systematic literature review grid

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Common Assignments: Literature Review Matrix

Literature review matrix.

As you read and evaluate your literature there are several different ways to organize your research. Courtesy of Dr. Gary Burkholder in the School of Psychology, these sample matrices are one option to help organize your articles. These documents allow you to compile details about your sources, such as the foundational theories, methodologies, and conclusions; begin to note similarities among the authors; and retrieve citation information for easy insertion within a document.

You can review the sample matrixes to see a completed form or download the blank matrix for your own use.

• Literature Review Matrix 1 This PDF file provides a sample literature review matrix.
• Literature Review Matrix 2 This PDF file provides a sample literature review matrix.
• Literature Review Matrix Template (Word)
• Literature Review Matrix Template (Excel)

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Systematic Reviews: Search strategy

• Types of literature review, methods, & resources
• Protocol and registration
• Search strategy
• Medical Literature Databases to search
• Study selection and appraisal
• Data Extraction/Coding/Study characteristics/Results
• Reporting the quality/risk of bias
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Development of search strategy: PRISMA Item 6

Begin by defining your research question. You should identify who and what are the population, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, study design (PICOS) and study characteristics you are interested in, these are the beginning of your inclusion & exclusion criteria you will use to decide what articles you wish to include in your review. Watch this video from Rosalind Franklin University, on how to apply the PICO mnemonic to identify your search terms. Read these practice scenarios  with example PICO formatted answers in the box below each scenario. Read the article Munn et al (2018) Table 1 to determine what type of literature review you want to do, and check the adjacent column titled Question Format to see what type of PICO mnemonic you ought to apply.  Then work up an example PICO for your question.

Write down your keyword concepts, documenting them on a spreadsheet, you might like to start a Logic Grid following the guidance suggested by the University of Adelaide. Identify the MEDLINE MeSH headings  used for your keywords - try the Yale MeSH Analyzer  into which you can copy and paste up to 20 PMID numbers from search results in PubMed/MEDLINE and generate a MeSH Analysis grid to quickly scan the MeSH headings that were used to index those journal articles. Distribute the spreadsheet with your keywords and search terms to your research team colleagues and seek feedback from them and from your librarian. It is likely your spreadsheet will grow as you read around the topic and find new or related additional keywords and concepts.

SOURCES FOR SEARCH STRATEGIES

Someone may have already carried out a review on your topic and these can be a good source for finding a search strategy, some review guidelines such as PRISMA require the author to include an example of the search strategy for at least one database including the search keywords used, and in most cases this will be the MEDLINE search keywords and MeSH terms.  

• PubMed lists >4,500  reviews that have followed the PRISMA format  and in general these will include an example of at least one database search.
• Another source for search strategies is the PROSPERO database of review protocols, type keywords into the search box to see if there are any reviews similar to your topic.
• Search the Dissertations and Theses Online database for completed Doctoral research. The peer-review process for a dissertation is different than for a published journal article, and may not have been subjected to independent scrutiny, however  a good PhD dissertation or thesis should always include a literature review and this can be a good source for ideas of resources to search.
• Search MEDLINE or PubMed and use the "Publication type" limit for systematic review to limit the results to just this type of review article. Or  search  PubMed Clinical Queries  using simple keywords and look in the center column of results for a list of recent systematic reviews.
• The websites of the  McMaster University Health Information Research Unit , and the  University of York Centre for Reviews and Dissemination , may list a pre-existing evidence-based database search filter that can identify studies on your topic.

STUDY DESIGNS TO LOOK FOR

To help you think about what type of clinical studies you may want to include in your review read this description by staff at Duke/UNC medical libraries of  the best study types for the type of question you are investigating .  Think about what type of study design best collects the type of data you want to find and compare in your analysis e.g. if you want to analyse observational data what would be best: a time-series cohort study that measured data at several uniform time intervals, or a spatial data study that recorded the geographic locations where the observations were made, or a cross-sectional study that collected data at only one point in time such as a census? If you want to analyse the effect of an intervention or treatment what would be best: a randomized controlled trial, or would a non-randomized quasi-experimental study design be better such as an interrupted time-series where samples from the same population are taken before and after the intervention?  To make a safety case certain types of study design are important to control for potential biases and confounding variables, however when you come to do your literature search you may find that to answer your question certain types of study design were not possible for reasons including ethics, time, cost, etc.  If you can't find the data you're looking for in journal articles, might it exist in other public or private commercial sources? Try searching some of the supplementary data sources described on the next page of this guide such as clinical trials registers. Consider contacting authors you know have worked on this, identify them by doing an author search in Pubmed or an affilitation search in Scopus. Ask your professional colleagues or post questions to internet forums or listservs for professional societies and working groups for people working on this topic.  

