study techniques essay

10 Effective Study Techniques Every Student Should Know

Welcome to my comprehensive guide on study techniques . Throughout this series, I will delve deeply into effective strategies that every student should know to excel academically. Understanding these techniques is crucial as they form the foundational framework essential for successful academic performance.

Table of Contents

Definition of Study Techniques

In the realm of academia, study techniques encompass a diverse array of systematic methods and approaches that students employ to enhance learning, improve understanding, and retain information effectively. These techniques are not merely routines but structured methodologies grounded in cognitive science and educational psychology, tailored to adapt to various learning styles and subject complexities.

For instance, active recall involves mentally retrieving information from memory, a process known to strengthen neural pathways associated with learning. This technique not only reinforces knowledge but also enhances retention and understanding of complex concepts.

Similarly, spaced repetition is based on the principle of reviewing material at intervals, optimizing long-term memory retention by strategically reinforcing information over time. This approach is particularly effective for mastering vocabulary, historical dates, and mathematical formulas.

Concept mapping, another valuable technique, visually organizes information into hierarchical diagrams, facilitating connections between ideas and promoting deeper understanding of relationships within a subject.

By grasping the intricacies of these techniques, students can refine their study habits, improve their ability to comprehend and apply knowledge across disciplines, and ultimately achieve academic excellence.

How to Choose the Right Study Techniques

When selecting study techniques , it’s essential to consider various factors that influence their effectiveness for individual learning styles and academic goals. Here’s an in-depth guide to help you:

• Assess Your Learning Style: Identify whether you are a visual, auditory, kinesthetic, or reading/writing learner. Understanding your predominant learning style allows you to prioritize techniques that align with how you best absorb and retain information.
• Research Different Techniques: Explore a range of methodologies such as the Pomodoro Technique , active recall, mind mapping, and the Feynman Technique. Each method offers distinct benefits, from enhancing focus and memory consolidation to fostering critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
• Consider Your Study Environment: Evaluate the environment where you study most effectively. Whether you thrive in quiet spaces, collaborative settings, or utilize digital tools, adapting your techniques to suit your preferred study environment optimizes learning outcomes.
• Align Techniques with Subject Matter: Recognize that different subjects may require specific approaches. For instance, scientific disciplines may benefit from hands-on experimentation and visualization techniques, whereas humanities subjects may necessitate textual analysis and argumentation skills.
• Seek Expert Guidance: Consult educators, academic advisors, or reputable resources like effective study techniques guides. Their insights can provide valuable recommendations tailored to your academic challenges and goals.

By tailoring your approach based on these considerations, you can maximize the effectiveness of your study sessions, improve information retention, and enhance overall academic performance.

Moreover, integrating adaptive learning strategies such as gamification and collaborative learning environments fosters engagement and motivation, making studying a dynamic and rewarding experience.

Advantages of Using Effective Study Techniques

Implementing structured study techniques yields significant advantages that optimize academic performance and student success:

• Enhanced Learning: Techniques like active learning and concept mapping promote deeper comprehension by encouraging active engagement with course material. Active learning methodologies, such as group discussions and problem-solving activities, facilitate application of knowledge to real-world scenarios.
• Improved Retention: Strategies such as spaced repetition and mnemonic devices bolster long-term memory retention , ensuring mastery of key concepts beyond immediate study sessions. Mnemonics, such as acronyms and visual imagery, provide effective memory aids for recalling information during exams and assignments.
• Optimized Time Management: Efficient methods like the Pomodoro Technique and time blocking enhance study session productivity by structuring focused work intervals and incorporating strategic breaks. These techniques mitigate procrastination and optimize concentration levels during study periods.
• Reduced Academic Stress: Organized study techniques mitigate stress associated with academic demands by establishing clear goals, structured study schedules, and effective time allocation. Stress management practices, including mindfulness exercises and relaxation techniques, foster mental well-being during intensive study periods.

These benefits not only elevate academic performance but also cultivate a balanced and fulfilling student experience. By integrating effective study techniques into your academic routine, you empower yourself with essential tools to navigate challenges confidently and achieve academic excellence.

Furthermore, embracing interdisciplinary approaches that integrate physical activity, nutrition, and holistic well-being with study routines enhances cognitive function and overall academic resilience.

