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CBSE Worksheets for Class 12 Biology

CBSE Worksheets for Class 12 Biology: One of the best teaching strategies employed in most classrooms today is Worksheets. CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheet for students has been used by teachers & students to develop logical, lingual, analytical, and problem-solving capabilities. So in order to help you with that, we at WorksheetsBuddy have come up with Kendriya Vidyalaya Class 12 Biology Worksheets for the students of Class 12. All our CBSE NCERT Class 12 Biology practice worksheets are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance. These chapter wise test papers for Class 12 Biology will be useful to test your conceptual understanding.

Board: Central Board of Secondary Education(www.cbse.nic.in) Subject: Class 12 Biology Number of Worksheets: 4

CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets PDF

All the CBSE Worksheets for Class 12 Biology provided in this page are provided for free which can be downloaded by students, teachers as well as by parents. We have covered all the Class 12 Biology important questions and answers in the worksheets which are included in CBSE NCERT Syllabus. Just click on the following link and download the CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheet. CBSE Worksheets for Class 12 Biology can also use like assignments for Class 12 Biology students.

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Advantages of CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets

• By practising NCERT CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practise on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 12 Biology Workbook Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 12 Biology are devised by experts of WorksheetsBuddy experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets PDF .

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of Class 12 Biology revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus.  Working on CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 12 Biology Worksheets to secure good score.

CBSE Worksheets For Class 12

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Class 12 Biology Worksheets

We have provided below free printable  Class 12 Biology Worksheets  for Download in PDF. The worksheets have been designed based on the latest  NCERT Book for Class 12 Biology . These  Worksheets for Grade 12 Biology  cover all important topics which can come in your standard 12 tests and examinations.  Free printable worksheets for CBSE Class 12 Biology , school and class assignments, and practice test papers have been designed by our highly experienced class 12 faculty. You can free download CBSE NCERT printable worksheets for Biology Class 12 with solutions and answers. All worksheets and test sheets have been prepared by expert teachers as per the latest Syllabus in Biology Class 12. Students can click on the links below and download all Pdf worksheets for Biology class 12  for free. All latest Kendriya Vidyalaya  Class 12 Biology Worksheets  with Answers and test papers are given below.

Biology Class 12 Worksheets Pdf Download

Here we have the biggest database of free  CBSE NCERT KVS  Worksheets for Class 12  Biology . You can download all free Biology worksheets in Pdf for standard 12th. Our teachers have covered  Class 12 important questions and answers  for Biology as per the latest curriculum for the current academic year. All test sheets question banks for Class 12 Biology and  CBSE Worksheets for Biology Class 12  will be really useful for Class 12 students to properly prepare for the upcoming tests and examinations. Class 12th students are advised to free download in Pdf all printable workbooks given below.

Topicwise Worksheets for Class 12 Biology Download in Pdf

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Class 12 is a crucial year for students who want to pursue higher education in biology or related fields. It is the year when you have to prepare for competitive exams like NEET, AIIMS, JIPMER, etc. as well as board exams. It is also the year when you have to learn some of the most advanced and complex topics in biology, such as reproduction, genetics, biotechnology, ecology, and more.🧬🧪🌎

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Solutions to CBSE Sample Paper - Biology Class 12

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NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter Wise Pdf Download | Biology Class 12 Important Questions

CBSE Important Questions for Class 12 Biology Chapter Wise State Board Pdf free download was designed by expert teachers from the latest edition of NCERT books to get good marks in board exams. Here we have given NCERT Class 12 Biology Important Questions, Important Questions of Biology Class 12.

CBSE Class 12 Biology Important Questions | 12th Biology Important Questions

12th Biology Important Questions With Answers Pdf | Imp Questions of Biology Class 12

• Reproduction in Organisms Class 12 Important Questions
• Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Class 12 Important Questions
• Human Reproduction Class 12 Important Questions
• Reproductive Health Class 12 Important Questions
• Principles of Inheritance and Variation Class 12 Important Questions
• Molecular Basis of Inheritance Class 12 Important Questions
• Evolution Class 12 Important Questions
• Human Health and Disease Class 12 Important Questions
• Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production Class 12 Important Questions
• Microbes in Human Welfare Class 12 Important Questions
• Biotechnology: Principles and Processes Class 12 Important Questions
• Biotechnology and its Applications Class 12 Important Questions
• Organisms and Populations Class 12 Important Questions
• Ecosystem Class 12 Important Questions
• Biodiversity and Conservation Class 12 Important Questions
• Environmental Issues Class 12 Important Questions

Important Questions of Biology Class 12 Topic Wise

1. Reproduction in Organisms

• Reproduction
• Sexual Reproduction

2. Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

• Flower and its Parts
• Pollination
• Post-Fertilisation : Structures and Events

