths. For example, in addition to meeting other academic and professional criteria like passing the bar exam, you will need to obtain a Juris Doctor (JD) degree if your goal is to become an attorney. In addition to the JD for lawyers, here are four additional examples of professional or applied doctorate degrees:

• Doctor of Business Administration (DBA)
• Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD)
• Doctor of Social Work (DSW)

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) Degrees

This category includes the Doctor of Philosophy or PhD degree, which is applicable to various fields, such as holding a PhD in economics or psychology. However, it also includes various degrees whose titles and abbreviations may sound less familiar. For instance, did you know that a Doctor of Arts is actually a type of PhD, despite being called a DA? Here are four other examples of PhD degrees:

• Doctor of Public Health (DPH)
• Doctor in Organizational Innovation (EdD)
• Doctor of Theology (ThD)
• Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)

In contrast to a professional degree, such as a JD or DPH degree, a PhD is intensely research-oriented with a strong focus on presenting new knowledge or theories via the student’s dissertation. This is also the reason why PhD programs which have nothing to do with “philosophy” in the conventional sense are described using this term.

Steps To Obtain a Doctorate

Depending on factors like the format and pace of the program, it may require anywhere from three to eight years to obtain a doctorate degree, as the section below discusses in further detail. So what will you actually be doing as a student throughout that time?

To make your academic journey manageable and help ensure you remain focused on your goals, it’s important to have a clear road map to success. When comparing programs, it’s helpful to have an understanding of the four basic stages to earning your doctorate degree:

• Complete undergraduate and graduate degree programs to gain the prerequisite knowledge, training, skills, and qualifications you will need to enter your chosen doctoral program.
• Research and compare different options in detail, then apply to a doctorate program that’s aligned with your professional goals.
• Complete all of your coursework requirements.
• Complete an original dissertation on your chosen topic of research.

Read on to learn more about these key steps to earning a doctorate degree — and what will be required of you at each checkpoint. Or, if you’re ready to apply now, get in touch with our friendly team of enrollment counselors to learn more about the coursework and criteria for your program.

Step 1: Complete Your Undergraduate and Master’s Degree

Doctorate programs, which are growing more sought-after by students and employers alike, have rigorous and competitive application requirements. In addition to meeting other criteria which vary by institution and major, students will also generally need to possess a graduate or undergraduate degree, such as a bachelor’s degree, from an accredited college or university.

If you’re at the beginning of your academic journey and are applying to undergraduate programs, you should strongly consider selecting a program that is directly relevant to the master’s and/or doctorate program you intend to eventually enroll in — for example, mapping out a career in healthcare that begins with your Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) and culminates with a doctorate, like your Doctor of Clinical Psychology (PsyD). However, it’s also possible to change careers if you’ve already completed your undergraduate degree.

With online classes and accelerated coursework, plus the option to transfer credits, National University provides the framework for you to launch or advance a rewarding career — no matter which stage of your journey you’ve reached. Explore our accredited master’s degree programs and bachelor’s degree programs for graduate and undergraduate students.

Step 2: Apply to Doctorate Programs

A doctorate program is a major investment in terms of the time, effort, and dedication required to reach your goals. It’s important to select a program that is not only reputable and accredited, but also, one that provides the support and flexibility you need in terms of scholarships and financial aid options ; is designed to help you complete your degree at an accelerated pace; features resources for U.S. military service members and Veterans, which you can learn more about here; and offers the option to complete portions of your doctorate coursework online.

National University offers three WASC-accredited doctoral programs in the fields of healthcare, psychology, and education, which you can read more about below. For additional information, contact our admissions office online or explore the following program pages.

• Doctor of Clinical Psychology Program (PsyD) — Students in our PsyD program complete a total of 180 program units covering coursework like Group Dynamics, Informed Treatment Planning, and Psychopharmacology. The PsyD program at National University is comprised of Ethnographic Placement, Beginning Practicum, Advanced Practicum, and Predoctoral Internship components culminating in a dissertation, and is designed to prepare students for roles as consultants, clinicians, evaluators, program administrators, and more.
• Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice (DNAP) — The Doctor of Nurse Anesthesia Practice, or DNAP degree, is a fast-paced, three-year hybrid program that integrates online coursework with a 15-month didactic residency at NU’s Fresno campus. The DNAP degree program at National University prepares students for challenging roles in anesthesia care delivery via coursework like Anesthesia Pharmacology, Principles of Anesthesia, and Anesthesia Physiology, along with clinical rotations and a capstone project.
• Ed.D. in Organizational Innovation — Organizational innovation is an exciting academic field that looks at how to design and implement visionary solutions to a variety of challenges facing businesses, government entities, and other organizations. Coursework includes Innovation Theories and Application, Knowledge Management for Innovation, and Emerging Issues and Trends, concluding with a culminating project.

Step 3: Complete Program Coursework

In a doctoral degree program, students will typically complete a blend of core or required courses, seminars, practicums, labs, and electives, ultimately culminating in a dissertation or capstone project. Of course, as with any bachelor’s or master’s degree program, the specific nature and focus of your coursework is dependent on your area of study. For example, students in the Ed.D. program at National University complete mandatory courses in innovation theory and methods of inquiry, whereas students in our PsyD program are required to complete courses in subjects such as psychopathology, clinical theory, and multicultural awareness.

Whether it consists primarily of online or in-person study, you can expect your doctorate coursework to be rigorous. By this stage of your academic career, you’ll have completed your basic education and training and moved onto more challenging and scholarly areas of research, tackling complex real-world problems and presenting innovative, potentially even experimental solutions.

Step 4: Complete Your Dissertation

Most doctorate programs culminate in a major research project known as a dissertation, in which the student contributes to the scholarly body of work in their field by presenting their own original theories, research, or data analysis, or by building meaningfully upon the work of previous scholars and researchers. A dissertation usually takes the form of a written paper ranging anywhere in length from 100 to 300 pages, depending on the volume of data and complexity of the subject matter.

How Long Does it Take to Earn a Doctorate?

The time it takes to finish a doctorate program and earn your degree varies. However, most doctorate programs require anywhere from three to eight years to complete. The exact length of time depends on factors like the structure of your degree program; whether or not you decide to work and/or take time off between any of your courses; whether you attend your program on a full-time or part-time basis; the amount of time it takes you to finish researching, writing, and editing your dissertation; and, of course, which degree you’re pursuing.

At National University, our flexibly scheduled yet aggressively paced programs enable students to complete their education sooner — and advance along their chosen career paths faster. For example, our PsyD program may be completed in five years, while our Ed.D. and DNAP programs may be completed in as little as just three years, including options to complete portions of the program online while also integrating hands-on experience like the residency component of our accredited DNAP degree.

Demand for Doctoral Degrees

The demand for doctoral degrees continues to grow as industries seek highly specialized knowledge and advanced research skills. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), employment in doctoral and professional-level occupations is projected to grow by about 13% from 2016 to 2026, which is faster than the average growth rate for all occupations​. This increasing demand is particularly evident in fields such as healthcare, education, and technology, where the expertise and innovation brought by doctoral graduates are highly valued.

Salary Expectations for a Doctorate Degree

Pursuing a doctorate degree will expose you to new challenges and place you on the cutting edge of exciting new research in your field — and from a financial perspective, your degree will also help you to qualify for higher paid, more specialized positions. A doctorate degree or other advanced degree can also help you stand out favorably from other job applicants. So just how much can you expect to earn with a doctoral degree, depending on your chosen field and career?

According to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), holding a doctoral degree is correlated with increased earnings, as you can see in the following table . For example, the BLS reports that holders of doctorate degrees earned median weekly pay of approximately $1,900, compared to that of master’s degree holders (about $1,570) or the holders of bachelor’s and associate’s degrees (about $1,330 and $960, respectively). While pursuing a doctorate degree requires an investment in your education, it also offers a worthwhile return in the form of enhanced lifelong earning power — especially if you are able to qualify for scholarships and/or financial aid.

Who Is a Good Fit for a Doctoral Program?

Doctoral programs are ideal for individuals with a passion for deep research and a commitment to advancing knowledge in their field. “At NU, our Doctoral programs are specifically designed to accommodate non-traditional working students with many different competing responsibilities, from individuals being employed full-time and raising children to military service members serving across the globe… thus, our flexible online approach to learning combined with individualized mentoring from our faculty truly supports these busy and demanding schedules, assisting our students to realize their dream of earning a doctorate, and going on to do great things for themselves, their families, and for others in their communities,” says Andy Riggle, Associate Vice President, O ffice of Graduate Studies .

Ready to Take the Next Step in Your Career?

A doctorate degree enhances your marketability when applying for a wide range of jobs, qualifying you for complex managerial and leadership roles in fields ranging from medicine to psychology to engineering to law. Challenge yourself and elevate your career by taking the first steps toward a doctoral degree today. Contact our admissions office to learn more about the doctorate programs we offer and how they are accredited, or apply online today.

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Applied Doctorate vs. Ph.D.: What are the Differences?

Making a choice between two similar but different things can be a challenge.

Oh, sure, some things don’t fall under the “do-or-die” category of decision making. With some things, there simply is no wrong choice.

Take a sports car versus an SUV, for example. Either is a great choice, depending on your budget, your lifestyle and your personal preferences.

What about an angus beef burger versus a textured soy protein patty? When it comes to radically opposing food choices, there’s usually a clear-cut winner.

Yet what about the more important things in life … like your career, your future and your doctoral education?

You already know the drill when it comes to deciding if a Ph.D. or doctorate is right for you:

• Investigate each type of degree program.
• Make a list of personal and professional pros and cons for each type of degree.
• Seek the wise counsel of colleagues, academic advisors and professional mentors.
• Make a confident decision about which degree is right for.

But first, let’s define the Ph.D. and the professional doctorate and then look at how they’re different from one another.

What is a Ph.D.?

A Ph.D., or Doctor of Philosophy, is a high-level degree earned after a period of three or more years of graduate-level study, culminating in the creation, submission, presentation and defense of a research dissertation.

The Ph.D. can be awarded in a wide variety of fields, including the sciences, engineering and humanities. The term “philosophy,” according to Wikipedia, “does not refer solely to the field or academic disciple of philosophy, but is used in a broader sense in accordance with its original Greek meaning, which is ‘love of wisdom.’”

For some professions, such as university professor or researcher, the Ph.D. is pretty much de rigueur. Most Ph.D.s are earned as a means of contributing original research findings to an academic community, field of study or professional discipline.

Earning a doctorate is challenging and rewarding, but do you know what to really expect? Download this free guide for tips and insights to help you prepare for success.  

What is an applied professional doctorate.

This doctorate is an advanced, high-level degree, too, earned after a period of three or more years of graduate-level study across a wide variety of disciplines. Like the Ph.D. it, too, culminates in the creation, submission, presentation and defense of a research dissertation or similar type of comprehensive final project.

The professional doctorate is also a research-based degree, only it emphasizes looking at existing bodies of knowledge and raising questions for the purposes of solving a problem and applying theories to a real-world setting.