Effective Note-Taking Methods

Good note-taking methods are crucial for maximizing the effectiveness of your study sessions. Taking clear and organized notes not only helps in capturing key information but also enhances understanding and retention. Here’s an in-depth exploration of recommended approaches:

• Cornell Method: The Cornell Method is renowned for its structured format, dividing notes into cues, main points, and summaries. By organizing information systematically, this method facilitates efficient review and reinforces learning through active recall.
• Outline Method: Structuring notes hierarchically using bullet points or numbered lists is essential for organizing complex information. This method allows you to visualize relationships between concepts and prioritize key details, making it easier to grasp overarching themes and connections within your study material.
• Mind Mapping: Mind mapping is a visual technique that involves creating diagrams to represent concepts and relationships. By visually organizing information into branches and nodes, mind maps stimulate creative thinking and aid in holistic understanding. This method is particularly effective for subjects requiring conceptual clarity and interdisciplinary connections.
• Annotation: Annotating involves actively engaging with texts by marking important sections, summarizing key points, and posing questions in the margins. This interactive approach encourages critical analysis and deeper engagement with course materials, fostering a deeper understanding of complex topics.
• Charting: Utilizing charts and tables to organize information into concise formats enhances clarity and facilitates comparisons between different sets of data or concepts. This method is beneficial for subjects involving statistical analysis, historical timelines, or comparative studies.
• Summary Notes: Creating concise summaries of lecture notes or readings condenses information into key points, aiding in revision and exam preparation . Summarizing requires synthesizing information and identifying essential concepts, promoting effective study habits and retention.

By adopting these diverse note-taking techniques, you can customize your study approach to align with your learning style and academic goals. Experimenting with different methods allows you to identify which strategies enhance your comprehension, retention, and overall study efficiency.

Furthermore, integrating digital tools such as note-taking apps or online platforms enhances accessibility and organization of study materials, adapting to modern learning environments and technological advancements.

Developing proficiency in effective note-taking not only enhances your academic performance but also cultivates essential skills in information management and critical thinking, preparing you for success in both academic and professional endeavors.

Improving Concentration and Focus

Enhancing concentration and focus during study sessions is crucial for optimizing learning outcomes. The ability to maintain sustained attention allows for deeper engagement with study material and enhances retention. Here are comprehensive strategies to improve concentration:

• Minimize Distractions: Create a conducive study environment by eliminating distractions such as phones, social media, and clutter. Designate a quiet space dedicated solely to study to promote focused attention and productivity.
• Practice Mindfulness: Incorporate mindfulness techniques into your study routine to cultivate present-moment awareness and mental clarity. Techniques like deep breathing exercises, guided meditation, or progressive muscle relaxation can help reduce stress and improve concentration.
• Utilize the Pomodoro Technique: Structure study sessions using the Pomodoro Technique, which involves working in focused intervals (typically 25 minutes) followed by short breaks (5 minutes). This method optimizes productivity by leveraging time constraints and allowing for periodic rest, preventing burnout and enhancing overall focus.
• Set Clear Study Goals: Define specific study objectives and prioritize tasks based on importance and urgency. Breaking down study sessions into manageable goals provides a sense of direction and accomplishment, fostering motivation and sustained concentration.
• Practice Active Listening: Actively engage with lecture material or reading assignments by taking detailed notes and asking questions. Active listening promotes active learning and facilitates information retention by encouraging critical thinking and analysis.
• Maintain Physical Well-being: Prioritize regular physical exercise and maintain a balanced diet to support cognitive function and mental stamina. Physical activity promotes blood flow to the brain, enhances mood, and reduces stress, contributing to improved focus and overall academic performance.

Implementing these strategies consistently enhances your ability to concentrate effectively during study sessions, leading to improved comprehension, retention, and academic success. By integrating mindfulness practices, structured study techniques, and holistic well-being strategies, you cultivate a balanced approach to learning that supports long-term academic goals.

Furthermore, establishing a consistent study routine and incorporating periodic breaks and rewards fosters sustainable productivity and prevents mental fatigue. Developing strong concentration skills equips you with essential tools to navigate academic challenges with confidence and efficiency.

How to Maintain Motivation During Study Sessions

Maintaining motivation throughout study sessions is essential for sustaining productivity and achieving academic goals. Effective strategies can help you stay focused and motivated:

• Set Realistic Goals: Break down larger tasks into smaller, manageable goals. Setting achievable milestones provides a sense of accomplishment and encourages continuous progress.
• Engage with Support Networks: Seek support from friends, family, or study groups. Surrounding yourself with positive influences and like-minded individuals fosters motivation, encouragement, and accountability.
• Visualize Success: Create a mental image of achieving your study goals. Visualizing success enhances motivation by reinforcing the importance of your academic pursuits and the benefits of achieving them.
• Reward Achievement: Celebrate reaching study milestones with meaningful rewards. Recognizing your accomplishments reinforces positive study habits and maintains motivation throughout challenging tasks.
• Stay Organized: Develop a structured study schedule and prioritize tasks based on deadlines and importance. Organizational skills reduce stress and overwhelm, promoting consistency and sustained motivation.
• Practice Self-Care: Prioritize self-care activities such as adequate sleep, healthy nutrition, and regular exercise. Physical and mental well-being are crucial for maintaining energy levels, focus, and motivation during intensive study sessions.