HOW TO REPORT YOUR SEARCH STRATEGY

From 2021 authors should now follow the PRISMA-S checklist which is a 16-item guidance checklist on how to report the search strategies used in each of the databases searched for your systematic review. Optionally authors may wish to upload to an institutional repository or provide the publisher with supplemental files containing the search strategy as described in the guidance article Rethlefsen, M.L., Kirtley, S., Waffenschmidt, S.  et al.  PRISMA-S: an extension to the PRISMA Statement for Reporting Literature Searches in Systematic Reviews.  Syst Rev   10,  39 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-020-01542-z

In the final report in the methods section the PRISMA checklist Item 6 the PICOS representing the types of study you were looking for and study eligibility criteria should be reported as:

• Participants/population
• Interventions/treatment
• Comparison (if any)
• Outcome measures sought & length of follow up
• Study eligibility criteria (e.g. what types of study were sought RCTs, Case studies, etc. in what language, published or unpublished, year of publication, who commissioned the study, who carried it out, etc.)
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• Last Updated: May 7, 2024 2:50 PM
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How to Do a Systematic Review: A Best Practice Guide for Conducting and Reporting Narrative Reviews, Meta-Analyses, and Meta-Syntheses

Affiliations.

• 1 Behavioural Science Centre, Stirling Management School, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, United Kingdom; email: [email protected].
• 2 Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics and Political Science, London WC2A 2AE, United Kingdom.
• 3 Department of Statistics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA; email: [email protected].
• PMID: 30089228
• DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-102803

Systematic reviews are characterized by a methodical and replicable methodology and presentation. They involve a comprehensive search to locate all relevant published and unpublished work on a subject; a systematic integration of search results; and a critique of the extent, nature, and quality of evidence in relation to a particular research question. The best reviews synthesize studies to draw broad theoretical conclusions about what a literature means, linking theory to evidence and evidence to theory. This guide describes how to plan, conduct, organize, and present a systematic review of quantitative (meta-analysis) or qualitative (narrative review, meta-synthesis) information. We outline core standards and principles and describe commonly encountered problems. Although this guide targets psychological scientists, its high level of abstraction makes it potentially relevant to any subject area or discipline. We argue that systematic reviews are a key methodology for clarifying whether and how research findings replicate and for explaining possible inconsistencies, and we call for researchers to conduct systematic reviews to help elucidate whether there is a replication crisis.

Keywords: evidence; guide; meta-analysis; meta-synthesis; narrative; systematic review; theory.

• Guidelines as Topic
• Meta-Analysis as Topic*
• Publication Bias
• Review Literature as Topic
• Systematic Reviews as Topic*

Systematic literature reviews

Developing a search strategy.

Before you begin your search you will need to develop a search strategy. Below are some tips on how to do this:

• Identify the key concepts in your research question
• Think about alternative terms for these concepts (synonyms)
• Combine your terms with Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to create your search strategy
• Consider database search tips such as truncation, wildcards, phrase searching or proximity searching to enhance your search.

Identify key concepts

The first step is to identify the key concepts in your research topic. These concepts will help you to develop your search strategy.

What are concepts?

Main concepts are the key elements in your research question. They are the ideas that remain once you remove all of the extraneous words such as: and, of, the, what, effect, impact etc. You will use concepts as a basis for identifying search terms.

Example topic: The effect of sustainable tourism ventures on alleviating poverty in developing countries

Taking the above research question as an example, the main concepts will be:

• Sustainable tourism
• Poverty alleviation
• Developing countries

Find alternative terms (synonyms)

You should consider a variety of search terms for each of your main concepts. Different terminology is used by different authors to describe the same concepts, and including alternative terms will help ensure you find more relevant literature and minimise the chance of missing key research related to your topic.

Watch the following video for some tips on finding alternative terms:

Concept grid

When taking a systematic approach, it is helpful to note down your main concepts and alternative terms as you develop your search strategy. A concept grid can be a useful tool for recording keywords as you find them.

• Search strategy concept grid template [DOCX, 13kB]

Combine your terms using Boolean

It is important that you understand how to use the Boolean operators AND, OR, NOT.

