xor assignment operator

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C++ Bitwise XOR Assignment (^=) Operator

In this C++ tutorial, you shall learn about Bitwise XOR Assignment operator, its syntax, and how to use this operator, with examples.

C++ Bitwise XOR Assignment

In C++, Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is used to compute the Bitwise XOR operation between left and right operands, and assign the result back to left operand.

The syntax to compute bitwise XOR a value of 2 and value in variable x , and assign the result back to x using Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator is

In the following example, we take a variable x with an initial value of 9 , add bitwise XOR it with value of 2 , and assign the result to x , using Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator.

In this C++ Tutorial , we learned about Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator in C++, with examples.

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Java - Bitwise XOR and assignment operator

The Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) assigns the first operand a value equal to the result of Bitwise XOR operation of two operands.

(x ^= y) is equivalent to (x = x ^ y)

The Bitwise XOR operator (^) is a binary operator which takes two bit patterns of equal length and performs the logical exclusive OR operation on each pair of corresponding bits. It returns 1 if only one of the bits is 1, else returns 0.

The example below describes how bitwise XOR operator works:

The code of using Bitwise XOR and assignment operator (^=) is given below:

The output of the above code will be:

Example: Swap two numbers without using temporary variable

The bitwise XOR and assignment operator can be used to swap the value of two variables. Consider the example below.

The above code will give the following output:

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Js versions, js functions, js html dom, js browser bom, js web apis, js vs jquery, js graphics, js examples, js references, javascript bitwise operations, javascript bitwise operators.

JavaScript Uses 32 bits Bitwise Operands

JavaScript stores numbers as 64 bits floating point numbers, but all bitwise operations are performed on 32 bits binary numbers.

Before a bitwise operation is performed, JavaScript converts numbers to 32 bits signed integers.

After the bitwise operation is performed, the result is converted back to 64 bits JavaScript numbers.

The examples above uses 4 bits unsigned binary numbers. Because of this ~ 5 returns 10.

Since JavaScript uses 32 bits signed integers, it will not return 10. It will return -6.

00000000000000000000000000000101 (5)

11111111111111111111111111111010 (~5 = -6)

A signed integer uses the leftmost bit as the minus sign.

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JavaScript Bitwise AND

When a bitwise AND is performed on a pair of bits, it returns 1 if both bits are 1.

JavaScript Bitwise OR

When a bitwise OR is performed on a pair of bits, it returns 1 if one of the bits is 1:

JavaScript Bitwise XOR

When a bitwise XOR is performed on a pair of bits, it returns 1 if the bits are different:

JavaScript Bitwise AND (&)

Bitwise AND returns 1 only if both bits are 1:

JavaScript Bitwise OR (|)

Bitwise OR returns 1 if one of the bits is 1:

JavaScript Bitwise XOR (^)

Bitwise XOR returns 1 if the bits are different:

JavaScript Bitwise NOT (~)

JavaScript (Zero Fill) Bitwise Left Shift (<<)

This is a zero fill left shift. One or more zero bits are pushed in from the right, and the leftmost bits fall off:

JavaScript (Sign Preserving) Bitwise Right Shift (>>)

This is a sign preserving right shift. Copies of the leftmost bit are pushed in from the left, and the rightmost bits fall off:

JavaScript (Zero Fill) Right Shift (>>>)

This is a zero fill right shift. One or more zero bits are pushed in from the left, and the rightmost bits fall off:

Binary Numbers

Binary numbers with only one bit set are easy to understand:

Setting a few more bits reveals the binary pattern:

JavaScript binary numbers are stored in two's complement format.

This means that a negative number is the bitwise NOT of the number plus 1:

There are only 10 types of people in the world: those who understand binary and those who don't.

Converting Decimal to Binary

Converting binary to decimal.

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Bitwise Operators in C Programming

In the arithmetic-logic unit (which is within the CPU), mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are done in bit-level. To perform bit-level operations in C programming, bitwise operators are used.

Bitwise AND Operator &

The output of bitwise AND is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands is 1 . If either bit of an operand is 0 , the result of corresponding bit is evaluated to 0 .

In C Programming, the bitwise AND operator is denoted by & .

Let us suppose the bitwise AND operation of two integers 12 and 25 .

Example 1: Bitwise AND

Bitwise or operator |.