By integrating these strategies into your study routine, you can cultivate resilience, focus, and sustained motivation. Consistently applying these techniques empowers you to overcome challenges, stay committed to your academic journey, and achieve long-term success.

Remember, maintaining motivation is a continuous process that requires dedication and perseverance. Embrace setbacks as opportunities for growth and use them to fuel your determination towards accomplishing your academic aspirations.

Utilizing Technology to Enhance Study Techniques

Technology plays a pivotal role in optimizing study techniques and enhancing learning outcomes. By leveraging technological tools effectively, students can augment their study routines and achieve academic success more efficiently. Here are strategic ways to utilize technology:

• Educational Apps: Explore a variety of apps designed specifically for note-taking, creating flashcards, and organizing study materials. Apps like Evernote, OneNote, and Quizlet offer features that streamline information management and facilitate active learning.
• Online Resources: Access a wealth of educational resources such as instructional videos, podcasts, and interactive tutorials available online. Platforms like Khan Academy, Coursera, and YouTube Edu provide supplementary materials that complement traditional study methods and cater to diverse learning preferences.
• Collaborative Tools: Utilize collaborative platforms such as Google Drive, Microsoft Teams, or online study groups to engage in group discussions, share study notes, and collaborate on projects. These tools promote peer learning, foster collaboration, and enhance understanding through collective knowledge exchange.
• Time Management Apps: Incorporate time management apps like Trello, Todoist, or Forest to organize study sessions, set deadlines, and track progress. These tools enhance productivity by structuring study routines, prioritizing tasks, and maintaining accountability.
• Adaptive Learning Platforms: Explore adaptive learning platforms that personalize study experiences based on individual learning styles and progress. Platforms like Duolingo for language learning or adaptive quiz platforms adjust content difficulty and pacing to optimize learning efficiency.

By integrating these technological innovations into your study routine, you can customize your learning experience, improve information retention, and increase engagement with course materials. Embracing technology empowers students to adapt to modern educational trends, leverage digital resources, and achieve academic goals effectively.

Furthermore, continuous exploration and adaptation of technological tools enable students to stay informed about emerging educational technologies, ensuring ongoing enhancement of study techniques and learning methodologies.

Adapting Study Techniques for Different Subjects

Adapting study techniques to suit the unique demands of different subjects is essential for mastering diverse academic disciplines. Tailoring your approach based on subject-specific requirements enhances comprehension, retention, and overall academic performance. Here’s how you can effectively adapt study techniques:

• STEM Subjects (Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics): Focus on applying problem-solving techniques, conducting experiments, and actively engaging with complex concepts through laboratory work. Utilize visualization tools, mathematical models, and interactive simulations to reinforce theoretical understanding and practical skills.
• Humanities (History, Literature, Social Sciences): Emphasize critical reading and analysis of primary sources, literary texts, and historical documents. Practice essay writing skills, develop structured arguments, and engage in discussions to deepen understanding of cultural contexts and thematic interpretations.
• Languages: Immerse yourself in language learning by practicing speaking, listening, reading, and writing skills. Use language apps and multimedia resources to reinforce vocabulary acquisition, grammar rules, and cultural nuances. Engage in conversation exchanges, watch films, and listen to podcasts in the target language to enhance fluency and cultural proficiency.
• Business and Social Sciences: Utilize case study analysis, statistical methods, and economic models to explore real-world applications of theoretical concepts. Develop critical thinking skills by examining business strategies, societal trends, and policy implications through research projects and collaborative discussions.
• Visual and Performing Arts: Enhance creative expression and artistic technique through practical exercises, studio sessions, and performances. Experiment with different mediums, study art history, and analyze influential works to develop a comprehensive understanding of artistic styles, cultural movements, and aesthetic principles.
• Interdisciplinary Studies: Integrate study techniques across multiple disciplines by synthesizing knowledge from diverse fields. Foster connections between subjects through interdisciplinary projects, seminars, and research initiatives to explore complex issues and generate innovative solutions.

Customizing study techniques based on the nature of each subject optimizes learning experiences and promotes academic success. Engage with subject-specific resources, seek guidance from educators, and participate in collaborative learning environments to deepen your understanding and proficiency in various academic disciplines.

By adapting study techniques to align with subject-specific requirements, you can enhance your ability to analyze complex information, develop critical thinking skills, and excel academically across diverse fields of study.

