how to make a research paper in mbbs

• PRO Courses Guides New Tech Help Pro Expert Videos About wikiHow Pro Upgrade Sign In
• EDIT Edit this Article
• EXPLORE Tech Help Pro About Us Random Article Quizzes Request a New Article Community Dashboard This Or That Game Popular Categories Arts and Entertainment Artwork Books Movies Computers and Electronics Computers Phone Skills Technology Hacks Health Men's Health Mental Health Women's Health Relationships Dating Love Relationship Issues Hobbies and Crafts Crafts Drawing Games Education & Communication Communication Skills Personal Development Studying Personal Care and Style Fashion Hair Care Personal Hygiene Youth Personal Care School Stuff Dating All Categories Arts and Entertainment Finance and Business Home and Garden Relationship Quizzes Cars & Other Vehicles Food and Entertaining Personal Care and Style Sports and Fitness Computers and Electronics Health Pets and Animals Travel Education & Communication Hobbies and Crafts Philosophy and Religion Work World Family Life Holidays and Traditions Relationships Youth
• Browse Articles
• Learn Something New
• Quizzes Hot
• This Or That Game
• Train Your Brain
• Explore More
• Support wikiHow
• About wikiHow
• Log in / Sign up
• Education and Communications
• College University and Postgraduate
• Academic Writing
• Research Papers

How to Write a Medical Research Paper

Last Updated: February 5, 2024 Approved

This article was co-authored by Chris M. Matsko, MD . Dr. Chris M. Matsko is a retired physician based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. With over 25 years of medical research experience, Dr. Matsko was awarded the Pittsburgh Cornell University Leadership Award for Excellence. He holds a BS in Nutritional Science from Cornell University and an MD from the Temple University School of Medicine in 2007. Dr. Matsko earned a Research Writing Certification from the American Medical Writers Association (AMWA) in 2016 and a Medical Writing & Editing Certification from the University of Chicago in 2017. wikiHow marks an article as reader-approved once it receives enough positive feedback. In this case, 89% of readers who voted found the article helpful, earning it our reader-approved status. This article has been viewed 203,078 times.

Writing a medical research paper is similar to writing other research papers in that you want to use reliable sources, write in a clear and organized style, and offer a strong argument for all conclusions you present. In some cases the research you discuss will be data you have actually collected to answer your research questions. Understanding proper formatting, citations, and style will help you write and informative and respected paper.

Researching Your Paper

• Pick something that really interests you to make the research more fun.
• Choose a topic that has unanswered questions and propose solutions.

• Quantitative studies consist of original research performed by the writer. These research papers will need to include sections like Hypothesis (or Research Question), Previous Findings, Method, Limitations, Results, Discussion, and Application.
• Synthesis papers review the research already published and analyze it. They find weaknesses and strengths in the research, apply it to a specific situation, and then indicate a direction for future research.

• Keep track of your sources. Write down all publication information necessary for citation: author, title of article, title of book or journal, publisher, edition, date published, volume number, issue number, page number, and anything else pertaining to your source. A program like Endnote can help you keep track of your sources.
• Take detailed notes as you read. Paraphrase information in your own words or if you copy directly from the article or book, indicate that these are direct quotes by using quotation marks to prevent plagiarism.
• Be sure to keep all of your notes with the correct source.
• Your professor and librarians can also help you find good resources.

• Keep all of your notes in a physical folder or in a digitized form on the computer.
• Start to form the basic outline of your paper using the notes you have collected.

Writing Your Paper

• Start with bullet points and then add in notes you've taken from references that support your ideas. [1] X Trustworthy Source PubMed Central Journal archive from the U.S. National Institutes of Health Go to source
• A common way to format research papers is to follow the IMRAD format. This dictates the structure of your paper in the following order: I ntroduction, M ethods, R esults, a nd D iscussion. [2] X Research source
• The outline is just the basic structure of your paper. Don't worry if you have to rearrange a few times to get it right.
• Ask others to look over your outline and get feedback on the organization.
• Know the audience you are writing for and adjust your style accordingly. [3] X Research source

• Use a standard font type and size, such as Times New Roman 12 point font.
• Double-space your paper.
• If necessary, create a cover page. Most schools require a cover page of some sort. Include your main title, running title (often a shortened version of your main title), author's name, course name, and semester.

• Break up information into sections and subsections and address one main point per section.
• Include any figures or data tables that support your main ideas.
• For a quantitative study, state the methods used to obtain results.

• Clearly state and summarize the main points of your research paper.
• Discuss how this research contributes to the field and why it is important. [4] X Research source
• Highlight potential applications of the theory if appropriate.
• Propose future directions that build upon the research you have presented. [5] X Research source
• Keep the introduction and discussion short, and spend more time explaining the methods and results.

• State why the problem is important to address.
• Discuss what is currently known and what is lacking in the field.
• State the objective of your paper.
• Keep the introduction short.

• Highlight the purpose of the paper and the main conclusions.
• State why your conclusions are important.
• Be concise in your summary of the paper.
• Show that you have a solid study design and a high-quality data set.
• Abstracts are usually one paragraph and between 250 – 500 words.

• Unless otherwise directed, use the American Medical Association (AMA) style guide to properly format citations.
• Add citations at end of a sentence to indicate that you are using someone else's idea. Use these throughout your research paper as needed. They include the author's last name, year of publication, and page number.
• Compile your reference list and add it to the end of your paper.
• Use a citation program if you have access to one to simplify the process.

• Continually revise your paper to make sure it is structured in a logical way.
• Proofread your paper for spelling and grammatical errors.
• Make sure you are following the proper formatting guidelines provided for the paper.
• Have others read your paper to proofread and check for clarity. Revise as needed.

Expert Q&A

• Ask your professor for help if you are stuck or confused about any part of your research paper. They are familiar with the style and structure of papers and can provide you with more resources. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Refer to your professor's specific guidelines. Some instructors modify parts of a research paper to better fit their assignment. Others may request supplementary details, such as a synopsis for your research project . Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Set aside blocks of time specifically for writing each day. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

• Do not plagiarize. Plagiarism is using someone else's work, words, or ideas and presenting them as your own. It is important to cite all sources in your research paper, both through internal citations and on your reference page. Thanks Helpful 4 Not Helpful 2

You Might Also Like

• ↑ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3178846/
• ↑ http://owl.excelsior.edu/research-and-citations/outlining/outlining-imrad/
• ↑ http://china.elsevier.com/ElsevierDNN/Portals/7/How%20to%20write%20a%20world-class%20paper.pdf
• ↑ http://intqhc.oxfordjournals.org/content/16/3/191
• ↑ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~bioslabs/tools/report/reportform.html#form

About This Article

To write a medical research paper, research your topic thoroughly and compile your data. Next, organize your notes and create a strong outline that breaks up the information into sections and subsections, addressing one main point per section. Write the results and discussion sections first to go over your findings, then write the introduction to state your objective and provide background information. Finally, write the abstract, which concisely summarizes the article by highlighting the main points. For tips on formatting and using citations, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

• Send fan mail to authors

Reader Success Stories

Joshua Benibo

Jun 5, 2018

Did this article help you?

Dominic Cipriano

Aug 16, 2016

Obiajulu Echedom

Apr 2, 2017

Noura Ammar Alhossiny

Feb 14, 2017

Dawn Daniel

Apr 20, 2017

Featured Articles

Trending Articles

Watch Articles

• Terms of Use
• Privacy Policy
• Do Not Sell or Share My Info
• Not Selling Info

Don’t miss out! Sign up for

wikiHow’s newsletter

AMBOSS Blog

• Student Life

How to Write and Publish Clinical Research in Medical School

From working hard on the USMLE® exams to holding leadership positions in a specialty’s academic society, there are many ways medical students can work towards matching into the residency of their choice. One such activity that looks great on residency applications is finding clinical research opportunities in medical school to write and publish papers. No one knows this better than Dr. Eve Bowers. 

An Otolaryngology resident at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital, Eve became an expert in writing, submitting, and publishing manuscripts during her final years in medical school. Check out Eve’s blog post below to get valuable insights on how to get published in medical school. 

As medical students, we’re told that research is important and that publications are “good”, and even “necessary to match ” into residency, but we often aren’t given the tools we need to turn ideas into manuscripts. This is especially true given our rigorous schedules. 

When I looked through my CV, I saw I had a few abstracts and presentations, but no manuscripts. I wanted to write, but publishing seemed like just checking another resume box. On top of that, I didn’t know where to begin. 

My writing journey started with a case report I nervously picked up during my surgery clerkship . Then, over ten months of typing, editing, and sending unanswered emails, I went from writing 0 to ten manuscripts. The process was sometimes painful but mostly gratifying (yes, research can be gratifying), and you can do it, too.

To make finding, starting, and publishing high-quality research articles a little bit easier and a lot more enjoyable, check out my five tips for publishing clinical research in medical school.

1. Build your network to find publication opportunities in medical school

When looking for projects, finding great mentors is often more useful than finding the perfect project. This is especially true when starting out. Use your time on clerkships to identify attending and resident mentors who you trust to support your budding author ambitions.

At this stage, residents especially are your friends . When you demonstrate follow-through and receptiveness to feedback, you will be given more research opportunities. Don’t be shy about asking mentors for tasks if you can juggle multiple projects, but don’t bite off more than you can chew. It’s important to communicate honestly and be transparent about the amount of time you have.

2. Kickstarting your research during medical school: start small 

If you have no research experience, start with a case report. Volunteer to write an article about an interesting case you saw in the operating room or clinic. It’s much easier and more rewarding to write about patients you have experience with, and case reports are a great way to demonstrate your writing ability to more senior authors.

Pro tip : Try to figure out as much as you can independently by using published reports as blueprints before asking for help. Nevertheless, don’t be afraid to seek guidance when you need it! If you approach a mentor with a problem, come prepared with 2-3 realistic solutions or examples of how you tried to figure it out on your own.

3. Know the criteria for writing a clinical research paper 

Before you begin, ask your mentor where they would like to submit the completed work. Each journal has specific standards, styles, and submission criteria. For guidance, look to papers previously published in that journal. 

As far as annotations and citations are concerned, download and learn how to use Endnote or Zotero right now! You’ll save days of work formatting your references.

Additionally, consider creating folders and spreadsheets to keep track of projects. Set goals and timelines for yourself from the beginning, and block off dedicated time to conduct a literature review, analyze data, and write.

Pro tip : If you are the first author and overseeing a large team, improve communication and efficiency by making everyone’s roles and expectations very clear to the group via email.

4. Follow up with your mentor

Sometimes you’ll send your mentor a draft, but she won’t get back to you with edits and feedback in a reasonable timeframe. Surprisingly, many projects do not get past this point because of insufficient persistence. Here’s what to do if this happens:

• Politely nudge your mentor with follow-up emails and schedule a meeting to discuss in person or via Zoom.
• Set deadlines and give specific reasons why the paper needs to be submitted. Some reasons could include, “I need this submission for my residency application ” or “this is a requirement for my school.”
• Ask your co-author resident and/or fellow to advocate for edits and submission.

Whatever happens, don’t give up at this point. You’ve put in the work, and persistence makes or breaks a successful student-author.

5. Write about the medical topics that you love

Writing is fun when you focus on subjects you’re really passionate about. You also don’t have to stay within your institution: feel free to branch out if you come across an interesting research opportunity at a different program. A little cold email can go a long way!

If your goal is quantity, you can increase output by asking around about “productive” research mentors and sticking to topics related to clinical practice or medical education. However, my advice is to never let relatively quick publication opportunities compromise the quality of your work. Remember — every paper you write gets easier and more enjoyable, and your work will be truly important to advancing the field you care about. Good luck!

About the Author : Eve is an Otolaryngology Resident at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital. She attended medical school at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine and undergrad at the University of Pennsylvania. She is passionate about medical education, mentorship, and increasing minority and female leadership in surgical fields. For more tips and tricks, follow her on Twitter and Instagram !

For more information on residency applications, check out the AMBOSS Residency Applications Clerkship Survival Guide. 

Related posts you might like

Amboss apps: for medical students during clinical rotations.

No matter the specialty, the clinical clerkship period is full of challenging moments critical to ...

On the Wards: The Unwritten Rules of Clerkship Etiquette

You’re kicking off your clerkships this year, and there’s plenty to sink your teeth into as you ...

How to Order Your Clerkships

M3 is the year you’ve been waiting for. It’s finally your chance to be in the clinic, put your ...

Join Our Mailing List

And get updates on new posts and news about AMBOSS sent directly to your inbox.

All-in-one resource for residents and medical students.

• How to Choose a Research Topic: A Guide for Medical Students
• Uncategorized

Medical research or clinical research forms one of the most important aspects of studying medicine and understanding the medical discipline at large. Medical research involves more than simply preparing for the MBBS degree or sitting for related exams. Courses in medicine are extremely demanding – both from the perspective of understanding the subject matter, as well as doing research. Without proper planning, this workload can get extremely hectic, especially when a student isn’t prepared to perform research activities, beyond their daily quota of studying. 

In this regard, it becomes important to understand that medical research goes far beyond one’s usual medical coursework. Medical research comprises various components. A full-length research project in the medical or related clinical fields includes several variables. Understanding these variables can be challenging for researchers who don’t have much prior experience. However, one can streamline their research process by following a simple research plan. 

What does a Research Plan consist of?