The output of bitwise OR is 1 if at least one corresponding bit of two operands is 1 . In C Programming, bitwise OR operator is denoted by | .

Example 2: Bitwise OR

Bitwise xor (exclusive or) operator ^.

The result of bitwise XOR operator is 1 if the corresponding bits of two operands are opposite. It is denoted by ^ .

Example 3: Bitwise XOR

Bitwise complement operator ~.

Bitwise complement operator is a unary operator (works on only one operand). It changes 1 to 0 and 0 to 1 . It is denoted by ~ .

Twist in Bitwise Complement Operator in C Programming

The bitwise complement of 35 ( ~35 ) is -36 instead of 220 , but why?

For any integer n , bitwise complement of n will be -(n + 1) . To understand this, you should have the knowledge of 2's complement.

2's Complement

Two's complement is an operation on binary numbers. The 2's complement of a number is equal to the complement of that number plus 1. For example:

The bitwise complement of 35 is 220 (in decimal). The 2's complement of 220 is -36 . Hence, the output is -36 instead of 220 .

Bitwise Complement of Any Number N is -(N+1). Here's how:

Example 4: Bitwise complement

Shift operators in c programming.

There are two shift operators in C programming:

• Right shift operator
• Left shift operator.

Right Shift Operator

Right shift operator shifts all bits towards right by certain number of specified bits. It is denoted by >> .

Left Shift Operator

Left shift operator shifts all bits towards left by a certain number of specified bits. The bit positions that have been vacated by the left shift operator are filled with 0 . The symbol of the left shift operator is << .

Example #5: Shift Operators

Table of contents.

• Bitwise AND
• Bitwise XOR
• Bitwise complement
• Shift right

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C Ternary Operator

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• Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Simple assignment operator which assigns a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

This is an experimental technology, part of the ECMAScript 2016 (ES7) proposal. Because this technology's specification has not stabilized, check the compatibility table for usage in various browsers. Also note that the syntax and behavior of an experimental technology is subject to change in future version of browsers as the spec changes.

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

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Bitwise Operators in Java

Operators constitute the basic building block of any programming language. Java too provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need to perform various calculations and functions, be it logical, arithmetic, relational, etc. They are classified based on the functionality they provide. Here are a few types: 

• Arithmetic Operators
• Unary Operators
• Assignment Operator
• Relational Operators
• Logical Operators
• Ternary Operator
• Bitwise Operators
• Shift Operators

This article explains all that one needs to know regarding Bitwise Operators. 

Bitwise operators are used to performing the manipulation of individual bits of a number. They can be used with any integral type (char, short, int, etc.). They are used when performing update and query operations of the Binary indexed trees. 

Now let’s look at each one of the bitwise operators in Java: 

1. Bitwise OR (|) 

This operator is a binary operator, denoted by ‘|’. It returns bit by bit OR of input values, i.e., if either of the bits is 1, it gives 1, else it shows 0. 

2. Bitwise AND (&)

This operator is a binary operator, denoted by ‘&.’ It returns bit by bit AND of input values, i.e., if both bits are 1, it gives 1, else it shows 0. 

3. Bitwise XOR (^) 

This operator is a binary operator, denoted by ‘^.’ It returns bit by bit XOR of input values, i.e., if corresponding bits are different, it gives 1, else it shows 0. 

4. Bitwise Complement (~)

This operator is a unary operator, denoted by ‘~.’ It returns the one’s complement representation of the input value, i.e., with all bits inverted, which means it makes every 0 to 1, and every 1 to 0. 

Note: Compiler will give 2’s complement of that number, i.e., 2’s complement of 10 will be -6.

Auxiliary space:O(1) 

Time complexity:O(1) 

Bit-Shift Operators (Shift Operators) 

Shift operators are used to shift the bits of a number left or right, thereby multiplying or dividing the number by two, respectively. They can be used when we have to multiply or divide a number by two. 

Syntax: 

Types of Shift Operators:

Shift Operators are further divided into 3 types. These are:

• Signed Right shift operator (>>)
• Unsigned Right shift operator (>>>)
• Left shift operator(<<)

Note: For more detail about the Shift Operators in Java, refer Shift Operator in Java .

program to implement all Bitwise operators in java for user input

Explanation.