3. Human Reproduction

• Reproductive Systems
• Gametogenesis
• Fertilisation, Pregnancy and Embryonic Development

4. Reproductive Health

• Reproductive Health Problems and Strategies
• Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) and Infertility

5. Molecular Basis of Inheritance

• The DNA and RNA World
• Genetic Code, Human Genome Project and DNA Fingerprinting

6. Evolution

• The Origin of Life and Evidences of Evolution
• Biological Evolution, Its Mechanism and Evolution of Man 

7. Human Health and Disease

• Health, Common Diseases in Human and Immunity
• Adolescence and Drug/Alcohol Abuse

8. Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production

• Animal Husbandry
• Plant Breeding

9. Microbes in Human Welfare

• Microbes in Household Products, Industrial Products and in Sewage Treatment
• Microbes in Production of Biogas as Biocontrol Agents and Biofertilisers

10. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes

• Principles of Biotechnology and Tools of Recombination DNA Technology
• Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology

11. Biotechnology and Its Applications

• Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture and Medicine
• Transgenic Animals and Ethical Issues

12. Organisms and Populations

• Organisms and Its Environment

13. Ecosystem

• Ecosystem-Structure and Function, Productivity and Decomposition
• Energy Flow and Ecological Succession
• Nutrient Cycling and Ecosystem Services

14. Biodiversity and Conservation

• Biodiversity
• Conservation of Biodiversity

15. Environmental Issues

• Pollution, Solid and Radioactive Wastes
• Greenhouse Effect, Ozone Depletion and Deforestation

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Assignment for Class 12 Biology

Download free PDF assignment for CBSE NCERT Class 12 Biology with chapter-wise and topic-wise important Questions and MCQs based on the latest syllabus and textbooks of CBSE NCERT. These assignments are designed for helping students to understand various topics, practice skills and improve their subject knowledge which in turn helps students to improve their academic performance.

Assignment for Class 12 free PDF Download

We have proved large number of Assignments for Numerical Questions and MCQs of every chapter for class 12 Biology. By Practicing these assignments will help you in concept clarification and enhance your problem solving skill. These question will help in subjective and well as objective approach of solving questions as latest pattern of CBSE includes Theory based as well as MCQ based questions.

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Assignment Class 12 Physics

Assignment Class 12 Chemistry

Assignment Class 12 Biology

Mathematics Assignments

Assignment Class 8 Math

Assignment Class 9 Math

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Assignment Class 12 Math

Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms

Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set A

Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set B

Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set C

Chapter 1 Reproduction in Organisms Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set D

Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants

Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set A

Chapter 2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set B

Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

Chapter 3 Human Reproduction Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set A

Chapter 3 Human Reproduction Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set B

Chapter 4 Reproductive Health

Chapter 4 Reproductive Health Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set B

Chapter 5 Principle of Inheritance and Variation

Chapter 5 Principle of Inheritance and Variation Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set A

Chapter 5 Principle of Inheritance and Variation Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set B

Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance

Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance and Variation Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set A

Chapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance and Variation Assignment for Class 12 Biology -MCQ Set B

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Advantages of CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets

• By practising  NCERT CBSE  Class 12 Biology  Worksheet , students can improve their problem solving skills.
• Helps to develop the subject knowledge in a simple, fun and interactive way.
• No need for tuition or attend extra classes if students practice on worksheets daily.
• Working on CBSE worksheets are time-saving.
• Helps students to promote hands-on learning.
• One of the helpful resources used in classroom revision.
• CBSE Class 12 Biology Workbook  Helps to improve subject-knowledge.
• CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets encourages classroom activities.

Worksheets of CBSE Class 12 Biology are devised by experts of Prerna Education  experts who have great experience and expertise in teaching Maths. So practising these worksheets will promote students problem-solving skills and subject knowledge in an interactive method. Students can also download CBSE Class 12 Biology Chapter wise question bank pdf and access it anytime, anywhere for free. Browse further to download free CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets PDF . Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheet and we hope this detailed article is helpful. So Students who are preparing for the exams must need to have great solving skills. And in order to have these skills, one must practice enough of  Class 12 Biology  revision worksheets . And more importantly, students should need to follow through the worksheets after completing their syllabus. Working on CBSE Class 12 Biology Worksheets will be a great help to secure good marks in the examination. So start working on Class 12 Biology Worksheets to secure good score.

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NCERT Books

NCERT Books for Class 12 Biology PDF Download

NCERT Books Class 12 Biology: The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) publishes Biology textbooks for Class 12. The NCERT Class 12th Biology textbooks are well known for it’s updated and thoroughly revised syllabus. The NCERT Biology Books are based on the latest exam pattern and CBSE syllabus.