A research plan broadly involves:

• Arriving at a suitable title;
• Understanding the relevant theme;
• Finding available data;
• Undertaking primary research and field-work;
• Undertaking surveys and hospital visits;
• Formulating a definite research methodology;
• Initial drafting; 
• Proof-editing; and 
• Sending for publication.

It must be noted that most of these processes may vary depending on one’s choice of publication and the nature of the research topic. In this article, the focus lies in choosing a suitable research topic. 

Check Related Article Links

• Primary Doctors and their responsibilities
• Career Options after MBBS
• Pediatrics Important Questions

What are the steps to choose a medical research topic?

The most important step towards drafting a good research paper is selecting a topic that suits one’s research plan and highlights key findings. Please see below some detailed tips on how a medical student can find a suitable research topic, or zero in on an area of research:

Choose a research topic inclined with your medical or clinical interests

There are so many different avenues of research in the medical field today, that it has become imperative for individuals to focus on, and shortlist, what they want to write about in their research papers. 

It is recommended that students begin by aligning their research topic to a medical or clinical topic that interests them the most. This will help keep them from becoming easily distracted or bored in the middle of their research. This will also help them keep their interest levels high and ensure that they spend adequate time developing the topic for their research. 

For example, if you are interested in specializing in cardiology, your research topic could focus on the processes and literature around cardiology. Prioritising on the subject matter you want to specialize in, could prove to be helpful in the future when you are ready to expand your career and grow further. It will also provide you with an in-depth understanding of your preferred specialisation as a medical aspirant. 

Focus on Research Questions:

Similar to research in qualitative fields of social sciences, or data-oriented empirical research in technical disciplines, research questions remain an integral part of conducting in-depth research. Research questions are questions answered during the course of research. 

For example, if your research topic is “Recognising modern alternative medicine as a treatment for cancer”, then possible research questions could include:

• What is alternative medicine?
• Is it possible to cure cancer with alternative medicines?
• Are there any limitations to the usage of alternative medicines for treatment of cancer?
• Is there any derogatory impact of using alternative medicines in thai respect?

Formulating good research questions gives your research process a strong framework, which makes your entire study easy to navigate in the long run. It also helps you complete the research process within the given time frame.

Remember that research is more than just data collection:

When performing medical or clinical research, it is important for students to understand that research is much more than merely a collection of data. Although empirical research data holds an important position, there are several qualitative factors that also must be taken into consideration while drafting one’s research paper. It is important for students to understand the theory behind the data to carry out proper research and analysis of the subject. 

The research includes a qualitative understanding of one’s chosen research topic. It also encompasses looking for precedents, literature and other broader research ideas. Furthermore, it also involves an analysis of normative, as well as empirical factors, that are key to one’s research paper. 

If you are a research enthusiast, it is necessary for you to understand that research constitutes a lot more than the collection of data and interpretation of available statistics. It involves a rigorous analysis of normative factors and circumstantial evidence, as well as an application of domain-specific knowledge. 

Students are encouraged to consider all circumstantial factors, such as precedents and past cases, to validate their research. This is because statistics of medical cases provide only a broad idea, and not the absolute truth in respect of a subject, and thus cannot be entirely relied upon. 

Undertaking adequate literature review as part of secondary research:

Research papers comprise primary and secondary research. 

• Primary research involves data collection, typically undertaken individually through field-work, hospital visits and surveys. 
• Secondary research comprises literature review and analysis from sources that have been previously verified and published on reputed platforms. 

The literature review helps the researcher to understand the type and nature of research that exists and is available for the research topic of their choosing. It also helps researchers to gather relevant information, which ultimately helps them explain the data they have acquired during the course of their research. A literature review is one of the most important parts of a research paper and is necessary for the purpose of citations and approvals during the formal publication process. 

Learning about publications and research guidelines to formalize the research topic:

Simultaneously while deciding on a research topic for one’s medical or clinical research paper, students should take into consideration the publications that they wish to send their research paper to, for publishing. This helps in streamlining research work. 

Once a publication has been decided, researchers typically use research guidelines provided by that publication, to arrive at their research methodology. These guidelines act as a framework to draft the research paper well. Research guidelines may differ from publication to publication depending on the process of review, acceptable citation standards, and the nature of the research conducted. Preparing a proper research methodology allows researchers to have a definite structure, and maintain a flow through the course of their research.  

Remember that your abstract essentially introduces your research and helps you to elucidate on the topic of your choice:

If  you are unable to find yourself a definite topic for your research paper, you can start by writing a short abstract. This abstract essentially explains the research idea you will be focusing on, in your paper, and the research method or process that you have chosen for the same. 

Abstracts form one of the most important parts of a research paper and can help a researcher to streamline the length of their research papers quite easily. Abstracts also help researchers to connect the central idea behind their research to the topic they have opted for. 

If you are unable to develop or arrive at your research topic, you can start with the abstract and formulate the research topic from the specifics discussed within the abstract. This may help in maintaining a flow and throughout the course of your research. 

There are various steps that researchers are required to undertake once they have fixed their research topics. Developing a research topic is perhaps just the start. However, it is one of the most time consuming portions of the research process. The topic for your research paper determines which publications or academic forums might consider your research for the purpose of being presented or published. This will help you gain academic recognition in the medical or clinical related fields, enabling your career to grow. Medical research helps further the development of medical treatments, find ailments, and innovate on medicines and pharmaceutical advancements. This can go a long way in preventing diseases and fighting them in the long run. 

Generally, most available medical research incorporates both primary, as well as secondary research. One should consider making their research paper comprehensive by using appropriate facts, analogies, data and statistics to prove their point and arrive at a definite conclusion. Researchers may browse the internet, go through study forums, or consult with mentors, advisors, and professors to come up with a streamlined research topic. Researchers also have access to offline resources such as academic journals and books beyond their prescribed curriculum. All these elements have the power to add value to their research paper. 

In the event a student or researcher is unable to finalize a research topic for conducting their research and writing their research paper, they may start by putting their thoughts down in the form of an abstract. This method has been known to help many students eventually arrive at a definite research topic, closely related to their research documentation. 

Frequently Asked Questions:

Question- how to decide on a research topic.

Answer- There is no right or wrong method to determine a research topic. Students may find a research topic close to their clinical or medical interests, or find a topic that does not form part of their study but interests them greatly. Deciding on a research topic may be cumbersome and require additional academic effort on the part of the researcher, but once decided, can help the researcher successfully carry out their research.  

Question – How is medical research different from other research work?

Answer- Medical research incorporates all the essential components of qualitative and quantitative research. It constitutes an amalgamation of both normative and empirical research that requires adequate theoretical and historical substantiation. It requires an in-depth understanding of related medical fields (as opposed to general research) and a detailed understanding of available literature around the topic of research. 

Question – Can I select a completely new research topic?

Answer- Yes, you are free to select a research topic that does not have pre-existing literature available. However, as such a breakthrough research topic is difficult to find for a beginner, it is suggested that beginners utilize information found in previously conducted research, and examine existing medical cases to make valid points.  

Can I review existing research for my research paper?

Answer- As a beginner researcher, it is recommended that one focuses on existing literature for the purpose of their review to arrive at a research topic of their choice. Such research is known as secondary research and is easier than primary research.

How do I present my research paper?

Answer- Presenting your research paper is not as tough as it sounds. Once you have completed drafting your research paper, you can highlight the key points that are covered therein, and use those points to prepare a presentation. Remember, you don’t need to delve in-depth into a topic during a presentation, as long as you get the crux of your research across to the adjudicators and the audience. 

How do I publish my research paper?

Answer- To publish your research paper, you need to search for a relevant publication that accepts unsolicited publication entries, undertaken in the field of research of your choice. Please go through the eligibility requirements of each publication carefully before sending your research. 

Why is medical research necessary for a medical student?

Answer- Medical research is constantly evolving; there is always a need for innovation in medicines and treatments. Medical research is crucial for the growth of medical students as it helps them understand the discipline at large, and helps them evolve as the industry scales. 

What are the broad themes I can do medical research in?

Answer- There are numerous different topics for a medical student to perform research in. You can choose from verticals such as public healthcare systems, radiology, oncology and advancement of cancer treatments, pharmaceutical advancements, etc. You can even find specific topics provided by various publications, which can give you ideas for conducting your research. 

You May Also Like

Anatomy Mnemonics Collection

Practice Sample Papers to Score Well in NEET PG 2022

Dr. Nachiket Bhatia led DBMCI in formation of a JV with M3 Group to advance classroom-based courses for Medical PG preparation

Average rating, leave a reply cancel reply.

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Medical Research

How to conduct research as a medical student, this article will address how to conduct research as a medical student, including details on different types of research, how to go about constructing an idea and other practical advice., kevin seely, oms iv.

Student Doctor Seely attends the Rocky Vista University College of Osteopathic Medicine.

In addition to good grades, test performance, and notable characteristics, it is becoming increasingly important for medical students to participate in and publish research. Residency programs appreciate seeing that applicants are interested in improving the treatment landscape of medicine through the scientific method.

Many medical students also recognize that research is important. However, not all schools emphasize student participation in research or have associations with research labs. These factors, among others, often leave students wanting to do research but unsure of how to begin. This article will address how to conduct research as a medical student, including details on different types of research, how to go about constructing an idea, and other practical advice.

Types of research commonly conducted by medical students

This is not a comprehensive list, but rather, a starting point.

Case reports and case series

Case reports are detailed reports of the clinical course of an individual patient. They usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence or provide new evidence related to a specific pathological entity and its treatment. Advantages of case reports include a relatively fast timeline and little to no need for funding. A disadvantage, though, is that these contribute the most basic and least powerful scientific evidence and provide researchers with minimal exposure to the scientific process.

Case series, on the other hand, look at multiple patients retrospectively. In addition, statistical calculations can be performed to achieve significant conclusions, rendering these studies great for medical students to complete to get a full educational experience.

Clinical research

Clinical research is the peak of evidence-based medical research. Standard study designs include case-controlled trials, cohort studies or survey-based research. Clinical research requires IRB review, strict protocols and large sample sizes, thus requiring dedicated time and often funding. These can serve as barriers for medical students wanting to conduct this type of research. Be aware that the AOA offers students funding for certain research projects; you can learn more here . This year’s application window has closed, but you can always plan ahead and apply for the next grant cycle.

The advantages of clinical research include making a significant contribution to the body of medical knowledge and obtaining an understanding of what it takes to conduct clinical research. Some students take a dedicated research year to gain experience in this area.

Review articles

A literature review is a collection and summarization of literature on an unresolved, controversial or novel topic. There are different categories of reviews, including meta-analyses, systematic reviews and traditional literature reviews, offering very high, high and modest evidentiary value, respectively. Advantages of review articles include the possibility of remote collaboration and developing expertise on the subject matter. Disadvantages can include the time needed to complete the review and the difficulty of publishing this type of research.

Forming an idea

Research can be inspiring and intellectually stimulating or somewhat painful and dull. It’s helpful to first find an area of medicine in which you are interested and willing to invest time and energy. Then, search for research opportunities in this area. Doing so will make the research process more exciting and will motivate you to perform your best work. It will also demonstrate your commitment to your field of interest.

Think carefully before saying yes to studies that are too far outside your interests. Having completed research on a topic about which you are passionate will make it easier to recount your experience with enthusiasm and understanding in interviews. One way to refine your idea is by reading a recent literature review on your topic, which typically identifies gaps in current knowledge that need further investigation.

Finding a mentor

As medical students, we cannot be the primary investigator on certain types of research studies. So, you will need a mentor such as a DO, MD or PhD. If a professor approaches you about a research study, say yes if it’s something you can commit to and find interesting.

More commonly, however, students will need to approach a professor about starting a project. Asking a professor if they have research you can join is helpful, but approaching them with a well-thought-out idea is far better. Select a mentor whose area of interest aligns with that of your project. If they seem to think your idea has potential, ask them to mentor you. If they do not like your idea, it might open up an intellectual exchange that will refine your thinking. If you proceed with your idea, show initiative by completing the tasks they give you quickly, demonstrating that you are committed to the project.

Writing and publishing

Writing and publishing are essential components of the scientific process. Citation managers such as Zotero, Mendeley, and Connected Papers are free resources for keeping track of literature. Write using current scientific writing standards. If you are targeting a particular journal, you can look up their guidelines for writing and referencing. Writing is a team effort.

When it comes time to publish your work, consult with your mentor about publication. They may or may not be aware of an appropriate journal. If they’re not, Jane , the journal/author name estimator, is a free resource to start narrowing down your journal search. Beware of predatory publishing practices and aim to submit to verifiable publications indexed on vetted databases such as PubMed.

One great option for the osteopathic profession is the AOA’s Journal of Osteopathic Medicine (JOM). Learn more about submitting to JOM here .

My experience

As a second-year osteopathic medical student interested in surgery, my goal is to apply to residency with a solid research foundation. I genuinely enjoy research, and I am a member of my institution’s physician-scientist co-curricular track. With the help of amazing mentors and co-authors, I have been able to publish a literature review and a case-series study in medical school. I currently have some additional projects in the pipeline as well.

My board exams are fast approaching, so I will soon have to adjust the time I am currently committing to research. Once boards are done, though, you can bet I will be back on the research grind! I am so happy to be on this journey with all my peers and colleagues in medicine. Research is a great way to advance our profession and improve patient care.

 Keys to success

Research is a team effort. Strive to be a team player who communicates often and goes above and beyond to make the project a success. Be a finisher. Avoid joining a project if you are not fully committed, and employ resiliency to overcome failure along the way. Treat research not as a passive process, but as an active use of your intellectual capability. Push yourself to problem-solve and discover. You never know how big of an impact you might make.