  This program prompts the user to enter two numbers, num1 and num2. It then performs the following bitwise operations using the &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, and >>> operators:

Bitwise AND Bitwise OR Bitwise XOR Bitwise NOT Bitwise Left Shift Bitwise Right Shift Bitwise Zero Fill Right Shift

Advantages 

The advantages of using Bitwise Operators in Java are:

• Speed: Bitwise operations are much faster than arithmetic operations as they operate directly on binary representations of numbers.
• Space Optimization: Bitwise operations can be used to store multiple values in a single variable, which can be useful when working with limited memory.
• Bit Manipulation: Bitwise operators allow for precise control over individual bits of a number, which can be useful in various applications such as cryptography, error detection, and compression.
• Code Simplification : Bitwise operations can simplify the code by reducing the number of conditional statements and loops required to perform certain tasks.

In summary, Bitwise Operators are an important tool for optimizing performance, improving code readability, and reducing code complexity in Java applications.

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What is the ^= operator? [closed]

I just came across an answer here on SO where a code example (in what I thought was java) used an operator I have never seen before: ^= . I searched google and SO and haven't been able to find it anywhere else and when I tried to test it out using java, eclipse went crazy. Maybe it was just a typo in the answer, I'm not sure. What is this operator? Does it have a name? What language is it from or used in?

• bitwise-operators

6 Answers 6

It is the C/C++/C#/Java/Javascript/Perl bitwise xor assignment operator.

This is the C/C++/C#/Java/Javascript/Perl/PHP/Pike bitwise XOR assignment operator.

An XOR (exclusive or) conditional statement evaluates to true if and only if one of the two operands involved is true.

In the same way that you can use += -= *= /= etc... this operator can be combined with an equals sign to perform assignment upon completion.

See Java Operators .

It would depend on the language, but ^ is typically an exclusive-or (example languages: java, c-family); a ^= b is shorthand for a = a^b.

• @csmckelvey Look att en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xor The truth-table: 0 ^ 0 = 0, 0 ^ 1 = 1, 1 ^ 0 = 1, 1 ^ 1 = 0 –  some Commented Dec 27, 2013 at 1:28

take a look here

http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/operators.html and http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/op3.html

but it is a Bitwise Exclusive or with assignment

In jQuery it means "starting with this"

For example id^='my_'

means "id starts with 'my_'"

• 1 Why write an answer about jQuery if the question is about Java? (see tags) –  Aurelio De Rosa Commented Dec 27, 2013 at 1:43
• @AurelioDeRosa At the time when this answer was written, there where no tag about java, only operators . –  some Commented Dec 27, 2013 at 2:44
• 1 Yep, the text still ends like "What language is it from or used in?" –  dkellner Commented Dec 27, 2013 at 8:05

In the php manual it says that ^ is the bitwise XOR operator. Here's the link

Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged java operators bitwise-operators or ask your own question .

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Boolean logical operators - AND, OR, NOT, XOR

• 5 contributors

The logical Boolean operators perform logical operations with bool operands. The operators include the unary logical negation ( ! ), binary logical AND ( & ), OR ( | ), and exclusive OR ( ^ ), and the binary conditional logical AND ( && ) and OR ( || ).

• Unary ! (logical negation) operator.
• Binary & (logical AND) , | (logical OR) , and ^ (logical exclusive OR) operators. Those operators always evaluate both operands.
• Binary && (conditional logical AND) and || (conditional logical OR) operators. Those operators evaluate the right-hand operand only if it's necessary.

For operands of the integral numeric types , the & , | , and ^ operators perform bitwise logical operations. For more information, see Bitwise and shift operators .

• Logical negation operator !

The unary prefix ! operator computes logical negation of its operand. That is, it produces true , if the operand evaluates to false , and false , if the operand evaluates to true :

The unary postfix ! operator is the null-forgiving operator .

• Logical AND operator &

The & operator computes the logical AND of its operands. The result of x & y is true if both x and y evaluate to true . Otherwise, the result is false .

The & operator always evaluates both operands. When the left-hand operand evaluates to false , the operation result is false regardless of the value of the right-hand operand. However, even then, the right-hand operand is evaluated.

In the following example, the right-hand operand of the & operator is a method call, which is performed regardless of the value of the left-hand operand:

The conditional logical AND operator && also computes the logical AND of its operands, but doesn't evaluate the right-hand operand if the left-hand operand evaluates to false .