NCERT keeps on updating the Biology books with the help of the latest question papers of each year. The Class 12 Biology books of NCERT are very well known for its presentation. The use of NCERT Books Class 12 Biology is not only suitable for studying the regular syllabus of various boards but it can also be useful for the candidates appearing for various competitive exams, Engineering Entrance Exams, and Olympiads.

NCERT Class 12 Biology Books in English PDF Download

NCERT Class 12 Biology Books are provided in PDF form so that students can access it at any time anywhere. Class 12 NCERT Biology Books are created by the best professors who are experts in Biology and have good knowledge in the subject.

NCERT Books for Class 12 Biology – English Medium

• Class 12 Biology NCERT Book PDF Download
• Chapter 1: Reproduction in Organisms
• Chapter 2: Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants
• Chapter 3: Human Reproduction
• Chapter 4: Reproductive Health
• Chapter 5: Principle of Inheritance and Variation
• Chapter 6: Molecular Basis of Inheritance
• Chapter 7: Evolution
• Chapter 8: Human Health and Diseases
• Chapter 9: Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production
• Chapter 10: Microbes in Human Welfare
• Chapter 11: Biotechnology: Principles and Processes
• Chapter 12: Biotechnology and its Applications
• Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations
• Chapter 14: Ecosystem
• Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation
• Chapter 16: Environmental Issues

NCERT Books for Class 12 Biology – Hindi Medium

जीव विज्ञान

• Class 12 Jeev Vigyan NCERT Book in Hindi PDF Download
• अध्याय 1: जीवों में जनन
• अध्याय 2: पुष्पी पादपों में लैंगिक जनन
• अध्याय 3: मानव जनन
• अध्याय 4: जनन स्वास्थ्य
• अध्याय 5: वंशागति तथा विविधता के सिद्धांत
• अध्याय 6: वंशागति के आणविक आधार
• अध्याय 7: विकास
• अध्याय 8: मानव स्वास्थ्य तथा रोग
• अध्याय 9: खाद्य उत्पादन में वृद्धि की कार्यनीति
• अध्याय 10: मानव कल्याण में सूक्ष्म जीव
• अध्याय 11: जैव प्रौद्योगिकी – सिद्धांत व प्रक्रम
• अध्याय 12: जैव प्रौद्योगिकी एवं उसके उपयोग
• अध्याय 13: जीव और समष्टियाँ
• अध्याय 14: पारितंत्र
• अध्याय 15: जीव विविधतता एवं संरक्षण
• अध्याय 16: पर्यावरण के मुद्दे

The NCERT syllabus mainly focuses on this book to make it student-friendly to make it useful for both the students and the competitive exam aspirants. The book covers a detailed Biology based on the syllabuses of various boards. NCERT Biology Books for Class 12 is perfectly compatible with almost every Indian education state and central boards.

We hope that this detailed article on NCERT Books Class 12 Biology helps you in your preparation and you crack the Class 12 exams or competitive exams with excellent scores.

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Assignments For Class 12 Biology

Assignments for Class 12 Biology have been developed for Standard 12 students based on the latest syllabus and textbooks applicable in CBSE, NCERT, and KVS schools. Parents and students can download the full collection of class assignments for class 12 Biology from our website as we have provided all topic-wise assignments free in PDF format which can be downloaded easily. Students are recommended to do these assignments daily by taking printouts and going through the questions and answers for Grade 12 Biology. You should try to do these test assignments on a daily basis so that you are able to understand the concepts and details of each chapter in your Biology book and get good marks in class 12 exams.

Class 12 Biology Assignments

Please click on the chapter-wise links below for Class 12 Biology to access free assignments with questions and answers. All solved questions are expected to come in CBSE, NCERT, KVS class tests and examinations. Download all assignments in Pdf.

Chapter wise Assignments for Biology Class 12

Assignments for Class 12 Biology as per CBSE NCERT pattern

All students studying in Grade 12 Biology should download the assignments provided here and use them for their daily routine practice. This will help them to get better grades in Biology exam for standard 12. We have made sure that all topics given in your textbook for Biology which is suggested in Class 12 have been covered ad we have made assignments and test papers for all topics which your teacher has been teaching in your class. All chapter wise assignments have been made by our teachers after full research of each important topic in the textbooks so that you have enough questions and their solutions to help them practice so that they are able to get full practice and understanding of all important topics. Our teachers at https://www.assignmentsbag.com have made sure that all test papers have been designed as per CBSE, NCERT and KVS syllabus and examination pattern. These question banks have been recommended in various schools and have supported many students to practice and further enhance their scores in school and have also assisted them to appear in other school level tests and examinations. Its easy to take print of thee assignments as all are available in PDF format.