• AND narrows your search, instructing the database that you’re only interested in articles that contain both/all of your terms. For example, a search for sustainable tourism AND poverty alleviation will locate all records containing both the terms sustainable tourism and poverty alleviation.
• OR broadens your search, instructing the database that you’re interested in articles that contain either of your keywords. __ For example, a search for sustainable tourism OR ecotourism will locate all records containing either the terms sustainable tourism or ecotourism .
• NOT narrows your search, instructing the database that you are interested in articles that contain one term, but not the other. For example, a search for developing countries NOT Africa, will locate records containing the term developing countries , but not Africa . Use NOT with caution as you may inadvertently exclude relevant articles from your search. For example, an article on Africa may also contain information on other developing countries.

It is helpful to show the effect of these operators diagrammatically:

Final search strategy

Your search strategy will take some time to develop. You will need to continually assess and refine your search strategy before it is finalised. For example, as you try particular keywords, their usefulness will be determined by the number and relevance of your search results.

The final strategy for our sample research question may look like this:

( “sustainab* touris*” OR “responsib* touris*” OR “green touris*” OR ecotouris* OR “community-based touris*”) AND (poverty OR “pro-poor”) AND (“developing countr*” OR “developing nation*” OR “third world” OR “low income countr*” OR “poor countr*” OR “less economically developed countries” OR LEDCs )

Database search tips

Consider using the following to strengthen your search:

• Phrase searching

If you’re searching for a concept that includes multiple words, you can search for the terms as a phrase by including them within quotation marks. Doing this means they must appear in your article exactly as they’ve been entered. Phrase searching will reduce the number of results your search produces.

For example: “developing countries”

Truncation allows you to search for variations of a particular word by including the * symbol at the end of your keyword stem. Truncation will increase the number of results your search produces.

For example: touris * will find tourism, tourist, tourists .

Wildcard searching allows you to find words with slightly different spelling, and can be especially useful for finding articles that make use of either American-English or Australian-English spelling.

For example: organi?ation will find organisation and organization.

• Proximity operators

Proximity operators enable you to specify how closely you want your search terms to be found in relation to one another. If terms appear close to each other it increases the likelihood that they are being used in a similar context. Typically the proximity operators are composed of a letter (N or W) or word (NEAR) and a number (to specify the number of words appearing between your search terms).

For example: sustainable W3 tourism will search for sustainable within 3 words of tourism.

Note: Truncation symbols, wildcard symbols and proximity operators can vary between databases. See the Help section in the databases to find out which symbols and operators are used. ​

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The Thematic Analysis Grid: a strategy for successful literature review writing.

Anderson, Deborah , Lees, Becky and Avery, Barry (2015) The Thematic Analysis Grid: a strategy for successful literature review writing. In: Festival of Learning 2015; 12-16 Jan 2015, Kingston Upon Thames, U.K.. (Unpublished)