Overcoming Common Study Challenges

Overcoming common study challenges is essential for maintaining academic performance and achieving learning goals effectively. Addressing these challenges requires proactive strategies and adaptive approaches to enhance study efficiency and minimize obstacles. Here’s how you can overcome common study challenges:

• Procrastination: Break tasks into smaller, manageable steps and set specific deadlines for each task. Utilize time management techniques such as the Pomodoro Technique or time blocking to structure study sessions and maintain focus. Setting realistic goals and rewarding progress can help combat procrastination and foster consistent study habits.
• Distractions: Designate a dedicated study environment that is free from distractions such as phones, social media, and noise. Implement digital tools or browser extensions to block distracting websites during study sessions. Practice focus-enhancing techniques such as mindfulness exercises or listening to instrumental music to maintain concentration and minimize interruptions.
• Information Overload: Employ effective summarization techniques such as concept mapping, outlining, or creating summary notes to condense and organize complex information. Break down content into manageable segments and prioritize key concepts for deeper understanding and retention. Utilize mnemonic devices, flashcards, or interactive quizzes to reinforce learning and enhance memory recall.
• Time Management: Develop a structured study schedule that allocates specific time slots for different subjects or tasks. Prioritize assignments based on deadlines and importance, utilizing prioritization techniques such as Eisenhower Matrix or ABC prioritization method. Regularly review and adjust your study schedule to accommodate changing academic demands and optimize productivity.
• Seeking Support: Reach out to peers, instructors, or academic advisors for guidance, feedback, and support. Engage in study groups or tutoring sessions to clarify concepts, discuss challenging topics, and exchange study strategies. Seeking mentorship from experienced students or professionals in your field can provide valuable insights and encouragement throughout your academic journey.
• Self-Reflection and Adjustment: Reflect on your study habits, strengths, and areas for improvement regularly. Evaluate the effectiveness of your study strategies and adjust techniques that align with your learning style and academic goals. Celebrate achievements and milestones, and learn from setbacks to enhance resilience and maintain motivation.

By implementing proactive strategies and adapting study approaches to overcome common challenges, you can enhance study efficiency, promote academic success, and build confidence in your ability to navigate academic obstacles effectively.

Continued commitment to refining study techniques and seeking support from educational resources empowers you to achieve your academic potential and excel in your learning journey.

Conclusion: Implementing Effective Study Techniques for Long-Term Success

Implementing effective study techniques is fundamental to achieving sustained academic success and personal growth. By integrating proven strategies into your study routine, you can optimize learning outcomes and prepare yourself for future challenges. Here’s a summary of key strategies to enhance your study effectiveness:

• Consistency: Establish a regular study schedule that aligns with your academic goals and commitments. Consistent study habits promote discipline, retention of information, and overall academic performance.
• Adaptability: Tailor study techniques to suit the unique requirements of different subjects and adapt them to accommodate your preferred learning style. Experiment with various methods such as active learning, mnemonic devices, and collaborative study approaches to optimize comprehension and retention.
• Reflection: Reflect on your study habits and academic progress regularly. Evaluate the effectiveness of your study strategies, identify areas for improvement, and make necessary adjustments to enhance efficiency and productivity.
• Goal Setting and Motivation: Set specific, achievable goals for each study session and academic milestone. Maintain motivation by focusing on the long-term benefits of academic success and celebrating incremental achievements along the way.
• Utilization of Resources: Take advantage of available resources such as educational apps, online tutorials, peer support networks, and academic advisors. Leveraging diverse learning resources enhances understanding, facilitates collaboration, and expands your knowledge base.
• Self-Care and Balance: Prioritize self-care practices such as adequate sleep, healthy nutrition, and regular exercise to support cognitive function, reduce stress, and sustain long-term academic performance.

By incorporating these strategies into your study routine, you cultivate a disciplined approach to learning, foster resilience in overcoming academic challenges, and pave the way for continuous personal and professional growth. Remember, mastering effective study techniques is a dynamic process that evolves with your academic journey and enhances your ability to thrive in diverse educational environments.

As you embark on this journey, embrace the opportunities for learning and development, and strive for excellence in every aspect of your academic endeavors. With dedication, perseverance, and a proactive mindset, you can achieve lasting success and become a confident, lifelong learner.

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The 7 Best Study Methods for All Types of Students

These are seven effective study methods and techniques for students looking to optimize their learning habits.

• By Sander Tamm
• Jan 10, 2023

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“You must not fool yourself, and you are the easiest person to fool.” Richard Feynman

Choosing the correct study method is a crucial part of the learning process that students too often skip over. Picking the best study method for the situation can help students reach their full potential, while a poorly chosen study technique will kill any real progress, no matter how hard the student tries to study.

If you’re reading this article, you’re likely the exception, but the reality is that most students rely on ineffective study strategies. Researchers have found that between 83.6%  and  84%  of students rely on rereading: a study method that provides  minimal benefits .