Some advantages of Free Assignments for Class 12 Biology

• Solving Assignments for Biology Class 12 helps to further enhance understanding of the topics given in your text book which will help you to get better marks
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All free Printable practice assignments are in PDF single lick download format and have been prepared by Class 12 Biology teachers after full study of all topics which have been given in each chapter so that the students are able to take complete benefit from the worksheets. The Chapter wise question bank and revision assignments can be accessed free and anywhere. Go ahead and click on the links above to download free CBSE Class 12 Biology Assignments PDF.

You can download free assignments for class 12 Biology from https://www.assignmentsbag.com

You can get free PDF downloadable assignments for Grade 12 Biology from our website which has been developed by teachers after doing extensive research in each topic.

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• NCERT Solutions
• NCERT Class 12
• NCERT 12 Biology
• Chapter 3: Human Reproduction

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 - Human Reproduction

* According to the CBSE Syllabus 2023-24, this chapter has been renumbered as Chapter 2.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction, is framed by subject-matter experts and comprises detailed answers for students’ reference. All the questions given in the exercises from the textbook are answered here. Students can refer to these answers to prepare for the board examinations. The answers provided in the NCERT Solutions for Class 12 are beneficial to enhance the conceptual knowledge of students.

Chapter 3 Human Reproduction of Class 12 Biology, is formulated according to the CBSE Syllabus for 2023-24. The solutions are solved skillfully with the use of student-friendly terminologies, aligning with the standards that are to be followed for solving the NCERT Solutions for Class 12. Practising these solutions can prove to be extremely beneficial not only from the board examination point of view but can also to help Class 12 students to perform well in the upcoming competitive examinations.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 – Human Reproduction

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Access Answers to Biology NCERT Chapter 3 – Human Reproduction

1. Fill in the blanks:

(a) Humans reproduce _____________. (asexually/sexually)

(b) Humans are _____________. (oviparous, viviparous, ovoviviparous)

(c) Fertilisation is _____________ in humans. (external/internal)

(d) Male and female gametes are _____________. (diploid/haploid)

(e) Zygote is _____________. (diploid/haploid)

(f) The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called _____________.

(g) Ovulation is induced by a hormone called _____________.

(h) The fusion of male and female gametes is called _____________.

(i) Fertilisation takes place in _____________.

(j) Zygote divides to form a _____________which is implanted in the uterus.

(k) The structure which provides a vascular connection between the foetus and uterus is called the _______.

(a) Humans reproduce sexually .

(b) Humans are viviparous.

(c) Fertilisation is internal in humans.

(d) Male and female gametes are haploid.

(e) Zygote is diploid.

(f) The process of release of ovum from a mature follicle is called ovulation.

(g) Ovulation is induced by a hormone called luteinising hormone (LH).

(h) The fusion of male and female gametes is called fertilisation.

(i) Fertilisation takes place in the ampulla of the oviduct.

(j) Zygote divides to form a blastocyst, which is implanted in the uterus.

(k) The structure which provides a vascular connection between the foetus and the uterus is called the placenta.

2. Draw a labelled diagram of the male reproductive system.

The diagram of the male reproductive system is as follows:

3. Draw a labelled diagram of the female reproductive system.

The diagram of the female reproductive system is as follows:

4. Write two major functions, each of the testis and ovary.

Two major functions of the testis and ovary are as follows:

• The process of spermatogenesis produces sperms through the seminiferous tubules
• Testosterone, the male sex hormone, is secreted by the Leydig cells
• In the process of oogenesis, ovaries produce ova
• Progesterone and oestrogen, the female sex hormones, are secreted

5. Describe the structure of a seminiferous tubule.

The structure of seminiferous tubules is listed below:

• Seminiferous tubules are found in the testicular lobules and are highly coiled structures. It is here that the production of sperm in the testes occurs
• Each of the seminiferous tubules has a lining of germinal epithelium
• On the inner side, it is lined by two types of cells – Sertoli cells and spermatogonia
• Spermatogonia – they are the male germ cells that produce the primary spermatocytes through the process of meiotic divisions. Further, the primary spermatocytes undergo meiotic divisions for the formation of secondary spermatocytes and, ultimately, spermatids. Later on, spermatids metamorphosise into the male gametes, termed as spermatozoa
• Sertoli cells are referred to as nurse cells of the testes. It is because they nourish the germ cells.
• Just adjacent to the seminiferous tubules, there are large polygonal cells referred to as leydig cells or interstitial cells, which secrete testosterone – the male hormone.