Applied doctorate degrees first became well established in the United Kingdom and Australia and were initially offered in the United States by for-profit colleges and universities. Employer demand for higher skill levels and actionable problem-solving, however, opened up new programs at accredited non-profit institutions.

Different than a theoretical, Ph.D. degree, the professional doctorate is often the best terminal degree for the working professional who’s driven to lead and innovate.

Applied doctoral degree programs offer the opportunity to earn a practical degree that enables both subject mastery and field application.

What is the difference between the Ph.D. and doctorate?

It’s often assumed that a Ph.D. is a teaching-only degree while a professional doctorate is for the corporate player. The truth is, either degree can be valued in an academic or professional setting, depending on the type of institution or organization. Furthermore, either degree could be right for you.

Dr. Christopher Washington, Franklin University’s provost and chief academic officer explains the fundamental difference between the Ph.D. and the applied professional doctorate degree this way:

“With a Ph.D., you generate new theory. With the professional doctorate, you start from a place of practice and what’s going on in the world. You look at existing bodies of knowledge to see what theories have been created. Then you raise questions to determine how to design experiences that test theory to practice. In cultivating these types of practitioner-oriented scholars, there’s potential for a stronger and better relationship between the scholar and the community he or she serves. Such a connection helps us convene people to tackle the hard questions.”

Here we offer a side-by-side comparison of the Ph.D. and the professional doctorate to further demonstrate the differences (and similarities):

As you can see, the differences between the Ph.D. and the applied doctorate are few – and many – most of which are directly related to how earning the degree will impact your career.

Here are a few questions to ask yourself before deciding which degree is right for you :

• Do you want to conduct research or analyze and apply it?
• Do you want to work in an academic or professional setting?
• Do you want to identify problems or lead solutions to them?

Explains Dr. Washington, “If you want to generate new theory and conduct pure science within the pursuit of an academic life, then the Ph.D. is probably more in line with what you’ll need. If, however, you want to advance knowledge within a complex, global practice context while challenging yourself professionally, consider the applied doctorate degree.”

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Why there is "Dr." before name of PhD degree holder?

Is it right practice to place "Dr." before name of PhD degree holder? What is reason for placing such "Doctor" label before name?

• 22 Perhaps because the holder of a PhD is a Doctor of Ph ilosophy $-) –  LLlAMnYP Commented May 12, 2016 at 16:35
• 1 en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy –  BartoszKP Commented May 12, 2016 at 16:39
• 3 As a matter of etiquette, usually Dr. is used only in the relevant professional context. In a social context, only medical doctors are called Dr. Even in a professional context, IMO people who insist on being addressed as Dr. come off as pompous. –  user1482 Commented May 12, 2016 at 20:43
• 19 @BenCrowell That is USA etiquette, but far from universal. –  Patricia Shanahan Commented May 13, 2016 at 0:19

5 Answers 5

"Doctor" is from the Latin meaning "teacher" (much like "doctrine," or much as "docent" for either similar positions overseas or the post of museum guide domestically), the premise being that those skilled in actual medicine (and not the guesswork that had prevailed for the millennia before) were now considered expert enough to guide or instruct others. It had actually been used for non-medical fields for centuries earlier. The twist, of course, is that we now use the title in a "social context" only for those in the Johnny-come-lately field of medicine, perhaps because of the obvious embarrassment that might arise when someone styling themselves "Doctor" is rushed to a trauma scene at a party and asked to save someone's life; the need to distinguish those individuals possessing such skills has trumped the prestige factor for all those in other worthy disciplines. As someone who pursued both for a time, I can say: my job is important, even critical, but it ain't lifesaving.

• 12 The limitation of the title to medical doctors in a social contexts is a matter of local custom. I was taught, as a young child, in England that when writing to my grandparents I should address the envelope to "Dr. and Mrs. E. W. Shanahan". My grandfather was a geographer, not a medical doctor. –  Patricia Shanahan Commented May 12, 2016 at 21:41
• 2 And of course, one must not forget the good Dr. and Mrs. Vandertramp.... –  thebishopofcalc Commented May 13, 2016 at 0:09
• My dad earned his PhD in history ~1959 and is quick to point out that when most people refer to doctors, they are actually talking about physicians (although, obviously, they hope are medical doctors). The terms we use to call each other change over time. –  adin Commented Jul 8, 2019 at 14:53

Yes, this is the right practice.

A PhD degree is a "Doctor of Philosophy", and the appropriate formal title for that is "Doctor". That there are other professions that can be called "Doctor", for example holders of an MD degree, is simply because there are multiple fields one could be a Doctor of.

• I should be added that they are called Doctor because they have a Doctorate. In this case philosphy and that medical doctors also have a doctorate - MD is Medical Doctorate. –  Ian Sudbery Commented Oct 22, 2018 at 10:03
• 2 @IanSudbery That's specific to the US (and I would presume, some other countries). In the UK, and many other countries, doctors "only" receive a bachelor's degree. They are still referred to as Dr (unless they're a surgeon, but that's another matter). –  MJeffryes Commented Oct 22, 2018 at 17:30

Not in Austria. In Austria, Dr. is an official part of the name of a person who has a doctorate degree (or has undergone "Nostrifikation", which means that a degree is formally certified to be equivalents of a Dr.) For the most part, "Dr." degrees have been phased out after the Bologna process.

Post-Bologna doctoral studies usually award a PhD, which, as an academic degree, is also oficially part of the name.

So roughly speaking, if you finished (more or less) the same course of studies in pre-Bologna days, you're Dr. IgotiT, whereas if you finished it in post-Bologna days, you're IgotiT, PhD.

The degrees may well be equivalent as far as their academic value is concerned, but nevertheless, you cannot use them interchangably.

Carrying an academic degree that you're not legally entitled to is punishable by up to one year of jail, although I find it unlikely that anyone is actually going to convict you for using "Dr", when in fact you're a "PhD". Don't count on it though, I am not a lawyer.

The term, "Doctor", has been used to describe accomplished scholars as early as the 1300s. It's derived from the latin verb, "docere", which means, to teach. Historically I think that's the inevitable conclusion of any sort of learning journey--the drive to share that accumulated knowledge with others. The title of Doctor is a means to socially honor those that have dedicated years to learning. The point is to recognize them as subject matter experts, regardless of what they choose to do with that attained knowledge.

In recent centuries, we developed a convention to call physicians "Doctors". They may or may not treat patients. They may or may not hold a PhD. They may or may not teach. None of that is the point. The point is to demonstrate that a physician is learned enough to be trusted and respected in their field of study--medicine. This is uniquely important considering that lives are on the line, but the reasoning is the same as those with a Doctorate degree. I suppose they wanted to make it very clear to the public that medical doctors are experts, even though many don't hold a mainstream post-graduate degree. Other, non-medical disciplines may be incredibly complex in their own right, but they don't require the same level of public faith.

So, in a way, medical providers being called Doctors is a deceptively clever marketing device used to safeguard the health of countless millions of lives.

...and regardless of the formalities and technicalities of any country's academic taxonomy, it just boils down to the title's original purpose, to honor learning.

Only Ph.D’s must be refered as to Doctors because they hold doctoral degrees and they “teach”. The word Doctor means “teacher or I teach”. Physicians should be only called “Physicians” because they hold only Bachelors degrees in medicine. In the USA, they took the Bachelors in medicine and surgery program and divided into two programs only to be addressed as to doctors. Physicians are only treating people not teaching people.

• In my country medical students get a doctorate, but it is quite widely known that a medical doctor is "less worth" than a "real PhD" from a multiple-year research program. –  Oleg Lobachev Commented Oct 22, 2018 at 11:56
• 8 I have a doctoral degree but I don't teach. Your argument is invalid. –  user68958 Commented Oct 22, 2018 at 12:04

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The degree of Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) is the University's principal research degree for graduate students and is available in all faculties and departments.

A Cambridge PhD is intellectually demanding and you will need to have a high level of attainment and motivation to pursue this programme of advanced study and research.

In most faculties, a candidate is expected to have completed one year of postgraduate study, normally on a research preparation master's course, prior to starting a PhD.

Completion normally requires three or four years of full-time study, or at least five years of part-time study, including a probationary period.

Terms of research are normally consecutive and, for full-time students, require residency in Cambridge. Not all departments offer part-time research degrees.

Various routes to the PhD are possible and, if you are made an offer of admission, it will be made clear whether you are required to study for a master's degree or certificate in the first instance, or will be admitted directly to the probationary year for the PhD. You are registered for the PhD only after a satisfactory progress assessment at the end of the probationary year (five terms for part-time degrees). The assessment is designed also to focus your mind on the stages necessary for the completion of your research within the normal time limit and to address any structural problems that have arisen during the first year. Students must pass the first year assessment in order to continue their PhD study.

During your PhD, your effort will be focused on writing a dissertation. The word count of the dissertation is dependent on the department and the Student Registry or Educational Student Policy will be able to tell you the maximum word limit. This must represent a significant contribution to learning, for example through the discovery of new knowledge, the connection of previously unrelated facts, the development of a new theory, or the revision of older views, and must take account of previously published work on the subject. Some Cambridge dissertations go on to form the basis of significant publications.

Although you will spend long hours working independently, your department and College will both support you throughout your PhD. You are also able to attend regular seminars in your subject area and could be involved in teaching, perhaps giving seminars or supervising, or in the social life of your department and College.

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Doctoral Degree Programs

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Doctoral study at Harvard means full immersion in one of the world's most dynamic and influential intellectual communities. At the Harvard Graduate School of Education, two distinct doctoral programs leverage the extraordinary interdisciplinary strengths of the entire University. The Doctor of Education Leadership (Ed.L.D.) prepares experienced educators for system-level leadership roles in school districts, nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and beyond; and the Doctor of Philosophy in Education (Ph.D.)  empowers cutting-edge interdisciplinary research informed by the cognitive sciences, economics, medicine, the humanities, and more.

Doctor of Education Leadership (Ed.L.D.)

The Doctor of Education Leadership (Ed.L.D) is a three-year, practice-based program designed to produce system-level leaders in American pre-K-12 education. The Ed.L.D. curriculum mines the vast intellectual and professional resources of HGSE, the Harvard Business School , and the Harvard Kennedy School , and includes a 10-month residency in the third year.

Doctor of Philosophy in Education (Ph.D.)

The Doctor of Philosophy in Education (Ph.D.) , offered jointly with the Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences , provides unrestricted access to faculty and resources at all Harvard graduate and professional schools. This five-year Ph.D. is ideal for conducting groundbreaking interdisciplinary research that directly informs and impacts education practice and policy.

How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name

—- For more on the the use of Port-Nominal Abbreviations , see that page . —- For more on use of an Honorary Doctorate , see that page . How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name

Here are the forms to use when addressing a person addressed as Dr. See the discussion below “How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name 1-2-3-4-5” for more information on who typically does use Dr. as part of their name and who does not.