Disclaimers:

Human subject-based research always requires authorization and institutional review before beginning. Be sure to follow your institution’s rules before engaging in any type of research.

This column was written from the perspective from a current medical student with the review and input from my COM’s director of research and scholarly activity, Amanda Brooks, PhD. 

Related reading:

H ow to find a mentor in medical school

Tips on surviving—and thriving—during your first year of medical school

Road to residency

How to soften red flags on your eras application, ai and medicine, how dos can be at the forefront of the digital health revolution, creating change, do day 2024: advocating for student loan reform, health care worker safety and more, emergency preparedness, high-altitude health care: navigating in-flight medical emergencies, the do book club, june 2024: ‘autobiography of andrew t. still’, more in training.

PCOM hosts annual Research Day showcasing scholarly activity across the college’s 3 campuses

Event highlighted research on important topics such as gun violence and COPD.

Balancing act: Navigating motherhood in medical school

As a second-year medical student and mother of a 2-year-old, I am hoping to share my experience with others who are in my position or thinking about starting a family in medical school.

Previous article

Next article, one comment.

Thanks! Your write out is educative.

Leave a comment Cancel reply Please see our comment policy

• - Google Chrome

Intended for healthcare professionals

• Access provided by Google Indexer
• My email alerts
• BMA member login
• Username * Password * Forgot your log in details? Need to activate BMA Member Log In Log in via OpenAthens Log in via your institution

Search form

• Advanced search
• Search responses
• Search blogs
• How to get involved in...

How to get involved in research as a medical student

• Related content
• Peer review
• Anna Kathryn Taylor , final year medical student 1 ,
• Sarah Purdy , professor of primary care and associate dean 1
• 1 Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK

Participating in research gives students great skills and opportunities. Anna Taylor and Sarah Purdy explain how to get started

This article contains:

-How to get involved with research projects

-Questions to ask yourself before starting research

-What can you get published? Research output

-Advice for contacting researchers

-Different types of research explained

-Stages of research projects

Students often go into medicine because of a desire to help others and improve patients’ physical and mental wellbeing. In the early years of medical school, however, it can seem as if you are not making much difference to patient care. Involvement in research can provide exciting opportunities to work as part of a team, improve career prospects, and most importantly add to the evidence base, leading to better outcomes for patients.

Research is usually multidisciplinary, including clinical academics (medical doctors who spend part of their working life doing research), nurses, patients, scientists, and researchers without a medical background. Involvement in such a team can improve your communication skills and expand your understanding of how a multidisciplinary team works.

Participating in research can also help you to develop skills in writing and critical appraisal through the process of publishing your work. You may be able to present your work at conferences—either as a poster or an oral presentation—and this can provide valuable points for job applications at both foundation programme and core training level. This is particularly important if you are considering a career in academia. You will also develop skills in time management, problem solving, and record keeping. You might discover an area of medicine in which you are keen to carry out further work. For some people, getting involved in research as a medical student can be the first step in an academic career.

Kyla Thomas, National Institute for Health Research clinical lecturer in public health at the University of Bristol, says, “my first baby steps into a clinical academic career started with a research project I completed as a medical student. That early involvement in research opened my eyes to a whole new world of opportunities that I never would have considered.

“Importantly, participating in undergraduate research sets students apart from their colleagues. Applying for foundation posts is a competitive process and it is a definite advantage if you have managed to obtain a peer reviewed publication.”

Getting involved with research projects

Although it is possible to do research at medical school, it is important to be realistic about how much free time you have. It might be possible to set up your own research project, but this will require substantial planning in terms of writing research protocols, gaining ethical approval, and learning about new research methodologies. Other opportunities for research that make less demands on your time include:

Intercalated degrees—these often have time set aside for research in a specific area, so it is important to choose your degree according to what you might like to do for your dissertation (for example, laboratory-based work in biochemistry, or qualitative research in global health. Some subjects may have options in both qualitative and quantitative research).

Student selected components or modules can provide a good opportunity to be involved in an ongoing study or research project. If you have a long project period, you might be able to develop your own small project.

Electives and summer holidays can also provide dedicated time for research, either within the United Kingdom or in another country. They can allow you to become established in a research group if you’re there for a few weeks, and can lead to a longstanding relationship with the research group if you continue to work with them over your medical school career.

If you don’t know what to do, contacting the Student Audit and Research in Surgery (STARSurg), 1 the National Student Association of Medical Research (NSAMR), 2 or your medical school’s research society may be a good place to start.

The INSPIRE initative, 3 coordinated by the Academy of Medical Sciences, gives support and grants to help students take part in research. Some UK medical schools have small grants for elective and summer projects, and organise taster days for students to get an idea of different research areas.

You may also be able to access other grants or awards to support your research. Some of the royal colleges, such as the Royal College of General Practitioners and the Royal College of Psychiatrists, offer bursaries to students doing research in their holidays or presenting at conferences. Other national organisations, such as the Medical Women’s Federation, offer bursaries for elective projects.

Box 1: Questions to ask yourself before starting research

What are you interested in? There is no point getting involved in a project area that you find boring.

How much time do you have available? It is crucial to think about this before committing to a project, so that your supervisor can give you an appropriate role.

What do you want to get out of your research experience? Do you want a brief insight into research? Or are you hoping for a publication or presentation?

Do you know any peers or senior medical students who are involved in research? Ask them about their experiences and whether they know of anyone who might be willing to include you in a project.

Box 2: Research output

Publication —This is the “gold standard” of output and usually consists of an article published in a PubMed ID journal. This can lead to your work being cited by another researcher for their paper, and you can get up to two extra points on foundation programme applications if you have published papers with a PubMed ID.

Not all research will get published, but there are other ways to show your work, such as presenting at conferences:

Oral presentation —This involves giving a short talk about your research, describing the background, methods, and results, then talking about the implications of your findings.

Poster presentation —This involves creating a poster, usually A1 or A2 in size, summarising the background, methods, and results of your research. At a conference, presenters stand by their poster and answer questions from other delegates.

Contacting researchers

Most universities have information about their research groups on their websites, so spend some time exploring what studies are being carried out and whether you are interested in one of the research topics.

When contacting a member of the research group, ask if they or someone else within their team would be willing to offer you some research experience. Be honest if you don’t have any prior experience and about the level of involvement you are looking for, but emphasise what it is about their research that interests you and why you want to work with them. It’s important to have a flexible approach to what they offer you—it may not initially sound very exciting, but it will be a necessary part of the research process, and may lead to more interesting research activity later.

Another way to make contact with researchers is at university talks or lectures. It might be intimidating to approach senior academics, but if you talk to them about your interest they will be more likely to remember you if you contact them later on.

Box 3: What can students offer research teams?—Views from researchers

“Medical students come to research with a ‘fresh eyes’ perspective and a questioning mindset regarding the realities of clinical practice which, as a non-medic myself, serves to remind me of the contextual challenges of implementing recommendations from our work.”

Alison Gregory, senior research associate, Centre for Academic Primary Care, University of Bristol, UK.

“Enthusiasm, intelligence, and a willingness to learn new skills to solve challenges—bring those attributes and you’ll be valuable to most research teams.”

Tony Pickering, consultant anaesthetist and Wellcome Trust senior research fellow, University of Bristol, UK.

Box 4: Different types of research

Research aims to achieve new insights into disease, investigations, and treatment, using methodologies such as the ones listed below:

Qualitative research —This can be used to develop a theory and to explain how and why people behave as they do. 4 It usually involves exploring the experience of illness, therapeutic interventions, or relationships, and can be compiled using focus groups, structured interviews, consultation analysis, 5 or ethnography. 6

Quantitative research —This aims to quantify a problem by generating numerical data, and may test a hypothesis. 7 Research projects can use chemicals, drugs, biological matter, or even computer generated models. Quantitative research might also involve using statistics to evaluate or compare interventions, such as in a randomised controlled trial.

Epidemiological research —This is the study of the occurrence and distribution of disease, the determinants influencing health and disease states, and the opportunities for prevention. It often involves the analysis of large datasets. 4

Mixed methods research —This form of research incorporates both quantitative and qualitative methodologies.

Systematic reviews —These provide a summary of the known evidence base around a particular research question. They often create new data by combining other quantitative (meta-analysis) or qualitative (meta-ethnography) studies. They are often used to inform clinical guidelines.

Box 5: Stages of research projects

Project conception—Come up with a hypothesis or an objective for the project and form the main research team.

Write the research protocol—Produce a detailed description of the methodology and gain ethical approval, if needed.

Carry out the methodology by collecting the data.

Analyse the data.

Decide on the best way to disseminate your findings—for example, a conference presentation or a publication—and where you will do this.

Write up your work, including an abstract, in the format required by your chosen journal or conference.

Submit . For conference abstracts, you may hear back swiftly whether you have been offered the chance to present. Publication submissions, however, must be peer reviewed before being accepted and it can take over a year for a paper to appear in print.

Originally published as: Student BMJ 2017;25:i6593

Competing interests: AKT received grant money from INSPIRE in 2013.

Provenance and peer review: Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

• ↵ STARSurg. Student Audit and Research in Surgery. 2016. www.starsurg.org .
• ↵ NSAMR. National Student Association of Medical Research. 2016. www.nsamr.org .
• ↵ The Academy of Medical Sciences. About the INSPIRE initiative. 2016. www.acmedsci.ac.uk/careers/mentoring-and-careers/INSPIRE/about-INSPIRE/ .
• ↵ Ben-Shlomo Y, Brookes ST, Hickman M. Lecture Notes: Epidemiology, Evidence-based Medicine and Public Health. 6th ed . Wiley-Blackwell, 2013 .
• ↵ gp-training.net. Consultation Theory. 2016. www.gp-training.net/training/communication_skills/consultation/consultation_theory.htm .
• ↵ Reeves S, Kuper A, Hodges BD. Qualitative research methodologies: ethnography. BMJ 2008 ; 337 : a1020 . doi:10.1136/bmj.a1020   pmid:18687725 . OpenUrl FREE Full Text
• ↵ Porta M. A Dictionary of Epidemiology. 5th ed . Oxford University Press, 2008 .

A Realistic Guide to Medical School

Written by UCL students for students

Top 10 Tips: Getting into Research as a Medical Student

Introducing our new series: Top 10 Tips – a simple guide to help you achieve your goals!

In this blog post, Jessica Xie (final year UCL medical student) shares advice on getting into research as a medical student.

Disclaimers: 

• Research is not a mandatory for career progression, nor is it required to demonstrate your interest in medicine. 
• You can dip into and out of research throughout your medical career. Do not feel that you must continue to take on new projects once you have started; saying “no, thank you” to project opportunities will allow you to focus your energy and time on things in life that you are more passionate about for a more rewarding experience.
• Do not take on more work than you are capable of managing. Studying medicine is already a full-time job! It’s physically and mentally draining. Any research that you get involved with is an extracurricular interest.

I decided to write this post because, as a pre-clinical medical student, I thought that research only involved wet lab work (i.e pipetting substances into test tubes). However, upon undertaking an intercalated Bachelor of Science (iBSc) in Primary Health Care, I discovered that there are so many different types of research! And academic medicine became a whole lot more exciting…

Here are my Top 10 Tips on what to do if you’re a little unsure about what research is and how to get into it:

TIP 1: DO YOUR RESEARCH (before getting into research)

There are three questions that I think you should ask yourself:

• What are my research interests?

Examples include a clinical specialty, medical education, public health, global health, technology… the list is endless. Not sure? That’s okay too! The great thing about research is that it allows deeper exploration of an area of Medicine (or an entirely different field) to allow you to see if it interests you.

2.  What type of research project do I want to do?

Research evaluates practice or compares alternative practices to contribute to, lend further support to or fill in a gap in the existing literature.

There are many different types of research – something that I didn’t fully grasp until my iBSc year. There is primary research, which involves data collection, and secondary research, which involves using existing data to conduct further research or draw comparisons between the data (e.g. a meta-analysis of randomised control trials). Studies are either observational (non-interventional) (e.g. case-control, cross-sectional) or interventional (e.g. randomised control trial).

An audit is a way of finding out if current practice is best practice and follows guidelines. It identifies areas of clinical practice could be improved.

Another important thing to consider is: how much time do I have? Developing the skills required to lead a project from writing the study protocol to submitting a manuscript for publication can take months or even years. Whereas, contributing to a pre-planned or existing project by collecting or analysing data is less time-consuming. I’ll explain how you can find such projects below.

3.  What do I want to gain from this experience?

Do you want to gain a specific skill? Mentorship? An overview of academic publishing? Or perhaps to build a research network?

After conducting a qualitative interview study for my iBSc project, I applied for an internship because I wanted to gain quantitative research skills. I ended up leading a cross-sectional questionnaire study that combined my two research interests: medical education and nutrition. I sought mentorship from an experienced statistician, who taught me how to use SPSS statistics to analyse and present the data.

Aside from specific research skills, don’t forget that you will develop valuable transferable skills along the way, including time-management, organisation, communication and academic writing! 

TIP 2: BE PROACTIVE

Clinicians and lecturers are often very happy for medical students to contribute to their research projects. After a particularly interesting lecture/ tutorial, ward round or clinic, ask the tutor or doctors if they have any projects that you could help them with! 