6. What is spermatogenesis? Briefly describe the process of spermatogenesis.

The phenomena of sperm production from the immature germ cell in males is termed as spermatogenesis. The process occurs in the seminiferous tubules located inside the testes. In this process, a diploid male germ cell or spermatogonium enlarges (in size) to form a diploid primary spermatocyte, which in turn goes through the first meiotic division or meiosis I. This division is a reductional division for the formation of two equal haploid secondary spermatocytes, each of which further undergoes a second meiotic division or meiosis II for the formation of two equal haploid spermatids.

Subsequently, four haploid spermatids are formed from a diploid spermatogonium. The spermatids, hence produced, alter to form spermatozoa (sperm) through the process of spermiogenesis.

7. Name the hormones involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis.

Some hormones involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis are as listed below:

• Luteinising hormone (LH) – It serves as Leydig cells triggering synthesis & secretion of androgens
• Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) – It is a hypothalamic hormone that is secreted at the age of puberty, acting at the anterior pituitary gland and stimulating the secretion of LH & FSH
• Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) – It acts on Sertoli cells, stimulating the secretion of factors which aid in the spermiogenesis process
• Androgens – It triggers inhibin production regulating the spermatogenesis process

8. Define spermiogenesis and spermiation.

Spermiogenesis – It is the phenomenon of the transformation of non-motile spermatids to mature, motile spermatozoa.

Spermiation – It is the phenomenon where mature spermatozoa are released from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

9. Draw a labelled diagram of sperm.

The diagram of sperm is as below:

10. What are the major components of seminal plasma?

The major components of seminal plasma are as follows:

• Secretions of the accessory sex glands of males – prostate gland, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands.
• Mainly composed of – calcium, fructose, and other enzymes.

11. What are the major functions of male accessory ducts and glands?

The major functions of the male accessory ducts and glands are as follows:

12. What is oogenesis? Give a brief account of oogenesis.

Oogenesis is the phenomenon of the formation of haploid female gametes known as ova from diploid oogonia in the ovary, Graffian follicles, to be precise. This process is discontinuous, which is initiated during the period of foetal development that is terminated only after puberty sets in.

The process of oogenesis takes place in three phases, and they are listed below:

• Multiplicative phase – Follicle cells are differentiated from the germinal epithelium of the ovary due to repeated mitosis division. Few follicle cells enlarge and are termed as egg mother cells and undergo mitosis to multiply, which is referred to as oogonia.
• Growth phase – One of the oogonia of the egg nest differentiates while the rest change into surrounding nutritive follicular epithelium. There is an increase in the size of the differentiated isolated oogonium as it gets nourished from the girdling follicle cells, thereby transforming into a diploid primary oocyte.
• Maturation phase – The diploid primary oocyte in this phase passes through two maturation divisions. Meiosis I – the first meiotic division splits the diploid primary oocyte into two haploid cells, wherein the larger one is the secondary oocyte, and the minor one is the polar body (polocyte). In meiosis II, or the second meiotic division, the secondary oocyte splits to form one large ootid and a tiny second polar body. Furthermore, the first polar body splits through mitosis to form two polar bodies. The ootid matures into a functional haploid ovum. Therefore, one primary oocyte produces one large ovum and three polar bodies, which in turn degenerate. They degenerate as they do not participate in reproduction, thus leaving behind one functional ovum.

13. Draw a labelled diagram of a section through the ovary.

The diagram of a section of an ovary is as follows:

14. Draw a labelled diagram of a Graafian follicle.

The diagram of a Graafian follicle is as follows:

15. Mention the functions of the following:

(a) Corpus luteum (b) Endometrium

(c) Acrosome (d) Sperm tail

(e) Fimbriae

The functions are as follows:

(a) Corpus luteum – It is formed when the Graafian follicle ruptures. The corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. When progesterone is secreted at high levels, the secretion of LH and FSH is inhibited, which further prevents ovulation. The corpus luteum facilitates the endometrium of the uterus to proliferate and prepare for the process of implantation.

(b) Endometrium – As the name suggests, the endometrium is the innermost lining of the uterus comprising glands that undergo cyclic changes during different stages of the menstrual cycle in order to prepare themselves for the embryo-implantation process.

(c) Acrosome – The acrosome is located in the anterior section of the head of the sperm, resembling a cap-like structure. It consists of the hyaluronidase enzyme that hydrolyses the outer membrane of the egg, which facilitates the sperm to perforate through the egg during fertilisation.

(d) Sperm tail – the sperm tail makes up for the longest part of the sperm, enabling the movement of the sperm once it has entered the female reproductive tract.

(e) Fimbriae – Towards the ovarian end of the fallopian tube, finger-like projections emerge. These are the Fimbriae which assist in gathering the ovum after the ovulation process. This is facilitated by the beating of the cilia.