There are far superior study methods out there than rereading. Methods that have been developed and researched by the world’s top learning scientists. Yet, surprisingly few students have ever heard of them. That is why utilizing them effectively will give you not only an edge but an entire leg up on the competition.

These are the seven best study methods all students should know about:

Best Study Methods

Spaced repetition.

Spaced repetition , sometimes called spaced practice, interleaved practice, or spaced retrieval, is a study method that involves separating your study sessions into spaced intervals. It’s a simple concept but a game-changer to most students because of how powerful it is.

To demonstrate how spaced repetition works, let’s bring a real-life example. Let’s say you have an exam coming up in 36 days, and your first study session begins today. In this situation, a well-optimized interval might be:

• Session 1: Day 1
• Session 2: Day 7
• Session 3: Day 16
• Session 4: Day 35
• Exam Date: Day 36

In a nutshell, it’s the opposite of cramming and all-nighters. Rather than concentrating all studying into a small time frame, this method requires you to space out your studying by reviewing and recalling information at optimal intervals until the material has been memorized.

In the 21st century, this technique has gathered increasing popularity, and it’s not without reason. Spaced repetition manages to combine all the existing knowledge we have on human memory, and it uses that knowledge to create optimized algorithms for studying. One of the most popular examples of spaced repetition algorithms is Anki , based on another popular algorithm, SuperMemo .

For example, there is no better study method for medical students than Anki-based flashcard decks. There are entire online communities surrounding medical school Anki. You can get a small glimpse of that by heading over to r/medicalschoolanki .

There, you’ll find a breadth of different medical school Anki decks to choose from, such as:

• Pepper deck
• Lightyear deck
• UWorld deck
• Premed95 deck

But, the power of spaced repetition is not at all only applicable to medical students. Anyone trying to become a better and more efficient learner can benefit from spaced repetition. Spaced repetition is used in conjunction with other study methods, and it’s especially powerful when combined with the following study method we’ll discuss: active recall.

Active Recall

Active recall , sometimes called retrieval practice or practice testing, is a study technique involving actively recalling information (rather than just reading or re-reading it) by testing yourself repeatedly. Most students dread the word “test” for good reasons. After all, tests and exams can be very stressful because they are usually the main point of measure for your academic success.

However, active recall teaches us to look at testing from another angle. Not only should we learn for tests, but we should also learn by testing. Through flashcards, self-generated questions, and practice tests, this study method uses self-testing to help your brain memorize, retain, and retrieve information more efficiently.

One study found that students who conducted only one practice test before an exam got  17%  better results right after. Two more studies conducted in  2005  and  2012 , plus a  2017 meta-analysis , yielded similar results, finding that students who used active recall and self-testing outperformed students who did not.

If you’re practicing for an upcoming exam, there’s no better study method than active recall. By using active recall, you’re essentially testing yourself dozens of times over. If you conduct these practice tests over a long period of time through spaced repetition, you’ll be able to ace any exam without cramming.

Keep in mind, though, that while very effective, active recall is also one of the most tiring study techniques on this list. It requires strong mental focus, deep concentration, and intense mental stamina. Active recall is cognitively demanding, so don’t expect to breeze through your learning materials with this method.

Next, I’ll cover my favorite time management strategy for students: the Pomodoro method.

Pomodoro Study Method

The  Pomodoro study method is a time-management technique that uses a timer to break down your studying into 25-minute (or 45-minute) increments, called Pomodoro sessions. Then, after each session, you’ll take a 5-minute (or 15-minute) break, during which you entirely distance yourself from the study topic. And after completing four such sessions, you’ll take a more extended 15-to-30-minute break.

To try the Pomodoro technique without installing any software or buying a timer, I recommend you go to YouTube. YouTube is full of Pomodoro-based “study with me” videos from channels such as TheStrive Studies ,  Ali Abdaal , and  MDprospect . Many of them include music, though, so if you’re distracted by music while studying, you might benefit from a purpose-built Pomodoro application such as TomatoTimer  or  RescueTime .

There are various benefits to using the Pomodoro method: it’s a simple and straightforward technique, it forces you to map out your daily tasks and activities, allows for easy tracking of the amount of time spent on each task, and it provides short bursts of concentrated work together with resting periods.

But, it’s also worth noting that the scientific evidence behind the Pomodoro method is mostly conjectural as there is little scientific research on its effectiveness. And another drawback of the Pomodoro study technique is that it’s not ideal for tasks that require prolonged, uninterrupted focusing. For these kinds of tasks, I recommend that you look into the closely related Flowtime method instead.

Despite that, though, I use the Pomodoro method on a daily basis myself, and it has become an integral and irreplaceable part of my workflow.