TIP 3: NETWORKING = MAKING YOUR OWN LUCK

Sometimes the key to getting to places is not what you know, but who you know. We can learn a lot from talking to peers and senior colleagues. Attending hospital grand rounds and conferences are a great way to meet people who share common interests with you but different experiences. I once attended a conference in Manchester where I didn’t know anybody. I befriended a GP, who then gave me tips on how to improve my poster presentation. He shared with me his experience of the National institute of Health Research (NIHR) Integrated Academic Training Pathway and motivated me to continue contributing to medical education alongside my studies.

TIP 4: UTILISE SOCIAL MEDIA

Research opportunities, talks and workshops are advertised on social media in abundance. Here are some examples:

Search “medical student research” or “medsoc research” into Facebook and lots of groups and pages will pop up, including UCL MedSoc Research and Academic Medicine (there is a  Research Mentoring Scheme Mentee Scheme), NSAMR – National Student Association of Medical Research and International Opportunities for Medical Students .

Search #MedTwitter and #AcademicTwitter to keep up to date with ground-breaking research. The memes are pretty good too.

Opportunities are harder to come by on LinkedIn, since fewer medical professionals use this platform. However, you can look at peoples’ resumes as a source of inspiration. This is useful to understand the experiences that they have had in order to get to where they are today. You could always reach out to people and companies/ organisations for more information and advice.

TIP 5: JOIN A PRE-PLANNED RESEARCH PROJECT

Researchers advertise research opportunities on websites and via societies and organisations such as https://www.remarxs.com and http://acamedics.org/Default.aspx . 

TIP 6: JOIN A RESEARCH COLLABORATIVE

Research collaboratives are multiprofessional groups that work towards a common research goal. These projects can result in publications and conference presentations. However, more importantly, this is a chance to establish excellent working relationships with like-minded individuals.

Watch out for opportunities posted on Student Training and Research Collaborative .

Interested in academic surgery? Consider joining StarSurg , BURST Urology , Project Cutting Edge or Academic Surgical Collaborative .

Got a thing for global health? Consider joining Polygeia . 

TIP 7: THE iBSc YEAR: A STEPPING STONE INTO RESEARCH

At UCL you will complete an iBSc in third year. This is often students’ first taste of being involved in research and practicing academic writing – it was for me. The first-ever project that I was involved in was coding data for a systematic review. One of the Clinical Teaching Fellows ended the tutorial by asking if any students would be interested in helping with a research project. I didn’t really know much about research at that point and was curious to learn, so I offered to help. Although no outputs were generated from that project, I gained an understanding of how to conduct a systematic review, why the work that I was contributing to was important, and I learnt a thing or two about neonatal conditions. 

TIP 8: VENTURE INTO ACADEMIC PUBLISHING

One of the best ways to get a flavour of research is to become involved in academic publishing. There are several ways in which you could do this:

Become a peer reviewer. This role involves reading manuscripts (papers) that have been submitted to journals and providing feedback and constructive criticism. Most journals will provide you with training or a guide to follow when you write your review. This will help you develop skills in critical appraisal and how to write an academic paper or poster. Here are a few journals which you can apply to:

• https://thebsdj.cardiffuniversitypress.org
• Journal of the National Student Association of Medical Researchjournal.nsamr.ac.uk
• https://cambridgemedicine.org/about  
• https://www.bmj.com/about-bmj/resources-reviewers  

Join a journal editorial board/ committee. This is a great opportunity to gain insight into how a medical journal is run and learn how to get published. The roles available depend on the journal, from Editor-in-Chief to finance and operations and marketing. I am currently undertaking a Social Media Fellowship at BJGP Open, and I came across the opportunity on Twitter! Here are a few examples of positions to apply for:

• Journal of the National Student Association of Medical Researchjournal.nsamr.ac.uk – various positions in journalism, education and website management
• https://nsamr.ac.uk – apply for a position on the executive committee or as a local ambassador
• Student BMJ Clegg Scholarship
• BJGP Open Fellowships

TIP 9: GAIN EXPERIENCE IN QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

UCL Be the Change is a student-led initiative that allows students to lead and contribute to bespoke QIPs. You will develop these skills further when you conduct QIPs as part of your year 6 GP placement and as a foundation year doctor.

TIP 10: CONSIDER BECOMING A STUDENT REPRESENTATIVE

You’ll gain insight into undergraduate medical education as your role will involve gathering students’ feedback on teaching, identifying areas of curriculum that could be improved and working with the faculty and other student representatives to come up with solutions. 

It may not seem like there are any research opportunities up for grabs, but that’s where lateral thinking comes into play: the discussions that you have with your peers and staff could be a source of inspiration for a potential medical education research project. For example, I identified that, although we have lectures in nutrition science and public health nutrition, there was limited clinically-relevant nutrition teaching on the curriculum. I then conducted a learning needs assessment and contributed to developing the novel Nutrition in General Practice Day course in year 5.

Thanks for reaching the end of this post! I hope my Top 10 Tips are useful. Remember, research experience isn’t essential to become a great doctor, but rather an opportunity to explore a topic of interest further.

One thought on “Top 10 Tips: Getting into Research as a Medical Student”

This article was extremely helpful! Alothough, I’m only a junior in high school I have a few questions. First, is there anyway to prepare myself mentally for this challenging road to becoming a doctor? check our PACIFIC best medical college in Rajasthan

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Copyright © 2018 UCL
• Freedom of Information
• Accessibility
• Privacy and Cookies
• Slavery statement
• Reflect policy

Please check your email to activate your account.

« Go back Accept

How To Write A Research Paper

Step-By-Step Tutorial With Examples + FREE Template

By: Derek Jansen (MBA) | Expert Reviewer: Dr Eunice Rautenbach | March 2024

For many students, crafting a strong research paper from scratch can feel like a daunting task – and rightly so! In this post, we’ll unpack what a research paper is, what it needs to do , and how to write one – in three easy steps. 🙂 

Overview: Writing A Research Paper

What (exactly) is a research paper.

• How to write a research paper
• Stage 1 : Topic & literature search
• Stage 2 : Structure & outline
• Stage 3 : Iterative writing
• Key takeaways

Let’s start by asking the most important question, “ What is a research paper? ”.

Simply put, a research paper is a scholarly written work where the writer (that’s you!) answers a specific question (this is called a research question ) through evidence-based arguments . Evidence-based is the keyword here. In other words, a research paper is different from an essay or other writing assignments that draw from the writer’s personal opinions or experiences. With a research paper, it’s all about building your arguments based on evidence (we’ll talk more about that evidence a little later).

Now, it’s worth noting that there are many different types of research papers , including analytical papers (the type I just described), argumentative papers, and interpretative papers. Here, we’ll focus on analytical papers , as these are some of the most common – but if you’re keen to learn about other types of research papers, be sure to check out the rest of the blog .

With that basic foundation laid, let’s get down to business and look at how to write a research paper .

Overview: The 3-Stage Process

While there are, of course, many potential approaches you can take to write a research paper, there are typically three stages to the writing process. So, in this tutorial, we’ll present a straightforward three-step process that we use when working with students at Grad Coach.

These three steps are:

• Finding a research topic and reviewing the existing literature
• Developing a provisional structure and outline for your paper, and
• Writing up your initial draft and then refining it iteratively

Let’s dig into each of these.

Need a helping hand?

Step 1: Find a topic and review the literature

As we mentioned earlier, in a research paper, you, as the researcher, will try to answer a question . More specifically, that’s called a research question , and it sets the direction of your entire paper. What’s important to understand though is that you’ll need to answer that research question with the help of high-quality sources – for example, journal articles, government reports, case studies, and so on. We’ll circle back to this in a minute.

The first stage of the research process is deciding on what your research question will be and then reviewing the existing literature (in other words, past studies and papers) to see what they say about that specific research question. In some cases, your professor may provide you with a predetermined research question (or set of questions). However, in many cases, you’ll need to find your own research question within a certain topic area.

Finding a strong research question hinges on identifying a meaningful research gap – in other words, an area that’s lacking in existing research. There’s a lot to unpack here, so if you wanna learn more, check out the plain-language explainer video below.

Once you’ve figured out which question (or questions) you’ll attempt to answer in your research paper, you’ll need to do a deep dive into the existing literature – this is called a “ literature search ”. Again, there are many ways to go about this, but your most likely starting point will be Google Scholar .

If you’re new to Google Scholar, think of it as Google for the academic world. You can start by simply entering a few different keywords that are relevant to your research question and it will then present a host of articles for you to review. What you want to pay close attention to here is the number of citations for each paper – the more citations a paper has, the more credible it is (generally speaking – there are some exceptions, of course).

Ideally, what you’re looking for are well-cited papers that are highly relevant to your topic. That said, keep in mind that citations are a cumulative metric , so older papers will often have more citations than newer papers – just because they’ve been around for longer. So, don’t fixate on this metric in isolation – relevance and recency are also very important.

Beyond Google Scholar, you’ll also definitely want to check out academic databases and aggregators such as Science Direct, PubMed, JStor and so on. These will often overlap with the results that you find in Google Scholar, but they can also reveal some hidden gems – so, be sure to check them out.

Once you’ve worked your way through all the literature, you’ll want to catalogue all this information in some sort of spreadsheet so that you can easily recall who said what, when and within what context. If you’d like, we’ve got a free literature spreadsheet that helps you do exactly that.

Step 2: Develop a structure and outline

With your research question pinned down and your literature digested and catalogued, it’s time to move on to planning your actual research paper .

It might sound obvious, but it’s really important to have some sort of rough outline in place before you start writing your paper. So often, we see students eagerly rushing into the writing phase, only to land up with a disjointed research paper that rambles on in multiple

Now, the secret here is to not get caught up in the fine details . Realistically, all you need at this stage is a bullet-point list that describes (in broad strokes) what you’ll discuss and in what order. It’s also useful to remember that you’re not glued to this outline – in all likelihood, you’ll chop and change some sections once you start writing, and that’s perfectly okay. What’s important is that you have some sort of roadmap in place from the start.

At this stage you might be wondering, “ But how should I structure my research paper? ”. Well, there’s no one-size-fits-all solution here, but in general, a research paper will consist of a few relatively standardised components:

• Introduction
• Literature review
• Methodology

Let’s take a look at each of these.

First up is the introduction section . As the name suggests, the purpose of the introduction is to set the scene for your research paper. There are usually (at least) four ingredients that go into this section – these are the background to the topic, the research problem and resultant research question , and the justification or rationale. If you’re interested, the video below unpacks the introduction section in more detail. 

The next section of your research paper will typically be your literature review . Remember all that literature you worked through earlier? Well, this is where you’ll present your interpretation of all that content . You’ll do this by writing about recent trends, developments, and arguments within the literature – but more specifically, those that are relevant to your research question . The literature review can oftentimes seem a little daunting, even to seasoned researchers, so be sure to check out our extensive collection of literature review content here .

With the introduction and lit review out of the way, the next section of your paper is the research methodology . In a nutshell, the methodology section should describe to your reader what you did (beyond just reviewing the existing literature) to answer your research question. For example, what data did you collect, how did you collect that data, how did you analyse that data and so on? For each choice, you’ll also need to justify why you chose to do it that way, and what the strengths and weaknesses of your approach were.

Now, it’s worth mentioning that for some research papers, this aspect of the project may be a lot simpler . For example, you may only need to draw on secondary sources (in other words, existing data sets). In some cases, you may just be asked to draw your conclusions from the literature search itself (in other words, there may be no data analysis at all). But, if you are required to collect and analyse data, you’ll need to pay a lot of attention to the methodology section. The video below provides an example of what the methodology section might look like.

By this stage of your paper, you will have explained what your research question is, what the existing literature has to say about that question, and how you analysed additional data to try to answer your question. So, the natural next step is to present your analysis of that data . This section is usually called the “results” or “analysis” section and this is where you’ll showcase your findings.

Depending on your school’s requirements, you may need to present and interpret the data in one section – or you might split the presentation and the interpretation into two sections. In the latter case, your “results” section will just describe the data, and the “discussion” is where you’ll interpret that data and explicitly link your analysis back to your research question. If you’re not sure which approach to take, check in with your professor or take a look at past papers to see what the norms are for your programme.

Alright – once you’ve presented and discussed your results, it’s time to wrap it up . This usually takes the form of the “ conclusion ” section. In the conclusion, you’ll need to highlight the key takeaways from your study and close the loop by explicitly answering your research question. Again, the exact requirements here will vary depending on your programme (and you may not even need a conclusion section at all) – so be sure to check with your professor if you’re unsure.

Step 3: Write and refine

Finally, it’s time to get writing. All too often though, students hit a brick wall right about here… So, how do you avoid this happening to you?

Well, there’s a lot to be said when it comes to writing a research paper (or any sort of academic piece), but we’ll share three practical tips to help you get started.

First and foremost , it’s essential to approach your writing as an iterative process. In other words, you need to start with a really messy first draft and then polish it over multiple rounds of editing. Don’t waste your time trying to write a perfect research paper in one go. Instead, take the pressure off yourself by adopting an iterative approach.

Secondly , it’s important to always lean towards critical writing , rather than descriptive writing. What does this mean? Well, at the simplest level, descriptive writing focuses on the “ what ”, while critical writing digs into the “ so what ” – in other words, the implications . If you’re not familiar with these two types of writing, don’t worry! You can find a plain-language explanation here.

Last but not least, you’ll need to get your referencing right. Specifically, you’ll need to provide credible, correctly formatted citations for the statements you make. We see students making referencing mistakes all the time and it costs them dearly. The good news is that you can easily avoid this by using a simple reference manager . If you don’t have one, check out our video about Mendeley, an easy (and free) reference management tool that you can start using today.