For operands of the integral numeric types , the & operator computes the bitwise logical AND of its operands. The unary & operator is the address-of operator .

• Logical exclusive OR operator ^

The ^ operator computes the logical exclusive OR, also known as the logical XOR, of its operands. The result of x ^ y is true if x evaluates to true and y evaluates to false , or x evaluates to false and y evaluates to true . Otherwise, the result is false . That is, for the bool operands, the ^ operator computes the same result as the inequality operator != .

For operands of the integral numeric types , the ^ operator computes the bitwise logical exclusive OR of its operands.

• Logical OR operator |

The | operator computes the logical OR of its operands. The result of x | y is true if either x or y evaluates to true . Otherwise, the result is false .

The | operator always evaluates both operands. When the left-hand operand evaluates to true , the operation result is true regardless of the value of the right-hand operand. However, even then, the right-hand operand is evaluated.

In the following example, the right-hand operand of the | operator is a method call, which is performed regardless of the value of the left-hand operand:

The conditional logical OR operator || also computes the logical OR of its operands, but doesn't evaluate the right-hand operand if the left-hand operand evaluates to true .

For operands of the integral numeric types , the | operator computes the bitwise logical OR of its operands.

• Conditional logical AND operator &&

The conditional logical AND operator && , also known as the "short-circuiting" logical AND operator, computes the logical AND of its operands. The result of x && y is true if both x and y evaluate to true . Otherwise, the result is false . If x evaluates to false , y isn't evaluated.

In the following example, the right-hand operand of the && operator is a method call, which isn't performed if the left-hand operand evaluates to false :

The logical AND operator & also computes the logical AND of its operands, but always evaluates both operands.

• Conditional logical OR operator ||

The conditional logical OR operator || , also known as the "short-circuiting" logical OR operator, computes the logical OR of its operands. The result of x || y is true if either x or y evaluates to true . Otherwise, the result is false . If x evaluates to true , y isn't evaluated.

In the following example, the right-hand operand of the || operator is a method call, which isn't performed if the left-hand operand evaluates to true :

The logical OR operator | also computes the logical OR of its operands, but always evaluates both operands.

Nullable Boolean logical operators

For bool? operands, the & (logical AND) and | (logical OR) operators support the three-valued logic as follows:

The & operator produces true only if both its operands evaluate to true . If either x or y evaluates to false , x & y produces false (even if another operand evaluates to null ). Otherwise, the result of x & y is null .

The | operator produces false only if both its operands evaluate to false . If either x or y evaluates to true , x | y produces true (even if another operand evaluates to null ). Otherwise, the result of x | y is null .

The following table presents that semantics:

The behavior of those operators differs from the typical operator behavior with nullable value types. Typically, an operator that is defined for operands of a value type can be also used with operands of the corresponding nullable value type. Such an operator produces null if any of its operands evaluates to null . However, the & and | operators can produce non-null even if one of the operands evaluates to null . For more information about the operator behavior with nullable value types, see the Lifted operators section of the Nullable value types article.

You can also use the ! and ^ operators with bool? operands, as the following example shows:

The conditional logical operators && and || don't support bool? operands.

• Compound assignment

For a binary operator op , a compound assignment expression of the form

is equivalent to

except that x is only evaluated once.

The & , | , and ^ operators support compound assignment, as the following example shows:

The conditional logical operators && and || don't support compound assignment.

Operator precedence

The following list orders logical operators starting from the highest precedence to the lowest:

Use parentheses, () , to change the order of evaluation imposed by operator precedence:

For the complete list of C# operators ordered by precedence level, see the Operator precedence section of the C# operators article.

Operator overloadability

A user-defined type can overload the ! , & , | , and ^ operators. When a binary operator is overloaded, the corresponding compound assignment operator is also implicitly overloaded. A user-defined type can't explicitly overload a compound assignment operator.

A user-defined type can't overload the conditional logical operators && and || . However, if a user-defined type overloads the true and false operators and the & or | operator in a certain way, the && or || operation, respectively, can be evaluated for the operands of that type. For more information, see the User-defined conditional logical operators section of the C# language specification .

C# language specification

For more information, see the following sections of the C# language specification :

• Logical negation operator
• Logical operators
• Conditional logical operators
• C# operators and expressions
• Bitwise and shift operators

Additional resources