Introduction We often require students to draw upon academic papers on a given topic to develop a literature review, sometimes as part of a dissertation, other times as a standalone assessment. This can often present a challenge for students. Despite help and guidance with search, retrieval, recording, referencing and writing skills, students are rarely provided with practical guidance on synthesizing concepts and ideas to produce a coherent, critical, well-linked literature review. In response to this gap, “The Thematic Analysis Grid” was designed to help students in the Faculty of Business and Law when writing an academic literature review. Existing guidance on writing a literature review Whilst guidance on literature review writing is often to be found in text books on dissertation writing (e.g., Biggam 2011; Murray 2007; Swetnam and Swetnam 2010) there are also examples of text books wholly devoted to the literature review (e.g., Hart 1998). This type of guidance tends to focus on search, retrieval, recording and referencing. The emergence of the systematic literature review has led to sound guidance on search and recording of papers (Cronin et al. 2008; Tranfield et al. 2003) and often collaborations between faculty and librarians result in published guidance in this area (Green and Bowser 2006). Within institutions, workshops and support sessions are also often offered by academic and library staff, for example, on the use of journal databases. However, a strong review of academic literature is not achieved simply by sourcing and reading relevant papers and knowing how to reference properly. Guidance on the vital organising and synthesis of materials is rare and as such, students often revert to producing a review which is simply an annotated list of the major works on a particular topic. This has led to accusations of “brief catalogues of previous research” or “article-by-article reports” (Nairn et al. 2007, p259). Yacobucci (2012) does provide some guidance here, although the focus is on systematically recording methodologies rather than overall themes in the literature. The Thematic Analysis Grid In an attempt to provide some practical help with synthesis the authors developed “The Thematic Analysis Grid”, a tool which enables students to record key ideas from the literature with a view to linking them with other ideas. In this way students are able to approach their literature review from an overview perspective rather than building it up from individual papers. In brief, The Thematic Analysis Grid is a matrix with papers listed in the rows (in date order) and themes in the columns. Students are encouraged to identify possible themes from their cursory reading of abstracts, but to be prepared to introduce new ones as their reading progresses. Within the cells of the matrix students can make notes about the papers’ content on each of the themes. By using a numbering system, they can cross reference the noted comment with where it is to be found on the paper itself. This approach allows students to keep meaningful notes on their reading, but more importantly enables them to review all ideas at once and see for themselves the consensus and contradictions amongst authors. A final column prompts them to think critically about the papers, in particular to look at the methodology used in an attempt to work out which studies might be more credible than others. The Thematic Analysis Grid has been successfully used with students for several years. Although formal evaluation has not been carried out, many positive comments have been received through module evaluations: “For me the grid helped to bring the key ideas and themes together. It was good to write the main points down in one place and be able to visualise them easily. So for that reason it is a method which would really benefit visual learners. The grid also really helped to save time as it meant I did not have to browse through my literature papers when I needed to find a specific quote/theme” (Dissertation student, 2014) In summary, The Thematic Analysis Grid appears to be a helpful tool for encouraging synthesis and supplements the existing support on search, retrieval, referencing and writing skills. References Biggam, J. (2011) Succeeding with your Master’s dissertation. Open University Press. Cronin, P., Ryan, F. And Coughlan, M. (2008) Undertaking a Literature Review: A Step by Step Approach. British Journal of Nursing, 17 (1) 38-43. Green, R. And Bowser, M. (2006) Observations from the field: sharing a literature review rubric. Journal of Library Administration, 45 (1), 185-202. Hart, C. (2003) Doing a literature review. Sage Publications, London. Murray, R. (2007) How to write a thesis. Open University Press, Maidenhead. Nairn, A., Berthon, P. and Money, A. (2007) Learning from giants: exploring, classifying and analysing existing knowledge on market research. International Journal of Market Research, 49 (2) 257-274. Swetnam, D. and Swetnam, R. (2010) Writing your dissertation. How to books Ltd. Tranfield, D., Denyer, D. and Smart, P. (2003) ‘Towards a Methodology for Developing Evidence-Informed Management Knowledge by Means of Systematic Review’, British Journal of Management, 14, 207-222. Yacobucci, P. (2012) Introducing the Literature Grid: Helping Undergraduates Consistently Produce Quality Literature Reviews. Proceedings of the American Political Science Association’s Annual Teaching and Learning Conference, Washington, DC, February 2012

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Subject Guides

Literature Review and Evidence Synthesis

• Reviews as Assignments
• Annotated Bibliography
• Narrative Literature Review
• Integrative Review
• Scoping Review This link opens in a new window
• Systematic Review This link opens in a new window
• Other Review Types
• Subject Librarian Assistance with Reviews
• Grey Literature This link opens in a new window

Citation Managers

Review tools.

Citation managers are tools that can help you stay organized during the searching stage of a systematic review. 

• Keep track of  search results
• De-deduplicate your search results
• Allow for group projects
• Provide notification of retracted articles
• Cite and Write capabilities
• Bibliographic formatting

Citation Management Subject Guide : a library guide which provides details regarding the various types of citation managers and other resources. 

Covidence:  

• Covidence is a web-based screening and data extraction tool
• Covidence Knowledge Base tutorials
• Covidence Academy
• Introductory demonstration video

Rayyan:  

• An AI powered tool for systematic reviews

Citation Chaser

Citation Chaser can be used to easily identify articles that are citing or are being cited by specific articles you have identified as being relevant to your research topic.

PubMed PubReMiner

The PubMed PubReMiner can be used to identify the most used subject headings for your exemplar articles, to help you identify relevant MeSH terms for your search strategy.

Yale MeSH Analyzer

A MeSH analysis grid can help identify the problems in your search strategy by presenting the ways articles are indexed in the MEDLINE database in an easy-to-scan tabular format. Librarians can then easily scan the grid and identify appropriate MesH terms, term variants, indexing consistency, and the reasons why some articles are retrieved and others are not. This inevitably leads to fresh iterations of the search strategy to include missing important terms.