Feynman Technique

The  Feynman Technique  is a flexible, easy-to-use, and effective study technique developed by Nobel Prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman. It is based on a simple idea: the best way to learn any topic is by teaching it to a sixth-grade child.

While this concept is not as advanced as the super-optimized spaced repetition algorithms I covered earlier, it’s still a method that continues to be relevant nearly a century after its creation.

The Feynman Technique is a powerful learning tool that requires learners to step out of their comfort zone by breaking down even the most complex topics into easily digestible chunks. Digestible enough for the average sixth-grade child.

This may seem like an easy task at first. After all, how difficult could it be to explain something to a child? In practice, it can be very difficult because you have to simplify and explain everything in an age-appropriate manner. When you start using the method, you’ll quickly realize that unless you have fully mastered the topic, meeting a child at their level of understanding is not easy.

To explain something clearly, you need to define all unfamiliar terms, generate straightforward explanations for complex ideas, understand connections between different topics and sub-topics, and articulate what is learned clearly and concisely. The Feynman Technique forces you to learn more deeply and think critically about what you are learning, and that is also why it’s a compelling learning method.

Leitner System

The  Leitner System is a simple and effective study method that uses a flashcard-based learning strategy to maximize memorization. It was developed by Sebastian Leitner back in 1972, and it was a source of inspiration to many of the newer flashcard-based methods that succeeded it, such as Anki.

To use the method, you’ll first need to create flashcards. On the front of the cards, you’ll write the questions, and on the back, the answers. Then, once you have your flashcards ready, get three “Leitner boxes” big enough to hold all the cards you’ve created. Let’s name them Box 1, 2, and 3.

Now, you’re all set to start studying with your flashcards. In the beginning, you’ll place all cards in Box 1. Take a card from Box 1 and try to retrieve the answer from your memory. If you recall the answer, put it in Box 2. If not, keep it in Box 1. Then, you’ll repeat this until you’ve reviewed all the cards in Box 1 at least once. After that, you’ll start reviewing each box of cards based on time intervals.

Here’s an animation that shows how the Leitner System works:

Besides card placement, another important detail of the system is scheduling. Every box has a set review frequency, with Box 1 being reviewed the most frequently as it contains all the most difficult-to-learn flashcards. Box 3, on the other hand, will contain the cards you’ve already recalled correctly, which is why it does not need to be reviewed as frequently.

If you’ve never heard of the Leitner system, you might be surprised to hear that some of the world’s biggest learning platforms, such as Duolingo, use a variation to teach hundreds of millions of students. It’s particularly effective at language learning due to the ease of creating translation-based flashcards.

While I love the Leitner System for its simplicity, I don’t use it often anymore due to the lengthy setup process, and other flashcard study methods, such as Anki, tend to be more time-efficient. But, if you prefer physical flashcards over virtual ones, you should consider using the Leitner system. It’s a beautiful study technique that has stood the test of time.

PQ4R Study Method

The PQ4R is a study method developed by researchers Thomas and Robinson in 1972 – the same year as the Leitner System was conceived. PQ4R stands for the steps used for learning something new: Preview, Question, Read, Reflect, Recite, and Review. It’s commonly used to improve reading comprehension and is an essential method for students with reading disabilities.

However, the usefulness of PQ4R is not restricted to students with reading disabilities. The same six steps can be taken by any student trying to understand better what they’re reading. Improving reading comprehension is a worthy goal for any student, and if you need to read through a massive textbook for an exam, the PQ4R method offers a practical framework. It will allow you to understand all the passages of the text better and help you retain the information better.

By improving our reading comprehension, we can better synthesize information and interpret text. However, we must be careful not to let this strategy consume too much of our time in study sessions. Many modern learning scientists consider reading a passive and ineffective study strategy, and it’s best to rely on other methods when you can.

While I don’t use this study method as frequently as most other methods on this list, I still consider it an important strategy in my skill set. Whenever I need to extract the most critical details from a large textbook, I bring out the PQ4R to help me get through the information quicker while boosting memorization and retention. The PQ4R is a good study method to have ready, but it’s not something you should view as your primary strategy.

SQ3R Study Method

The SQ3R study method was developed by Francis P. Robinson in  1946  and is the predecessor of the PQ4R method. It’s a time-proven study technique that can be adapted to virtually any subject. The method’s name stands for Survey, Question, Read, Recite, and Review and it can be used to study anything quicker, better, and in a more structured way than conventional methods.

While groundbreaking for its time, the SQ3R study method has the same drawbacks as the newer PQ4R method. For one, it’s mainly used for improving reading comprehension, and reading is not considered an effective study strategy anymore. Another problem the method faces is that it lacks the “reflection” component that the newer PQ4R study method brings to the table.