—- Envelope or address block on letter or email to their office/place of work: ——– (Full Name), (Post-nominal abbreviation for doctorate held). ——– ( Name of office/place of work if  appropriate) ——– (Address)

—- Social/Personal envelope: ——– Dr. (Full Name) ——– (Address)

—- Salutation – for both official & social: ——– Dear Dr. (Surname):  How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name

Robert Hickey author of “Honor & Respect”

How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name: 1-2-3-4-5

—- #1) Holders of doctorates who work in academia or research institutions are addressed as ‘Dr. (Name)’ professionally and socially in a salutation or conversation. Thus, a Ph.D. professor at a college, a Ph.D. in biology doing scientific research, and a Ph.D. principal at an elementary school all use Dr. (Name) and everybody thinks it is normal.

—- NOTE: At some universities it is traditional to address faculty holding of academic doctorates as ‘Mr. (Name)’ or ‘Professor (Name)’ and not to address as ‘Dr. (Name)’. For those outside the academic community it is acceptable to follow the insider’s rule or to address holders of doctorates as ‘Dr. (Name)’ in writing or oral address.

—- #2) Protestant clergy with doctorates are addressed as ‘Dr. (Name)’ in a salutation or conversation. I specify ‘Protestant’ here because not all clergy is. For example, neither priests – addressed in a salutation or conversation as Father [Name] – nor rabbis – addressed as Rabbi [Name] –  holding doctorates are ever addressed as Dr. [Name] . In a salutation or conversation they stick with Father[Name] and Rabbi [Name].

—- #3) Holders of doctorates who work outside academia or research don’t always prefer to be addressed as ‘Dr. (Name)’. in a salutation or conversation. —- —- A) In the USA ‘Dr.’ may be used depending on the work environment and/or when the degree isn’t pertinent to the conversation. E.g., a Ph.D. in finance working at a bank or a Ph.D. in American history working in software development are not likely to insist on being addressed as ‘ Dr. (Name)’ . But always ask for their preference. Use of, or omitting, the honorific can be a sensitive issue to some individuals! —- —- B) And, outside the U.S.A. everyone holding a doctorate will want to be addressed as ‘Dr. (Name)’ in every instance.

—- #4) In hospitals and healthcare environments historically there was a practice that only physicians (medical doctors, osteopaths, dentists, podiatrists, veterinarians, etc. ) are addressed as ‘Dr. (Name)’. This was explained to be out of consideration for the patients who want to know who ‘the doctors’ are and who are nurses and allied healthcare professionals.

—- That made for some unhappy professionals who earned doctorates in hospital administration, pharmacy, physical therapy and nursing, etc. – who felt they too were properly addressed as ‘Dr. (Name)’ . It’s my understanding that today all the holders of doctorates are addressed as Dr. (Name) and hospitals (etc.) have figured out other ways to define which doctor is a physician, which is a physical therapist and which is a nurse anesthetist.

—- #5) All that said, ultimately how one is addressed by others is up to the individual and usually everyone goes along. For example, if you and I meet a woman who identifies herself as ‘Monsignor Alice’ … I think it is unlikely she’s a Roman Catholic Monsignor. And, it’s unusual she has only one name, like Pink, Rhianna, Sting, Cher, or Madonna. But we should directly address her in conversation as ‘Monsignor Alice,’ it’s nice to meet you …’ because that’s what she says her name is. How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name

—- But, when she’s out of range, we will all be talking about her.

—- —- – Robert Hickey

Related Healthcare Links -V — — Chiropractor / Doctor of Chiropractic Medicine -V — — Dentist / Doctor of Dentistry -V — — Medical Doctor / Doctor of Medicine -V — — Military Physician / Armed Services -V — — Optometrist / Doctor of Optometry -V — — Osteopath / Doctor of Osteopathy -V — — Podiatrist / Doctor of Podiatry -V — — Veterinarian / Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

More Related Healthcare Links: -V — — Person holding a doctorate -V — — Pharmacist / Doctor of Pharmacy -V — — Psychologist -V — — Therapist

Related Links: —- —- —- Principal —- —- —- Headmaster —- —- —- President College University —- —- —- President of a School —- —- —- Chancellor —- —- —- Professor

When To Use Dr. (Name) and When To Use (Name), Ph.D.?

My daughter is receiving her Ph.D. and will be teaching. I would like to give her a name plate for her desk. Should it be ‘Dr. (Full Name)’ or ‘(Full Name), Ph.D. ‘? ——————- – AP

Dear AP,   How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name

‘(Full Name), Ph.D.’ is the official form of her name. You will use it on the envelope, or in the address block of a letter, when you write to her with regard to her professional pursuits. This is the form the university will use when she is listed among the faculty. It is used by the degree holder, when specifying the exact degree is pertinent – like on business cards or in a list of academics.

‘Dr. (Full Name)’ is the social form of her name. You will use it when you write her name on a personal letter’s envelope, e.g., one sent to her home. This is the form everyone will use on the envelope when they send her a birthday or holiday card. It is rarely used by the degree holder since one does not correctly give oneself an honorific. The degree holder – in their signature or when introducing him or herself – just uses their name … no ‘Dr.’ It’s up to the other person to add the ‘Dr.’ E.g., I just introduce myself as ‘Robert Hickey’ – never ‘Mr. Robert Hickey.’

Sometimes you will observe a physician in a healthcare setting introducing him or herself as ‘Dr. (Name)’ – but there it is for the patient’s benefit to know they are the physician in a field of people wearing seemingly identical white coats!

‘Dr. (Surname)’ is the conversational form of her name. Use it both officially and socially in a letter’s salutation as well as in oral conversation.

So, for an office name plate use the official form of her name – (Full Name), Ph.D.

– Robert Hickey

Doctors present the official form of their name to the public:  (Full Name) (Pertinent post-nominals for the service offered).   The social form of their name does not include their degree: Dr. (Full Name).   In both official and social salutations and conversations patients use Dr. (Name).

If My Doctorate is in Music, am I ‘Dr.’?

I hold a DMA, Doctorate in Music, from a Boston university and am a Church Music Director. Please could you advise me as to whether it is acceptable for the church where I work to list me in the service bulletins as: ‘Dr. (First name) + (Last name) ‘? —————- – CJ

Dear CJ: How to Use a Doctorate with your Name It is correct to list yourself in the bulletin using the professional form of your name … (First name) + (Last name), DMA.    It specifies your academic credential in your professional domain.

Among protestant denominations many address their clergy with a doctorate orally and in a salutation as  Dr. (Surname).   If your church is one of those, and it is your preference is to be Dr. (Surnhttps://formsofaddress.info/wp-admin/post.php?post=13983&action=edit#ame), tell everyone that it is your preference to be addressed Dr. (Surname).

Usually academics and researchers who go by Dr. (Surname) professionally – use Dr. (Surname)  socially. But ultimately whether a particular Ph.D. holder is ‘Dr. (Name)’ socially … especially outside of healthcare, academia or research … is at the preference of the bearer. Some insist, some don’t care, others say they answer to anything they are called. Ultimately your name belongs to you and if you want to be Dr. (Surname), then it’s your right to request everyone address you that way.

– Robert Hickey   How to Use a Doctorate with your Name

May I Call Myself Dr. (Name)  if my Degree Is Not Related to the Service I Offer?

I have a Ph.D. and license in counseling. Recently I sent out an announcement for a yoga class I will be teaching. The state of Colorado says I should not teach yoga as   “Dr. (Name)”. How can I convince them I can? ——– – Kevin S., Ph.D., L.P.C., C.M.T., I.K.Y.T.A. ,  Counseling, Yoga Therapy, Integrative Health & Healing

Dear Dr. Kevin, How to Use a Doctorate with your Name

Your Ph.D. is in a field not related to the service you are offering.

A couple of typical practices I observe in the USA come to mind:

Professionals use with their name the degrees pertinent to their profession service. The degrees and certifications are provided for the benefit of the public so the public can quickly evaluate your credentials.

Here’s what I mean by pertinent . A pastor who would be the Reverend (Full Name)  & Pastor (Name) at church on Sundays, would not use the Reverend (Full Name) & Pastor (Name)  when teaching English Monday through Friday, at the local high school. That he or she is the Reverend  might be mentioned in a complete biography or introduction. It just isn’t part of his/her name at school.

So, I can see if you are using ‘Dr. (Name)’ when offering a class in yoga, and your doctorate is not directly to the service you are offering, say a doctorate physical therapy or kinesthetics …. it would be confusing to me … and the state officials must think it is misleading to the public.

– Robert Hickey How to Use a Doctorate with Your Name

Should I Use Dr. or Ph.D. on an Invitation?

If a person holds a Ph.D., should his or her name be ‘Dr. (name)’ a wedding invitation? Or ‘( Name), Ph.D.’ ?  Is this true for the father of the bride?  The groom?  Is the rule for names on wedding invitations and wedding envelopes different that the guidelines for social correspondence? ————– – Beverly Russell, Winchester, Virginia

Dear Ms. Russell: Wedding invitations and their envelopes are social correspondence. Post-nominal abbreviations ( Ph.D. is a post nominal abbreviation) aren’t used on social correspondence:

—- —- DON’T use Ph.D.

—- —- DO use Dr. (Name)

Another question that typically comes up is whether to use Doctor or Dr. (spelled out or abbreviated) on the invitation or on the mailing envelope?

The rule is to spell out everything and not to use abbreviations unless space is an issue.

But, Mr., Mrs., Dr., and Ms. (for which there is no spelled-out version) are typically used on invitations and when addressing invitations in even the most formal circles. I think ‘Doctor (Name)’ looks oh-so-highly precious, but I know some wedding planners who would wrestle me to the mat on that one.

When Should You Use the Forms on this Page?

You can use these forms of address for any mode of communication: addressing a letter, invitation, card or Email. (If there are differences between the official and social forms of address, I will have mentioned the different forms.)  The form noted in the salutation is the same form you say when you say their name in conversation or when you greet them. ___ What I don’t cover on this site are  many things I do cover in my book: all the rules of forms of address, about names, international titles, precedence, complimentary closes, details on invitations, place cards, all sorts of introductions , etc. I hope you’ll get a copy of the book if you’d like the further detail.

Not Finding Your Answer?

—- #1)    At right  on desktops , at the bottom of every page on tablets and phones , is a list of all the offices, officials & topics covered on the site.

—- #2)   If you don’t see the official you seek included or your question answered send me an e-mail . I am pretty fast at sending a reply: usually the next day or so  (unless I am traveling.)   Note: I don’t have mailing or Email addresses for any of the officials and I don’t keep track of offices that exist only in history books.

—- #3)   If I think your question is of interest to others, Sometimes I post the question  – but always change all the specifics.

— Robert Hickey 

Recommended Resources:    The Protocol School of Washington (PSOW)  and  Protocol and Diplomacy International – Protocol Officers Association (PDI-POA)     For more information see the Protocol Resources page.