Recap: Key Takeaways

We’ve covered a lot of ground here. To recap, the three steps to writing a high-quality research paper are:

• To choose a research question and review the literature
• To plan your paper structure and draft an outline
• To take an iterative approach to writing, focusing on critical writing and strong referencing

Remember, this is just a b ig-picture overview of the research paper development process and there’s a lot more nuance to unpack. So, be sure to grab a copy of our free research paper template to learn more about how to write a research paper.

You Might Also Like:

Can you help me with a full paper template for this Abstract:

Background: Energy and sports drinks have gained popularity among diverse demographic groups, including adolescents, athletes, workers, and college students. While often used interchangeably, these beverages serve distinct purposes, with energy drinks aiming to boost energy and cognitive performance, and sports drinks designed to prevent dehydration and replenish electrolytes and carbohydrates lost during physical exertion.

Objective: To assess the nutritional quality of energy and sports drinks in Egypt.

Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study assessed the nutrient contents, including energy, sugar, electrolytes, vitamins, and caffeine, of sports and energy drinks available in major supermarkets in Cairo, Alexandria, and Giza, Egypt. Data collection involved photographing all relevant product labels and recording nutritional information. Descriptive statistics and appropriate statistical tests were employed to analyze and compare the nutritional values of energy and sports drinks.

Results: The study analyzed 38 sports drinks and 42 energy drinks. Sports drinks were significantly more expensive than energy drinks, with higher net content and elevated magnesium, potassium, and vitamin C. Energy drinks contained higher concentrations of caffeine, sugars, and vitamins B2, B3, and B6.

Conclusion: Significant nutritional differences exist between sports and energy drinks, reflecting their intended uses. However, these beverages’ high sugar content and calorie loads raise health concerns. Proper labeling, public awareness, and responsible marketing are essential to guide safe consumption practices in Egypt.

Submit a Comment Cancel reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Print Friendly

• Privacy Policy

Home » Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Research Paper – Structure, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research Paper

Definition:

Research Paper is a written document that presents the author’s original research, analysis, and interpretation of a specific topic or issue.

It is typically based on Empirical Evidence, and may involve qualitative or quantitative research methods, or a combination of both. The purpose of a research paper is to contribute new knowledge or insights to a particular field of study, and to demonstrate the author’s understanding of the existing literature and theories related to the topic.

Structure of Research Paper

The structure of a research paper typically follows a standard format, consisting of several sections that convey specific information about the research study. The following is a detailed explanation of the structure of a research paper:

The title page contains the title of the paper, the name(s) of the author(s), and the affiliation(s) of the author(s). It also includes the date of submission and possibly, the name of the journal or conference where the paper is to be published.

The abstract is a brief summary of the research paper, typically ranging from 100 to 250 words. It should include the research question, the methods used, the key findings, and the implications of the results. The abstract should be written in a concise and clear manner to allow readers to quickly grasp the essence of the research.

Introduction

The introduction section of a research paper provides background information about the research problem, the research question, and the research objectives. It also outlines the significance of the research, the research gap that it aims to fill, and the approach taken to address the research question. Finally, the introduction section ends with a clear statement of the research hypothesis or research question.

Literature Review

The literature review section of a research paper provides an overview of the existing literature on the topic of study. It includes a critical analysis and synthesis of the literature, highlighting the key concepts, themes, and debates. The literature review should also demonstrate the research gap and how the current study seeks to address it.

The methods section of a research paper describes the research design, the sample selection, the data collection and analysis procedures, and the statistical methods used to analyze the data. This section should provide sufficient detail for other researchers to replicate the study.

The results section presents the findings of the research, using tables, graphs, and figures to illustrate the data. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, with reference to the research question and hypothesis.

The discussion section of a research paper interprets the findings and discusses their implications for the research question, the literature review, and the field of study. It should also address the limitations of the study and suggest future research directions.

The conclusion section summarizes the main findings of the study, restates the research question and hypothesis, and provides a final reflection on the significance of the research.

The references section provides a list of all the sources cited in the paper, following a specific citation style such as APA, MLA or Chicago.

How to Write Research Paper

You can write Research Paper by the following guide:

• Choose a Topic: The first step is to select a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. Brainstorm ideas and narrow down to a research question that is specific and researchable.
• Conduct a Literature Review: The literature review helps you identify the gap in the existing research and provides a basis for your research question. It also helps you to develop a theoretical framework and research hypothesis.
• Develop a Thesis Statement : The thesis statement is the main argument of your research paper. It should be clear, concise and specific to your research question.
• Plan your Research: Develop a research plan that outlines the methods, data sources, and data analysis procedures. This will help you to collect and analyze data effectively.
• Collect and Analyze Data: Collect data using various methods such as surveys, interviews, observations, or experiments. Analyze data using statistical tools or other qualitative methods.
• Organize your Paper : Organize your paper into sections such as Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, and Conclusion. Ensure that each section is coherent and follows a logical flow.
• Write your Paper : Start by writing the introduction, followed by the literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. Ensure that your writing is clear, concise, and follows the required formatting and citation styles.
• Edit and Proofread your Paper: Review your paper for grammar and spelling errors, and ensure that it is well-structured and easy to read. Ask someone else to review your paper to get feedback and suggestions for improvement.
• Cite your Sources: Ensure that you properly cite all sources used in your research paper. This is essential for giving credit to the original authors and avoiding plagiarism.

Research Paper Example

Note : The below example research paper is for illustrative purposes only and is not an actual research paper. Actual research papers may have different structures, contents, and formats depending on the field of study, research question, data collection and analysis methods, and other factors. Students should always consult with their professors or supervisors for specific guidelines and expectations for their research papers.

Research Paper Example sample for Students:

Title: The Impact of Social Media on Mental Health among Young Adults

Abstract: This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults. A literature review was conducted to examine the existing research on the topic. A survey was then administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO (Fear of Missing Out) are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Introduction: Social media has become an integral part of modern life, particularly among young adults. While social media has many benefits, including increased communication and social connectivity, it has also been associated with negative outcomes, such as addiction, cyberbullying, and mental health problems. This study aims to investigate the impact of social media use on the mental health of young adults.

Literature Review: The literature review highlights the existing research on the impact of social media use on mental health. The review shows that social media use is associated with depression, anxiety, stress, and other mental health problems. The review also identifies the factors that contribute to the negative impact of social media, including social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Methods : A survey was administered to 200 university students to collect data on their social media use, mental health status, and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. The survey included questions on social media use, mental health status (measured using the DASS-21), and perceived impact of social media on their mental health. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis.

Results : The results showed that social media use is positively associated with depression, anxiety, and stress. The study also found that social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO are significant predictors of mental health problems among young adults.

Discussion : The study’s findings suggest that social media use has a negative impact on the mental health of young adults. The study highlights the need for interventions that address the factors contributing to the negative impact of social media, such as social comparison, cyberbullying, and FOMO.

Conclusion : In conclusion, social media use has a significant impact on the mental health of young adults. The study’s findings underscore the need for interventions that promote healthy social media use and address the negative outcomes associated with social media use. Future research can explore the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health. Additionally, longitudinal studies can investigate the long-term effects of social media use on mental health.

Limitations : The study has some limitations, including the use of self-report measures and a cross-sectional design. The use of self-report measures may result in biased responses, and a cross-sectional design limits the ability to establish causality.

Implications: The study’s findings have implications for mental health professionals, educators, and policymakers. Mental health professionals can use the findings to develop interventions that address the negative impact of social media use on mental health. Educators can incorporate social media literacy into their curriculum to promote healthy social media use among young adults. Policymakers can use the findings to develop policies that protect young adults from the negative outcomes associated with social media use.

References :

• Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2019). Associations between screen time and lower psychological well-being among children and adolescents: Evidence from a population-based study. Preventive medicine reports, 15, 100918.
• Primack, B. A., Shensa, A., Escobar-Viera, C. G., Barrett, E. L., Sidani, J. E., Colditz, J. B., … & James, A. E. (2017). Use of multiple social media platforms and symptoms of depression and anxiety: A nationally-representative study among US young adults. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 1-9.
• Van der Meer, T. G., & Verhoeven, J. W. (2017). Social media and its impact on academic performance of students. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 16, 383-398.

Appendix : The survey used in this study is provided below.

Social Media and Mental Health Survey

• How often do you use social media per day?
• Less than 30 minutes
• 30 minutes to 1 hour
• 1 to 2 hours
• 2 to 4 hours
• More than 4 hours
• Which social media platforms do you use?
• Others (Please specify)
• How often do you experience the following on social media?
• Social comparison (comparing yourself to others)
• Cyberbullying
• Fear of Missing Out (FOMO)
• Have you ever experienced any of the following mental health problems in the past month?
• Do you think social media use has a positive or negative impact on your mental health?
• Very positive
• Somewhat positive
• Somewhat negative
• Very negative
• In your opinion, which factors contribute to the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Social comparison
• In your opinion, what interventions could be effective in reducing the negative impact of social media on mental health?
• Education on healthy social media use
• Counseling for mental health problems caused by social media
• Social media detox programs
• Regulation of social media use

Thank you for your participation!

Applications of Research Paper

Research papers have several applications in various fields, including:

• Advancing knowledge: Research papers contribute to the advancement of knowledge by generating new insights, theories, and findings that can inform future research and practice. They help to answer important questions, clarify existing knowledge, and identify areas that require further investigation.
• Informing policy: Research papers can inform policy decisions by providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers. They can help to identify gaps in current policies, evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, and inform the development of new policies and regulations.
• Improving practice: Research papers can improve practice by providing evidence-based guidance for professionals in various fields, including medicine, education, business, and psychology. They can inform the development of best practices, guidelines, and standards of care that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• Educating students : Research papers are often used as teaching tools in universities and colleges to educate students about research methods, data analysis, and academic writing. They help students to develop critical thinking skills, research skills, and communication skills that are essential for success in many careers.
• Fostering collaboration: Research papers can foster collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers by providing a platform for sharing knowledge and ideas. They can facilitate interdisciplinary collaborations and partnerships that can lead to innovative solutions to complex problems.

When to Write Research Paper

Research papers are typically written when a person has completed a research project or when they have conducted a study and have obtained data or findings that they want to share with the academic or professional community. Research papers are usually written in academic settings, such as universities, but they can also be written in professional settings, such as research organizations, government agencies, or private companies.

Here are some common situations where a person might need to write a research paper:

• For academic purposes: Students in universities and colleges are often required to write research papers as part of their coursework, particularly in the social sciences, natural sciences, and humanities. Writing research papers helps students to develop research skills, critical thinking skills, and academic writing skills.
• For publication: Researchers often write research papers to publish their findings in academic journals or to present their work at academic conferences. Publishing research papers is an important way to disseminate research findings to the academic community and to establish oneself as an expert in a particular field.
• To inform policy or practice : Researchers may write research papers to inform policy decisions or to improve practice in various fields. Research findings can be used to inform the development of policies, guidelines, and best practices that can improve outcomes for individuals and organizations.
• To share new insights or ideas: Researchers may write research papers to share new insights or ideas with the academic or professional community. They may present new theories, propose new research methods, or challenge existing paradigms in their field.

Purpose of Research Paper

The purpose of a research paper is to present the results of a study or investigation in a clear, concise, and structured manner. Research papers are written to communicate new knowledge, ideas, or findings to a specific audience, such as researchers, scholars, practitioners, or policymakers. The primary purposes of a research paper are:

• To contribute to the body of knowledge : Research papers aim to add new knowledge or insights to a particular field or discipline. They do this by reporting the results of empirical studies, reviewing and synthesizing existing literature, proposing new theories, or providing new perspectives on a topic.
• To inform or persuade: Research papers are written to inform or persuade the reader about a particular issue, topic, or phenomenon. They present evidence and arguments to support their claims and seek to persuade the reader of the validity of their findings or recommendations.
• To advance the field: Research papers seek to advance the field or discipline by identifying gaps in knowledge, proposing new research questions or approaches, or challenging existing assumptions or paradigms. They aim to contribute to ongoing debates and discussions within a field and to stimulate further research and inquiry.
• To demonstrate research skills: Research papers demonstrate the author’s research skills, including their ability to design and conduct a study, collect and analyze data, and interpret and communicate findings. They also demonstrate the author’s ability to critically evaluate existing literature, synthesize information from multiple sources, and write in a clear and structured manner.

Characteristics of Research Paper

Research papers have several characteristics that distinguish them from other forms of academic or professional writing. Here are some common characteristics of research papers:

• Evidence-based: Research papers are based on empirical evidence, which is collected through rigorous research methods such as experiments, surveys, observations, or interviews. They rely on objective data and facts to support their claims and conclusions.
• Structured and organized: Research papers have a clear and logical structure, with sections such as introduction, literature review, methods, results, discussion, and conclusion. They are organized in a way that helps the reader to follow the argument and understand the findings.
• Formal and objective: Research papers are written in a formal and objective tone, with an emphasis on clarity, precision, and accuracy. They avoid subjective language or personal opinions and instead rely on objective data and analysis to support their arguments.
• Citations and references: Research papers include citations and references to acknowledge the sources of information and ideas used in the paper. They use a specific citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, to ensure consistency and accuracy.
• Peer-reviewed: Research papers are often peer-reviewed, which means they are evaluated by other experts in the field before they are published. Peer-review ensures that the research is of high quality, meets ethical standards, and contributes to the advancement of knowledge in the field.
• Objective and unbiased: Research papers strive to be objective and unbiased in their presentation of the findings. They avoid personal biases or preconceptions and instead rely on the data and analysis to draw conclusions.