In addition, three of the five steps of this method involve a passive approach (surveying, reading, and reviewing) rather than an active one. Modern learning theories suggest active retrieval is far better for information retention than passive reading. Thus, I recommend using this study method only when you don’t have the time to use a more robust method, such as spaced repetition.

SQ3R is best used when you have limited time to study, and your primary source of information comes from a textbook. In such cases, the technique can be very helpful for summarizing the key points written in the source material.

Now, it’s time to start wrapping up this article.

In conclusion, there are many excellent study methods you have to choose from as a student in the 21st century. The best one for you will depend on your learning style, the material you are studying, and how much free time you have. When possible, I recommend you study using a combination of spaced repetition, active recall, and the Pomodoro method. But the other strategies listed here certainly have their uses as well. Above all, try to be flexible and keep an open mind. In doing so, you’ll be able to maximize your learning potential.

Sander Tamm

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5 Research-Backed Studying Techniques

Teachers can guide students to avoid ineffective studying habits in favor of ones that will increase their learning outcomes.

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Too often people imagine that long hours of studying are the best path to being a model, straight-A student. Yet research shows that highly successful students actually spend less time studying than their peers do—they just study more effectively.

Teachers can help all students learn to more effectively use the time they spend studying by sharing research-proven techniques.

Study Less, With Greater Intensity

In this era of social media and digital distractions, many students—and adults—do a lot of multitasking. But there is no such thing as successful multitasking, because much of the time spent is wasted on context switching, where the brain has to restart and refocus.

Consider the formula “work accomplished = intensity of focus X time spent.” A student who is studying for AP Biology but also checks his texts and scrolls through Instagram has a low intensity of focus—say a 3. Though he spends 3 hours “studying,” his work accomplished is only a 9.

On the other hand, a student who takes steps to focus solely on AP Biology has a high-intensity of focus—a 10. Though she spends only an hour studying, she accomplishes more than her distracted classmate did in 3 hours.

Highly successful students have generally learned to avoid multitasking. Instead of spending a lot of time doing low-intensity work with numerous distractions, these students work for shorter periods at higher intensity, without any distractions from email, social media, etc. Their studying is more effective and leads to greater achievement gains.

Ineffective Learning Techniques

Many students use learning techniques that are time consuming and give the illusion of mastery. They become familiar with ideas and information in preparation for a test, but forget it a week later because their learning techniques never led to long-term learning.

Ineffective techniques include:

• Studying for long periods of time
• Studying a single subject for a long period of time and repeating phrases over and over to memorize them (known as massed practice )
• Reviewing one topic repeatedly before moving onto another topic ( blocked practice )
• Reading and rereading a text
• Highlighting or underlining important concepts in a text and then reviewing
• Reviewing notes

5 High-Intensity Study Habits

Researchers have found that the following techniques increase sustainable learning and retention when incorporated in students’ daily study habits. These techniques are difficult and require effort, and they slow down learning. Initially the learning gains seem to be smaller than with some ineffective practices. However, these techniques lead to long-term mastery.

The book Make It Stick  identifies several research-proven studying techniques.

1. Pre-test: When students practice answering questions, even incorrectly, before learning the content, their future learning is enhanced. Research has shown that pre-testing improves post-test results more than spending the same amount of time studying.

2. Spaced practice: Spacing out study sessions—focusing on a topic for a short period on different days—has been shown to improve retention and recall more than massed practice. The book How We Learn explains that spaced practice can feel difficult due to an initial forgetting of knowledge—reacquiring that knowledge takes effort.

Creating flash cards that can be used for spaced practice and self-quizzing is effective. Students should create different piles when reviewing the flash cards. The cards they’re able to answer immediately should be placed in a pile to review three days later; those answered with some difficulty should be reviewed two days later; and those that they answered incorrectly should be reviewed the next day.

3. Self-quizzing: Testing has a negative connotation in this era of standardized testing, but it is a form of active retrieval practice . Encourage students to make test questions for themselves as they learn a new concept, thinking about the types of questions you might ask on a quiz or test. They should incorporate these quizzes into their study sessions, answering every question, even those they believe they know well.

4. Interleaving practice: Students may rely on blocked practice, studying a set of problems—such as multiplication problems—as a group until they feel mastery. A more effective method of studying is to work on a set of problems that are related but not all of the same kind—for example, a set of math word problems that call for addition, subtraction, multiplication, or division. The consecutive problems cannot be solved with the same strategy. This is more effective than doing one multiplication problem after another.

5. Paraphrasing and reflecting: Many of us have read a few paragraphs in a textbook only to realize that we didn’t retain a single concept or key point presented in those paragraphs. To show your students how to combat this, have them utilize intentional learning strategies. These include relating what is being learned to prior knowledge, thinking about how they would explain the content to a 5-year-old, and reflecting on and asking questions about the content.