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• Best Online Doctoral Programs

Best Online Doctoral Programs Of 2024

Published: Apr 23, 2024, 1:42pm

The best online doctoral programs offer flexibility and convenience that can make it easier for you to pursue an advanced degree, often while working full time.

Earning a doctorate can help you advance to the highest roles in your field and increase your salary potential. It’s also a chance for you to gain an advanced understanding of impactful issues and develop the skills to generate new ideas, solve problems and create meaningful change.

Below, learn about the best online doctoral programs in a variety of fields, including social work, psychology, education and nursing.

Why You Can Trust Forbes Advisor Education

Forbes Advisor’s education editors are committed to producing unbiased rankings and informative articles covering online colleges, tech bootcamps and career paths. Our ranking methodologies use data from the National Center for Education Statistics , education providers, and reputable educational and professional organizations. An advisory board of educators and other subject matter experts reviews and verifies our content to bring you trustworthy, up-to-date information. Advertisers do not influence our rankings or editorial content.

• 6,290 accredited, nonprofit colleges and universities analyzed nationwide
• 52 reputable tech bootcamp providers evaluated for our rankings
• All content is fact-checked and updated on an annual basis
• Rankings undergo five rounds of fact-checking
• Only 7.12% of all colleges, universities and bootcamp providers we consider are awarded

Our Methodology

We ranked accredited, nonprofit colleges offering online doctoral degree programs in the U.S. using metrics in the categories of student experience, credibility, student outcomes and affordability. We pulled data for these categories from reliable resources such as the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ; private, third-party data sources; and individual school and program websites.

We scored schools based on the following data points:

Student Experience:

• Student-to-faculty ratio
• Socioeconomic diversity
• Availability of online coursework
• Total number of graduate assistants
• Portion of graduate students enrolled in at least some distance education

Credibility:

• Fully accredited
• Programmatic accreditation status
• Nonprofit status

Student Outcomes:

• Overall graduation rate
• Median earnings 10 years after graduation

Affordability:

• In-state graduate student tuition and fees
• Alternative tuition plans offered
• Median federal student loan debt
• Student loan default rate

We chose the best schools to display in 10 categories of doctoral degrees.

Find our full list of methodologies here .

• Best Online Colleges With A 100% Acceptance Rate
• Best HBCUs With Online Degrees
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• Best Online Master's Programs
• What Are The Best Online Public Universities

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Should You Enroll in an Online Ph.D. Program or Doctorate?

Accreditation for online doctoral degrees, how to find the right online doctorate for you, frequently asked questions (faqs) about online ph.d. programs and doctorates.

• Best online Psy.D.: Rivier University
• Best online Doctor of Nursing Practice: University of Central Florida
• Best online Doctor of Business Administration: Walsh College
• Best online doctorate in physical therapy: Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center
• Best online doctorate in education: Johns Hopkins University
• Best online Ph.D. in organizational leadership: Indiana Wesleyan University
• Best online Ph.D. in counseling: Concordia University-Irvine
• Best online Doctor of Social Work: University of Southern California
• Best online Ph.D. in public administration: West Chester University of Pennsylvania
• Best online doctorate in educational leadership: Fairfield University

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Learn about start dates, transferring credits, availability of financial credit and much more by clicking 'Visit Site'

Best Online Psy.D.

Rivier university.

Program Tuition Rate

$1,275/credit

Percentage of Grad Students Enrolled in Distance Education

Overall Graduation Rate

Located in Nashua, New Hampshire, Rivier University offers a hybrid Doctor of Psychology (Psy.D.) with a limited number of online classes. The American Psychology Association-accredited program focuses on school psychology and counseling and prepares you to work as a psychologist in various environments. You’ll learn clinical diagnosis, assessment, prevention and intervention skills.

Students must attend full time and can work no more than 20 hours per week. It takes a minimum of five years to graduate.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn on a set schedule
• School Type: Private
• Application Fee: $100
• Degree Credit Requirements: 60-130 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Full-time
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Fundamentals of research, group counseling
• Concentrations Available: N/A
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, includes a 2,000-hour internship and at least six practicum experiences

Best Doctor of Nursing Practice

University of central florida.

$372/credit (in-state)

At University of Central Florida (UCF), practicing nurses can earn a Doctor of Nursing Practice. The advanced track program is accredited by the Commission on Collegiate Nursing Education and prepares nurses for clinical leadership roles in the field.

Coursework explores clinical management, communication skills and epidemiology principles. You’ll develop research and practice skills, learn to improve healthcare systems, develop health policy and analyze data to improve individual and population health.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn around your 9-to-5
• School Type: Public
• Application Fee: $30
• Degree Credit Requirements: 42 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Part-time, full-time
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Healthcare systems and policy, nursing environment management
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, includes clinical hours (but all coursework is available online)

Best Doctor of Business Administration

Walsh college.

$1,038/credit

You can earn an online Doctor of Business Administration from Walsh College in Troy, Michigan. The part-time, online program includes asynchronous coursework and real-time Zoom classes, as well as optional opportunities to interact on campus. You can develop advanced business knowledge and skills to become a business leader or consultant.

In addition to coursework, you must pass a preliminary exam and complete a 15-credit dissertation process. The program requires students to graduate within seven years.

• Application Fee: $50
• Degree Credit Requirements: 60 credits
• Program Enrollment Options: Part-time
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Foundations for business success, qualitative and exploratory research methods
• In-Person Requirements: No

Best Doctorate in Physical Therapy

Texas tech university health sciences center.

$265/credit (in-state)

Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center designed its hybrid Doctor of Science in physical therapy to help practicing physical therapists advance their careers. The post-professional 36-credit program takes four to five years to complete part time.

The flexible format makes it possible for students to keep working while attending school. Learners attend weekend lectures and labs at the Lubbock, Texas, campus. During the week, they supplement their in-person instruction with online assignments.

• Application Fee: $75
• Degree Credit Requirements: 36 credits
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Medical screening for rehabilitation sciences, motor control in orthopedics
• Concentrations Available: Research track, teaching track
• In-Person Requirements: Yes

Best Online Doctorate in Education

Johns hopkins university.

$2,100/credit

Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland offers an online Ed.D. The part-time degree takes four years to complete and explores topics like the social determinants of education, entrepreneurship and technology.

You can customize the degree by choosing electives that align with your professional interests and by selecting one or more “areas of interest,” such as urban leadership or digital age learning and educational technology. Applicants need a master’s degree with at least 36 graduate credits to qualify for the program.

• Application Fee: $80
• Degree Credit Requirements: 54 credits
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Approaches to urban education, partnerships and community organizing
• Concentrations Available: Creativity, advanced learning, and twice exceptionality; digital age learning and educational technology; entrepreneurial leadership in education; mind, brain, and teaching; urban leadership

Best Online Ph.D. in Organizational Leadership

Indiana wesleyan university.

$890/credit

Located in Marion, Indiana Wesleyan University offers an online Ph.D. in organizational leadership that can prepare you to become an effective leader in as few as four years. The program focuses on inclusion, multiculturalism and international perspectives and develops research, presentation and executive skills.

You must attend an in-person residency during the July session, but the rest of the program takes place online and offers flexibility for working professionals. The school’s tuition guarantee locks in your tuition rate when you start the program.

• Application Fee: Free
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Advanced leadership theory, statistical research design
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, includes an in-person residency

Best Online Ph.D. in Counseling

Concordia university – irvine.

$795/credit

Concordia University – Irvine in Irvine, California, is a Christian institution that offers a “biblically informed” online Ph.D. in counselor education and supervision from its Townsend Institute. Designed for licensed mental health professionals, the degree develops advanced skills and prepares you for leadership roles in counseling, teaching and advocacy.

The accelerated program takes three to four years to complete. It requires two in-person residencies and a total of 700 hours of internship and practicum field experiences. In addition to coursework, you must complete a culminating 12-credit dissertation that includes original counseling research and a successful oral defense.

• Program Enrollment Options: Accelerated
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Advanced counseling and career theories, advanced multicultural issues in counselor education and supervision
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, requires two in-person residencies, a practicum and an internship

Best Online Doctor of Social Work

University of southern california.

$2,137/credit

University of Southern California ‘s online Doctor of Social Work from the Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work emphasizes the importance of scholarship and practice in the field. Created for experienced social work professionals, the program can help you become a leader working toward social change and innovation.

The program offers a seven-semester accelerated track and a standard nine-semester option. In a capstone experience, learners research and create a prototype that addresses a current problem in social work.

• Application Fee: $90
• Program Enrollment Options: Accelerated, full-time
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Leading public discourse, financial management for social change

Best Online Ph.D. in Public Administration

West chester university of pennsylvania.

$645/credit (in-state)

West Chester University of Pennsylvania ’s online Doctor of Public Administration can prepare you for high-level roles in public affairs and administration. The program is offered by the College of Business and Public Management, accredited by Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, and the Department of Public Policy and Administration, accredited by the Network of Schools of Public Policy, Affairs, and Administration.

The curriculum explores strategic management, policy advocacy and decision-making in the public sector. The dissertation allows you to complete an applied research project. You can take electives and choose a concentration from multiple departments, including psychology, graduate social work and criminal justice.

• Degree Credit Requirements: 45 credits
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Strategic public sector management and governance, research design for program and policy evaluation
• Concentrations Available: Options from multiple departments

Best Online Doctorate in Educational Leadership

Fairfield university.

$1,120/credit

At Fairfield University in Fairfield, Connecticut, you can earn an online, low-residency Doctor of Education in educational leadership. The program offers two tracks: teacher leader for certified working educators or higher education administration for higher education professionals.

Students enroll in the cohort-style program in the fall and graduate in three years by taking six credits per semester. Learners can build community during two one-week summer residencies. Applicants need a master’s degree in a relevant field and a minimum 3.0 GPA.

• Our Flexibility Rating: Learn on your schedule
• Application Fee: $65
• Degree Credit Requirements: 57
• Example Major-Specific Courses: Action research for educational change, framing and critical analysis of problems of practice
• Concentrations Available: Teacher leader, higher education administration
• In-Person Requirements: Yes, requires two one-week residencies

An online Ph.D. program or doctorate can offer many compelling features for students, but it might not be the right choice for everyone. Consider the questions below when deciding whether to pursue your doctorate online or in person.

• What type of schedule do you need? Online programs typically offer more flexibility that appeals to students who work full time or have personal responsibilities to fit around their school schedule. Online degrees allow learners to pursue higher education without putting their career on hold. This is especially true for programs that offer asynchronous coursework that students complete on their own time.
• What learning style works best for you? Do you work well independently and with a lot of freedom? If so, an online doctorate might be a good fit for you. If you think you’d prefer the camaraderie of an in-person cohort graduate program and structured opportunities to interact with instructors, an on-campus or hybrid program might suit you better.
• How does the program format affect your budget? Online programs can help you save on tuition, housing and transportation costs. For example, many public schools allow you to pay the same tuition, regardless of where you live. However, you might miss funding opportunities typically reserved for on-campus students, such as graduate teaching assistantships, research assistantships and fellowships.