MeSH On Demand

This simple tool from the NLM will automatically identify potential MeSH terms for a given text, such as a title, abstract, or research question.

Medsyntax  

Medsyntax is  a free, open-source tool for visualizing and editing literature searches. It transforms search terms into HTML elements to visualize the search strategy effectively, provides an inline scope-driven editor and offers real-time error detection. 

Polyglot Search

Polyglot is a tool that will automatically translate your search from PubMed to other major databases such as Scopus and CINAHL. Note that Polyglot can only translate search syntax, so you will still need to manually translate your controlled vocabulary terms.

Systematic Review Accelator

The Systematic Review Accelerator is a collection of tools to help automate and streamline the SR process.

The Systematic Review Toolbox

The Systematic Review Toolbox is an online catalogue of tools that support various tasks within the systematic review and wider evidence synthesis process. You can use the toolbox to search for help with a specific task, or browse tools by what stage of the systematic review you are working on.

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• Last Updated: May 7, 2024 3:25 PM
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Smart Grid Security: A Systematic Literature Review

• Conference paper
• First Online: 27 May 2023
• Cite this conference paper

• Vivian Sultan 11 ,
• Arun Aryal 11 ,
• Crystal Wu 11 &
• Hector Lopez 11  

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems ((LNNS,volume 700))

Included in the following conference series:

• International Conference on Advances in Computing Research

402 Accesses

The smart grid is an upgrade to the current electrical power grid. This upgrade is in response to changing consumer requirements for the 21st century. The smart grid is a large and complex system spread out over a large geographic area. The grid as we know it today already relies on a wide variety of digital devices and computerized controls to function. Managing security threats to power utility systems is a complex issue. Several security risks are present in the smart grid, so this project systematically reviewed smart-grid security to define the unique research streams within the domain, enhance the field’s knowledge, and to guide future research and enrich the body of knowledge. A systematic literature review is a particularly influential tool in the hands of researchers since it allows a scholar to gather and recap all the information about research in a specific field.

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Sultan, V., Aryal, A., Wu, C., Lopez, H. (2023). Smart Grid Security: A Systematic Literature Review. In: Daimi, K., Al Sadoon, A. (eds) Proceedings of the 2023 International Conference on Advances in Computing Research (ACR’23). ACR 2023. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol 700. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-33743-7_28

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International Journal of Energy Sector Management

ISSN : 1750-6220

Article publication date: 16 August 2021

Issue publication date: 19 January 2022

The purpose of this study is to explore the latest approaches in integrating artificial intelligence and analytics (AIA) in energy smart grid projects. Empirical results are synthesized to highlight their relevance from a technology and project management standpoint, identifying several lessons learned that can be used for planning highly integrated and automated smart grid projects.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review leads to selecting 108 research articles dealing with smart grids and AIA applications. Keywords are based on the following research questions: What is the growth trend in Smart Grid projects using intelligent systems and data analytics? What business value is offered when AI-based methods are applied? How do applications of intelligent systems combine with data analytics? What lessons can be learned for Smart Grid and AIA projects?

The 108 selected articles are classified according to the following four research issues in smart grids project management: AIA integrated applications; AI-focused technologies; analytics-focused technologies; architecture and design methods. A broad set of smart grid functionality is reviewed, seeking to find commonality among several applications, including as follows: dynamic energy management; automation of extract, transform and load for Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems data; multi-level representations of data; the relationship between the standard three-phase transforms and modern data analytics; real-time or short-time voltage stability assessment; smart city architecture; home energy management system; building energy consumption; automated fault and disturbance analysis; and power quality control.

Originality/value

Given the diversity of issues reviewed, a more capability-focused research agenda is needed to further synthesize empirical findings for AI-based smart grids. Research may converge toward more focus on business rules systems, that may best support smart grid design, proof development, governance and effectiveness. These AIA technologies must be further integrated with smart grid project management methodologies and enable a greater diversity of renewable and non-renewable production sources.

• Project management
• Energy sector
• Artificial intelligence
• Data analytics

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for a research grant from the National Capital Management Research Fund (NCMRF). Ottawa, Canada.

Khosrojerdi, F. , Akhigbe, O. , Gagnon, S. , Ramirez, A. and Richards, G. (2022), "Integrating artificial intelligence and analytics in smart grids: a systematic literature review", International Journal of Energy Sector Management , Vol. 16 No. 2, pp. 318-338. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJESM-06-2020-0011

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