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Academic and Writing Resources

• Effective Studying

How to Effectively Study

Research-supported techniques.

Outside of lecture, university students are commonly expected to master course content on their own. However, multiple research studies have found that many university students are commonly unaware of, and seldom use, effective learning techniques. 1,2 In the following section (and the linked pages below) we discuss important do’s and don’ts of successful learning, plus introduce several of the most promising and effective evidence-based learning methods . These are backed by a growing body of learning science research – a substantial portion of which has been conducted right here at UCSD and in this very department. By taking advantage of these methods, students can transform their learning activities to be more efficient (make better use of time) and more effective (resulting in learning that is more comprehensive and lasts longer).

What Students Need to Do to Succeed

Psychology courses, as well as those in many other departments and at other universities, revolve around high-stakes tests (for example, midterms, final exams). In fact, on average, 80% of the course grade in PSYC classes at UCSD is determined by exam performance. 3 In order to perform well on such exams, it is crucial for students to master a wide range of course content.

How can that objective be accomplished? Through the use of evidence-based learning methods. Note that these are not described as “study methods”. Although it is common to describe preparing for an exam as “studying”, which is why this page is titled as such, simply “studying” information multiple times (“restudying”, “rereading”, or “reviewing”) is by itself often not very effective. 4,5 Instead, as described below, other methods are far more powerful at improving the learning of course content.

The Most Effective Learning Techniques

If you have only limited time to read this page, at least check out the following two points. For further details, click on the links to learn more.

Based on decades of learning science research, the two most effective methods known to date are:

• Spaced practice / distributed practice – learning that occurs over multiple sessions at different points in time (for example, revisiting a textbook chapter once every three days). This technique refers to when you should be preparing for course exams (that is, multiple sessions spread out over several weeks).

► Further information: Spaced Practice

• Retrieval practice / practice testing – instead of simply restudying information, attempting to recall that information from memory (such as by taking a practice test). This technique refers to what you should be doing to prepare for course exams (that is, test yourself via practice tests or other recall-based techniques).

► Further information: Retrieval Practice

Spaced practice involves when you should “study” and retrieval practice involves how you should  “study”. When you use both (for instance, you can prepare for your exams using a spaced practice schedule and then use retrieval practice during each session), they make a powerful combination.

Additionally, if you perform retrieval practice across multiple days – and, each time, practice recalling information until you attain 100% accuracy (a method called successive relearning ) – then recent research shows that your ability to retain that information over long periods of time is maximized. 6

Finally, besides spaced and retrieval practice, there are some additional learning techniques that you may wish to try. These included interleaved practice, self-explanation, and others.

► Further information: Other Learning Techniques

Workshops and Downloadable Resources

• For in-person discussion of these techniques, please consider attending this department’s “How to Study Less and Remember More” workshop (for dates and times, please check the undergraduate workshops calendar).
• How to Study Less and Remember More [ PDF ]

Further Resources

• UCSD Tutoring
• Scientific American article, “What Works, What Doesn’t" (2013)
• Make it Stick: The Science of Successful Learning (2014)
• Cornell University: How to Study Effectively (videos)

1 Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2007). The promise and perils of self-regulated study. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , 14 (2), 219-224. 2 Karpicke, J. D., Butler, A. C., & Roediger III, H. L. (2009). Metacognitive strategies in student learning: do students practise retrieval when they study on their own? Memory , 17 (4), 471-479. 3 Based on analysis of PSYC 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 60, 101, 102, 103, 105, 106, 120, 144, 145, 154, 163, 164, 161, 171, 181, 182, 190, 191, and 193 courses at UCSD, taught between 2013-2017. 4 Pashler, H., Bain, P. M., Bottge, B. A., Graesser, A., Koedinger, K., McDaniel, M., & Metcalfe, J. (2007). Organizing Instruction and Study to Improve Student Learning. IES Practice Guide. NCER 2007-2004. National Center for Education Research . 5 Dunlosky, J., Rawson, K. A., Marsh, E. J., Nathan, M. J., & Willingham, D. T. (2013). Improving students’ learning with effective learning techniques: Promising directions from cognitive and educational psychology. Psychological Science in the Public Interest , 14 (1), 4-58. 6 Rawson, K. A., Dunlosky, J., & Sciartelli, S. M. (2013). The power of successive relearning: Improving performance on course exams and long-term retention. Educational Psychology Review , 25 (4), 523-548.

Prepared by s. c. pan for ucsd psychology, graphic adapted with permission from ccnlab.net under creative commons attribution-share alike 4.0 international license..

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