The U.S. Department of Education and the Council for Higher Education Accreditation (CHEA) approve accrediting agencies that give schools institutional accreditation in the U.S.

Institutional accreditation means that a university has met minimum quality requirements related to its academics, financial management, faculty and staff, and student resources and services. To qualify for federal financial aid, you must attend an accredited college.

Programmatic accreditation is a separate process that gives special recognition to individual degrees, programs or departments within a university. Depending on your field, you might need a programmatically accredited degree to get a job or qualify for professional licenses or certifications.

You can search for a prospective school’s accreditation status on CHEA’s website .

Consider Your Future Goals

An online doctorate has the potential to help you achieve your career aspirations. However, not every program in your field will necessarily align with your goals. Before you choose an online doctorate program, think about your post-graduation plans.

For example, some online doctorate programs require professional experience through an internship or a practicum. This type of hands-on learning can help you develop your expertise and professional network. But these experiences usually take place in person and can be hard to fit into your schedule if you’re working full time.

You should also consider if you need a specific license or certification to get the job you want. If so, research the credential’s requirements to learn if your degree needs to meet certain criteria. For example, you may need to complete an accredited program or complete supervised clinical hours.

Understand Your Expenses and Financing Options

Tuition rates for online doctoral programs in our guide vary significantly, from $265 to $2,137 per credit. Most programs required 42 to 60 credits, with some exceptions. In total, the degrees ranked on our list cost between $9,540 and $113,400.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics , grad students at private, nonprofit schools paid an average tuition of $20,408 in 2022–23, while public school tuition cost $11,554 per year. Doctorate programs typically take at least three years to complete, putting total costs between $34,662 and $61,224.

Find funding for your online Ph.D. by filling out the FAFSA®, which can connect you with scholarships, grants and student loans. Many schools also provide funding to graduate students through scholarships, grants and fellowships.

Can you do a Ph.D. fully online?

Yes, many schools offer fully online Ph.D. programs. However, depending on the program and the field of study, you may need to complete on-campus residencies or field experiences like internships or practicums that take place in person.

What is the fastest Ph.D. to get online?

Program length for online Ph.D. programs varies depending on your field of study. You might be able to find some accelerated online Ph.D. programs that you can finish in less than two years. However, the best online doctoral programs on our list take at least three years to complete.

Are online doctoral degrees respected?

An online doctoral degree from an accredited university can provide the same rigorous education and training as a comparable on-campus program. If you’re concerned about whether or not your degree will be respected, consider doing some research about the way that your field or profession tends to view online doctoral degrees.

What is the best online school for a Ph.D.?

The best online school for a Ph.D. depends on your field of study, personal interests and career goals. Make sure that any prospective online school is institutionally accredited. Depending on the degree you want to pursue, it might also be important to find a program with separate programmatic accreditation.

Liz Simmons has been writing for various online publications about career development, higher education and college affordability for nearly a decade. Her articles demystify the college application process and help prospective students figure out how to choose a major or career path.

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Philosophy Doctor (Ph.D) Degree by Research via distance learning

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A PhD by Research via Distance Learning perfectly adjusts to adult students’ needs, that is to people having work and family commitments yet willing to go through alternative academic path. Selinus University is an independent private international university that helps adult international students achieving their academic goals. Over the years, several surveys have shown that via Distance Learning PhDs by research can be as useful as those earned by traditional academic systems. Clearly, it has to be granted that the private institution is highly reputable. In this regard, Selinus University has acquired a respectable and trustworthy reputation, always giving personal skills and professionalism the deserved emphasis. Nowadays, Selinus University represents an important alternative to traditional studies, above all if we consider the digital era and the global village we live in. Our study system is geared towards busy people pacing today world rhythms. As a matter of fact, it is efficiently transmitted among computer devices anywhere in the world. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), in Latin: Philosophiae Doctor or Doctor Philosophiae, is the highest academic degree awarded. It usually covers all academic programs. As graduate researchers, PhD students are usually required to show competence, master their topic research but also carry out an original thesis so as to foster new academic contributions in their knowledge field. A PhD via distance learning is an original academic research in a specific branch of human knowledge. The candidate works autonomously and his/her project culminates in a final doctoral thesis. Unlike any other traditional campus based PhD, Selinus PhD by Research does not have semesters splitting; it rather consists in an independent and autonomous theoretical research on a specific academic area. This research is implemented in a final thesis that students shall complete within 24 months. Stress is given on independence during study and research; reason why students’ supervisors will not actually be tutor as in common understanding, but rather specialised consultants for students’ assistance. The student can use both textbooks and the Internet for research purpose besides having access to the online library. Working freely and independently on their research, students will grow highly specialized knowledge and specific expertise to display in their doctoral thesis defense. The Distance Learning PhD is earned after successfully completing and defending the final doctoral thesis in the academic major that has been chosen. The "Doctor of Philosophy" is the only PhD that can be obtained via Distance Learning. It should be quite clear that any laboratory method or professional practice cannot occur online or through any distance learning system. The main requirement for a distance learning PhD by Research is to submit and defend the final thesis whose minimum length have to be 90/100 pages. That will be reviewed and evaluated by an academic committee of the Selinus Unversity. In some cases, previous candidates’ publications may be relevant for PhD purposes. In case the thesis credits are not sufficient, in order to have all the required doctoral credits, additional in-depth reports (about 15-20 pages each) based on textbooks may also be requested. A PhD is often a very popular job requirement in many work areas. Especially in developing countries, with lack of basic job training, the Doctor of Philosophy gets more and more required not only for highly qualified professions, but also for multinationals, non-governmental organizations and private companies’ employments. Employees are asked for an academic "certification" higher than a Bachelor's or a Master's degree. A Master's degree is usually sufficient for most professions. The Ph.D., however, is the highest educational qualification. Only the best-qualified professionals have a Ph.D. To access the program, students need to possess a Master's degree or equivalent and be at least 30 years old. The Ph.D. program requires a minimum of 65 academic credits (about 1000 hours of study) that will be achieved through the final thesis. Distance learning Selinus PhD admission requirements are: Master Degree possession and suitable CV. There is no race, colour, sex, beliefs and/or religion discrimination. APEL (Accreditation Prior Experiential Learning) professional credits validation may contribute to the final evaluation of the thesis.

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• Distance Learning
• Program outline
• Tuition fees
• Thesis defence

Study from anywhere in the world, any time during the year

Selinus University offers several distance learning degree programs. These programs are highly affordable and cover more than 200 disciplines including management, communications, humanities, arts, psychology, natural health, therapies, computers, sciences, engineering, and others.

See the PhD study programs via Distance Learning that we offer for each faculty: Faculty of Arts & Humanities - Faculty of Business & Media - Faculty of Computer Science -  Faculty of Engineering & Technology - Faculty of Life & Earth Sciences - Faculty of Psychology -  Faculty of Natural Health Science

• 65 academic credits besides a Master's program.
• Max Average Duration: 18 months + six months further on demand.
• Admission is open for adults over 30 years of age. Master's degree or international equivalent is required for admission.
• All-inclusive price: supervisor’s support, evaluation and assessment, diploma certificate  and transcript.

The cost of a PhD by research via Distance Learning is obviously much lower than a campus based doctorate. Cost for 1 Uniselinus PhD credit: 40 euros. Transferred credit from previous education and/or professional experience not allowed. 

Final Cost: 2600 Eur

Payment plans are available upon request up to:

1)    Single payment at enrolment: 10% of discount 2)    2   monthly instalments 3)    4   monthly instalments 4)    6   monthly installments

Considering that Selinus students come from all over the world, often miles away from the university headquarters, the Doctor PhD degree via distance learning thesis can be defended in three different ways:

1) Written defense: the student develops his/her defense in a 5 pages report;

2) Oral Defense: (recommended) the student sends an audio or video file (at least 30 minutes duration) containing his/her defense;

Send registration application

Download and fill in the application ( file: Application ) by attaching the required documents specified in the application and send by email to: [email protected]

If your application is successful you will receive confirmation of your registration, the Certificate of Enrollment, the Payment Plan according to the choice made in the application and the necessary information to start your PhD program. We would like to remind you that the admission requirement for a PhD is a Master's Degree or international equivalent title.

Files to download and read before sending the enrollment request:

Doctorate enrollment

I'm interested in pursuing a Doctor (Ph.D) degree program. I would like to receive information about the following programme:

Majors can be found on the home page www.uniselinus.education by clicking on the single faculty you can access the available disciplines.

Contact info

Registered offices.

• Selinus University Graduate School LLC 8 The Green, Suite A Dover 19901 – Delaware (USA)

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Online Doctor of Philosophy - Computer Engineering

Work leading to the degree of  Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.)  is designed to give the candidate a thorough and comprehensive knowledge of his or her professional field and training in methods of research. The final basis for granting the degree shall be the candidate’s grasp of the subject matter of a broad field of study and a demonstrated ability to do independent research. In addition, the candidate must have acquired the ability to express thoughts clearly and forcefully in both oral and written languages. The degree is not granted solely for the completion of coursework, residence and technical requirements, although these must be met.

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Degree Details

Total number of hours (64 or 96) • For students who already hold a Master’s Degree, 64 total hours are required. • For “direct PhD” students, 96 hours are required.

A maximum of (6) transfer hours allowed from another institution. • Transfer hours must be from a U.S. peer institution; they cannot have been used on a previous degree plan. • Students must send syllabi, transcript, and TAMU course equivalent to the Graduate Office. Transfer hours are subject to the approval of the GSC.

All PhD students are required to pass the Departmental Qualifying Examination . All incoming PHD students (64 and 96 hour) are required to take the exam within one year of starting the program.

There are two types of Qualifying Exams available. The research advisor will select which Track the student takes. Students without a research advisor default to Track 1. Track 1: Written exam consisting of questions from undergraduate courses. This exam is administered in January and June of each year. More details on Track 1 are provided later in the handbook. Track 2: Written and oral exam in which the separately formed committee provides a student research articles to analyze then give a presentation. More details on Track 2 are provided later in the handbook.

For more details, please refer to our  Graduate Student Handbook

Prior to admission , students must present a study p l an that is reviewed by a TAMU ECEN facu l ty member to demonstrate to the department the feasibi l ity and viabi l ity of their prospective study. A Texas A&M electrical and computer engineering (ECEN) facu l ty member must commit to serve as the dissertation advisor prior to the admission of a student. The dissertation research content shou l d invo l ve on l y theories, software, or the modest use of hardware, instead of any physica l   l ab use, so that the research can be performed remote l y without being on campus. Students wi l l  a l so need to submit a signed document acknow l edging that their emp l oyer is aware of the Ph.D. study and a l l ows dissertation research resu l ts to be pub l ished. The p l an shou l d inc l ude the courses to be taken and ensure that a l l  the courses have distance  l earning sections avai l ab l e. The advisement of students in this program is simi l ar to the on-campus program except that the student-facu l ty interactions are a l l  conducted through internet-based conferencing software. Students in this program will take the qua l ifying exam, pre l iminary ora l  exam, and dissertation defense in the same way as the on-campus program. Students will need to cover their trave l  expenses to the campus for these exams.