16. Identify True/False statements. Correct each false statement to make it true.

(a) Androgens are produced by Sertoli cells. (True/False)

(b) Spermatozoa get nutrition from Sertoli cells. (True/False)

(c) Leydig cells are found in the ovary. (True/False)

(d) Leydig cells synthesise androgens. (True/False)

(e) Oogenesis takes place in the corpus luteum. (True/False)

(f) Menstrual cycle ceases during pregnancy. (True/False)

(g) Presence or absence of a hymen is not a reliable indicator of virginity or sexual experience. (True/False)

• False. Androgens are produced by the Leydig cells that are present in the seminiferous tubules
• False Leydig cells are present in the seminiferous tubules of the testis in males.
• False Oogenesis occurs in the ovary.

17. What is the menstrual cycle? Which hormones regulate the menstrual cycle?

• It is a cycle observed to be taking place in females, lasting around 28 days on average to complete.
• It is a series of cyclic physiological changes occurring in the female reproductive tract in primates, the end of which is combined with the collapsing of the uterine endothelium that is liberated in the form of blood and mucus through the vaginal opening, which is termed menses.
• The different hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle are LH – luteinising hormone, FSH – follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone and estrogen.
• During the follicular phase, the levels of LH and FSH that are secreted from the anterior pituitary gland increase. The FSH that is secreted under the effect of the releasing hormone (RH) from the hypothalamus triggers the primary follicle to convert into a Graafian follicle.
• There is a gradual increase in the level of LH, which causes the follicle to grow, also causing the secretion of estrogen.
• Estrogen obstructs the FSH secretion, triggering the secretion of the LH, which also results in the thickening of the uterine endometrium.
• The amplified secretion of LH also results in the Graffian follicle rupturing, thereby causing the release of the ovum into the fallopian tube.
• This ruptured Graafian follicle transforms into corpus luteum, which secretes the hormone – progesterone during the luteal phase.
• The hormone progesterone assists in maintaining and preparing the endometrium for the process of embryo-implantation
• When the progesterone level in the blood is high, the FSH and LH secretion decreases, which furthermore hinders the process of ovulation.

18. What is parturition? Which hormones are involved in the induction of parturition?

Parturition is the process wherein a fully developed foetus from the mother’s womb is expelled after the completion of the gestation period.

The two critical hormones that are involved in the induction of parturition are as follows:

• Oxytocin – It directs the full-term foetus towards the birth canal, as it causes the contraction of the smooth muscles of the myometrium of the uterus, leading the baby to be expelled out
• Relaxin – It relaxes the pelvic ligaments, widening the pelvis to assist in an easier childbirth

19. In our society, women are often blamed for giving birth to daughters. Can you explain why this is not correct?

We know that human beings have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and out of these, 22 pairs are autosomes, and the last pair varies in males and females. Males are heterogametic – they produce two types of male gametes or sperms, where 50% of the sperms carry the ‘X’ chromosome, while the rest 50% carry the ‘Y’ chromosome. On the other hand, females are homogametic – they produce only one type of gamete, the ova, each of which carries the ‘X’ chromosome only.

Once the male and female gametes have fused to form the zygote, it would carry either XX chromosome or XY chromosome, depending on whether sperm carrying X or Y fertilised the ovum. Hence, if the sperm carrying ‘X’ fertilises the ovum (zygote XX), it will develop into a female baby, and if the sperm carrying ‘Y’ fertilises the ovum (zygote XY), it will develop into a male baby. Both of these cases are attributed to the sperm that carries the chromosome fertilising the ovum. Hence, we can say that the sex of the child is determined by the father and not the mother. This is why it is incorrect to blame women for the gender of the child.

20. How many eggs are released by a human ovary in a month? How many eggs do you think would have been released if the mother gave birth to identical twins? Would your answer change if the twins born were fraternal?

Typically in a month, human ovaries release only one egg, rarely two.

In the case of identical twins or monozygotic twins, one egg is released by the ovary, which splits into two post-fertilisation. This is why identical twins exhibit the same genetic features. On the other hand, in fraternal twins or dizygotic twins, two eggs are released, which are fertilised by two different sperms causing the fraternal twins to exhibit different genetic characteristics.

21. How many eggs do you think were released by the ovary of a female dog which gave birth to 6 puppies?

In order to have given birth to six puppies, the ovary of the female dog released six eggs. Hence, six zygotes were formed for each to develop into a puppy.

NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 – Human reproduction is categorised under Unit – Reproduction. Reproduction is a huge topic that involves the process of fertilisation and hence the birth of offspring. It can be carried out by plants and animals in the following two ways:

• Asexual reproduction
• Sexual reproduction

Sexual reproduction involves the fusing of male and female gametes, whereas asexual reproduction involves a single parent.