Advantages of Research Paper

Research papers have many advantages, both for the individual researcher and for the broader academic and professional community. Here are some advantages of research papers:

• Contribution to knowledge: Research papers contribute to the body of knowledge in a particular field or discipline. They add new information, insights, and perspectives to existing literature and help advance the understanding of a particular phenomenon or issue.
• Opportunity for intellectual growth: Research papers provide an opportunity for intellectual growth for the researcher. They require critical thinking, problem-solving, and creativity, which can help develop the researcher’s skills and knowledge.
• Career advancement: Research papers can help advance the researcher’s career by demonstrating their expertise and contributions to the field. They can also lead to new research opportunities, collaborations, and funding.
• Academic recognition: Research papers can lead to academic recognition in the form of awards, grants, or invitations to speak at conferences or events. They can also contribute to the researcher’s reputation and standing in the field.
• Impact on policy and practice: Research papers can have a significant impact on policy and practice. They can inform policy decisions, guide practice, and lead to changes in laws, regulations, or procedures.
• Advancement of society: Research papers can contribute to the advancement of society by addressing important issues, identifying solutions to problems, and promoting social justice and equality.

Limitations of Research Paper

Research papers also have some limitations that should be considered when interpreting their findings or implications. Here are some common limitations of research papers:

• Limited generalizability: Research findings may not be generalizable to other populations, settings, or contexts. Studies often use specific samples or conditions that may not reflect the broader population or real-world situations.
• Potential for bias : Research papers may be biased due to factors such as sample selection, measurement errors, or researcher biases. It is important to evaluate the quality of the research design and methods used to ensure that the findings are valid and reliable.
• Ethical concerns: Research papers may raise ethical concerns, such as the use of vulnerable populations or invasive procedures. Researchers must adhere to ethical guidelines and obtain informed consent from participants to ensure that the research is conducted in a responsible and respectful manner.
• Limitations of methodology: Research papers may be limited by the methodology used to collect and analyze data. For example, certain research methods may not capture the complexity or nuance of a particular phenomenon, or may not be appropriate for certain research questions.
• Publication bias: Research papers may be subject to publication bias, where positive or significant findings are more likely to be published than negative or non-significant findings. This can skew the overall findings of a particular area of research.
• Time and resource constraints: Research papers may be limited by time and resource constraints, which can affect the quality and scope of the research. Researchers may not have access to certain data or resources, or may be unable to conduct long-term studies due to practical limitations.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

You may also like

Research Contribution – Thesis Guide

How to Publish a Research Paper – Step by Step...

Limitations in Research – Types, Examples and...

Research Problem – Examples, Types and Guide

Research Paper Format – Types, Examples and...

Future Research – Thesis Guide

An official website of the United States government

The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

• Publications
• Account settings

Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now .

• Advanced Search
• Journal List
• Indian J Community Med
• v.47(4); Oct-Dec 2022

Integrating Research into Undergraduate Medical Education Curriculum: A 20-year Experience from a Medical School in Coastal South India

Bhaskaran unnikrishnan.

Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India

Animesh Jain

Prasanna mithra, nithin kumar, ramesh holla.

Research is the key to advancement in medical science. Medical school can nurture the skill of research right from the under graduation. Research forms an integral part of the medical curriculum in western countries. We attempted the same in our medical school in India. We developed a structured research methodology program, which was implemented in the undergraduate (UG) curriculum in two phases. Phase I focuses on research methodology and Phase II on manuscript writing. With the implementation of a competency-based medical education curriculum (CBME), we have extended the research methodology program with manuscript writing and introduction to systematic reviews, which is being offered as electives to UG medical students in the third professional year. Our experience in training students at an UG level has been immensely satisfying. We hope that this article will help other medical schools to adopt a similar method of training UG medical students in research methodology and scientific medical writing.

I NTRODUCTION

Research is the cornerstone of progress in any field, more so in medical sciences.[ 1 ] Developing countries, including India, report a high incidence and prevalence of many infectious and chronic diseases, which serves as an excellent source of information and resources for medical research. Research plays an integral role in patient management and disease prevention by identifying the knowledge gaps, and developing tools for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases. However, there is a dearth of physician-scientists, especially in developing countries.[ 2 ] Medical schools can play a major role in inculcating a research-oriented mindset among undergraduates (UGs) by incorporating research into the curriculum.[ 3 , 4 ]

Medical graduates across the world are expected to apply evidence-based medicine (EBM) in their clinical decision-making. The ‘Standards for Quality Improvement in Medical Education’ by World Federation for Medical Education suggests that the medical undergraduate (UG) curriculum must reflect an amalgamation of research and education. It also recommends training UGs in research to encourage them to conduct research and practice EBM.[ 5 ] However, not many medical colleges have adopted formal research training in the UG course curriculum.

The Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) initiated the short-term studentship (STS) in 1979 to promote interest and proclivity for research among medical UGs. The regulatory bodies for medicine in India have also emphasized the need for including research in MBBS courses as electives.[ 6 ]

The curriculum formulated by the Medical Council of India (MCI) exposed medical students to the basics of biostatistics and epidemiology during their training in community medicine at the Indian Medical School. It is only if a graduate shows further interest, or elects for ICMR or other projects then he/she is introduced to research methodology.[ 7 ] The competency-based medical education (CBME) curriculum under the National Medical Council (NMC) has incorporated the formulation of research questions as a required competency for UG students in the curriculum.[ 8 ]

The Department of Community Medicine at Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal had incorporated formal research methodology training for UG students since 2002. This paper describes our experience in introducing research into the mainstream UG curriculum.

M ATERIALS AND M ETHODS

Our institution started formal training of UGs in research as a part of the community medicine curriculum in 2002.

The MBBS students undergo training in community medicine during their 1 st -year MBBS (1 st and 2 nd semesters), 2 nd -year MBBS (3 rd and 4 th semesters), and 3 rd -year MBBS (6 th and 7 th semesters). The students undergo the mandatory research methodology posting in 2 nd -year MBBS during their clinical postings in community medicine in the 4 th semester. The posting is designed in a manner that along with compulsory academic content, the students are also trained in various aspects of research methodology. The students are also encouraged to present their research projects at national and international scientific conferences.

Evolution of research methodology program

The very first instance of UG research in Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore was during the 1990s in the form of an elective during the internship in community medicine. A group of five to six interns was allotted a faculty, under whom the interns carried out a research project. Completion of the project, its presentation, and submission of the report were mandatory for securing completion from the department. In early 2000, the UG research was shifted to 3 rd -year MBBS due to the hectic nature of the internship. The students carried out research projects in groups, under a faculty guide during their clinical postings. In both instances, no formal research methodology classes were taken and students were merely involved in data collection and presentation.

However, due to the academic importance of clinical postings in 3 rd -year MBBS with students appearing for exams in community medicine, the UG research activity was shifted to 2 nd -year MBBS in 2002. This paved the way for designing a structured research methodology program covering the basics of research, ethical issues, the conduct of a research project, and the submission of the report.

In 2010, two major changes were introduced to the structured program. First, a subcommittee of the Institutional Ethics Committee (IEC) was constituted exclusively for the 4 th -semester research methodology postings in community medicine to expedite the IEC approval. This resulted in an increase in the period for data collection and subsequent completion of the project within the duration of the postings, that is, 1 month.

The second change was the introduction of phase 2 of research methodology postings in the form of scientific manuscript writing in 3 rd year MBBS (6 th semester). Both these changes contributed to not only making the research methodology posting, a one of its kind comprehensive program for UG students but also increasing the UG research output in the college. At the end of each phase, a formative assessment is done in the form of viva-voce and project activities.

Structure of the program

The UG medical students are trained in research methodology in two phases.

Phase 1 (4 th semester/2 nd professional year)

The students are trained in all aspects of research methodology for 4 weeks. The first week of the posting involves classes by faculty of the department on topics ranging from study designs, protocol writing, review of literature, sample size calculation, development of study tool, and its validation and reference writing, to ethical issues in research. The students are grouped into a batch of five and allotted a faculty mentor from the department, under whom the students conduct a research project. The faculty mentor guides the group through various stages of medical research. All groups present their protocol in the department for critical comments and suggestions from the faculty and peers. The modified protocol is submitted to the IEC for approval. The data collection is done for 10 days, followed by data entry, analysis, and tabulation of results. All groups present the findings of their study to the department. The students are required to submit a copy of the project report to the department. A formative assessment is conducted at the end of the posting in the form of viva-voce.

Phase 2 (6 th semester)

This phase introduces the students of the 6 th semester to various aspects of scientific manuscript writing and provides an opportunity to convert their research projects into publication. The faculty briefs the students on topics ranging from the selection of journals and peer review process to plagiarism and submission to quality journals. The students (group), under the supervision of their faculty guides for the project, prepare the manuscript for publication. Submission to a journal is one of the criteria for formative assessment in this phase.

Competency-based medical education (CBME)

With the introduction of CBME, the research methodology program has been extended to manuscript writing and introduction to systematic reviews being offered as electives to UG medical students in the 3 rd professional year [ Figure 1 ].

Conceptual framework for incorporating research in undergraduate medical education curriculum

Apart from formal training within the curriculum, students are also encouraged to write for extramural grants, the most common being ICMR STS. The university also provides intramural grants for UGs. The University also encourages UG presentations at national and international conferences and provides financial support for attending the conferences.

D ISCUSSION

Traditionally, research is mandatory during post-graduation training in the form of a dissertation as per the MCI.[ 9 ] Research experience gained during UG years allows them to determine an area of interest. From an academic point of view, research postings help students to understand the concepts behind various study designs, formulation of hypotheses, and test them. Studies have shown that research training during under graduation enhances awareness and positive perception toward research.[ 10 , 11 ] NMC also mandates faculty publications in quality journals for promotions in medical schools.[ 12 ] Many countries in the west have research training as an integrated part of the medical curriculum. Undergraduates in medical schools are one of the richest resources for young fertile minds, where the seeds of research can be cultivated. Research is integral for the practice of EBM and clinical problem-solving.[ 13 , 14 ]

C ONCLUSION AND R ECOMMENDATION

Exposure of medical students to research methodology early in medical school can inculcate analytical thinking in them and drive them toward practicing EBM in the later part of their career. Also, UG research projects and publications will help in boosting the research output of the medical college. We recommend the regulatory body make research methodology mandatory not only in postgraduate medical education but also in UG medical education and incorporate it in the curriculum early, to encourage them to develop critical thinking and use evidence for decision-making.

Financial support and sponsorship

Conflicts of interest.

There are no conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, and the Manipal Academy of Higher Education for their support of this research and its publication.

R EFERENCES

How to Pursue Research After MBBS?

Are you pursuing your MBBS degree and aspiring to do research in your field? Does research attract you more than practicing medicine? If yes, you might be confused about how to pursue research after completing your MBBS. Have you heard of Dr. V. Shanta? She was an oncologist who served as the chairperson of Chennai’s Adyar Cancer Institute and had devoted her professional life to studying and treating cancer. Her contributions to oncology have won her praise on a national and international level. This blog will explore various ways to clear your confusion regarding research after MBBS.

In this blog, we will discuss:

• Should you do research after MBBS?
• What are the opportunities?
• What Path to Follow? 

Should You Do Research After MBBS?

Once you realize you want to do research after MBBS, you must try to know your interests and what exact field you want to go into. You should not consider dropping your MBBS degree but complete it with good experience and knowledge. After you’ve earned your MBBS degree, you can move forward to your chosen field of medicine and research in it. Research after MBBS offers an exciting journey for individuals looking for a less-traveled road. You will not just diagnose and treat patients but help in advancing medical knowledge and the healthcare system. You can work on filling gaps in present medical practices, identifying novel treatments, and improving medical science overall.

What are the Opportunities?

After your MBBS, you can pursue various research paths, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. The following are some typical categories of available research opportunities:

Clinical Investigations-

It involves looking at the safety and efficacy of medical procedures performed on human individuals. For example, this category includes observational studies, clinical trials, and research evaluating the results of medical interventions.

Basic Science Research-

Research in basic science aims to comprehend basic biological, chemical, and physical processes at the molecular and cellular levels. Examples include studies conducted in the fields of basic science, such as pharmacology, biochemistry, and genetics.

Epidemiological Research-

You can examine specific groups’ trends, causes, and health and illness outcomes. For example examining risk factors, disease prevalence, and the results of public health initiatives.

Research on Health Services-

To increase the effectiveness of healthcare services, you can work with various governmental organizations dedicated to healthcare. You will study how healthcare is accessible, provided, and paid for. Some examples include researching health policy analysis, healthcare delivery models, and system evaluations.

Research on Global Health-

You can take a worldwide approach to health issues, frequently concentrating on illnesses without geographical boundaries. Research on global health policy, health inequities, and infectious illnesses are a few examples.

• Research on Behaviour and Psychiatry: Looks into human behavior, mental health issues, and the effects of psychological variables on health. Examples include research on behavioral therapies, mental health treatments, and the neuroscience of psychiatric diseases.
• Research on Health Informatics: Investigate how information technology can be used in healthcare to enhance communication, data management, and patient care. Examples include studies on healthcare data analytics, telemedicine, and electronic health records.
• Research on Drug and Pharmaceutical Development: Concentrates on creating and evaluating novel drugs and treatments. Examples include pharmacological investigations, safety and efficacy studies, and clinical trials for novel medications.