Course Information

A minimum of 18 (or 42) classroom hours (excludes 681, 684, 685, and 691). • 18 hours required for students with a previous Master’s degree and 42 for direct PHD students. • Classroom hours must be taken from courses within the College of Engineering (all departments) and/or College of Arts & Sciences (only MATH, STAT, PHYS, CHEM, BIOL) • Courses on degree plan must be approved by Research Advisor.

Undergraduate hours allowed (2 courses or 8 hours) • Only 400 level courses can be included on degree plan.

No more than 3 credit hours of Internship (684) are allowed. • PHD students cannot take 684 after dissertation defense. • If you are considering going on internship (684), please consult your research advisor before making plans.

Three (3) hours of Seminar (ECEN/CSCE 681) are required.

No more than 2 credit hours of Directed Studies (685) are allowed. • Students working on a research project should enroll in Research (691) hours.

Graduate Requirements

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Online PhD & Professional Doctorate Degree Programs

A doctorate yes, you can..

Whether you choose a PhD or professional doctorate, you’ll find Capella degree programs are designed to prepare you to lead, teach, or consult through research or practical experience.

Two Doctoral Degree Options: What’s Right for You?

There are two kinds of doctoral degrees: PhDs and professional doctorates. Deciding which is right for you depends, in part, on how you want to use your education and the standards in your professional field.

Teach, consult, or lead – find a doctoral degree that supports your personal and professional goals. Our flexible online programs are designed for busy professional like you, so you can live your life while you earn a degrees and make a difference in your field.

Online doctorate degrees

Learning format, bs - bachelor of science in business, accounting â», business administration â», health care management â», human resource management â», management and leadership â», marketing â», project management â», bs - bachelor of science in health care administration, health care administration leadership â», health information management â», bs - bachelor of science in information technology, data analytics and artificial intelligence â», general information technology â», information assurance and cybersecurity â», network and cloud computing â», software development in an internet of things space â», bs - bachelor of science in psychology, applied behavior analysis â», general psychology â», bs - bachelor of science in psychology pre-counseling & therapy, psychology pre-counseling & therapy â», bs - bachelor of science in public health, public health â», bsn - bachelor of science in nursing, rn-to-bsn â», rn-to-bsn accelerated master's pathway option (amp) â», bsw – bachelor of social work, dba - doctor of business administration, dba in general management â», dba in organizational leadership and development â», dba in strategy and innovation â», dha - doctor of health administration, dhs - doctor of human services, dhs in leadership and organizational management â», dit - doctor of information technology, dnp - doctor of nursing practice, dsw - doctor of social work, drph - doctor of public health, edd - doctor of education, edd in adult education â», edd in curriculum and instruction â», edd in educational leadership â», edd in performance improvement leadership â», edd in reading and literacy â», eds - education specialist in school psychology, school psychology â», graduate certificate in business, graduate certificate in counseling, contemporary theory in addictive behavior â», contemporary theory in mental health services â», contemporary theory in school-based services â», play therapy â», systemic couple and family therapy â», graduate certificate in health sciences, graduate certificate in nursing, care coordination â», nursing informatics â», nursing leadership â», graduate certificate in psychology, mba - master of business administration, mba in health care management â», mba in human resource management â», mba in project management â», self-designed mba â», mha - master of health administration, mph - master of public health, ms - master of science in analytics, analytics â», ms - master of science in applied behavior analysis, autism spectrum disorder â», behavior analysis in education â», organizational behavior management â», ms - master of science in clinical mental health counseling, addiction treatment and recovery â», child and adolescent counseling â», general clinical mental health counseling â», ms - master of science in clinical psychology, applied research â», clinical counseling â», forensic psychology â», ms - master of science in education, adult education â», curriculum and instruction â», early childhood education â», early childhood education studies â», english language learning and teaching â», higher education leadership and administration â», instructional design & educational technology â», leadership in educational administration â», reading and literacy â», special education teaching â», ms - master of science in human resource management, general hrm â», hrm in health care â», ms - master of science in human services, leadership and organizational management â», social and community services â», ms - master of science in information assurance and cybersecurity, digital forensics â», health care security â», network defense â», ms - master of science in information technology, cybersecurity â», enterprise networks and cloud computing â», it analytics â», ms - master of science in marriage and family therapy, marriage and family therapy â», ms - master of science in psychology, child and adolescent development â», educational psychology â», industrial/organizational psychology â», sport psychology â», ms - master of science in school counseling, general school counseling â», ms - master of science in school psychology, msn - master of science in nursing, msn in care coordination â», msn in nursing education â», msn in nursing informatics â», msn in nursing leadership and administration â», rn-to-msn care coordination â», rn-to-msn nursing education â», rn-to-msn nursing informatics â», rn-to-msn nursing leadership and administration â», msw - master of social work, msw - master of social work advanced standing, msw–advanced standing â», master of science in nursing - nurse practitioner, msn in adult-gerontology primary care nurse practitioner â», msn in family nurse practitioner â», phd - doctor of philosophy in behavior analysis, behavior analysis â», phd - doctor of philosophy in business management, general business management â», information technology management â», leadership â», strategy and innovation â», phd - doctor of philosophy in counselor education and supervision, counselor education and supervision â», phd - doctor of philosophy in education, leadership for higher education â», phd - doctor of philosophy in psychology, developmental psychology â», psyd - doctor of psychology clinical psychology, psyd in clinical psychology â», psyd - doctor of psychology school psychology, psyd in school psychology â», get more information.

Ready to get started? We’re ready for you. Chat with an enrollment counselor or apply now to take the first step on the journey toward your future.

87% of doctoral alumni agree that Capella provided the flexibility they needed to pursue their degree.

*Alumni Outcomes Survey, 2022-2023

Why Choose Capella?

Step out ahead in your field with a valuable online doctoral degree and earn the prestige and respect that comes with reaching the highest point of your education.

Opportunity to Advance

Based on your program, you might find a combination of theoretical coursework, comprehensive exams, and practical field work and residencies combine to take you to the next level.

Progress Quickly

Start your dissertation or final project early in your program, with faculty and advisor support.

Rigorous, Not Impossible

Our curriculum equips you to challenge your mind and advance your field, preparing you to reach your goals.

Research Assistance

Research webinars integrated with coursework help you focus on completion of your dissertation or capstone project.

Learn from Faculty Experts

Made up of scholars and scholar-practitioners, our faculty can provide valuable mentorship throughout your doctoral program.

"The lens through which I view the world has been fundamentally changed by my doctoral journey. Getting my degree has left me with a more profound enjoyment and contentment in life."

Admission Requirements

Admission requirements vary by program, but generally speaking, the following are required for doctoral programs:

• Admission application – no application fee required
• Master's degree from an institution accredited by a U.S. Department of Education-recognized accrediting agency or an internationally recognized institution.
• Your official master's transcripts, minimum grade point average of 3.0 or higher on a 4.0 scale.
• Note: GRE and GMAT are not required for admission. Also, admission requirements for international students may differ

What's it like to be a doctoral student?

What does it take to earn a doctoral degree? Learn more about the experience, explore each step of the journey, and read stories from students who have successfully earned their doctorate.

Additional Doctoral Information

Questions to answer before applying to a doctoral program.

From setting goals to researching programs, here’s what you need to research before applying to a doctoral program.

5 Ways a Doctoral Degree May Strengthen Your Career

What can a doctoral degree mean to career success, especially outside of education and research?

The Difference Between a PhD and Professional Doctorate

Learn the main difference between these two doctoral program types and the questions you should ask to help guide your program decision.

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Ed.D. vs. Ph.D.: Which Doctoral Degree is Right for You?

June 27, 2024

Assistant Provost, Doctoral Research and Student Success

Professionals who want to advance their careers in fields such as education, business, nursing and healthcare frequently consider further education. Earning a doctoral degree can be an effective tool for career advancement as well as a wonderful life and academic achievement.

When pursuing a doctoral degree, there are different tracks that prospective students can take. To help you determine what type of doctoral degree will best serve your career aspirations, here is a breakdown of the key differences between Ed.D. and Ph.D. degrees.

What is an Ed.D.?

An Ed.D., which is short for Doctor of Education, is a practitioner-focused degree that is designed for professionals aspiring to leadership roles in a variety of educational fields. You can typically complete an Ed.D. program in two to three years.

What is a Ph.D.?

Short for Doctor of Philosophy, a Ph.D. is a degree that is more heavily focused on research and theory.  Ph.D. programs typically take five or more years to complete. (As a personal example, I earned my Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology from a research-intensive program that required a five-year, full-time commitment.)

What are the main similarities between an Ed.D. and a Ph.D.?

Both degrees are at the doctoral-level and are considered terminal degrees. In other words, they represent the highest level of education that can be earned in a particular field. In addition, both degrees take multiple years to complete, and both degrees require a fair amount of writing and research.

What are the main differences between an Ed.D. and a Ph.D.?

One of the primary differences between these degrees is that the Ed.D. is more focused on practical applications, while the Ph.D. is more geared toward theory and original research. Additionally, Ed.D. programs usually have a lower cost and shorter time to completion compared to Ph.D. programs.

What are some common career options for those with an Ed.D.?

The Ed.D. is an outstanding option for individuals who wish to lead others and implement change in their organizations. Moreover, the Ed.D. is a focused degree with a wide range of career options, including:

• College or university president
• Director of human resources
• Educational consultant
• Policymaker or analyst
• Superintendent

What are some common career options for those with a Ph.D.?

A Ph.D. degree is ideal for anyone interested in pursuing a career in research, academia, educational consulting or policy analysis. Career opportunities with a Ph.D. may include:

• Community developer
• Director of research
• Human resource manager
• Policy analyst
• Program manager
• Research analyst
• Statistician

What are the employment projections for doctoral degree holders?

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics , individuals who earn a doctoral degree in education have relatively high earnings and also have low unemployment rates.  In 2023, doctoral degree holders achieved median weekly earnings of $2,109 and a 1.2% unemployment rate. In comparison, master’s degree holders attained median weekly earnings of $1,737 and an unemployment rate of 2%.

Additionally, the job outlook is very strong for postsecondary teachers and postsecondary education administrators , two professions where doctoral degrees are often required. (Postsecondary education is defined as education beyond the high school level and is often tied to higher education institutions.) According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, postsecondary teachers in 2023 earned a median annual pay of $83,380 and there is projected job growth of 8% for 2022 – 2032.  For postsecondary education administrators in 2023, the median annual pay was $102,610 per year with a projected job growth of 4% for 2022 – 2032.

Is an Ed.D. or a Ph.D. better?

Both the Ed.D. and the Ph.D. are advanced degrees that represent the highest levels of academic achievement. Regardless of which path an individual ultimately chooses, there is high potential for career advancement.