As per previous trends, the chapter grouped under Unit – Reproduction carries 14 marks, approximately up to 20%. Hence, students are required to focus on studying the chapter thoroughly, paying detail to every topic, in order to score well in the Biology subject.

Important concepts mentioned in the chapter are given below:

• The Male Reproductive System
• The Female Reproductive System
• Gametogenesis
• Menstrual Cycle
• Fertilisation and Implantation
• Pregnancy and Embryonic Development
• Parturition and Lactation

Key Features of NCERT Solutions Class 12 Biology Chapter 3 Human Reproduction

• The content provided is easy to understand.
• It improves the conceptual knowledge of the students.
• NCERT Solutions are also helpful for competitive exams.
• Solutions are framed by subject-matter experts.
• They are readily available and easily accessible.

Frequently Asked Questions on NCERT Solutions for Class 12 Biology Chapter 3

Why should i use the ncert solutions for class 12 biology chapter 3 while preparing for the board exam, what are the topics covered under chapter 3 of ncert solutions for class 12 biology, what is the meaning of reproduction in chapter 3 of ncert solutions for class 12 biology.

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Biology Projects for Class 12 CBSE Students

• Updated on  
• Jan 27, 2022

Biology is an important branch of science , it is the study of life, living things and the e volution of life . CBSE curriculum for class 12 includes investigatory biology projects which help the students to understand the fundamental theories. This blog will provide you with details on how to prepare a biology project for class 12 with some ideas topics and more. 

This Blog Includes:

Investigating the ph of a water sample, to study the effect of ph on seed germination , growing yeast: sugar fermentation, effect of sugar on bean plant growth, effects of diet on blood glucose, factors affecting nodule formation in legumes, does the color of light affect plant growth, the speed of sprouting seeds, how does mold grow, how does microwave radiation affect different organisms, format of writing biology project for class 12, sample biology project for class 12, other popular biology projects for class 12, biology projects for class 12.

It is important to monitor the chemical properties of the water we drink or use every day. The permissible pH of the water that is safe for our life and health is 6.5-8.5. If the pH is 3 to 5 it is too acidic for the survival of most organisms. Below the pH of 4.5, fishes die and only a small number of acid-tolerant insects survive. Likewise, a pH of more than 8.5 is too basic for the survival of most organisms.

Materials Required: Universal indicator, litmus paper and different water samples.

Aim: Seed germination is affected by the pH of the germinating medium. The amount and type of various minerals and quantity and quality of humus control the pH in soils. A specific level of pH is required for different seeds for maximum germination. The level of pH also affects the growth and development, reproduction and metabolism activities of the plant.

Materials Required: 125 seeds each of different types, pH buffers, distilled water, Petri dishes and blotting paper.

Yeast is classified as a fungus and is made up of eukaryotic microbes, i.e, they have cells with nuclei. Fermentation is the process of breaking down a substance by bacteria, microorganisms or yeast. Yeast gets activated when mixed with sugar as it breaks down due to fermentation. Yeast alone or when mixed with water does not give any reaction.

Materials Required: 3 clear cups, sugar, water, permanent marker.

Aim : To determine whether plants grew stronger and healthier with the addition of sugar while watering

Abstract: Sugar is a source of energy. When sugar is added to water while watering plants, the plants should grow healthier and stronger as they get additional energy from the sugar. This could be observed by visual inspection and measurement of plant samples with and without sugar for comparison.

Material Required: Bean seeds, distilled water, water with added sugar, cotton, beaker.

Aim: To investigate the relationship between blood glucose and diet in non-diabetic people.

Abstract: a person’s blood glucose level rises after consumption of a high carbohydrate meal. Likewise, blood glucose would be low if a person consumes a low carbohydrate diet.

Materials Required: Measuring the blood glucose level in 4 non-diabetic persons using a glucometer before meals and then one hour, two hours and 3 hours after eating.

Aim: To determine which factors are important in the formation of nodules on legumes.

Abstract: Rhizobium leguminosarum bacteria fix nitrogen for a legume plant and in return, the bacteria get shelter and nutrients in a nodule.

Materials Required: 12 pots, 2 bags of vermiculite, a bag of potting soil, 36 snow pea seeds, Bacteria (Rhizobium leguminosarum), nutrient broth, an inoculating loop, and a Bunsen burner.

Aim : To observe how different light colours affect plant growth

Materials Required : 5 boxes with different coloured transparencies(red, blue, green, yellow and clear)on top and front, seeds, potting plant, rulers.

Procedure: Place plant pots under different boxes let them grow and record their measurements.

Aim: To determine the speed of growth of bean seeds in different germinating solutions.