What Path to Follow?

The path to research after MBBS is relatively straightforward but challenging. You should complete your MBBS degree with good grades and experience and then begin your research journey. Here are some important points:

• Find Your Passion: What ignites the fire within you? Finding your area of interest in medicine to study is the first step to a successful research career.
• Make Contact with Mentors: Speak with researchers who can offer you advice. Mentors contribute their experiences and ideas and may even uncover doors you never knew existed. You will also remain updated on the latest developments in your field.
• Examine Doctorate Programs: For aspiring researchers, universities and research centres offer postgraduate programs. Seeking a PhD will help you expand your knowledge and abilities. Institutes like AIIMS Delhi provide excellent PhD programs in medical sciences. You need to clear their entrance exam, followed by a personal interview. It is better to keep checking their official website for the latest updates on eligibility criteria and exams. You can also prepare for exams like GATE and try getting into the best research institute in India, IISc Bangalore. Check out this blog to know how to get a PhD in IISc.
• Immerse Yourself in Conferences: Last but not least, participate in seminars and conferences about your area of interest. It’s not just about learning; it’s also about forming a network and interacting with like-minded people to advance your research.

Conclusion:

Getting into research after MBBS is a change of field, which won’t be very easy at first. But if you are really serious and passionate about your dream, you must work hard to make it a reality. Accept the challenge, connect with mentors, and follow your curiosity to lead you on an ongoing journey of learning and development. It is really great if you are following a different path and that too of research. This path is a dynamic investigation of the always-changing field of medical knowledge rather than a straight route. We wish you a very good luck!

Ques: What are the career options in Biology?

Ans: You can become a doctor, biologist, microbiologist, etc. Check out this blog to know in depth.

Ques: What are the career options other than NEET?

Ans: Check out this blog to know more about NEET.

Ques: How can I do research in Biotechnology?

Ans: Biotechnology is an emerging field combining biology with engineering. Check out this blog to know in depth about biotechnology.

Ques: Can I become a biologist in India?

Ans: Yes, there are many opportunities to become a biologist in India. Check out this blog to know more about such opportunities.

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

• Address : SciAstra Education Pvt Ltd, Bhubaneswar, Odisha
• [email protected]
• Copyright © 2023 SciAstra
• Web Stories

Our app SciAstra

Copyright © 2023, SciAstra. All rights reserved | Developed by Techsaga Corporations.

How to Write a Research Paper

Use the links below to jump directly to any section of this guide:

Research Paper Fundamentals

How to choose a topic or question, how to create a working hypothesis or thesis, common research paper methodologies, how to gather and organize evidence , how to write an outline for your research paper, how to write a rough draft, how to revise your draft, how to produce a final draft, resources for teachers .

It is not fair to say that no one writes anymore. Just about everyone writes text messages, brief emails, or social media posts every single day. Yet, most people don't have a lot of practice with the formal, organized writing required for a good academic research paper. This guide contains links to a variety of resources that can help demystify the process. Some of these resources are intended for teachers; they contain exercises, activities, and teaching strategies. Other resources are intended for direct use by students who are struggling to write papers, or are looking for tips to make the process go more smoothly.

The resources in this section are designed to help students understand the different types of research papers, the general research process, and how to manage their time. Below, you'll find links from university writing centers, the trusted Purdue Online Writing Lab, and more.

What is an Academic Research Paper?

"Genre and the Research Paper" (Purdue OWL)

There are different types of research papers. Different types of scholarly questions will lend themselves to one format or another. This is a brief introduction to the two main genres of research paper: analytic and argumentative. 

"7 Most Popular Types of Research Papers" (Personal-writer.com)

This resource discusses formats that high school students commonly encounter, such as the compare and contrast essay and the definitional essay. Please note that the inclusion of this link is not an endorsement of this company's paid service.

How to Prepare and Plan Out Writing a Research Paper

Teachers can give their students a step-by-step guide like these to help them understand the different steps of the research paper process. These guides can be combined with the time management tools in the next subsection to help students come up with customized calendars for completing their papers.

"Ten Steps for Writing Research Papers" (American University)  

This resource from American University is a comprehensive guide to the research paper writing process, and includes examples of proper research questions and thesis topics.

"Steps in Writing a Research Paper" (SUNY Empire State College)

This guide breaks the research paper process into 11 steps. Each "step" links to a separate page, which describes the work entailed in completing it.

How to Manage Time Effectively

The links below will help students determine how much time is necessary to complete a paper. If your sources are not available online or at your local library, you'll need to leave extra time for the Interlibrary Loan process. Remember that, even if you do not need to consult secondary sources, you'll still need to leave yourself ample time to organize your thoughts.

"Research Paper Planner: Timeline" (Baylor University)

This interactive resource from Baylor University creates a suggested writing schedule based on how much time a student has to work on the assignment.

"Research Paper Planner" (UCLA)

UCLA's library offers this step-by-step guide to the research paper writing process, which also includes a suggested planning calendar.

There's a reason teachers spend a long time talking about choosing a good topic. Without a good topic and a well-formulated research question, it is almost impossible to write a clear and organized paper. The resources below will help you generate ideas and formulate precise questions.

"How to Select a Research Topic" (Univ. of Michigan-Flint)

This resource is designed for college students who are struggling to come up with an appropriate topic. A student who uses this resource and still feels unsure about his or her topic should consult the course instructor for further personalized assistance.

"25 Interesting Research Paper Topics to Get You Started" (Kibin)

This resource, which is probably most appropriate for high school students, provides a list of specific topics to help get students started. It is broken into subsections, such as "paper topics on local issues."

"Writing a Good Research Question" (Grand Canyon University)

This introduction to research questions includes some embedded videos, as well as links to scholarly articles on research questions. This resource would be most appropriate for teachers who are planning lessons on research paper fundamentals.

"How to Write a Research Question the Right Way" (Kibin)

This student-focused resource provides more detail on writing research questions. The language is accessible, and there are embedded videos and examples of good and bad questions.

It is important to have a rough hypothesis or thesis in mind at the beginning of the research process. People who have a sense of what they want to say will have an easier time sorting through scholarly sources and other information. The key, of course, is not to become too wedded to the draft hypothesis or thesis. Just about every working thesis gets changed during the research process.

CrashCourse Video: "Sociology Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is tailored to sociology students, it is applicable to students in a variety of social science disciplines. This video does a good job demonstrating the connection between the brainstorming that goes into selecting a research question and the formulation of a working hypothesis.

"How to Write a Thesis Statement for an Analytical Essay" (YouTube)

Students writing analytical essays will not develop the same type of working hypothesis as students who are writing research papers in other disciplines. For these students, developing the working thesis may happen as a part of the rough draft (see the relevant section below). 

"Research Hypothesis" (Oakland Univ.)

This resource provides some examples of hypotheses in social science disciplines like Political Science and Criminal Justice. These sample hypotheses may also be useful for students in other soft social sciences and humanities disciplines like History.

When grading a research paper, instructors look for a consistent methodology. This section will help you understand different methodological approaches used in research papers. Students will get the most out of these resources if they use them to help prepare for conversations with teachers or discussions in class.

"Types of Research Designs" (USC)

A "research design," used for complex papers, is related to the paper's method. This resource contains introductions to a variety of popular research designs in the social sciences. Although it is not the most intuitive site to read, the information here is very valuable. 

"Major Research Methods" (YouTube)

Although this video is a bit on the dry side, it provides a comprehensive overview of the major research methodologies in a format that might be more accessible to students who have struggled with textbooks or other written resources.

"Humanities Research Strategies" (USC)

This is a portal where students can learn about four methodological approaches for humanities papers: Historical Methodologies, Textual Criticism, Conceptual Analysis, and the Synoptic method.

"Selected Major Social Science Research Methods: Overview" (National Academies Press)

This appendix from the book  Using Science as Evidence in Public Policy , printed by National Academies Press, introduces some methods used in social science papers.

"Organizing Your Social Sciences Research Paper: 6. The Methodology" (USC)

This resource from the University of Southern California's library contains tips for writing a methodology section in a research paper.

How to Determine the Best Methodology for You

Anyone who is new to writing research papers should be sure to select a method in consultation with their instructor. These resources can be used to help prepare for that discussion. They may also be used on their own by more advanced students.

"Choosing Appropriate Research Methodologies" (Palgrave Study Skills)

This friendly and approachable resource from Palgrave Macmillan can be used by students who are just starting to think about appropriate methodologies.

"How to Choose Your Research Methods" (NFER (UK))

This is another approachable resource students can use to help narrow down the most appropriate methods for their research projects.

The resources in this section introduce the process of gathering scholarly sources and collecting evidence. You'll find a range of material here, from introductory guides to advanced explications best suited to college students. Please consult the LitCharts  How to Do Academic Research guide for a more comprehensive list of resources devoted to finding scholarly literature.

Google Scholar

Students who have access to library websites with detailed research guides should start there, but people who do not have access to those resources can begin their search for secondary literature here.

"Gathering Appropriate Information" (Texas Gateway)

This resource from the Texas Gateway for online resources introduces students to the research process, and contains interactive exercises. The level of complexity is suitable for middle school, high school, and introductory college classrooms.

"An Overview of Quantitative and Qualitative Data Collection Methods" (NSF)

This PDF from the National Science Foundation goes into detail about best practices and pitfalls in data collection across multiple types of methodologies.

"Social Science Methods for Data Collection and Analysis" (Swiss FIT)

This resource is appropriate for advanced undergraduates or teachers looking to create lessons on research design and data collection. It covers techniques for gathering data via interviews, observations, and other methods.

"Collecting Data by In-depth Interviewing" (Leeds Univ.)

This resource contains enough information about conducting interviews to make it useful for teachers who want to create a lesson plan, but is also accessible enough for college juniors or seniors to make use of it on their own.

There is no "one size fits all" outlining technique. Some students might devote all their energy and attention to the outline in order to avoid the paper. Other students may benefit from being made to sit down and organize their thoughts into a lengthy sentence outline. The resources in this section include strategies and templates for multiple types of outlines. 

"Topic vs. Sentence Outlines" (UC Berkeley)

This resource introduces two basic approaches to outlining: the shorter topic-based approach, and the longer, more detailed sentence-based approach. This resource also contains videos on how to develop paper paragraphs from the sentence-based outline.

"Types of Outlines and Samples" (Purdue OWL)

The Purdue Online Writing Lab's guide is a slightly less detailed discussion of different types of outlines. It contains several sample outlines.

"Writing An Outline" (Austin C.C.)

This resource from a community college contains sample outlines from an American history class that students can use as models.

"How to Structure an Outline for a College Paper" (YouTube)

This brief (sub-2 minute) video from the ExpertVillage YouTube channel provides a model of outline writing for students who are struggling with the idea.

"Outlining" (Harvard)

This is a good resource to consult after completing a draft outline. It offers suggestions for making sure your outline avoids things like unnecessary repetition.

As with outlines, rough drafts can take on many different forms. These resources introduce teachers and students to the various approaches to writing a rough draft. This section also includes resources that will help you cite your sources appropriately according to the MLA, Chicago, and APA style manuals.

"Creating a Rough Draft for a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

This resource is useful for teachers in particular, as it provides some suggested exercises to help students with writing a basic rough draft. 

Rough Draft Assignment (Duke of Definition)

This sample assignment, with a brief list of tips, was developed by a high school teacher who runs a very successful and well-reviewed page of educational resources.

"Creating the First Draft of Your Research Paper" (Concordia Univ.)

This resource will be helpful for perfectionists or procrastinators, as it opens by discussing the problem of avoiding writing. It also provides a short list of suggestions meant to get students writing.

Using Proper Citations

There is no such thing as a rough draft of a scholarly citation. These links to the three major citation guides will ensure that your citations follow the correct format. Please consult the LitCharts How to Cite Your Sources guide for more resources.

Chicago Manual of Style Citation Guide

Some call  The Chicago Manual of Style , which was first published in 1906, "the editors' Bible." The manual is now in its 17th edition, and is popular in the social sciences, historical journals, and some other fields in the humanities.

APA Citation Guide

According to the American Psychological Association, this guide was developed to aid reading comprehension, clarity of communication, and to reduce bias in language in the social and behavioral sciences. Its first full edition was published in 1952, and it is now in its sixth edition.

MLA Citation Guide

The Modern Language Association style is used most commonly within the liberal arts and humanities. The  MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing  was first published in 1985 and (as of 2008) is in its third edition.

Any professional scholar will tell you that the best research papers are made in the revision stage. No matter how strong your research question or working thesis, it is not possible to write a truly outstanding paper without devoting energy to revision. These resources provide examples of revision exercises for the classroom, as well as tips for students working independently.

"The Art of Revision" (Univ. of Arizona)

This resource provides a wealth of information and suggestions for both students and teachers. There is a list of suggested exercises that teachers might use in class, along with a revision checklist that is useful for teachers and students alike.

"Script for Workshop on Revision" (Vanderbilt University)

Vanderbilt's guide for leading a 50-minute revision workshop can serve as a model for teachers who wish to guide students through the revision process during classtime. 

"Revising Your Paper" (Univ. of Washington)

This detailed handout was designed for students who are beginning the revision process. It discusses different approaches and methods for revision, and also includes a detailed list of things students should look for while they revise.