Ultimately, the best option for you comes down to your preferred path, career goals and values.  If you are seeking a job as a researcher and scholar, a Ph.D. is better aligned to your goals.  If you are more interested in seeking leadership positions that blend practice with research, an Ed.D. may be an ideal path toward your personal and professional goals.

At a glance: Ed.D. vs. Ph.D.

American College of Education offers high-quality, fully online Ed.D. programs for under $24,000, designed to help students build their leadership capacity through practical applications of research theories. Learn more about our doctoral degrees here .

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Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in English

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Enhance Your Knowledge of Literary Theory, Research, and Writing with Liberty’s Ph.D. in English

Are you looking to deepen your understanding of literature, textual analysis, and the English language? Liberty University’s online Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in English is designed to help you do just that. This program gives you the chance to engage with complex texts, develop original research, and contribute to scholarly discussions in English studies.

Our online doctorate in English offers a comprehensive exploration of literature and major authors from a variety of time periods as well as the historical development of the English language. Throughout the program, you can hone your analytical skills and prepare to contribute innovative research to the existing body of academic knowledge, potentially influencing both scholarly and public discourse.

This program may be a great fit if you aspire to teach English, literature, or related subjects at the collegiate level. You can not only enrich your own understanding of important texts but also become equipped to guide the next generation of college students through studies in literary theory, writing, and more.

What Will You Learn in Liberty University’s Doctorate in English Online?

• American and British literature
• Christian literary tradition and major Christian authors
• Literary theory and advanced textual analysis
• Methods and materials of research
• Origin and evolution of English

In addition to taking core English classes, you’ll have the ability to customize your education through elective courses. That way, you can pursue specialized interests and topics that align with your academic and career goals. Your studies will culminate in the completion of a dissertation, where you will conduct research and work to contribute new knowledge to the field of English. The dissertation process gives you an opportunity to showcase your expertise and lay a strong foundation for your future academic or professional endeavors.

Potential Careers for Graduates of Our Ph.D. in English Online Program

• Literary agent

Benefits of Pursuing Your Doctorate in English Online with Liberty University

As a leader in distance education since 1985, we understand what it takes to create a flexible and affordable education for busy people. Since we have been investing in distance and online learning for decades, our experience has taught us how to streamline our degree options so you can focus on what really matters to you. While many schools offer online degrees, we believe Liberty stands out.

Here’s what sets us apart:

• We are recognized by multiple institutions for our academic quality, affordability, and accessibility . Our commitment to excellence also helped us rank in the top 10% of Niche.com’s best online schools in America . Earning your online degree from a nonprofit university with this kind of recognition can help set you apart from others in your field.
• The majority of tuition for undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral programs has not increased in 9 years. While many other online colleges have raised tuition, Liberty has been able to keep costs low as a nonprofit university.
• Liberty University is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges (SACSCOC).
• We want to provide you with the freedom to balance your studies with personal and professional commitments, which is why our Ph.D. in English is offered 100% online.

Military Tuition Discount

We want to help you find the doctoral degree you want — at a price you’ve earned. As a thank-you for your military service, Liberty University offers eligible current and former service members like you or your spouse multiple pathways to earn a doctoral degree for only $300/credit hour . Here’s how:

• If you’re earning or have earned a master’s degree through Liberty, you automatically qualify for the low price (when you begin within 2 years of your master’s completion).
• If you haven’t earned a graduate degree through Liberty, our Executive Certificate program allows you to pay only $300/credit hour for a postgraduate certificate that can stand alone or potentially count as the first 21 hours of a related doctoral degree. Then pay just $300/credit hour for your doctorate. Learn more!

Credit Hours

Available Online

100% online, 8-week courses

Transfer Credits

Transfer in up to 50% of the degree total

Next Start Date

Aug 19, 2024

Accreditation

Liberty University is accredited by SACSCOC

Areas of Interest

Choose your area of Interest:

Training Champions for Christ

Liberty’s promise to you is an education that expertly brings knowledge and faith together. Here, education is designed around you. It connects you to people and opportunities that help you develop the skills and confidence you’re looking for. At Liberty, you’ll find the knowledge, experience, and mentorship you want to make your career — and life — a fulfilling one.

Why Liberty

Liberty University is not just another school. It is the realization of a dream, the product of thousands of prayers. It was built to invite students into a bigger, better story. Discover the Liberty difference for yourself.

Scholarships

When it comes to choosing a college, finances make a difference. That’s why at Liberty, we believe in offering you a top-notch education — that’s also affordable. Discover how Liberty can help you keep your college costs down.

For residential students

Online Discounts

At Liberty University, we believe everyone should have an equal opportunity to pursue higher education, and it's our job to keep private education affordable. Explore the many ways a Liberty education can be an affordable one.

For online students

Academic Excellence

Liberty University is institutionally accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools Commission on Colleges, and certain programs have earned additional field-specific accreditation as well.

Careers Start Here

Whether you are considering dental school, interested in dental hygiene or want to specialize after receiving your DDS, The Ohio State University College of Dentistry can help you get your start.

We invite you to take a look at what makes us unique – the collaboration between primary care and the dental specialties, the real-world experiences in our patient clinics, and our extensive community service programs, and vibrant student organizations . Ohio State's College of Dentistry is also part of the most comprehensive health sciences center in the nation.

Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS)

Dental Hygiene

Dual DDS / MPH

Dual DDS / PhD

Advanced education and graduate programs.

At Ohio State's College of Dentistry, we offer a range of programs beyond the DDS to prepare you for specialty clinical practice or a career in research and academia. 

MS / Certificate Programs

Phd programs, postdoctoral non-degree programs, combined biology bs or ba with dds.

Are you a high school student interested in majoring in Biology?  The Biology Major BS or BA/Doctor of Dental Surgery (DDS) combination curriculum refers to a program of study which leads to the granting of two degrees. The program can be completed in a shorter time than the two degrees would take if pursued consecutively.

Explore further

Pre-doctoral externships.

The Ohio State University College of Dentistry offers externships for predoctoral dental students from other dental schools.

Pre-Health Advisor Resources

Assisting students through the pre-application and admissions process, as well as providing them with current information, our goal is to provide you the resources to best help your students.

Office of Admissions

Learn more about admissions and view upcoming overview sessions. 

The Ohio State University is ranked 17th among the nation’s top public universities (US News & World Report) and known around the world for academic excellence and groundbreaking research.

As part of one of the most comprehensive health sciences centers in the country and located in a major metropolitan area, Ohio State's College of Dentistry provides a dynamic, fast-paced environment, with the friendly, down-to-earth attitude of the Midwest.

Submit Questions to an Admissions Counselor

Living in Columbus

Columbus is great place to visit, but an even better place to live. The Ohio State University College of Dentistry is located in Columbus, Ohio, the 15th largest city in the United States. Columbus offers the amenities of a big city, without the big city price tag. From outstanding restaurants, to diverse neighborhoods, major league sports to top notch arts and entertainment; Columbus offers it all.

Local to Columbus

• The Columbus Zoo & Aquarium
• Center of Science and Industry
• Columbus Museum of Art
• Columbus Association for the Performing Arts
• Columbus Metropolitan Library
• Experience Columbus

Sports in Columbus, beyond the Buckeyes

• The Columbus Clippers
• The Columbus Crew
• The Columbus Blue Jackets
• The Memorial Tournament

Why Ohio State

• Located on the only campus in the country with a comprehensive medical center comprising seven health sciences colleges, Ohio State’s College of Dentistry has a full range of dental specialty programs at a single site.
• The College of Dentistry offers extensive clinical training at three clinics on campus and multiple off-site clinics, including service work at a variety of outreach sites around the state of Ohio.
• You will graduate with the practical experience you need to hit the ground running in your career.
• You will be taught by top practitioners and researchers who are shaping the future of dentistry and the health care field. The faculty view their job as not only preparing outstanding dental students, but outstanding future colleagues.
• The program is not competitive; your fellow students become your closest friends and confidantes as you matriculate through dental school. Our goal is to create a community of diverse people striving for the same goal.
• When you choose Ohio State, you become part of one of the largest career networks in the world. The College of Dentistry is the fourth largest dental college in the U.S, The College of Dentistry supports diversity, from the makeup of each class to the outreach activities that students and faculty perform.
• We’re full of Buckeye Pride! Ohio State is famous for its traditions and school spirit, from Script Ohio to O-H-I-O.
• The College of Dentistry is committed to you – to offering opportunities and opening doors for our students. There’s no limit to what you can accomplish here!

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Wu Liu, clinical physicist who developed imaging techniques and treatments for cancer, dies at 51

Wu Liu, known for his sense of humor and optimism, was a national expert in radiation treatments for eye cancer.

June 25, 2024 - By Jennifer Welsh

Wu Liu, PhD, an associate professor of radiation oncology at Stanford Medicine who spent his career creating new imaging techniques and radiation treatments for cancer, died May 14 after a diagnosis of brain cancer last year. He was 51.

“Though Liu’s time with Stanford Medicine was far too short, his impact will be enduring,” said Lloyd Minor , MD, dean of the Stanford School of Medicine and vice president for medical affairs at Stanford University. “He was a gifted clinician and an indispensable part of our cancer radiology program, developing new treatments for cancers of the eye.”

Liu’s clinical focus was developing and improving cancer treatments for patients using radioactive sources. These treatments, called brachytherapy, involve placing radioactive materials near tumors to damage cancer cells. He was especially instrumental at the Stanford Cancer Center , where he designed treatment plaques tailored to each patient with an optimal distribution of radioactive materials, his colleagues said. This treatment substantially improved patient comfort and treatment accuracy.

“He was a national expert in brachytherapy, the go-to person for eye plaque brachytherapy,” said Lei Xing , PhD, a professor of radiation oncology. “I appreciated his high standard of work and strong ability to take on responsibilities and initiatives. He was an ideal colleague to have around any clinic.”

During his career as a medical physicist, Wu published more than 42 peer-reviewed papers in leading journals. He also taught medical physics residents and helped develop the curriculum for the radiation physics residency program.

“Wu accomplished a lot. During his time as a postdoc in my lab, he spearheaded several projects to track the tumor motions in real time and made significant contributions to radiation therapy techniques,” said Xing, the Jacob Haimson and Sarah S. Donaldson Professor. “His work sparked significant research and clinical activities in radiation oncology, leading to much-improved patient care.”

Not only was Liu an excellent, patient-focused researcher, but he was also “an easygoing, sociable, family-focused person,” his friend and colleague Ruijiang Li , PhD, associate professor of radiation oncology, said of Liu, who leaves behind a wife and daughter. “He was open-minded, generous, humble and true to himself. Wu is known for his sense of humor and optimism.”

A dear friend and close colleague

Liu’s family said he combined modesty and ambition with a strong intellect. He appreciated that his research helped others and cared deeply for his family and friends.

“We lost a dear friend and a close colleague,” Li said. “His death gives us another personal reason, as cancer researchers, to find better ways to detect cancer early and treat cancer.”