Materials Required: 5 sets of 10 bean seeds each, distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, fish emulsion, coffee filters, cups.

Procedure: Soak the bean seed in separate cups containing- distilled water, hydrogen peroxide, malt, humic acid, potassium nitrate, and fish emulsion. Keep the seeds damn by placing them in between coffee filters. Record germination results over a period of 4 days.

Mold is a fungus that grows with the help of nutrients and water. In-home mold grows over stale food, like bread, fruits, cheese, meat etc. 

Materials Required: Plastic zip bags, different types of foods(fruits, bread, cheese, meat), spray bottle, water.

Aim: To observe how microwave radiation affects fungi, bacteria, and plant life.

Abstract: Microwave ovens radiate high levels of energy resulting in heating up certain ingredients and fats in the food. Other substances remain unaffected.

Materials Required: Radish seeds, baker’s yeast, Petri dishes with agar, paper towels, bowls, gloves, microwave, notepad and pen.

Also Read: Chemistry Project for Class 12: Topics & Sample Projects

• Title of the investigatory project
• Materials needed 
• Analysis and Interpretation 
• Conclusion 

Title: Mitosis in Onion Root Tip Cells

Aim: To observe the different stages of mitosis in onion cells

Objectives:

• To understand the process and different stages of mitosis
• Prepare specimens of onion roots to visualise all stages of mitosis.
• Use an analytical technique to determine the relative length of each stage of mitosis.

Principle : Onion cells have 8 chromosomes. During cell division, the two strands of the DNA double helix separate, and for each original strand, a new complementary strand is produced, for the process of DNA replication. This is followed by the process of mitosis which assures that each daughter cell receives one copy of each of the replicated chromosomes. During this chromosomes pass through several stages of mitosis. These stages include interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase.

Materials needed: A fresh onion, small beaker, Muriatic acid(10% HCL), 0.5% Toluidine blue, forceps, scalpel, needle, toothpick, distilled water, dropper, gloves, microscope slides and coverslips, dissecting microscope and compound light microscope.

Method: 

• Place 3-4 toothpicks inside the onion and put it in a jar of water with the onion root side down. Wait for a few days for the roots to grow
• Once the roots have grown, remove the onion from the water and cut about 5mm off the tips of the roots using a scalpel.
• Put the root tip in a beaker and pour muriatic acid in it. Uses gloves and safety goggles. Allow the roots to soak in the acid for 20 mins
• Use forceps to remove the root tip from the acid and place it on a microscope slide. Using a dropper, put 3-4 drops of distilled water over it.
• Using a scalpel, trim the roots to 2mm and then using a needle slice it into 2 or more lengthwise sections.
• Using a dropper, put 2-3 drops of Toluidine blue and wait for 2 minutes. Put the coverslip on and soak excess dye using a paper towel.
• Observe the slide under a microscope, first at the lowest magnification and then at the highest.
• Once you’re able to identify the different stages of mitosis, draw them.
• Now, count the cells in each stage and record them using tick marks.
• Once you have counted at least 1000 cells, convert your tick marks to numbers. Graph your results with a bar graph.

Result: 

Analysis and Interpretation : (Prepare a pie chart and write your interpretation based on your result)

Conclusion: After DNA replication, onion cells go through different stages of mitosis.

• Agrochemicals and their effects
• Population density  of plants
• The ecological role of some animals observed in a local area
• To make an inventory of local tree, shrub and herb
• Study The Effect Of A Local Industry On Environment
• Study Of The Genetic Markers In The Human Population
• Inventory of weeds in aquatic bodies/agricultural fields
• Inventory of birds in your locality, their ecological role as scavengers, pollinators, etc.
• Impact of local industry on the  environment and the remedial measures taken by the industry
• Investigating The Biochemical(also called biological oxygen demand [BOD]) of a water sample as a pollution indicator.
• Quantitative analysis of phytoplankton in a water body
• To Study of Drug Resistance In Bacteria Using Antibiotics
• To Study the Coagulable And Non-Coagulable Milk Proteins
• The ability of Curry and Cinnamon to Inhibit Bacterial Growth
• Which Cheese Grows Mold The Fastest
• Effect of Cannabis on the Human Body
• Study on gene therapy 
• How Cigarettes Affect Your Health
• Study on Probiotics and their Preparation
• The Way Blood Works
• Human genome project 
• Eye Disorders in Children and Adolescents
• Ozone Depletion
• Diffusion vs food colouring
• Coffee addiction

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Sonal is a creative, enthusiastic writer and editor who has worked extensively for the Study Abroad domain. She splits her time between shooting fun insta reels and learning new tools for content marketing. If she is missing from her desk, you can find her with a group of people cracking silly jokes or petting neighbourhood dogs.

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