"Revising Drafts" (UNC Writing Center)

This resource is designed for students and suggests things to look for during the revision process. It provides steps for the process and has a FAQ for students who have questions about why it is important to revise.

Conferencing with Writing Tutors and Instructors

No writer is so good that he or she can't benefit from meeting with instructors or peer tutors. These resources from university writing, learning, and communication centers provide suggestions for how to get the most out of these one-on-one meetings.

"Getting Feedback" (UNC Writing Center)

This very helpful resource talks about how to ask for feedback during the entire writing process. It contains possible questions that students might ask when developing an outline, during the revision process, and after the final draft has been graded.

"Prepare for Your Tutoring Session" (Otis College of Art and Design)

This guide from a university's student learning center contains a lot of helpful tips for getting the most out of working with a writing tutor.

"The Importance of Asking Your Professor" (Univ. of Waterloo)

This article from the university's Writing and Communication Centre's blog contains some suggestions for how and when to get help from professors and Teaching Assistants.

Once you've revised your first draft, you're well on your way to handing in a polished paper. These resources—each of them produced by writing professionals at colleges and universities—outline the steps required in order to produce a final draft. You'll find proofreading tips and checklists in text and video form.

"Developing a Final Draft of a Research Paper" (Univ. of Minnesota)

While this resource contains suggestions for revision, it also features a couple of helpful checklists for the last stages of completing a final draft.

Basic Final Draft Tips and Checklist (Univ. of Maryland-University College)

This short and accessible resource, part of UMUC's very thorough online guide to writing and research, contains a very basic checklist for students who are getting ready to turn in their final drafts.

Final Draft Checklist (Everett C.C.)

This is another accessible final draft checklist, appropriate for both high school and college students. It suggests reading your essay aloud at least once.

"How to Proofread Your Final Draft" (YouTube)

This video (approximately 5 minutes), produced by Eastern Washington University, gives students tips on proofreading final drafts.

"Proofreading Tips" (Georgia Southern-Armstrong)

This guide will help students learn how to spot common errors in their papers. It suggests focusing on content and editing for grammar and mechanics.

This final set of resources is intended specifically for high school and college instructors. It provides links to unit plans and classroom exercises that can help improve students' research and writing skills. You'll find resources that give an overview of the process, along with activities that focus on how to begin and how to carry out research. 

"Research Paper Complete Resources Pack" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, rubrics, and other resources is designed for high school students. The resources in this packet are aligned to Common Core standards.

"Research Paper—Complete Unit" (Teachers Pay Teachers)

This packet of assignments, notes, PowerPoints, and other resources has a 4/4 rating with over 700 ratings. It is designed for high school teachers, but might also be useful to college instructors who work with freshmen.

"Teaching Students to Write Good Papers" (Yale)

This resource from Yale's Center for Teaching and Learning is designed for college instructors, and it includes links to appropriate activities and exercises.

"Research Paper Writing: An Overview" (CUNY Brooklyn)

CUNY Brooklyn offers this complete lesson plan for introducing students to research papers. It includes an accompanying set of PowerPoint slides.

"Lesson Plan: How to Begin Writing a Research Paper" (San Jose State Univ.)

This lesson plan is designed for students in the health sciences, so teachers will have to modify it for their own needs. It includes a breakdown of the brainstorming, topic selection, and research question process. 

"Quantitative Techniques for Social Science Research" (Univ. of Pittsburgh)

This is a set of PowerPoint slides that can be used to introduce students to a variety of quantitative methods used in the social sciences.

• PDFs for all 136 Lit Terms we cover
• Downloads of 1934 LitCharts Lit Guides
• Teacher Editions for every Lit Guide
• Explanations and citation info for 40,762 quotes across 1934 books
• Downloadable (PDF) line-by-line translations of every Shakespeare play

Need something? Request a new guide .

How can we improve? Share feedback .

LitCharts is hiring!

Research or Academia after Medicine (MBBS or MD) in India

• August 23, 2022

This is an Interview with Ritam Pal transcribed by Damyanti Das Gupta of CoS.

Besides these existing options, some more options may be available in the next few years. IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur and IISC are now setting up a medical school. They are expected to introduce MD-PhD degrees to encourage the education of physician-researchers.

Many students, after completing their MBBS degree, do not want to go for further clinical specialization and become practicing clinicians.

If someone does not want to continue as a practicing doctor after MBBS and does not want to enter non-clinical academia either, then the most standard translational route would be pursuing an MD in preclinical or paraclinical subjects (Anatomy, Physiology, Biochemistry, Pathology, Microbiology, Pharmacology, Forensic Medicine, Community Medicine, etc.). One can also explore the option of completing an MD/MS degree, (and a DM/Mch degree too if required), and joining as a professor in any medical college. In this case, the research work that they do will be limited to medical and clinical research only.

A significant number of MBBS students want to transition to a non-clinical career after completing their degree. The following institutes can be an option for students willing to enter academia/ willing to explore careers in the biomedical industry.

IIT KHARAGPUR

Course: MMST ( Master of Medical Science and Technology) Duration:3 years

• The eligibility criterion for admission to MMST students is a recognized MBBS Degree with a minimum of 55% marks in aggregate and having passed mathematics at 10+2 level.
• Selection is based on an entrance test that tests topics from the MBBS syllabus, and basic PCM.
• Pros – teaches biomedical engineering, has a good faculty, and has a good alumni base by now. Can go for Ph.D.abroad after completing this course.
• Cons – After this degree, the jobs available are mainly in medical tech companies(like Siemens), the salary range of which may not be that high. Also, many of the professors do not appreciate the requirements of students coming from an MBBS background.

Official Website: MMST @ IITKGP

Course: M.Tech in Biomedical Engineering  Duration:2 years

• Selection is based on All India level post-graduate entrance examination for corresponding disciplines such as INI_CET/NEET-PG/NEET-MDS/JIPMER/, and an interview.
• Pros – Has a good faculty and alumni base. The course is very well designed and electives are offered in biopotentials, medical sensors, biosensors, medical imaging physics, biomaterials, microfluidics, computational modeling, biomechanics, etc.
• Cons – jobs are scanty after this since M.Tech in BME is not well-accepted in the job market. Ph.D. after this is the more desirable option.

Official Website: MTech Program

IISC BANGALORE

Course: Ph.D Duration 4.5-5 years.

• Admission is based on interview and application.
• Pros – For research-motivated students, this is the best research environment in India, with good guides and ample funding.
• Cons – Entry from an MBBS background is highly restricted. IISC prefers that MBBS students clear JEST or GATE, or secure ICMR junior fellowship, in order to join for Ph.D. These entrances can be difficult for MBBS students, who do not have much knowledge of topics like Biotechnology or Plant Biology (which are tested in these exams). Besides this, the stipend amount is much lesser than the salaries received by doctors.

Official Website: IISc Admissions

Nimhans Bangalore

• There are a number of courses related to neuroscience, Psychiatry, and clinical psychology, available to MBBS students. Which specific courses have the option for entry after MBBS can be found in their brochure: Prospectus 2021-22
• Pros – excellent faculty. Good research environment and future career prospects.
• Cons – The stipend offered to Ph.D. students is lesser than the average salary of a practicing doctor, which may be a reason of concern for many.

Besides these existing options, some more options may be available in the next few years. IIT Kanpur, IIT Kharagpur, and IISC are now setting up a medical school. They are expected to introduce MD-PhD degrees to encourage the education of physician-researchers. TATA memorial hospital has introduced ICMR-a funded, combined “MD Ph.D.” program very recently. Such institutes may be a good option in the future.

‘Whole world will benefit’: Dharmendra Pradhan lays foundation stone for IIT Kanpur’s medical school

Bengaluru: IISc receives Rs 425-crore donation to set up medical institute, 800-bed multi-specialty hospital | Cities News, The Indian Express

Pic credits: High-resolution photo created by rawpixel.com – www.freepik.com

1 thought on “Research or Academia after Medicine (MBBS or MD) in India”

Top 10 medical colleges in India

Leave a Comment Cancel Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment.

Profession or Passion; My Journey of Self-Discovery

Some elements may be stressful for some people. I am neither exaggerating nor creating things. That’s what happened to me. Journey to IISER The 2020 IAT (IISER Aptitude Test) was

Cracking the JAM: A Comprehensive Guide to Effective Exam Prep

Introduction “In science, the credit goes to the man who convinces the world, not to whom the idea first occurs”. I’m referring to this quote here because I feel it

Applying abroad for a PhD in Physics

Hi! My name is Surendra Padamata, a recent B.E. Mechanical and Physics minor undergraduate from BITS Pilani K.K. Birla Goa Campus, India. I am currently working at ICTS-TIFR and IGC,

PhD right after B.E./B.Tech/BSc vs MSc/MS

Prologue: Many people out there have this question in their mind as to whether one can do a PhD in physics right after their engineering degree, is it possible, how

Online resources for Astronomy/Astrophysics/Cosmology

Authors Shruti Pandharipande Rimsha Arif  Organizations website International NASA’s website is a great resource for news and information about current and upcoming space missions, as well as a wealth of

Medicine or Natural Science in Biology? Differentiating between a MBBS degree and B.Sc/ BS degree

Basic Idea The first point of differentiating between these fields would be to understand the basic idea of them. Biological sciences is a branch of natural sciences that involves studying

Physics Conferences/Seminar International and Indian

This Blog is written by- Shruti Pandharipande an enthusiastic and motivated undergraduate physics student. Her interests are piqued by astronomy, astrophysics, and particle physics. She is a firm believer in

Preparation for DSE – Sanchit Singhal

Note: This post caters only to the preparation of DSE Probability A list of topics you must know is Permutation & Combinations, Conditional probability which includes the gambler ruin problem,

Travelling Europe for a Master’s Degree: The Erasmus Mundus Scholarship

Interviewee – Sailee Pradeep Sakhalkar Interviewed by Damayanti Dasgupta Transcribed by Nandini Sinhal Formatted by Sandhya Sathiaseelan 1. Why is this Erasmus Mundus Scholarship considered important and who can apply for

Socialise with

NEET UG 2024: Plea in Supreme Court seeks fresh exam over paper leak allegations

NEET 2024: The plea alleged that the exam held on May 5 was marred with malpractices.

NEET Rank & College Predictor

Know your expected NEET rank and admission chances in Medical, Dental & AYUSH colleges with NEET score/rank.

Press Trust of India | June 3, 2024 | 08:19 PM IST

NEW DELHI : Amid news reports about question paper leak, a group of candidates have moved the Supreme Court seeking fresh NEET-UG, 2024 examination. The examination was held on May 5. The National Eligibility cum Entrance Test-Undergraduate (NEET-UG) examination is conducted by the National Testing Agency (NTA) for admissions to MBBS, BDS and AYUSH and other related courses in government and private institutions across the country. The results are expected to be declared on June 14.

Announcement:  Register for India's Biggest Education Expo

Latest:  NEET 2024 College Predictor  |  Download NEET 2024 Official Answer Key

Don't Miss:  NEET 2024 Cutoff | Study MBBS Abroad | NEET 2024 Rank Predictor

Recommended:  NEET Admission Guidance:  Personalised |  Study Abroad

The plea, filed by Shivangi Mishra and others, has made the NTA a party and raised the issue of paper leak and the sanctity of the test while seeking a direction for conducting fresh examination. The plea alleged that the NEET-UG test held on May 5 was riddled with malpractices as various instances of paper leak came to the knowledge of the petitioners.

Apply to Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Allied & Life Science 2024

Begin a career in Medical and Allied Sciences. Admissions Open for

Also read NEET UG 2024: 1,08,940 MBBS seats in India; maximum medical colleges, seats in Tamil Nadu

The alleged paper leak was violative of Article 14 (right to equality) under the Constitution as it gave an undue advantage to some candidates over others who chose to attempt the examination in a fair manner. The plea, which was filed on June 1 through lawyer Usha Nandini V, may be listed before a vacation bench this week.

Follow us for the latest education news on colleges and universities , admission, courses, exams , research, education policies, study abroad and more..

To get in touch, write to us at [email protected] .

• MBBS students are battling despair and depression in medical colleges

Long hours, bullying, lack of support make the difficult MBBS course even tougher. MBBS students hope for clear guidelines from the National Medical Commission which is conducting a survey.

Featured News

• ‘AIIMS Bhopal is a rising star in medical education’: Director
• Karnataka wants 5% NRI quota in government medical colleges to raise funds; students oppose
• Haryana’s MBBS bond policy a constant source of fear and stress for students
• ‘A routine circus’: To get stipends, PG medical students lobby, move court
• Jammu & Kashmir: Why NEET, JEE candidates flock to private reading rooms to prepare for exams

Latest Education News

Bitsat result 2024 tomorrow; engineering cut-offs increased last year for all campuses.

DU Admissions 2024: ABVP launches helpline to assist students

University of Hyderabad invites applications for PhD programmes

Indian embassy in Myanmar cautions against fake job racket

MHT CET Result 2024: How is percentile score calculated; normalisation method

Related News

Neet ug results 2024 on june 14 for over 24 lakh candidates; what is 15% aiq seats, neet ug 2024 result: answer key objection facility ends; marks vs rank, neet answer key 2024 (out) live: how to raise objection at exams.nta.ac.in; cutoff, result date updates, neet ug 2024 answer key challenge facility ends today; what’s next, neet ug percentile calculator 2024: qualifying marks for mbbs, how to calculate percentile, download our app.

Start you preparation journey for JEE / NEET for free today with our APP