Wu Liu on a family trip to Scotland. Courtesy of the Liu family

Born in Beijing, China, on July 23, 1972, Liu was the youngest of the family by a long stretch — 18 years from his next-youngest sibling. His father was a magazine editor, and his mother was a book proofreader.

Liu attended high school in Beijing, then earned a bachelor’s degree in astronomy from Nanjing University and a master’s degree in astrophysics from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing.

He switched to medical physics when he moved to the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where he earned a master’s degree in computer science in 2006 and a PhD in medical physics in 2007. Shortly after, he joined Stanford Medicine as a postdoctoral scholar in Xing’s lab.

There, Liu developed new ways to deal with patient movement during image-guided radiation therapy, including using artificial intelligence to improve the cancer treatment.

“He was a postdoc who every lab would like to have,” Xing said. “He was a highly motivated and great team player. He made his mentors look good and made me proud.”

After his postdoctoral studies, Liu took a position at Yale-New Haven Hospital as an assistant professor of radiation oncology. In 2019, Liu returned to California as an associate professor of radiation oncology at Stanford Medicine. His work in the clinic included planning, checking and delivering brachytherapy and external beam radiation treatments and performing checks, calibration and quality assurance evaluations on radiation machinery.

Liu went on leave after his diagnosis of glioblastoma in August 2023 but kept up with his collaborators to discuss their projects and offered guidance to his trainees.

Soccer enthusiast and family man

In graduate school, Liu was an extroverted, talkative and popular person, his wife, Nina Hsieh, said. He liked to be the center of the conversation. They met at a party in a student apartment complex and married in May 2003.

He wooed her with his astronomy, poetry and literature knowledge, especially a Chinese epic tale, “The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.”

His decency and integrity as a human being served as a model for us all.

Hsieh said Liu enjoyed making people laugh and had a positive attitude toward life, even during the most challenging times.

“Wu was humble, dedicated and true to himself, and he would stand up for what he believed in,” Li said. “I will miss our late-night beers, the hourlong chats during hikes, and how we were equally bad at tennis.”

Besides playing tennis badly, Liu’s hobbies included studying history and traveling the world. Hsieh said that during his travels, he liked to visit universities and walk around their campuses. They also took regular family ski trips to Lake Tahoe, where Liu spent his time on the slopes conquering black diamonds. He also liked to hike, visiting state parks and coastal areas with his daughter.

He was well known for his love of soccer: “I felt that his passion toward soccer was only slightly less than his passion toward his research and clinical responsibilities,” Xing said.

Liu and Hsieh’s daughter, Sienna, was born in 2013. Sienna was Liu’s favorite person to share his love of soccer with, whether kicking the ball in the park behind their house or taking her to Stanford women’s soccer games.

“Although he was very busy with his job, he liked to spend time with family. He never forgot a birthday, anniversary or holiday and liked to celebrate them,” Hsieh said. “His decency and integrity as a human being served as a model for us all.”

Liu was a member of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and the American Society for Radiation Oncology. He was on the board of editors for the Journal of Applied Clinical Medical Physics , served on the physics committee for the American Brachytherapy Society, and was a member of the science council and research grants evaluation subcommittee for ASTRO.

Liu is survived by his wife, Nina Hsieh, and daughter, Sienna Liu, of Palo Alto, California. His mother, Xingguang Gan; brother, Xiaoxin Liu; and sister, Xueqing Liu, all of Beijing, survive him, along with multiple nieces and nephews. His father, Tai Liu, preceded him in death.

• Jennifer Welsh Jennifer Welsh is a freelance writer

About Stanford Medicine

Stanford Medicine is an integrated academic health system comprising the Stanford School of Medicine and adult and pediatric health care delivery systems. Together, they harness the full potential of biomedicine through collaborative research, education and clinical care for patients. For more information, please visit med.stanford.edu .

Hope amid crisis

Psychiatry’s new frontiers

Machine Learning & Data Science Foundations

Online Graduate Certificate

Cutting-Edge Curriculum

The power of data grounded in computer science .

Artificial intelligence is transforming how all industries and organizations operate. Now more than ever, there is an increasing demand for data scientists and engineers who can understand and implement machine learning technology. To gain insights from massive data sets, drive efficiency, create technological advancements, and win in the marketplace, organizations need data professionals who can develop powerful algorithms and intelligent machines. 

Offered by CMU’s School of Computer Science, one of the nation’s top universities for learning computational data science, this online certificate equips students with the requisite AI skills to solve real, large-scale data problems across various industries.

Curriculum Overview

After you enroll in the Machine Learning & Data Science Foundations program, you will take six graduate-level, credit-bearing courses. Each course will appear on your Carnegie Mellon transcript with the grade earned.

To earn the certificate, you must successfully complete all courses in the program. If you are only interested in one course, however, you may complete that course only and it will show on your transcript with the grade earned. 

Please note: the Python for Data Science and Foundations of Computational Data Science courses are delivered in two consecutive parts at 6 units each.

The certificate includes the following courses taught by CMU faculty:

Mathematical foundations of machine learning.

Course Number:  10-680

Units:  6 units

Practice the necessary mathematical background for further understanding in machine learning. You will study topics like probability (random variables, modeling with continuous and discrete distributions), linear algebra (inner product spaces, linear operators), and multivariate differential calculus (partial derivatives, matrix differentials). Some coding will be required; ultimately, you will learn how to translate these foundational math skills into concrete coding programs.

Computational Foundations for Machine Learning

Course Number:  10-681

Practice the necessary computational background for further understanding in machine learning. You will study topics like computational complexity, analysis of algorithms, proof techniques, optimization, dynamic programming, recursion, and data structures. Some coding will be required; ultimately, you will learn how to translate these computational concepts into concrete coding programs.

Python for Data Science

Course Numbers:  11-604 & 11-605

Units:  6 units each

Master the concepts, techniques, skills, and tools needed for developing programs in Python. You will study topics like types, variables, functions, iteration, conditionals, data structures, classes, objects, modules, and I/O operations while also receiving hands-on experience with development environments like Jupyter Notebook and software development practices like test-driven development, debugging, and style. Course projects include real-life applications on enterprise data and document manipulation, web scraping, and data analysis. These courses can be waived for computer science professionals already fluent in Python.

Foundations of Computational Data Science

Course Numbers:  11-671 & 11-672

Learn foundational concepts related to the three core areas of data science: computing systems, analytics, and human-centered data science. In this course, you will acquire skills in solution design (e.g. architecture, framework APIs, cloud computing), analytic algorithms (e.g., classification, clustering, ranking, prediction), interactive analysis (Jupyter Notebook), applications to data science domains (e.g. natural language processing, computer vision), and visualization techniques for data analysis, solution optimization, and performance measurement on real-world tasks.

Course Waivers

Students who already have proficient skills in either math or programming may waive the following courses upon successful completion of an exemption exam(s):

• Math Fundamentals of Machine Learning (10-680) and   Computational Fundamentals of Machine Learning (10-681)
• Python for Data Science (11-604 & 11-605)

The exemption exam(s) will be administered to admitted students only. Students who are interested in taking the exam(s) should indicate their interest in the application when applying to the program. Once admitted, additional information about sitting for the exam(s) will be provided.  

Upon successful completion of one, or both, of the exemption exams, students will only complete the remaining courses to qualify for the certificate. No credit will be earned, nor tuition will be assessed, for the waived courses.  

Please note: Foundations of Computational Data Science is not eligible for a waiver.

For more information about course waivers, contact an admissions counselor today.

Application Deadlines

Priority*: July 9, 2024 Final: July 30, 2024

*All applicants who submit by the priority deadline will receive a partial scholarship award.

Request Info

Questions? There are two ways to contact us. Call 412-501-2686 or send an email to  [email protected] with your inquiries .

Meet Our World-Class Faculty

Dr. carolyn rosé.

Professor of Language Technologies and Human-Computer Interaction

Education:  Ph.D., Carnegie Mellon University

Research Focus: to better understand the social and pragmatic nature of conversation and to build computational systems that improve the efficacy of conversation between people, and between people and computers by using approaches from computational discourse analysis and text mining, conversational agents, and computer-supported collaborative learning. 

Dr. Henry Chai

Assistant Teaching Professor of Machine Learning

Education:  Ph.D., Washington University in St. Louis

Research Focus: topics at the intersection of Bayesian machine learning, probabilistic numerics and active learning that help address the following question: how can we efficiently and accurately reason about inherently intractable quantities? Dr. Chai is also passionate about pedagogical research and K-12 computer science education.

The Graduate Certificate in Machine Learning & Data Science Foundations is offered by the Language Technologies Institute (LTI) at CMU, which is housed within the highly-ranked School of Computer Science (SCS). SCS faculty are esteemed in their field, and many of them have collaborated on critical projects that have paved the way for future discoveries in artificial intelligence. Check out some of their work below:

Researchers from CMU’s Robotics Institute completed a long-distance autonomous driving test in 1995 called the No Hands Across America mission .

In 2001, SCS Founders University Professor Takeo Kanade and his team created a video replay system called EyeVision  for Super Bowl XXXV.

In 2007, Faculty Emeritus William “Red” Whittaker led CMU’s Tartan Racing team to victory in the DARPA’s Grand Challenge .

Assistant Research Professor László Jeni used computer vision technology to create a facial recognition tool  that can help people with visual impairment.

The Building Blocks of Our Curriculum

Industry Impact

In this program, everything you learn serves a greater purpose - to approach and solve large-scale, real-world data challenges in today’s world. After learning fundamental skills in math and computational data science, you’ll have a firm understanding of cloud-based technologies and the ability to solve problems across industries with innovative solutions.

By completing practical, interactive, and collaborative coursework along with hands-on training exercises, you’ll be prepared to: define the analytical requirements of a data science problem, design a data gathering plan, build and deploy models using the right analytic algorithms, and improve models to achieve organizational objectives.

Collaborative

Interdisciplinary work is a core value of Carnegie Mellon. As you complete the coursework for this program, you will explore computational data science from different perspectives, participate in powerful discussions, and gain insights from different departments within the School of Computer Science, including: the Language Technologies Institute, Computer Science Department, Human-Computer Interaction Institute, and Machine Learning Department.

Certificate Validation

Supported by the following organizations.

This is to certify that Manav Dave successfully completed and received a passing grade in 2021edx009 : Foundations of Finance a course of study offered by UniversityofCambridge, an online learning initiative of University of Cambridge.

Dr. James Gazzard

Director of Continuing Education University of Cambridge - Institute of Continuing Education

• Verified Certificate Issued June 29, 2024
• Valid Certificate ID 7d9ee4236ff94cbaacaf81e015aa6a1e

edX offers interactive online classes and MOOCs from the world’s best universities, including MIT, Harvard, Berkeley, University of Texas, and many others. edX is a mission driven initiative created by founding partners Harvard and MIT.

About edX Verified Certificates

An edX Verified Certificate signifies that the learner has agreed to abide by the edX honor code and completed all of the required tasks of this course under its guidelines, as well as having their photo ID checked to verify their identity.